Lecture 1 : Introducing Internet of Things

Dr. Bibhas Ghoshal

Assistant Professor

Department of Information Technology

Indian Institute of Information Technology Allahabad

Internet of Things
Spring 2022
Instructor : Dr. Bibhas Ghoshal
 Outline

●
Internet of Things – Basic concepts, Examples
●
History , Progression
●
Basic Idea of the IoT Ecosystem
●
IoT Architecture
●
Why IoT Now?
●
Summary of the course content
● Module 1 : Enabling Technologies – Sensing, Processing, Communication
● Module 2 : Communication Technologies
● Module 3 : Cloud Computing for IoT
● Module 4 : Data Analytics for IoT
● Module 5 : Advanced Topics – Fog and Edge Computing, IoT security
●
Challenges and Research Directions
Internet of Things
Spring 2022
Instructor : Dr. Bibhas Ghoshal
 Internet of Things

Things, People and Cloud Services

get connected via Internet to
enable new use cases and business
models

Figure source : Iman Khajenisiri et.al., A Review of Internet of Things Solution for Intelligent Energy Control in Buildings for Smart
City Applications, Energy Procedia, Volume 111, 2017

Internet of Things
Spring 2022
Instructor : Dr. Bibhas Ghoshal
Internet of Things : Applications
Let us Watch This !!!!!

Internet of Things
Spring 2022
Instructor : Dr. Bibhas Ghoshal
Internet of Things Applications

Source : TechTarget
Internet of Things
Spring 2022
Instructor : Dr. Bibhas Ghoshal
Internet of Things Applications : Smart Grid

Source : Internet
Watch This : Smart Grids in India by TU Delft! :

Internet of Things
Spring 2022
Instructor : Dr. Bibhas Ghoshal
Internet of Things Applications : Healthcare

Role of IoT in Healthcare Wearables

Source : Internet Source : Internet

Internet of Things
Spring 2022
Instructor : Dr. Bibhas Ghoshal
Internet of Things Applications : Industry 4.0

Industrial Revolutions
Source : Internet Source : Internet
Internet of Things
Spring 2022
Instructor : Dr. Bibhas Ghoshal
Internet of Things Applications : Agriculture

Source : Internet

Watch This : Smart Agriculture Solution by Infosys

Internet of Things
Spring 2022
Instructor : Dr. Bibhas Ghoshal
Internet of Things Applications : Smart City

Source : Internet of Things is a revolutionary approach for future technology enhancement:

a review, Sachin Kumar et al. , Journal of Big Data, Springer, 2019
Internet of Things
Spring 2022
Instructor : Dr. Bibhas Ghoshal
Internet of Things Applications :
Smart Street Lights

Source : Internet

Internet of Things
Spring 2022
Instructor : Dr. Bibhas Ghoshal
 Smart Street Lights Project – Systems Lab IIITA
Systems Lab IIITA aims at providing IoT based smart city infrastructure in the form of
smart street lighting appending the Street Light National Program initiated by GoI in 2015
with the aim to promote energy efficiency in the country.
Objectives :
1. Energy Saving : Intelligent Lighting System which uses smart LEDs offering varying degrees of
illumination based on surrounding environment ( surrounding light intensity, pedestrians, vehicles,
weather conditions)
2. Easy and prompt maintenance with reduced manual labour , periodic status checks of each light
and automatic notification in case of fault
3. Novel, generic and scalable solution that can be implemented with any smart LED light
4. Additional services such as housing WLAN access points to deliver internet services selectively for
educational content, data source for data analysis of street light consumption

Internet of Things
Spring 2022
Instructor : Dr. Bibhas Ghoshal
Internet of Things Applications

Source : Introduction to the Internet of Things, Marco Zennaro, Telecommunications/ICT4D

Lab, The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste, Italy
Internet of Things
Spring 2022
Instructor : Dr. Bibhas Ghoshal
Internet of Things Applications : Review

Source : IoT Analytics

Internet of Things
Spring 2022
Instructor : Dr. Bibhas Ghoshal
Internet of Things : Connectivity of Devices

Source : Introduction to the Internet of Things, Marco Zennaro, Telecommunications/ICT4D

Lab, The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste, Italy
Internet of Things
Spring 2022
Instructor : Dr. Bibhas Ghoshal
 History of Internet of Things
First IoT Device : RFID (1940-1950), Major efforts in development for Tracking and identifying
aircrafts in World War II ( Friends or Foe )
1960 : RFID was used for monitoring nuclear and other hazardous materials, RFID companies founded
1973 : Mario W. Cadullo received the first US Patent for an active RFID tag
1980 : RFID research started, marks the beginning of transforming RFID into more widespread technology
1990 : First UHF Reader invented, RFID usage expanded to shipments, Walmart introduces their RFID program

Source : Internet

Internet of Things
Spring 2022
Instructor : Dr. Bibhas Ghoshal
History of Internet of Things

Source : Introduction to the Internet of Things, Marco Zennaro, Telecommunications/ICT4D

Lab, The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste, Italy
Internet of Things
Spring 2022
Instructor : Dr. Bibhas Ghoshal
 History of Internet of Things : Progression

Progression in 1980’s : Cloud and Server Space ( Data moved to centralized server )

Progression in 1990’s : Machine to Machine interaction

1995 : First cellular module built, First GPS network ( version 1 ) complete
1998 : IPv6 adds 2^128 new IP addresses
1999 : Kevin Ashton of MIT coins a new term IoT

Progression in 2000-2010 : Fog oriented architectures ( Central Server to Regional Server located closer to Data
Server subnetwork )
2000 : LG announces first smart fridge
2007 : First iPhone released
2008 : First International Conference on IoT held
2009 : Google started testing self driving cars

Progression in 2010-onwards : High Processing power and Edge computing

2013 : Google glass is released

2014 : Amazon releases Echo ( smart home market opens )
2015 : GM, Uber, Tesla are testing self driving cars
2017- : IoT continues to grow,

Internet of Things
Spring 2022
Instructor : Dr. Bibhas Ghoshal
IoT – Basic Idea

Internet of Things
Spring 2022
Instructor : Dr. Bibhas Ghoshal
IoT Ecosystem

Internet of Things
Spring 2022
Instructor : Dr. Bibhas Ghoshal
The Four Layered IoT Architecture

Source : ITU-T

Internet of Things
Spring 2022
Instructor : Dr. Bibhas Ghoshal
 Why IoT Now?
●
Improved VLSI Technology – Miniaturization, MEMS Technology for Sensing

Accelerometer Gyroscope

●
Widespread Adoption of Intellectual Properties

●
Computing Economics - Availability of System-on-Chips

●
Data Analytics – Descriptive, Diagnostic, Predictive, Prescriptive
●
Fast connectivity
●
Rise of Cloud Computing – Provides scalability to the Big Data
generated by IoT Devices

Internet of Things
Spring 2022
Instructor : Dr. Bibhas Ghoshal
IoT Startup Landscape 2021

Internet of Things
Spring 2022
Instructor : Dr. Bibhas Ghoshal
 What do we learn in this course ?
Course Outline
Module 1 :
1. IoT Fundamentals - Architecture, Elements of IoT – Sensors, Actuators, Processing Elements,
Communication modules, cloud based infrastructure
2. IoT Enabling Technologies and APIs
3. IoT Design Principles ( Hands-on sessions using different IoT Platforms )

Module 2 :
1. Communications used in IoT – Device-Device, Device – Gateway, Device – Cloud, Back-end sharing model
2. IoT Communication Protocols –
Link Layer : Ethernet (802.3), Wifi(802.11), Wimax(802.16), LR-PAN(802.15.4), 2G/3G/4G
Network Layer : IPv4, IPv6, 6LoWPAN
Transport : TCP, UDP
Application : HTTP, CoAP, MQTT, XMPP
3. Tutorial sessions on different application layer protocols – MQTT, CoAP

Internet of Things
Spring 2022
Instructor : Dr. Bibhas Ghoshal
 What do we learn in this course ?
Course Outline
Module 3 :
1. Distributed Computing , Virtualization, Cloud Computing – Basic Idea, Service models – Infrastructure as a Service
(I-a-a-S), Platform-as-a Service (P-a-a-S), Application/Software as a Service (S-a-a-S), Software Components, APIs,
Role of Cloud in IoT
2. Software Defined Networking (SDN )
3. Social Internet of Things (SIoT) – Lysis Platform
4. Hands on session on different cloud platforms for IoT – ThinkSpeak, Google Cloud

Module 4:
1. IoT Application Development – Solution Framework for Implementation of Data Acquisition, Device Integration
and Data Storage
2. Data Analytics for IoT – Summary of different Machine learning and Deep Learning models,
3. Apache Hadoop, Map-Reduce, Apache Spark
4. Tutorial sessions on Hadoop and Map-Reduce

Internet of Things
Spring 2022
Instructor : Dr. Bibhas Ghoshal
 What do we learn in this course ?
Course Outline
Module 5 :
1. Fault Tolerant in IoT based Systems
2. IoT Security
3. Challenges in Design of IoT Based Systems
4. Research problems related to IoT

Resources :
1. Pethuru Raj and Anupama C. Raman (CRC Press) , The Internet of Things : Enabling Technologies, Platforms and Use Cases
2. Arshdeep Bagha and Vijay Madisetti Internet of Things : A Hands-on Approach
3. IEEE Internet of Things Journal
4. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing
Web : http://profile.iiita.ac.in/bibhas.ghoshal

Internet of Things
Spring 2022
Instructor : Dr. Bibhas Ghoshal
 Module 1 : Design of IoT Based Systems
Logical design of an IoT system refers to an abstract representation of the entities and processes
without going into the low-level specifics of the implementation.
An IoT system comprises a number of functional blocks that provide the system the capabilities for
identification, sensing, actuation, communication and management.

Logical Design of IoT

Source: Book website: http://www.internet-of-things-book.com

Internet of Things
Spring 2022
Instructor : Dr. Bibhas Ghoshal
 Devices
Device is a piece of equipment with the capabilities of communication and optional capabilities of sensing, actuation,
data capture, data storage and data processing. The devices collect various kinds of information and provide it to
the information and communication networks for further processing.
Some devices also execute operations based on information received from the information and communication
networks.
An IoT device may consist of several interfaces for connections to other devices,both wired and wireless. I/O interfaces for
sensors,
Interfaces for internet connectivity, Memory and storage interfaces, Audio/video interfaces

Source: ITU-T Y.2060 Source: Book website: http://www.internet-of-things-book.com

Internet of Things
Spring 2022
Instructor : Dr. Bibhas Ghoshal
 Enabling Technologies
Sensors and Actuators ( Usage and Calibration)
Sensors Actuators

Source: Internet

IoT Based Soil Watering System utilizing Sensors and Actuator

Internet of Things
Spring 2022
Instructor : Dr. Bibhas Ghoshal
 Enabling Technologies
Microcontrollers
Microcontroller IoT Hardware Platforms

Arduino Uno Raspberry Pi

Source: Internet
Internet of Things
Spring 2022
Instructor : Dr. Bibhas Ghoshal
 Module 2 : Connectivity Technologies in IoT
Key aspects when considering network connectivity:
Range - are you deploying to a single office floor or an entire city?
Data Rate - how much bandwidth do you require? How often does your data change?
Power - is your sensor running on mains or battery?
Frequency - have you considered channel blocking and signal interference?
Security - will your sensors be supporting mission critical applications?

Internet of Things
Spring 2022
Instructor : Dr. Bibhas Ghoshal
 Module 3 : Distributed and Cloud Computing
Traditional Computing Components:
Data Storage Core Logic User Interface
1. Database 1. Application Specific 1. GUI
2.File based 2. Algorithm Implementation 2. Command Line
All Components sit on the same computer

Distributed Computing :
Core Logic
1. Application Specific
2. Algorithm Implementation

Data Storage User Interface

1. Database 1. GUI
2.File based 2. Command Line

Cloud Computing = Innovative Application of Distributed Computing

Internet of Things
Spring 2022
Instructor : Dr. Bibhas Ghoshal
 Cloud Computing : Virtualization
●
Consists of self contained components

●
Types of Virtualization : Desktop, Application, Network, Storage

Internet of Things
Spring 2022
Instructor : Dr. Bibhas Ghoshal
 Cloud Computing Service Model
●
Delivers components as Services
●
Pay-per-use model such as electricity, mobile network
●
Software as a Service (SaaS)
●
Platform as a Service (PaaS)
●
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

Internet of Things
Spring 2022
Instructor : Dr. Bibhas Ghoshal
 Cloud Computing for IoT
Cloud is an IoT enabler :
Huge amount of IoT Data needs storage, retrieval and management ( sustained services)
Fast Analytics for Prediction and Critical Decision making
Benefits of Cloud in IoT :
Scalability ; Data Mobility; Time to Market; Security; Cost effectiveness

Internet of Things
Spring 2022
Instructor : Dr. Bibhas Ghoshal
IoT Platform Implementation

Source : http://www.xively.com Source : www.thingspeak.com

Internet of Things
Spring 2022
Instructor : Dr. Bibhas Ghoshal
 Social Internet of Things (SIoT)
+ =

Social Networks + Intelligent Objects = Social Relation of Objects

Example 1 : A set of mobile phones in a geographical area provide data on the radio coverage to the new
●

visitor.

●
Example 2 : PCs in the same local area establish relationship to solve common setting problem such as
installing drivers

●
Example 3 : Cars of the same brand, make, year share data to overcome a common electrical problem

Internet of Things
Spring 2022
Instructor : Dr. Bibhas Ghoshal
 Module 4 : IoT Application Development
Software Stack for IoT Architecture: Software stack for devices, gateway and
cloud

Internet of Things
Spring 2022
Instructor : Dr. Bibhas Ghoshal
Module 5 : Data Analytics for IoT

Internet of Things
Spring 2022
Instructor : Dr. Bibhas Ghoshal
 Module 5 : Advanced Topics

1. Fog Computing

Internet of Things
Spring 2022
Instructor : Dr. Bibhas Ghoshal
 Module 5 : Advanced Topics

2. Edge Computing

Internet of Things
Spring 2022
Instructor : Dr. Bibhas Ghoshal
 Module 5 : Advanced Topics
3. IoT Security
Security Principles :

a. User / Devices
Secure Devices (Hardware) – Device Intelligence, Edge processing

b. Gateway and Connection

Secure Communication - Device initiated connection, Messaging control

c. Cloud and Applications

Secure Cloud – Identification, Authentication and Encryption

d. Secure Lifecycle Management

Remote control and updates of devices

Internet of Things
Spring 2022
Instructor : Dr. Bibhas Ghoshal
Register yourself on Google Classroom
For any queries : [email protected]
Web : profile.iiita.ac.in/bibhas.ghoshal

Internet of Things
Spring 2022
Instructor : Dr. Bibhas Ghoshal