Chapter 17: Using the VOF Model

This tutorial is divided into the following sections:

17.1. Introduction
17.2. Prerequisites
17.3. Problem Description
17.4. Setup and Solution
17.5. Summary
17.6. Further Improvements

17.1. Introduction
This tutorial examines the flow of ink as it is ejected from the nozzle of a printhead in an inkjet printer.
Using ANSYS Fluent’s volume of fluid (VOF) multiphase modeling capability, you will be able to predict
the shape and motion of the resulting droplets in an air chamber.

This tutorial demonstrates how to do the following:

• Set up and solve a transient problem using the pressure-based solver and VOF model.

• Copy material from the property database.

• Define time-dependent boundary conditions with a user-defined function (UDF).

• Patch initial conditions in a subset of the domain.

• Automatically save data files at defined points during the solution.

• Examine the flow and interface of the two fluids using volume fraction contours.

17.2. Prerequisites
This tutorial is written with the assumption that you have completed one or more of the introductory
tutorials found in this manual:

• Introduction to Using ANSYS Fluent in ANSYS Workbench: Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer in a Mixing El-
bow (p. 1)

• Parametric Analysis in ANSYS Workbench Using ANSYS Fluent (p. 73)

• Introduction to Using ANSYS Fluent: Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer in a Mixing Elbow (p. 121)

and that you are familiar with the ANSYS Fluent tree and ribbon structure. Some steps in the setup and
solution procedure will not be shown explicitly.

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17.3. Problem Description

The problem considers the transient tracking of a liquid-gas interface in the geometry shown in Fig-
ure 17.1: Schematic of the Problem (p. 716). The axial symmetry of the problem enables a 2D geometry
to be used. The computation mesh consists of 24,600 cells. The domain consists of two regions: an ink
chamber and an air chamber. The dimensions are summarized in Table 17.1: Ink Chamber Dimen-
sions (p. 716).

Figure 17.1: Schematic of the Problem

Table 17.1: Ink Chamber Dimensions

Ink Chamber, Cylindrical Region: Radius (mm) 0.015

Ink Chamber, Cylindrical Region: Length (mm) 0.050
Ink Chamber, Tapered Region: Final Radius (mm) 0.009

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 Setup and Solution

Ink Chamber, Tapered Region: Length (mm) 0.050

Air Chamber: Radius (mm) 0.030
Air Chamber: Length (mm) 0.280

The following is the chronology of events modeled in this simulation:

• At time zero, the nozzle is filled with ink, while the rest of the domain is filled with air. Both fluids are assumed
to be at rest. To initiate the ejection, the ink velocity at the inlet boundary (which is modeled in this simulation
by a user-defined function) suddenly increases from 0 to 3.58 m/s and then decreases according to a cosine
law.

• After 10 microseconds, the velocity returns to zero.

The calculation is run for 30 microseconds overall, that is, three times longer than the duration of the
initial impulse.

Because the dimensions are small, the double-precision version of ANSYS Fluent will be used. Air will
be designated as the primary phase, and ink (which will be modeled with the properties of liquid water)
will be designated as the secondary phase. Patching will be required to fill the ink chamber with the
secondary phase. Gravity will not be included in the simulation. To capture the capillary effect of the
ejected ink, the surface tension and prescription of the wetting angle will be specified. The surface inside
the nozzle will be modeled as neutrally wettable, while the surface surrounding the nozzle orifice will
be non-wettable.

17.4. Setup and Solution

The following sections describe the setup and solution steps for this tutorial:
17.4.1. Preparation
17.4.2. Reading and Manipulating the Mesh
17.4.3. General Settings
17.4.4. Models
17.4.5. Materials
17.4.6. Phases
17.4.7. Operating Conditions
17.4.8. User-Defined Function (UDF)
17.4.9. Boundary Conditions
17.4.10. Solution
17.4.11. Postprocessing

17.4.1. Preparation
To prepare for running this tutorial:

1. Set up a working folder on the computer you will be using.

2. Go to the ANSYS Customer Portal, https://support.ansys.com/training.

Note

If you do not have a login, you can request one by clicking Customer Registration on
the log in page.

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Using the VOF Model

3. Enter the name of this tutorial into the search bar.

4. Narrow the results by using the filter on the left side of the page.

a. Click ANSYS Fluent under Product.

b. Click 18.0 under Version.

5. Select this tutorial from the list.

6. Click the vof_R180.zip link to download the input files.

7. Unzip vof_R180.zip file you downloaded to your working folder.

The files inkjet.msh and inlet1.c can be found in the vof directory created on unzipping the
file.

8. Use Fluent Launcher to start the 2D version of ANSYS Fluent.

Fluent Launcher displays your Display Options preferences from the previous session.

9. Ensure that the Display Mesh After Reading and Workbench Color Scheme options are enabled.

10. Enable Double-Precision.

For more information about the Fluent Launcher, see starting ANSYS Fluent using the Fluent Launcher
in the Fluent Getting Started Guide.

Note

The double precision solver is recommended for modeling multiphase flows simulation.

11. Ensure that the Serial processing option is selected.

17.4.2. Reading and Manipulating the Mesh

1. Read the mesh file inkjet.msh.

File → Read → Mesh...

A warning message will be displayed twice in the console. You need not take any action at this point,
as the issue will be resolved when you define the solver settings in General Settings (p. 723).

2. Examine the mesh (Figure 17.2: Default Display of the Nozzle Mesh (p. 719)).

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 Setup and Solution

Figure 17.2: Default Display of the Nozzle Mesh

Tip

By zooming in with the middle mouse button, you can see that the interior of the model
is composed of a fine mesh of quadrilateral cells (see Figure 17.3: The Quadrilateral
Mesh (p. 720)).

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Figure 17.3: The Quadrilateral Mesh

3. Set graphics display options

Viewing → Display → Options...

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 Setup and Solution

a. Ensure that All is selected from the Animation Option drop-down list.

Selecting All will allow you to see the movement of the entire mesh as you manipulate the Camera
view in the next step.

4. Click Apply and close the Display Options dialog box.

5. Manipulate the mesh display to show the full chamber upright.

Viewing → Display → Views...

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a. Select front from the Views selection list.

b. Select axis from the Mirror Planes selection list.

c. Click Apply.

The mesh display is updated to show both sides of the chamber.

d. Click the Camera... button to open the Camera Parameters dialog box.

Note

You may notice that the scale of the dimensions in the Camera Parameters dialog
box appear very large given the problem dimensions. This is because you have not
yet scaled the mesh to the correct units. You will do this in a later step.

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 Setup and Solution

i. Drag the indicator of the dial with the left mouse button in the clockwise direction until the upright
view is displayed (Figure 17.4: Mesh Display of the Nozzle Mirrored and Upright (p. 723)).

Figure 17.4: Mesh Display of the Nozzle Mirrored and Upright

ii. Close the Camera Parameters dialog box.

e. Close the Views dialog box.

17.4.3. General Settings

1. Check the mesh.

Setting Up Domain → Mesh → Check

ANSYS Fluent will perform various checks on the mesh and report the progress in the console. Make sure
that the reported minimum volume is a positive number.

2. Scale the mesh.

Setting Up Domain → Mesh → Scale...

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a. Select Specify Scaling Factors from the Scaling group box.

b. Enter 1e-6 for X and Y in the Scaling Factors group box.

c. Click Scale and close the Scale Mesh dialog box.

3. Check the mesh.

Setting Up Domain → Mesh → Check

Note

It is a good idea to check the mesh after you manipulate it (that is, scale, convert to
polyhedra, merge, separate, fuse, add zones, or smooth and swap.) This will ensure that
the quality of the mesh has not been compromised.

4. Define the units for the mesh.

Setting Up Domain → Mesh → Units...

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 Setup and Solution

a. Select length from the Quantities list.

b. Select mm from the Units list.

c. Select surface-tension from the Quantities list.

d. Select dyn/cm from the Units list.

e. Close the Set Units dialog box.

5. Retain the default setting of Pressure-Based in the Solver group box of the Setting Up Physics ribbon
tab.

Setting Up Physics → Solver

6. Select Transient from the Time list.

7. Select Axisymmetric from the drop-down list in the Solver group box (below Reference Values).

17.4.4. Models
1. Enable the Volume of Fluid multiphase model.

Setting Up Physics → Models → Multiphase...

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a. Select Volume of Fluid from the Model list.

The Multiphase Model dialog box expands to show related inputs.

b. Retain the default settings and click OK to close the Multiphase Model dialog box.

17.4.5. Materials
The default properties of air and water defined in ANSYS Fluent are suitable for this problem. In this step,
you will make sure that both materials are available for selection in later steps.

1. Add water to the list of fluid materials by copying it from the ANSYS Fluent materials database.

Setting Up Physics → Materials → Create/Edit...

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a. Click Fluent Database... in the Create/Edit Materials dialog box to open the Fluent Database Mater-
ials dialog box.

i. Select water-liquid (h2o < l >) from the Fluent Fluid Materials selection list.

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Using the VOF Model

Scroll down the Fluent Fluid Materials list to locate water-liquid (h2o < l >).

ii. Click Copy to copy the information for water to your list of fluid materials.

iii. Close the Fluent Database Materials dialog box.

b. Click Change/Create and close the Create/Edit Materials dialog box.

17.4.6. Phases
In the following steps, you will define water as the secondary phase. When you define the initial solution,
you will patch water in the nozzle region. In general, you can specify the primary and secondary phases
whichever way you prefer. It is a good idea to consider how your choice will affect the ease of problem setup,
especially with more complicated problems.

Setting Up Physics → Phases → List/Show All...

1. Specify air (air) as the primary phase.

In the Phases dialog box, select phase 1 – Primary Phase and click Edit... to open the Primary
Phase dialog box.

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 Setup and Solution

a. Enter air for Name.

b. Retain the default selection of air in the Phase Material drop-down list.

c. Click OK to close the Primary Phase dialog box.

2. Specify water (water-liquid) as the secondary phase.

In the Phases dialog box, select phase 2 – Secondary Phase and click Edit... to open the Secondary
Phase dialog box.

a. Enter water-liquid for Name.

b. Select water-liquid from the Phase Material drop-down list.

c. Click OK to close the Secondary Phase dialog box.

3. Specify the interphase interaction.

In the Phases dialog box, click Interaction... to open the Phase Interaction dialog box.

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Using the VOF Model

a. Click the Surface Tension tab.

b. Enable Surface Tension Force Modeling.

The surface tension inputs is displayed and the Continuum Surface Force model is set as the default.

c. Enable Wall Adhesion so that contact angles can be prescribed.

d. Select constant from the Surface Tension Coefficient drop-down list.

e. Enter 73.5 dyn/cm for Surface Tension Coefficient.

f. Click OK to close the Phase Interaction dialog box.

4. Close the Phases dialog box.

17.4.7. Operating Conditions

1. Set the operating reference pressure location.

Setup → Boundary Conditions → Operating Conditions...

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 Setup and Solution

You will set the Reference Pressure Location to be a point where the fluid will always be 100 air.

a. Enter 0.10 mm for X.

b. Enter 0.03 mm for Y.

c. Click OK to close the Operating Conditions dialog box.

17.4.8. User-Defined Function (UDF)

1. Interpret the UDF source file for the ink velocity distribution (inlet1.c).

User Defined → User Defined → Functions → Interpreted...

a. Enter inlet1.c for Source File Name.

If the UDF source file is not in your working directory, then you must enter the entire directory path
for Source File Name instead of just entering the file name. Alternatively, click the Browse... button
and select inlet1.c in the vof directory that was created after you unzipped the original file.

b. Click Interpret.

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Using the VOF Model

The UDF defined in inlet1.c is now visible and available for selection as udf membrane_speed in the
drop-down lists of relevant graphical user interface dialog boxes.

c. Close the Interpreted UDFs dialog box.

17.4.9. Boundary Conditions

1. Set the boundary conditions at the inlet (inlet) for the mixture by selecting mixture from the Phase drop-
down list in the Boundary Conditions task page.

Setup → Boundary Conditions → inlet Edit...

a. Select udf membrane_speed from the Velocity Magnitude drop-down list.

b. Click OK to close the Velocity Inlet dialog box.

2. Set the boundary conditions at the inlet (inlet) for the secondary phase by selecting water-liquid from
the Phase drop-down list in the Boundary Conditions task page.

Setup → Boundary Conditions → inlet → water-liquid Edit...

a. Click the Multiphase tab and enter 1 for the Volume Fraction.

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 Setup and Solution

b. Click OK to close the Velocity Inlet dialog box.

3. Set the boundary conditions at the outlet (outlet) for the secondary phase by selecting water-liquid from
the Phase drop-down list in the Boundary Conditions task page.

Setup → Boundary Conditions → outlet → water-liquid Edit...

a. Click the Multiphase tab and retain the default setting of 0 for the Backflow Volume Fraction.

b. Click OK to close the Pressure Outlet dialog box.

4. Set the conditions at the top wall of the air chamber (wall_no_wet) for the mixture by selecting mixture
from the Phase drop-down list in the Boundary Conditions task page.

Setup → Boundary Conditions → wall_no_wet Edit...

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a. Enter 175 degrees for Contact Angles.

b. Click OK to close the Wall dialog box.

Note

This angle affects the dynamics of droplet formation. You can repeat this simulation
to find out how the result changes when the wall is hydrophilic (that is, using a small
contact angle, say 10 degrees).

5. Set the conditions at the side wall of the ink chamber (wall_wet) for the mixture.

Setup → Boundary Conditions → wall_wet Edit...

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a. Retain the default setting of 90 degrees for Contact Angles.

b. Click OK to close the Wall dialog box.

17.4.10. Solution
1. Set the solution methods.

Solving → Solution → Methods...

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a. Enable Non-Iterative Time Advancement.

The non-iterative time advancement (NITA) scheme is often advantageous compared to the iterative
schemes as it is less CPU intensive. Although smaller time steps must be used with NITA compared
to the iterative schemes, the total CPU expense is often smaller. If the NITA scheme leads to convergence
difficulties, then the iterative schemes (for example, PISO, SIMPLE) should be used instead.

b. Select Fractional Step from the Scheme drop-down list in the Pressure-Velocity Coupling group
box.

c. Retain the default selection of Least Squares Cell Based from the Gradient drop-down list in the
Spatial Discretization group box.

d. Retain the default selection of PRESTO! from the Pressure drop-down list.

e. Select QUICK from the Momentum drop-down list.

f. Select Compressive from the Volume-Fraction drop-down list.

2. Enable the plotting of residuals during the calculation.

Solving → Reports → Residuals...

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a. Ensure Plot is selected in the Options group box.

b. Click OK to close the Residual Monitors dialog box.

3. Initialize the solution after reviewing the default initial values.

Solving → Initialization → Options...

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a. Retain the default settings for all the parameters and click Initialize (either in the ribbon or in the
Solution Initialization task page.

4. Define a register for the ink chamber region.

Setting Up Domain → Adapt → Mark/Adapt Cells → Region...

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 Setup and Solution

a. Retain the default setting of 0 mm for X Min and Y Min in the Input Coordinates group box.

b. Enter 0.10 mm for X Max.

c. Enter 0.03 mm for Y Max.

d. Click Mark.

ANSYS Fluent will report in the console that 1500 cells were marked for refinement while zero cells
were marked for coarsening.

Tip

You can display and manipulate adaption registers, which are generated using the
Mark command, using the Manage Adaption Registers dialog box. Click the Man-
age... button in the Region Adaption dialog box to open the Manage Adaption
Registers dialog box. For details, see Adapting the Mesh (p. 174).

e. Close the Region Adaption dialog box.

5. Patch the initial distribution of the secondary phase (water-liquid).

Solving → Initialization → Patch...

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a. Select water-liquid from the Phase drop-down list.

b. Select Volume Fraction from the Variable list.

c. Enter 1 for Value.

d. Select hexahedron-r0 from the Registers to Patch selection list.

e. Click Patch and close the Patch dialog box.

6. Request the saving of data files every 200 steps.

Solving → Activities → Autosave...

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a. Enter 200 for Save Data File Every (Time Steps).

b. Ensure that time-step is selected from the Append File Name with drop-down list.

c. Enter inkjet for the File Name.

ANSYS Fluent will append the time step value to the file name prefix (inkjet). The standard .dat
extension will also be appended. This will yield file names of the form inkjet-1-00200.dat,
where 200 is the time step number.

Optionally, you can add the extension .gz to the end of the file name (for example, inkjet.gz),
which instructs ANSYS Fluent to save the data files in a compressed format, yielding file names of the
form inkjet-1-00200.dat.gz.

d. Click OK to close the Autosave dialog box.

7. Save the initial case file (inkjet.cas.gz).

File → Write → Case...

8. Run the calculation.

Solving → Run Calculation

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a. Enter 1.0e-8 seconds for the Time Step Size (s).

Note

Small time steps are required to capture the oscillation of the droplet interface and
the associated high velocities. Failure to use sufficiently small time steps may cause
differences in the results between platforms.

b. Enter 3000 for the Number of Time Steps.

c. Click Calculate.

The solution will run for 3000 iterations.

17.4.11. Postprocessing
1. Read the data file for the solution after 6 microseconds (inkjet-1-00600.dat.gz).

File → Read → Data...

2. Create and display a filled contour of water volume fraction after 6 microseconds (Figure 17.5: Contours
of Water Volume Fraction After 6 μs (p. 744)).

Postprocessing → Graphics → Contours → New...

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a. Change the Contour Name to contour-volume-fraction.

b. Enable Filled in the Options group box.

c. Select Phases... and Volume fraction from the Contours of drop-down lists.

d. Select water-liquid from the Phase drop-down list.

e. Click Save/Display.

Tip

In order to display the contour plot in the graphics window, you may need to click the

Fit to Window button.

3. Display contours of water volume fraction after 12, 18, 24, and 30 microseconds (Figure 17.6: Contours of
Water Volume Fraction After 12 μs (p. 744) — Figure 17.9: Contours of Water Volume Fraction After 30
μs (p. 746)).

a. Read the data file for the solution after 12 microseconds (inkjet-1-01200.dat.gz).

File → Read → Data...

b. Reload the contour graphic saved in the previous step.

Results → Graphics → Contours → contour-volume-fraction Display

c. Repeat these steps for the 18, 24, and 30 microseconds files.

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Figure 17.5: Contours of Water Volume Fraction After 6 μs

Figure 17.6: Contours of Water Volume Fraction After 12 μs

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 Setup and Solution

Figure 17.7: Contours of Water Volume Fraction After 18 μs

Figure 17.8: Contours of Water Volume Fraction After 24 μs

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Figure 17.9: Contours of Water Volume Fraction After 30 μs

17.5. Summary
This tutorial demonstrated the application of the volume of fluid method with surface tension effects.
The problem involved the 2D axisymmetric modeling of a transient liquid-gas interface, and postpro-
cessing showed how the position and shape of the surface between the two immiscible fluids changed
over time.

For additional details about VOF multiphase flow modeling, see the Fluent Theory Guide.

17.6. Further Improvements

This tutorial guides you through the steps to reach an initial solution. You may be able to obtain a more
accurate solution by using an appropriate higher-order discretization scheme and by adapting the mesh.
Mesh adaption can also ensure that the solution is independent of the mesh. These steps are demon-
strated in Introduction to Using ANSYS Fluent: Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer in a Mixing Elbow (p. 121).

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