Maharashtra Board of Technical Education, Mumbai.

Government Polytechnic, Solapur.

DIPLOMA IN COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY

Academic Year 2021-22.

MICRO-PROJECT REPORT
CERTIFICATE
ON

Certified that this Micro-Project Report

To study on Air pollution

To study on Air pollution
Submitted by
Is the work of

Roll No. Enrollment No. Student Name

17 1900150260 Desiboyina Tejaswi Kondala

The student of Semester five Subject Name-EST(22447) Diploma in Computer Technology , 2021-22.

This report is partial fulfillment of subject EST(22447) for the award of the Diploma in Computer Technology , By MSBTE, Mumbai.

Guide Name - Mr. Tarange A.L.

Date & Sign -

HOD PRINCIPAL

INDEX

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 [Link]. Title Page No

1. Abstract 4

2. Introduction 5-6

3. Topic case study 7

4. Topic explanation/working/plant setup/ 8

15

5. Impacts 9-14

6 Pros and Cons 16-17

7. Conclusion 18

8. Acknowledgement 19

Abstract

Air pollution is one of the major environmental issues. It can cause adverse health effects such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases and

high mortality rates. High population density is a huge contributory factor of air pollution in cities and urbanized areas. The third

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biggest city of the Czech Republic, Ostrava the subject of this thesis, is one of the most densely polluted areas of the country. The main

air pollutants of concern are suspended particles and poly aromatic hydrocarbons. Ostrava’s high proportion of heavy industry is a

major source of air pollution compared to the rest of the Czech Republic. Other sources of air pollution are transport, local heating and

possibly a pollution transfer from a neighboring industrial region in Poland. This thesis deals mainly with long term time series,

including air pollutants (PM10, SO2, NOx), and meteorological variables. Information about the opening and closing of industrial plants

can be considered as an added value to this work. The purpose of this data thesis is to compare the concentration levels before and

after the closing or opening of particular industrial plants in the city of Ostrava during the last 35 years. So far no one has utilized these

data sets for comprehensive analyses. Key words: Urban area, Emission, PM10, SO2, Industry

Introduction

Air pollution is the presence of substances in the atmosphere that are harmful to the health of humans and other living beings, or

cause damage to the climate or to materials. There are many different types of air pollutants, such as gases (including ammonia, carbon

monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrous oxides, methane, carbon dioxide and chlorofluorocarbons), particulates (both organic and inorganic),

and biological molecules. Air pollution may cause diseases, allergies, and even death to humans; it may also cause harm to other living

organisms such as animals and food crops, and may damage the natural environment (for example, climate change, ozone deple-

tion or habitat degradation) or built environment (for example, acid rain). Both human activity and natural processes can generate air

[Link] pollution is a significant risk factor for a number of pollution-related diseases, including respiratory infections, heart dis-

ease, COPD, stroke and lung cancer. Growing evidence suggests that air pollution exposure may be associated with reduced IQ scores,

impaired cognition, increased risk for psychiatric disorders such as depression and detrimental perinatal health. The human health ef-

fects of poor air quality are far reaching, but principally affect the body's respiratory system and the cardiovascular system. Individual

reactions to air pollutants depend on the type of pollutant a person is exposed to, the degree of exposure, and the individual's health

status and genetics. Outdoor air pollution alone causes 2.1 to 4.21 million deaths annually, making it one of the top contributors to hu-

man death. Overall, air pollution causes the deaths of around 7 million people worldwide each year, and is the world's largest single en -

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vironmental health risk. Indoor air pollution and poor urban air quality are listed as two of the world's worst toxic pollution problems

in the 2008 Blacksmith Institute World's Worst Polluted Places report. The scope of the air pollution crisis is enormous: 90% of the

world's population breathes dirty air to some degree. Although the health consequences are extensive, the way the problem is handled

is often haphazard. Productivity losses and degraded quality of life caused by air pollution are estimated to cost the world economy $5

trillion per year but, along with health and mortality impacts, are an externality to the contemporary economic system and most human

activity, albeit sometimes being moderately regulated and monitored. Various pollution control technologies and strategies are avail-

able to reduce air pollution. To reduce the impacts of air pollution, both international and national legislation and regulation have been

implemented to regulate air pollution. Local laws, where well enforced, have led to strong public health improvements. At the interna-

tional level, some of these efforts have been successful – for example the Montreal Protocol was successful at reducing release of harm-

ful ozone depleting chemicals or the 1985 Helsinki Protocol which reduced sulfur emissions, while other attempts have so far been less

successful in implementation, such as international action on climate change.

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 Case study

For this study Mumbai, Pune, Nashik and Nagpur were selected. Specific locations like Bandra, Karve Road, Gangapur Road and

GPO Civil Line for Air quality data were taken in to account [Link] metropolitan cities are emerging cities and in the vari -

ous stages of development. Mumbai is biggest metropolitan city in India whereas Pune is ninth largest city in

India and leading Metro city. Nasik and Nagpur are big million cities in state.

Objectives:

This Research paper has following Objectives:

1. To study Pollution Level among four major

cities of Maharashtra.

2. To Compare pollution level before and during

Lock down among metro cities of

Maharashtra.

Case study explaination

The majority of Indian cities suffer fromextremely high levels of urban air pollution, particularly in the form of suspended particu -

late matter, SO2 and NO2, Levels of all pollutants are increasing due to industrial processes, agri-

cultural activities, building construction, and road traffic, as well reductions in natural habitat and other natural sources. During

lock

down entire traffic strictly ban, several activities like building construction and transport services were sealed to avoide human infec-

tion of Covid

19 virus. Crowdy National highways were become wilderness. Several big industries were close for few days. Therefore huge fall

in

pollution level were observed in all segments. Air pollution was recorded sudden decline. This study shows how major pollutant

level like

Sulfur dioxide, Nitrogen oxide and particulate matters deteriorates air quality. The focus of this study is to compare air pollutants

and there level

in air before and during lock down situation. Unplanned and rapid development of cities resulted in to polluting air quality.

Impacts
1. Sulpfur Dioxide:

Sulfur Dioxide is major pollutant. It reacts with other substances and form hazardous compound like sulfuric acid, sulfurous acid

and

sulfate particles. Major sources of SO2 are fossil fuel like coal, oil and gas burning. Maximum So2 comes from anthropogenic activities

and Motor

vehicle emission is also one of the prime sources of Sulfur Di oxide. It results cough, Shortness of breathing. Most of the people exposed

to So2 are

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resulted Asthma and respiratory Diseases. In 1953, Amdur and co-workers examined the responses of men breathing up to 8 ppm

SO2 in

one of the first controlled studies of humans exposed to air pollutants. They observed that SO2 caused a change in respiratory

pattern and

that the effect was concentration dependent. The tolerance level of inhalation was individually different.

2. Nitrogen Oxide:

Likewise others Nitrogen dioxide is a result of road traffic and other fossil fuel combustion processes.NO2 reduce immunity of

lungs infection and bronchitis. The major health hazard that is associated with NO2 are increased

incidence of lower respiratory tract infections in children and increased airway responsiveness in asthma patients. Study done by Neas,

L. M et al shows Long-term exposure to NO2, typically in homes with gas burning appliances, appears to be associated with increased

susceptibility to lower respiratory tract illness

3. Perticulate Matter :

PM10 is particulate matter of 10 micrometers or less in diameter. It could be Inhale dust particles, mist or smoke. If it is

Biological it can lead to bacterial or fungal infection in human body. It is Allergic. If PM like Asbestos and chromates are fre -

quently absorbed by human body it leads to cancer.

4. Particulate Matter (2.5):

These are fine particles less than 2.5 micrometer. This is major air pollutant in lower [Link] particles are tiny and

lighter than [Link] particles remain longer in [Link] leads to asthma, heart attack,

bronchitis and other respiratory Diseases. National Air Quality Index (AQI):

In cities Vehicular pollution, industrial dust, lead, Carbon Monoxide are major pollutant in lower atmosphere. Data has been used for

this Study is taken from secondary sources of CPCB website. National Air Quality Index (AQI) was

developed by IIT Kanpur and launched in Delhi on September 2014 under Swachh Bharat Abhiyan. There are 6 AQI categories

prominently Good, Satisfactory, Moderate, Poor, Very Poor and Severe and eight pollutants group.

This was accepted by Central pollution Control Board.

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Pollution Level in Pre Lockdown Period in four Metro Cities: Pollution level among four major metro cities is before lockdown is shown

in this table [Link] 10 and 2.5 has been seen very poor to severe in condition which is hazardous for health. It will make more

damage in respiratory system even sound people also face serious injuries. Level of Nitrogen Di oxide is also seen higher in air in this

table. Amount of Sulphur Di oxide has been seen good with minimal impact. Good thing in AQI is that So2 level is seen quite satisfactory

in all metro cities except Aurangabad.

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Maximum pollutant level were observed in Mumbai city as it is commercial, entertainment and financial capital of country very high

hazardous factors were seen in air quality of city is poor to very poor. Level of PM 10 and PM 2.5 is considerably high up to severe stage

in Mumbai and Pune, on the other hand Nashik and Aurangabad depict quite moderate saturation. Level of NOx is moderate in Nashik,

Aurangabad and Mumbai city and satisfactory news is that it is AQI for Nox is good in Pune city. Level of So2 is goo in Pune and Nashik

but it is Moderate in Mumbai and Aurangabad.

Pollution Level during Lockdown Period in four Metro Cities: Due to outbreak of Covid-19 virus government of India had laid lockdown

from 22nd March [Link] lock down situation vehicles, buses, cars two wheelers are strictly banned on road except emergency

services. This situation creates economic shock for Indian economy as well as world economy. But within this period some good impact

and become boon for environment also seen in certain sectors like Petroleum consumption were decreased, Accident rate were

decreased, nature has rejuvenated and gain his capacity. Air pollution level of various metro cities has been drastically downed. Table

no.2 shows air pollution level of four metropolitan cities during lockdown.

Surprisingly pollution level of metro cities has been decreased drastically according to lock down. Very fewer vehicles on road and no

industrial work leads to minimum pollution in air. Pollutant like PM 10 was observed in satisfactory level in all metro cities except

Mumbai where it was recorded in severe [Link] 2.5 and PM 10 were quite higher in air quality otherwise all pollutant were in

absence mode in air. Air is too clean and transparent several miracles were observed like mighty snow-covered Dhauldhar Himalayan

165 S I - B range become visible from Jalandhar city of Punjab 200 km away from Himalaya during lock down. River water of Ganga

become clean and pollution free, DO increased up to 10 whereas it was 8.3 pre lock down period. All air pollutant was recorded very

trace in air so quality of air is much improved unexpectingly. All parameters like NOx and So2 were in present in air at minimum

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saturation level. In all Metro cities of Maharashtra Air quality was so ambient during lockdown period. Pune, Nashik, Aurangabad and

Mumbai Shows minimal air pollution in air according to air quality index. According to Air quality index maximum level of pollutant is

very rare in air which is healthy for human body. The graph No.1 shows the difference between air quality before lock down and during

lockdown period of four metropolitan cities.

Pune and Mumbai are industrially more developed than other cities. In case of vehicles these cities shows tremendous increase in

number of vehicles hence Particulate mater are observed very high in atmosphere. Mumbai and Pune have worst condition in case of

particulate matters. Pollutant like Nitrogen Oxides is observed very medium to poor range. These pollutant Detroiters ambient

qualities of air. Sulfur Di Oxide is also one major air pollutant. Overall Pollution level of Pune city was decreased by 3.8 fold during lock

down period. Major pollutant like PM 10, PM2.5, NOx and SO2 were recorded historical slide. PM 10, PM2.5, NOx and SO2 were

declined by 6.5, 7.2, 2.5 and 2.8 folds respectively during study period. Nashik is very calm and religious important city of Maharashtra

from ancient period. During Lock down Pollution level of city was declined by 2.40 fold. In case of PM 10, 166 S I - B PM2.5, NOx and

SO2 were declined by 3.1, 3.9, 4.0 and 4.1 folds respectively during same period. Aurangabad is another one important of the industrial

hub of Maharashtra. Air pollution of this city has been reduced by 3.37 times during this period. In case of PM 10, PM2.5, NOx and SO2

were declined by 2.4, 6.2, 4.9 and 16.7 folds respectively. In this lock down that administrative capital and financial capital of country

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become motionless as a result air pollution of Mumbai shrink by 3.66 times that of regular condition. It is again surprising fact is that all

pollutants are diminishing sharply but PM 10 was unexpectingly increased in Mumbai by 0.81 times during study period..Proportion of

PM 2.5was recorded 4.4 times less than usual whereas NOx was found10.3times less than regular condition.SO2was noted 1.5 times

lesser during lock down period.

How to stop the air pollution

 Conserve energy - at home, at work, everywhere.

 Look for the ENERGY STAR label when buying home or office equipment.

 Carpool, use public transportation, bike, or walk whenever possible.

 Follow gasoline refueling instructions for efficient vapor recovery, being careful not to spill fuel and always tightening your gas cap se-

curely.

 Consider purchasing portable gasoline containers labeled “spill-proof,” where available.

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  Keep car, boat, and other engines properly tuned.

 Be sure your tires are properly inflated.

 Use environmentally safe paints and cleaning products whenever possible.

 Mulch or compost leaves and yard waste.

 Consider using gas logs instead of wood.

 Choose a cleaner commute - share a ride to work or use public transportation.

 Combine errands and reduce trips. Walk to errands when possible.

 Avoid excessive idling of your automobile.

 Refuel your car in the evening when its cooler.

 Conserve electricity and set air conditioners no lower than 78 degrees.

 Defer lawn and gardening chores that use gasoline-powered equipment, or wait until evening.

 Reduce the number of trips you take in your car.

 Reduce or eliminate fireplace and wood stove use.

 Avoid burning leaves, trash, and other materials.

 Avoid using gas-powered lawn and garden equipment.

Does Air Pollution Have Any Advantages?

This is a strange question, as air pollution is typically considered negative. However, there may be some small advantages to air pollu-

tion:

1. Air pollution helps plants grow

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Guess what our factories and cars put in the air? [Link], putting more nitrogen in the air might actually cause plants to

grow more.

2. Air pollution slows climate change

Some pollutants we put out heat up the Earth, like carbon dioxide. But pollutants like sulfur actually keep our planet cooler.

3. Air pollution keeps polluted cities cooler in the summer

The heat-shielding of pollution works at the level of the entire Earth, but it also works at the level of a city.

What are the disadvantages of air pollution

1. Air Pollution has been one of the biggest problems that the humans have been facing over the years. This is not an issue for

some specific country but it is important for people across the world to curb the issues related to air pollution. The Air pollu-

tion index has been at all-time highs for quite some time. Here mentioned some disadvantages of air pollution.

2. Breathing polluted air puts you at a higher risk for asthma and other respiratory diseases.

3. Ozone and traffic pollutants can trigger an asthma attack, there is also emerging evidence for onset of asthma associated with

exposure to pollution.

4. Air pollutants are mostly carcinogens and living in a polluted area can put people at risk of Cancer.

5. Cancer risk increases with exposure to toxic air contaminants, such as benzene, formaldehyde and diesel particulate matter.

6. Brain requires a high amount of energy. Hence there is a high demand for oxygen supply. Decreased oxygen content in air

leads to inadequate energy supply to the brain. There is also the risk of headaches, depression, anxiety, etc.

7. Being in pollution can cause irritation in the throat, lungs, and eyes. For most healthy adults, ill effects of being in pollution

clear up as soon as the air quality improves.

8. Children, elderly individuals, and people with asthma, emphysema, angina, and other lung and/or heart problems may feel

the effects more acutely.

9. Exposure to air pollution during pregnancy can increase your risk of premature birth, stillbirth and low birth weight.
10. Stillbirth is when a baby dies in the womb after 20 weeks of pregnancy. While you work at minimizing the air pol-

lution, you may as well monitor the air quality around you. Prkruti to make it easier.

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 Conclusion

So I would like to say that by studying on most of the topics I have understood that how harmful is the air pollution in its own role to

avid this we have to take measures which I have mentioned in my report so here by conclude by saying stay healthy stay safe and lets

keep our environment clean and tidy because we don’t own it we have taken it on lease by our future generation lets return them it in

the safe way and also in clean way.

Acknowledgement

I would like to express our profound and sincere gratitude to our prof.A L Tarange sir who guided us into the intricacies of the micro

project nonchalantly with matchless help . We are indeed to his constant encouragement, co-operation and help . It was his enthusiastic

support that he helped me in overcoming the various obstacles in this project Finally, I would be falling in our duty if I don’t

acknowledge the co-operation rendered during various stages of this micro project by our Prof. A L Tarange sir

Thanking you. …. Sir for your support !!!

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