Mathematics-3

Assignment-1

01) Find the directional derivative of f(x,y,z)=xy 2+yz3 at the point (2,-1,1) in the direction of
vector I+2J+2K.

02) Find the directional derivatives of f=x 2-y2+2z2 at the point P(1,2,3) in the direction of the
line PQ where is Q is the point (5,0,4) . Also calculate the magnitude of the maximum directional
derivative.

03) Find the directional derivative of φ=5x 2y-5y2z+2.5z2x at the point P(1,1,1) in the

direction of the line = =z.

04) Find the angle between the surfaces x 2+y2+z2 =9 and z=x2+y2-3 at the point (2,-1,2).
05) Find the directional derivative of φ=x 2yz+4xz2 at the point (1,-2,1) in the direction of the
vector 2I-J-2K.

06) Find the values of the constants a, b, c so that the directional derivative of
p=axy2+byz+cz2x3 at (1,2,-1) has a maximum magnitude 64 in the direction parallel to the z-
axis.

07) The temperature of points in space is given by T(x,y,z)=x 2+y2 - z A mosquito located at
(1,1,2) desires to fly in such a direction that it will get warm as soon as possible . In what
direction should it move?

08) Calculate the angle between the normals to the surface xy=z 2 at points (4,1,2) and
(3,3,-3).

09) Find the angle between the tangent planes to the surfaces x logz = y 2-1 , x2y=2-z at the
point (1,1,1).

10) If f and G are point functions, prove that components of the latter normal and tangential

to the surface f=0 are and .

11) Prove that div(rnR) = (n+3)rn. Hence show that R/r3 is solenoidal.

12) To prove that

(1). grad (fg) = f ( grad g) + g( grad f)

(2). div(fG) = (grad f) . G + f(div G)

(3). curl(fG)=(grad f) x G + f(curl G)

(4). div(FxG)=[Link](F) – [Link](G)

13) Show that 2

(rn)= n(n+1)rn-2.

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14. Evaluate div F and curl F at the point (1,2,3) given

(i) F = x2yz I +xy2z J +xyz2 K.

(ii) F=grad (x3y+y3z+z3x-x2y2z2).

15. Find the value of ‘a’ if the vector (ax 2y+yz) I +(xy2-xz2) J + (2xyz-2x2y2) K has zero
divergence. Find the curl of the above vector which has zero divergence.

16. Show that each of following vectors are solenoidal:

(i) (-x2+yz) I + (4y-z2x) J + (2xz-4z) K

(ii) 3y4z2 I + 4x3z J +3x2y2 K (iii) φx ψ

17. If A and B are irrotational , prove that A x B is solenoidal.

18. If V1 and V2 be the vectors joining the fixed points (x1,y1,z1) and (x2,y2,z2) respectively to a
variable point (x,y,z) , prove that (i) div (V1xV2) = 0 (ii) grad (V1.V2) = V1 + V2 (iii) curl(V1 x
V2) = 2(V1-V2)

19. If A is a constant vector and R= xI+yJ+zK , prove that (i) grad ( A.R) = A (ii)
div(A x R)= 0 (iii) curl(AxR) = 2A (iv) curl = A x R.

20. (a): If f=(x2+y2+z2)-n, find div grad f and determine n if div grad f =0

(b): Show that div (grad rn) = n(n+1) rn-2 where r2=x2+y2+z2.

21. For a solenoidal vector F , show that curl curl curl curl F = ∇4 F

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 MATHEMATICS - III
IMPORTANT POINTS
UNIT – I
1). Vector Differential operator is denoted by and defined by

2). If is a function of then the Gradient of is denoted by and

is defined as

3). Importance of :

Let = 0 be the equation of the surface and be a point on

the surface. Then

=0

is a vector normal to the surface = 0 at the point P.

4). Angle between two surfaces :

Angle between the surfaces at a point is defined as the angle between the

normals at that point.

Let = 0 and = 0 be two surfaces and P ( x,y,z) be a point.

Then , the angle between the surfaces at the point P is -----

Step 1 : Find and .

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 Step 2 : Find . Where is the angle between the surfaces.

5). Directional Derivative :

a). Projection of = where is a unit vector .

b). The Directional Derivative of the function at a point in

the direction of the vector is is the projection of on and is

equal to (or)

c). The Maximum Directional derivative of a function at a point

is at the point .

d). The Maximum Directional derivative of a function at a point

exist in the direction of the normal to ( i.e. in the

direciton of

e). The Gradient of a Scalar point function is always a “Vector”.

6). The Divergence of a Vector point function is denoted by and is defined by

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 Note : 1). If = 0 , then is called “ Solenoidal “ .

2). The Divergence of a Vector point function is always a “ Scalar “ .

7). The Curl of a Vector point function is denoted by and is defined by

Note : 1). If = , then is called “ Irrotational “ .

2). The Curl of a Vector point function is always a “ Vector “ .

8). Vector Identities :

(1). grad (fg) = f ( grad g) + g( grad f) (OR)

(2). div(fG) = (grad f) . G + f(div G) (OR)

(3). curl(fG)=(grad f) x G + f(curl G) (OR)

(4). div(FxG)=[Link](F) – [Link](G) (OR)

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(5). curl( FxG)=F (div G) – G (div F ) + (G . )F - (F . )G

(OR)

(6).

(OR)

Repeated :

NOTE :

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Physical Interpretation of Gradient :

Let be a point on the level surface = c , i.e. on a surface on which is constant .

( ex. Equi potential surfaces , isothermal surfaces )

P P

=c =c

Let Q be a point on the neighboring level surface whose position vector is .

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Physical Interpretation of Curl :

Let a rigid body be rotating about the axis OM with angular velocity radians per second.

Let where P is a point on the body and . Then we have here

= Linear velocity of the point P and .

Now,

Which shows that , the curl of a vector field is connected with rotational properties of the vector field
and justifies the name rotations used for curl.

If , then the field is known as “ Irrotational “ .

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 O

Physical interpretation of Divergence :

Consider a fluid moves such that its velocity at any point P ( x, y, z ) is

defined by , a vector function.

Consider , a small parallelopiped with the edges parallel to the axes with one of its

corners at P

( The amount of fluid passing through one face of the parallelepiped in unit time is approximately
equal to the area of the face multiplied by the component of the velocity perpendicular to it )

F1 F2

Y
O

The mass of the fluid entering through the face per unit time =

The mass of the fluid leaving the parallelopiped through the face per unit time =

( Using Taylor’s series )

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Therefore , the net decrease in the mass of fluid flowing across these two faces

Similarly considering the other two pairs of faces , we get the total decrease in the mass of

fluid inside the parallelopiped per time unit time = .

Dividing this by the volume of the parallelopiped , we have the rate of loss of

Fluid per unit time = = .

Hence gives the rate of outflow per unit volume at a point of the fluid.

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