SOFTWARE ENGINEERING | lJ Nty q soFTWARE ENGINEERING wi 4.4 ansrropUucrioNn TO re 4.1.1 The Evolving Role of Softwa! ih Qt. Define software. Explain the evolving role of sof i Answer Definitions of Software y 5 i terms, $ ware can be de ined as an organized set of instructions These ini pers esses and functions. Str desired resuit by considering various prec! se a ; ~~ ing of ions capable of #cceP! ing . sses theth and anired set of instruct fers to the records (say software manuals) which helps te th Tis an org Aah om this, it si from this, 1 inthe form of 8 package offering the design Bui deg oct form of functions. Apart vaedays delivered efficiently deal wath il, THis 008 a-days de! ad ern a code, installations implementation man” Software Evolution * Modern software act as @ vehicle to transmit @ product. Product ‘Transmission Role of Software as # Vehicle in sibilities. They are, Software asa vehicle has certain resPo (i) Controlling ‘various: operating systems. (ii) Creating and managing programs such as, (iii) Delivering information. Role of Software in Delivery of a Product Asa product, software performs the following tasks, uter data which is @ at of computer hardware. puter data that is @ part of computer networks accessible by a local hardware, ion independence as it is basically iged to ica software tools, software environments ete, {i) Transmitting compt (ii) Delivering the comy An interesting feature of computer software is its locati information. Transforming information involves, (a) Creation of information (b) Management of information () Modification of information. - {d) Display of information, »r | ¥ With theabove features itcanbe aid that today’s software gives more emphasis on the delivery ofinfomy Over the period of time, software has made a serious impact in the field of software. Impact of Software in the Field of Compaters gest i ‘ (i) Performance of hardware has improved. ‘ (ii) Memory size of computer has increased. (iii) Improvement in storage capacity of the computer. (iv) Availability of latest and exciting input and output devi (v) Development of different mini ied ue The flexibility of software systems is one of torrets i 5 systems, Making changes tothe hardware is expensive once in ee Reine ed can be made at any time during or after the system development. However, changes 10 Few sofiware system ‘ew software: 9 are developed as completely new systems and thet updates and maintenance ae CO Sofware evolution is an evolutionary resp iad ; the software is periodically changed over its lifetime ananassae emcee WARNING: Xerox/Photocopying ofthis book is : CRIMINAL eet. Anyone found guilty is LIABLE to face LEGAL peo —towing parallel activities, the” where is the evolution pattern done? jw ‘The where segment determines the market place from which the client request is obtained. why is it done? Gi The why segment determines the reasons for failures and the necessary for improving and recovery. iy What are the requirements? (ii) ‘The what scement specifies the design document test plan, interface, user manual for the project! 88. oe it is performed? (iv) ‘The when segment determines at which point * of time necessary tests like component test, cost estimate, acceptance test are to be carried out. How it is performed? ©) The how segment specifies the method of rewriting, redesigning, redrawing and coding the ject. oiies it is performed? ‘The ‘by whom’ segment specifies the person who ‘olved in the particular process/project or art of it. The person can be engineer/client/user. ae Expl faluation of software gineering methodologies. (Model Paper+, Q2(a) | Sep.-21(R18), Q1(a) | Answe March-21(R18), Q1(b)) Software engineering methodologies refers to goup of procedures which are performed from ‘initial development phase till the end phase in software development process. These methodologies emerged with many complexities and advancements in programming technologies. Some of the software methodologies are as follows, 1. _ Exploratory Methodology Exploratory methodology is adopted for developing those software wherein requirements are unclear in the beginning of development. This style is cartied out in step by step process i.c., by expermenting and exploring. It is only good for developing softwares which performs test research hypot as it lacks reliability, extensibility and maintainability. Errors are identified in the final product testing. Therefore it is problematic to modify every time. It is very laborious to maintain because of the absence of proper documentation. _ It makes use of unstructured programming or design heuristics for writing program which emphasizes on global data items. Some of the unstructured Programming languages are BASIC, low-level languages Or assembly containing sequence of commands or Statements like labels, GoTo. State oriented models wi) fike flow chart: finite ‘A, Turing machine. in action are used for designing progr state machines like NFA, DFA, PD: heen Finite state machine 15 eae ee Wille Je - which produces the re dl Seer state diagrams are use / machine. 2. Structure Or Structure oriented procedural approach to deve! sult an .d for recording the ‘iented Methodology methodology makes use of Jop functions or procedures. instructions which These poet des the Comput are written by programmer tat B60 ne oF from starting point to end point. It infest Tn the characteristics of unstructured which o! ae 8 improvements. There are three elements su‘ sequence, selection, Iteration. (a) Sequence: Sequence re! instructions are implemented. (b) Selection: There are different selection statements like if else conditional statements as program reacts upon the choice of selection. ; (©) Iteration: Use of repetitive set of instructions and loops results into the developments of last building block of procedural programming. The main program calls the procedures which passes the appropriate parameters as required. Structure oriented methodology makes use of various notations like Data Flow Diagrams (DFD), data dictionary control flow graphs, entity relationship diagram to generate solution for the issues. It is well suited for all the projects. It is preferable in small memory requirements and high speed systems like embedded systems and scripts. 3. Data Structure Oriented Methodology Data structure oriented methodology is generally used for designing data structure. It was evolved by Michael Jackson in the year 1970 which describes how functionality get along with real world entities. It specifies real world actions, arranging of actions, entities, Data structure methodology also called as Jackson structured design progresses its development by categorizing into two steps. Step1:It describes what are the specifications. ‘Step2: It describes how the implementation is performed. _ JSDis very popular among concurrent softwares, real time software, microcode and parallel computer programming as it focuses more on actions and less on attributes. Although this methodology appears to be good for shaping real world scenarios but turns out to be complex and difficult to understand. 4. Object Oriented Methodology __. Object oriented methodology focuses more on using data instead of functions real world entities are generally treated as objects. Objects possessing same Sees are formed into a class. They include methods properties, fers to the order in which SPECTRUM ALL-IN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS tsrap tns Methods: seeds 8 it cen Mhchean be enced IT int mown em ; exch ojects possess HT a te Fate m Menaviour object? important tae mr capi rented method} onc namely abso modal ud Desien Ove ws methodology wes OY (00) ro and aby neil AnahAC E ysis (004): TH by finding obyests telat eX o sn communncon hween {Se rone Is seal eed oie ston to apbeation deepen hasbeen evlved fom lect oneated methodology fo system and design lyst pupone I my emphases on ese. 18 he suo cae fer cost reduction, ex Pete gai, ali rakes use of resale independently packaged ge components forsfware developmen. ‘This methodology focuses on reuse wherein components display systematic parts which canbe stored independent ard cepaied ints new sofware ‘component fariczbon includes diferent phases like omain anal, component icin compet design imegraion and temng acceptance and rol cat, G3. Define the term Software. Describe its a Marc TRS ca) Define Software and its charactristics, Answer: cares Dec mR, 1) Fo answerer Un Define of Sova, N21, Tp: (Characters oSatvare A vofvar shouldbe levels of perception. To do ea aca on chance, bbe analyzed by it, Following are the atiibtes of 1 Coston Sota os, oa Rab te nib ty, we tse should havea lear di ining between iware and software Iamlacing poreee \WARMG: KrsPhetoearyig ot Bia draw and analysing whether the given a ‘he intended specifications oF yoy tre known, the user Begin acquit iil city he Bates, cage testing is performed to complete jy" tlosely analyzing the above meni Py fan be concluded that this proce, tend reusable facts and very less new fay, Min the case during the software devely bay) ven software is fist required to he re lige implemented, 0380 determine is yl Iuis the recent trend in software engin yg torelyon certain reusable components shy 2, “Software Doesn't Wear Oye» In order to analyze this charac development ieee ofhardvare and sya inode of comparison ist ake varios ape zaphs during thei lifecycle (hardware ang tobe perfectly analyzed graph deserb consequences related tothe hardware sg : x. ty 8 ag wen beg Analyzing the curve concludes that durin! initia! days of manufacturing, the hardware suffes’ eye delet, ‘When these failures are eliminated! Curve attains a steady success rate. This suet oes not lst longer and many extemal entities so vibration, environmental effects, temperatue dat dust, et, act as barrier to its prolonged success ‘to wear out steadily, Now, analyze the sume 2 the software in the following curve. Time ais Figure it: Software Failure Curve ‘aves od ylly ie ABLE aca GN O™ is spikes due to high ee failure rate dese . ‘Actual ot | os delet ———— ULDUDUUUU 4; Introduction to Software Erg Tithe Weal curve, software italy sul ed defects, Hut ax wtware does at we tier envronmetal changes that of panda ng the ero. Till his sage, the seal cure al curve is considered, it declines ftom ts initial she ted comes rw ei oa pel pe -Bemands certain changes tobe applied andl riduction of ober defects. Hence, a spike is Mate crv. Now, efforts ae applied onli refs and hence the pike comes downto pot eftpmands change and agai he same proces is sich givesrse 1 oter pikes. While change Ma pe cuve, the main cause of defect remains due ial genet he sofware acertinextnt and sees of beta alae ee Hence, with reference to above illustrations i can be concluded that, the “software does not wear out rather it deteriorates” “Software is Developed or Engineered; it is to the int these where ret eo not Manufactured in the Classical Sense” Development ofa software and other hardware involves manpower, but the quantity and the way of approach remain significantly diferent. In both the emufaturing processes, one wil be lefl outwit certain tnd products, bu, the efforts applied in them remain Aiffrent Finally, both the activities are initiated with a determination of building high quality of products, but thei quality maintaining activities differ. Hence, with these specifications it canbe conclude that, “software is developed or enginesred, it is not manufactured inthe classical sense Q4, Explain the categories of software. OR Discuss about the changing nature of software. (Modo Papert, 3) | Now/Dec-18R13), G2) OR Elaborate on the changing nature of ‘software in deta, Answer: ‘March-17(R13), 210) Following are the broad categories of software, often referred as applications of software which be its changing nature, J. Engineering and Scientific Software Software is being developed to ease the growth in ‘ngineering and scientific areas. Engineering and Scientific software development requires large ‘tea of information to be covered, For these fells, ‘pplications have been developed which cover reas from astronomy to voleanology, molecular ning. A Generic View of Process. Pr 1 = rocess Models: 5 G manufacturing and also biology to automates ale rbital dynamics. Now, advanced applications lke CAD'CAM, SPSS. MATLABS, ete., have been developed. Webstased Software The software packages have been updated and they can now transfer information on the web. These packages are used to develop highly sophisticated web based-software that simultaneously eases its usage and also ensun fa safe transfer of data over network. Web-based in be developed, by ‘oftware o¢ applications a using languages of packages like JAVA. C ‘Vbnet, CGil, JavaScript, HTML, DHTML ete Embedded Software Embedded software 1s developed to control the products under consumer and industrial markets. ‘This software resides onthe Read Only Memory (ROM) ofthe product. Tis software is developed to perform the limited and the specialized functions ofthe product. Example: Keypad control of an air cooler, button control of a washing machine and so on. These sofware also provide significant functional and control capabilities of the product. Artificial Intelligence Software ‘Thistype of software makes use of non-numerical algorithms to solve complex problems, they are not adaptable to computation or direct (straightforward) analysis. One of the most active artifical intelligence areas isthe, “Expert ‘Systems”. Other application areas for Al software ‘include pattem recognition, theorem proving and ‘game playing. System Software System Software refers 10 a piece of software ‘capable of providing services to other applications. ‘Good examples of such software are categorized in two sets. One of the sets includes file management utilities, compilers, editors etc. and other set includes drivers, operating system, networking software etc. The system software belonging to category-I can easily be applied to {Quite complex and deterministic applications. On the other hand, category-Il can easly be applied to highly non-deterministic applications. Application Software Application software usually resides on a single system capable of satisfying only business ‘equirements and involves management/technical decision making. ———————————————— SPECTRUM ALL-IN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS — See ee Sin ASee Hy countered while replacing these systems. LEBACY SYSTEMS Suppor, « eva rr state] evs and therefore they are consige ui: nvoucon Solara Engen AGE wf Process Process Models 7 The growth of f de critical systems. i Regulation Law 2 Con neers t0 I forw: software. sell Cycle Time and Cor Simple aswel 0:0 7D el int Types of Changes Made to Legacy gy, he proces of evolving an E-ype syste is sl Cuitomers prefers software products which ‘This is because, also as te majOF Re-engineering must be ca, regulating with rexpect to de product distribution | consume reduce amouns of eycle tims and cost. 10. Product Line Software ‘Software produc ine is a software that allow systems to share a common set of features ‘satisfying a business need. For example, Mobiles, ss0astomake these systems cars Og the moder business requirements, Tyr "of, making the following significant aoa tobe redesigned by making changestgat™® ing software s0a8 to make the sofiwes tet within anetwork environment, SaSEStlT ai locacy Gc come 6. Explain, why legacy systems every, tod process measures Is value is approximately {equal tothe normal value ‘The functionality of an E-type system must increase continuously over the lifetime of the system in response tothe customers requirement. Declining Quality Law Therefore software engine cycle time and products cost focuses on minimizing ‘ustomers demand product delivery ness time because ofthe competitive Eas09, & Universal Computing of data Conservation of Organizational Stability Law 7 eliver the product aon $0 software engincer try hard to deliver the pt In todays wot ee al aessciist | mane se average activity rate is Constant ver the | on time which airechanetimes result into low quality communication s by meee sachcicitscanbe | () Making the Software Adaptap,. jifetime of a product when an E-type system is | product isexpntel a aes HE ee a Ge nent being evolved The cost of software is referred to the cost of le ina challenge 10 environments, by making the spy, Famili some resources like manpower, hardware and software such pplication wl also rema tothe computing environmen, Se ne ccna erally the cost of developing a sofware requie more Siosetinen eget: (> Enhancing the Software: 7} ‘When an E-type system is being evolved,‘ is | umber of labours and is measured in terms of person 9. Open Souree future fees of software needs io, erg gee 10 cme tal the mene Le. | mont, Cox of prot for dient projects Fot Open source is also an expected futut thatthe software can easly imp ret developers sales personnel, users) responsible for | instance ifthe size ofthe project is a and cour lex software where a given sofware it is nt ‘forming the sysiem evolution must maintain | then it consumers more cycle time. There exist few SRA wal to all wes iespesive of oe fey MP enie information about the evolution pro | factors due to which ime and cost may ge effected like Merten They cn mods pert | (i) Extending the Software: The soya, fess. They'should lb track the behavior using | level of technology availability of resource applications requirements. In this case, the engineers must eatel so that it can achieve hei which astisfactory evolution is achieved. experience. Proper planing can minimize the cost and strive tomake the software easily understandable ability feature. Eee ig Crowd Lan Genero bese ‘and compatible o that, itcan be easly moulded. | (jy) Redesigning the Software: The so , 3. Reliability Itrefers to the property of satisfying the software requirements effectively. tis an important characteristics ‘of high quality software, Product quality can be attained by focusing on the development phases like design, Smart wach, Lp can we sane version pass: rs ang and esting earful, Verification and validation sofa. as a eee cil open ile ea |e dct oa va Cre ievaare se es une soi: | SS Spt de hte Pees is alogacy software? Explain. | Reasons for Legacy Software Evolution cus modification, Due to this, the system fails © | SF gefcts that are sen in the software. Complenity inthe {Oe a| MowdDee FR), 02 | Software evolution is an evolutionary preg ‘meet the requirements of new computing environ- ‘ments. project leads to development of unreliability. Unreliable Noube 1813, : n oftware caused many faics i the year 1989 like or ae ier 2 OC ile See etn eed What stacy software? Explain bit | cated by ‘change’ and is performed when,» Theevoluion process of an E-type system helicopter its impact in software engineering. Pts rc comprises of feedback systems with mulilevel, | (iy Numerous patients ded to the malfunctioning of neioknmin de peated we meted tmuliloop, multiagent feature It is necessary to hospital computers oe i) Testa Deoomes stable eu Gplcrman estiack pokes foe engeoving "| (4 "adhe aaa Rearabalby, hat typ0 of changes a mateo gay | (8) The apenion engineer _——tefomanc ofthe sofwmre___] yay it defined as process frsoftvare ‘systems if it exhibits poor quality? application re-engineering is performs. Q7, What ave the challenges of software en- | development that helps to easily understand the user ‘pide < The following important laws are definel,®! gineering? needs and obtains direct user feedback in overall Beta brief description about the theory ‘i development of life cycle. It ensures the strategy of Koper Batwa 4 sotvarevohtion, ona ep -210, O10) | rare systems tat satisfies the need of wer in various Legacy Software can be defined as, L . ‘Some of the challenges of software engineering | environment in order to reduce costs and complexities. war developed in the pst Ts sofas inen cat: | ceatinuing Change Law cB lanl eS Software engineering foctses'on using usability sed inthe preset en ait proms ese gee ‘The E-ypesystem software that evolvedve%# - ‘engineering approaches. Reusabilty is an important — activities. I may include procedures which awe ‘ustbe continuously adapted so astomaie¥é + Problem Understanding ‘characteristic ofa high quality software. It is defined as loge elevanin the newer comping envi implement in eal world computing es! The objectives oraimolthe problem understanding | degree to which software modules or work product can As busines requienens a janis The system is capable of meting 6 istoknow and understandthe requirements ofthe clients | be used in more than one compiting program o software ‘a se nd coin 8 reuirementsand satisfying D248 wes asthe lent and users may be completely | Now--daysreusofeistin saftvarchas become very cations make the sofware ‘maximum itahe system undeB™ evar ofthe new systems requirements, Similarly even | popular in software industry and institutional busines. bese requried ati ‘continuous mod the SyEES software may not have complete information | But there are many challenycs faced by reuse busines, urea! comping envieament, + ofall apoitaies dentin The main case of problem | tke analysis of domain knowledge, development of ‘between software engineers and customers is lack of ‘communication, Thus its necessary for an engineer to reusable library, integration of reusable components. It ‘has got many benefits if systematic approach is used ‘Makeio explain the equirernentsclealy othe customer | Reusabilty is mainly used for increasing productivity, itthey known them, quality and reliability within a sofware. Se "SPECTRUM ALL-IN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTSsorTWARE ERS NTU. aye hangs with redocd crt and high lub cS Repeatability ad Process Materiy tise ‘00 parvcularapplicanon domi people and systemanc softeare development. Sysiematic software approach mame campletty and maximizes ‘maintenance feu. Estimation and Planning Com eximation cn be evaluated with the we of estimation techniques like Lines Of Code (LOC), Function Pon (FP) and Objet Pont (OP). But these technique sometimes turn out to be inaccurate in mumating efor I has ben noice tha sce ries ae im whl fale rats ae moe. The main case for project file is underestinatin of ude nd time o finish the project. Project plan can be elective ifan only ‘fe estimation is acura Therefore wlizing effet ‘estimation approach and project plan isa challenge for engineer. BD yyternehctn n crere Eran, Ncw vn Pens, Pree Mee : Otay, ipuenne Biste | Gh. Define software. Explain in datall about My” thes ae the mts bev by camer software myths. Discuss MANAGETE Myth gS al ines Poy, macy es deren | Amer sa Fee OR, a | renal their tees meester © chee | mi forma f The wring of props ci be stad by | SO ‘overall outcom Ne sa gencal acme of jcive The | For anew eke Un Page i. 208. Toe an be filled ltr Deeason of Sofa (ier OF Tope: Monga eas canbe hig yy: eve objective statement tat conve | Saftey Mth aa rd Tat oct scmcnr mom | __ Freer tned PB Sofware Myths es emooer and a developer then ely i wea Software Myths ae the belies guy Pogibl t enrae requirements tha re ambos 1.2 AGENERIC VIEW managers, customers and software "erstandable > - - Dosen one por ae rac wai softens fee ht any changer so | TBA Software Engineering - A are continuing over Several years of prihy, Nejc requirments canbe esl accommdas Layered Technology | f ‘culture. Today, software myths are ee 4 misconception, which when followeg 4 disastrous effect. en! 1 Management Myths These are the myths believed managers who are responsible for imy “ey sn controlling budgets. aly Myth (0): A book of standards and defecstbe vay of developing asoftwarcneee § tee the requirements of the people. nt Reality: Though there exists a book of, camat be wed because ofthe following reson (i) Software practitioners do not have the| about the existence of the book. _ It does not take into considération the mole ‘software engineering practices, i) The book of standards is neither complee a adaptable. a It's not possible to reduce the delivering ia ‘while concentrating on the quality factor. ‘Myth il): Its possible to add programmers atthe lt ‘sages of software development life cycle. . Realty: Adding new programmers at ater stages wl ‘duce the amount of ime spent on software develops That is because the experienced programmers set Pere ing te ew propane ‘can be solved ‘if the organization | 10 ichis cla el godine I: Sotware projec development espns ‘shandedoverto a hid pay. Reality: software wit Se opmizaion projects cannot be developed wi wy) Project is managed and controlled, eat 6 re, St forthe organization to unde dé 0 lack of understand of Reni: Software project requirements change very quently whose impact can vary depending on the eel which they are intoduced. Wf changes czar timely stages ofthe software development thea the thei less. Whereas, if they occur at the ltr stages, then he costs igh 3, Practitioner's Myths Practitioner's myths are misconceptions beleved by mary software practioner. Myth ) The job of software practioner is done when they complete writing program and executing tin the working environment. Reality: The actual work or effort ofthe software des no stop once the program ges excited Putisead it intiates when the software i delivered to thecastomer. Myth (I): The software project quality cannot be assessed until the program i executed Realty: Formal Technical Review (FTR) is considered asthe best and effective SQA technique that can be Apple from the inception ofa project. Softwar reviews acta quality fiers and ae considered tobe effective ‘when compared to testing mechanisms. Myth (i): Working program isthe only deliverable work roduc fora succesful project. Realy: Working programs nthe compete ouput but instead tis part of software configuration which nun comprises of multiple elemens. Documentation is not nly considered abasic ep for performing cessful ‘npnerng but also a guidance for providing software sppon. Myth i: The documentation generated from software ‘engineering consists of massive and irrelevant volume of Infomation. Creation ofthese unecessary documents slows down the software developmen! process. Reality: Software engineering refers to 8 process ‘creat better quality product but not creating. locument I decreases the amount of rework to be thus speeding up the delivery time. Q10. What do you mean by software a ing? Explain the software What are the advantages of layered technology? (cca! Papert Cae | Foe Za, | MB, oR Define sofware engineering. (Refer Only Topic: Software Emgimcering) ape RI, it on Wnat are software engineering layers? (Ret Onis Toph: Sofwre Egincering Liv) ‘Answer: Jan ee ZB, CMa), Software Engineering Software enginecring is defined a exablisheneat and application of sound enginocring principles for btinng an economically fesble and reliable software that can num efficiently on any real-time machine. Software Engineering Layers Took Mette Pres | Quaity foes] Figure Layrs of Software Eaginaaing The above figure depicts software enginering layers. The botiom layer claims the quality which is ‘extremely essential for any software product. In order ‘tw achieve that, the users usually rely on various quality management issues, six sigma ci. With this, software development can be matured at every level andthe ead Product is of very high quality in all aspects. ‘SPECTRUM ALL-IN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTSFrom the process Jayer, the main een activity begins. It forms the on-time delivery software main source to adhere technology as well as the of the product. Process exerts impact on the development activity in two levels, Le, indesigaing the framework and at management level. Process is effectively used in designing @ framework fr entire software engineering activity. This has got a crucial role to play in transmitting the software engineering technology el, usually the sofiware At management le z engineering process is applied in regulating and controtling the activities of software projects. It also defines a platform with which, the user can implement techmeal activities during software project development, achieve the expected goals, ensure a high quality in the developed products ete. ‘The third layer ie., methods specifies a criterion in of high quality software, The methods form for requirement analysis,'design models, testing software ete, construct the provis The top most layer encompass fools. Process and methods often depend on these tools for their implementation. Tools form the major source of development of computer aided software engineering, usually accomplished by integrating these tools, so that the associated infornation can be acquired by other tools. 1.2.2 A Process Framework Q11. Explain the software process framework. (Mpdel Paper-ill, Q2{a) | Nov.!Dec.-17(R15), Q2(b)) OR What are the fundamental activities of a software process? March-17(R13), Q1(b) (Refer Only Topic: Generic Process Framework Activities) ~~ nd ER, ‘ OR What are the five generic process framework activities? Explain. sey nce Activities) : Answer: Nov.-15(R13), Q3(a) Software Process Framework ‘ Diagrammatic representation | of software framework is given in figure, Process _ WARMING: KeraxPhotoenpving of Ns Book's CRIMINAL at Arron found guy Te LIABTE vfs 1EOM SOFTWARE ENGINEERING , rr . Uy E K actin) Software engineering stg, a tng | Software engincerng maee([ ee | F work activity p Software engineering action | | ml] Software engineering action ng Acton | ai] | | | Figure: Software Process Single Way Process framework plays ¢ major nig, software development activity as it forms sy. initiating the development process. tisusedioee, certain framework activities which are applitin. developmental activity, irrespective of its sie process framework includes several umbrella a which are useful throughout the software deve process, Next to umbrella activity is a framework a which includes definite number of software engine: actions applicable in driving a specific som engineering applications. Each of these engine actions corresponds to the task set which encompass list ofactions to be applied, Each engineering ats Perform a constituent activity which forms ana part of the specific software application being del Umbrella Activities of Software Process Frase™ There are eight umbfella activities of8 Process framework: They are, 1, Tracking and Controlling Software Pi" The first umbrella activity is tracking software project. This activity allows team to perfarm the following tasks: © Assessing of progress of the pie the plan of the project. i ; wee % Maintaining the schedule of ™ op by taking appropriate action b above assessment.This activity involves the following tasks, 4 Evaluation of those risks that can have a seri- ous impact on the final result of the Project, 4 Assessment of those risks that are likely to effect the product's quality, ‘ Software Quality Assurance (SQA) This activity ensures the sofware quality by defining and organizing the activities needed to assure quality of software. Formal Technical Reviews This activity tries to eliminate errors as quickly as possible so that, they don’t effect the other activities. It is done by evaluation of work products of software engineering. 5, _ Software Measurements This activity describes as well as gathers measures of process, product and project through which software team can deliver a software that fulfills the needs of the customer. 6, Software Configuration Management (SCM) SCM is also referred as Change Management (CM). During the software engineering process, SCM defines a set of activities for managing the changes made to the software components, 7, Managing Reusability Factor This activity is incorporated by the software process framework because of the following reasons. It defines the basic criteria for reusing a work product. Other than this, it also defines a criteria for software components reuse. % It also obtains reusable components by , _ developing the desired methods. 8 Preparing and Producing Software Work Products The last and final activity is the preparation and production of work product. It includes certain activities that are needed for the creation of the following work products, {a) Models (b) Logs (©) Documents (@) Lists and forms. Generic Process Framework Activities The five generic process framework activities Useful in developing several projects are given below, 1. Communication This refers to a framework activity where, usually the end users (say customers) are communicated and their views related to the project are analyzed. Here, reports related to customer requirement " specifications are developed. A Generic View of Process, Process Models 11 2 Planning In this framework activity, usually the entire work is going to be implemented in -e, various issues schedule whic! further stages, is prepared. Henc to be addressed during this framework are risks, requirement of resources, software schedules, important products to be developed etc. 3. Modelling Once the developer is done with analyzing the customer requirement specifications, the third framework activity will be modelling. Here, usually UML diagrams are used to represent the project in the form of architecture. This helps developers and the customer ‘to gain an insight of the end product. 4. Construction - Itis a combination of code generation and testing. 5. Deployment In this framework activity, usually the developed project is delivered to the end users. They deploy the project and provide relative, feedback to the developers. Q12. Define software. List and explain about the elements of a software process. Answer : March-21(R18), Q8(b) Software For answer refer Unit-I, Page No. 2, QU, Topic: Definition of Software. Elements of Software Process A software product is made up of different elements which are utilized together so as to produce a product. The various elements of software product includes, 1. Artifacts The artifacts are specified as a tangible work products created at the time of software development. They are usually related to the development of software process during the time of process execution.-The specification of artifacts is made in advance in development stage inorder to carry out the activity accordingly. Apart from this, they are used as raw artifacts to develop other artifacts such as software architecture project plan etc, 2. Activity . ‘The activity can be defined as a task which is executed explicitly or implicitly. A software , Process can be developed using different activities and to accomplish each activity requires: an input to execute the task, The task isexecuted depending ¥pon the constraints and generated outcome i.e." work products is employed as an input for some other activity. Each and every activity produces necessary artifacts by using procedures, rules, policies and guidelines such as analysis, design, tracking and monitoring etc. SPECTRUM ALL-IN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTSESE 12 > Q13. Define a task set. List the entities of Constraint The constraint can be defined as a criteria or Condition which becomes necessary to be fulfilled OF possessed by a sofware product with constraints the process grows to achieves maximum benefits along with well defined conditions. Example: Five uses can gain concurrent ace: to a machines i.e., they can login at the same time and can produce seven transactions per nanoseconds, People The people can be defimed as a person or stakeholders that under take the process directly or indirectly. The expertise people are considered as perfec some or all the activities needed for the process execution. On the other hand the stakcholders role is to achieve project goals such as software tester, quality checker ete. Tools and Technology Tools and technology offers technital support to technique which can be used for carrying out the activities. It will help people in determining the solution for the issues. For instance CASE tools helps in software development, FORTRAN is well suited for determining scientific problems. Method or Technique ‘ Method or technique refers to the approach opted for carrying and the tasks with the help of tools and technologies. For instance, Object Oriented Analysis (OOA), binary search etc, Relationship Relationship refers to the link that exist between the activities. It helps in the execution of activities in sequential manner. Where in the output is used as input for the subsequent activity. For instance, debugging activity is performed after error detection. - . Organizational Structure Organizational structure refers to the team which should be managed and communicated at the time of software development. All the team members have their specific roles and responsibilities. This type of structure leads to successful development of product for example, team leader manages and controls the work flow of activities which are allotted to each individual. set for the following, : (a) Relatively small and simple projects (b) Large and complex software projects. Answer: ‘ Task Set ‘A task set is usually a collection of tasks to be applied in order to obtain the required output.from the software engineering action. « oe SOFTWARE ENGINEERING [JNTy HYDe Ra being would be a collection or docume fcati ‘ation requirement specification, All tasks ofa task for such action, would definitely favour jy customer requirement specifi (a) Relatively Small an A task project to a set for small itp Set, Dre tion only, "iting Simple p; THjecty et may differ from a gq omplex project. Follow yl Sing imple project, if Customer Fog Way Min specification is the software engineering qoyit™n, + List all the customers (to whom the br . be delivered). eat 4 Gatherthese customers along With the dey, 4 Invite each of these customers 10 rey, "hoe vision of project (the way the product gy!" developed) Shou Develop a list of requirements, * Sort these requirements According to priorities. the * Mark the uncertain are (b) Large and Complex Software Projects If the project is large-complex, and the CUstoy requirements specifications is considered to be 4 software engineering action then the task s include the following tasks, eee “List all the customers, * Instead of gathering them together, invite the separately to grasp their vision of project, % Build the requirement list for each user, ° Refine these requirements. % After refining, suitably develop a final list requirements, % Provide this list with suitable priorities dependin on the quality of deployment. e Sort and gather them sequentially, so that the can be applied accordingly. % - Prepare a list of constraints which are probab when the product is being deployed. % Finally end up the session by finding the metho which remain useful in validating systems. 1.2.3 The Capability Maturit) _ Model Integration (CMM!) Q14, Whatis CMMI? Explain about CMMI eve! (Mode! Papert, Q2(b) | JanJFeb.-231R 18), 0% OR Give an overview of capability Matus Model Integration. Which lev? organizations as a customer you Prefer and why? Dec,-19(R16), OR nt WARNING: Xerox/Photocopying of this book Is @ CRIMINAL act. Anyone found guilty Is LIABLE to face LEGAL procoedl - a_— eer cai | unit Introduction to Software Engineering, A Generic View of Process, Process Models 13 Give CMMI levels and explain. way-a9{R15), 02(b) 4 OR | write detailed notes a CMMI. Nov /bec.-18(R16), Q3(b) OR Explain CMMI model with a neat sketch, Answer ? Nov./Dec.-16(R13), Q3(b) cpabilty Maturity Model (CMM) Capability Laue Model (CMM) is a maturity framework strategy that focuses on continuously improving the management and development of the organizational workforce. CMM provides the organization with the basic irements for building the software process, It provides an evolutionary path from an inconsistent organizational tices, to ahighly disciplined developmental practice. This helps to improve the knowledge, skills and development of the software process. Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI) CMMI is a model used by various organizations to improve their process while minimizing the risks in the development of software, product or service. ‘The software development organizations can be ranked depending on the quality of products they. develop using ameta-model. This meta data is governed by certain set of systems and software engineering capabilities. These are needed to be satisfied by the organizations, ‘as they attain various leyels of capability as ‘well as maturity. Hence, to remain on this track, cach. organization is required to develop a process model, based the guidelines of capability maturity model integration, The model is given belows”** "* Capability level —> © ‘Project Requirements Measurements Configuration “Process and planning management and analysis management product QA ——> Process Area Figure: Graph Depicting the Process Area Capability Scenario The above figure is also referred as a continuous model. Here, the process area is plotted against the standard levels, ranging from 1 to 5. However level ‘0’ is also considered to represent the lowest of all, Each level and their ‘quivalent values is expressed below. As a customer, it is preferable that an organization belongs to CMMI level 5 Which indicates that it is successful in terms of providing services and satisfying customers. Level 0 Incomplete At this level, there are two possibilities. (The process area (along #-axis) is not performed. (ii) The process area has not achieved the targets set by CMMI for level 1's capability. Level 1 : Performed > ) The tasks specified by the CMMI at process level have been achieved. (0° The work tasks required in developing a given work product are set. - - SPECTRUM ALL-IN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS|) eee 14 Level 2 : Managed () All the criteria defined at C are met. ‘MMI level | s area to-date Gi) ‘The workrrelated tothe process area i UP with the expectations of ‘organization. ction have (iii) The developers involved in the Cat aa access to all the availal ‘omp. their tasks. ble resources for c [All the specimens are subjected to the proe (i) ero pment whenever necessary project develo products (under development) e tasksas well as tv) Thetasksas wel Paced are regularly being monitored, cont reviewed, The product is executed to ascertain that, it is (i) functioning as per the expectation. Level 3 : Defined Entire conditions of level 2 are met: Apart from this, the process is customized according to the organization's set of standard processes based on the ‘delines of the organization. This helps the process assets in terms of work products, measures and other process improvement information. Level 4: Quantitatively Managed Entire consequences of level 3 are met. Also, by means of a quantitative assessment the process area is improved and controlled. Moreover, the establishment ‘of the quantitative objectives for quality and process performance is also done and used as a criteria in process management. 4 Level 5 : Optimized Alllevel 4, targets are met, Moreover, optimization process area is performed using quantitative means to satisfy the varying customer requirements. It also to improves the ability of produciig desired results for of the process area under consideration. Here, there are two important facts to be considered. They are, (a). Specific Goals: These refer to the essential characteristics which must exist in all the activities implied by a given process area, (b) Specific Practices: Specific practices refer to a * set of tasks to be accomplished in order to achieve specific goals. These two terms are important because CMMI expresses the process area using these terms ie., specific goals and specific practices. Also there are five generic goals and their equivalent practices associated with these goals, Basically, these generic goals correspond to one of the five CMMI levels. Hence, any organization. claiming ‘one of the levels of CMMI should satisfy these generic OFTWARE ENGINEERING [NTU jy, What is software process R Discuss different approaches ¢ Mode, OR la Write about process assessp,,_ (Refer Only Topic: Process Assessmay, Taney Answer : Process Assessment Application of process patterns tothe project under development does not ensure software is going to satisfy all the essentials (ig delivery, customer. satisfaction, high quality ‘a Hence, in order to achieve this, Process asces done where the software patterns should be oll with highly valued software engineering p, Moreover, the entire process should be Sul assessed as required. Following figure dep software process and methods that are Useful process assessment and improvement, Software Process 2 z | £ Identifies Z Menttes | modifications to capabilities | and risk of Software Process Assessment is Leads o Software _ Motivates Capability process. ~~ determination improvement Figure: Software Process and Methods Applied fx Assessment and Improvement Following are the techniques for software pr assessment. 3 ‘Standard CMMI Assessment Method for Pr Improvement (SCAMPI) Five important steps which form the bas software process assessment are as follows, 1. Initiating 2. Diagnosing , 3. Establishing 4. Acting and 5. Leaming. Inthis case, SCAMPI Pas sel Bees tisually relies on for the requirement of software process assesst™ pa ed Appraisal for Internal Improvement (CBA IPI) * maturiis technique, aisually the eran HRatUrty OF the product organization is 388°" e SEI CMMI Aone found guilty is LIABLE to face LEGAL»Pt tebe SS Lie ees Engineering, A Generic View of Process, Proce /) ICE OS andard remains effective in d Poe 300 in deriving software process assessment techniq) he : 0? , software industry, can adopt the ISO 9001 : . iene a D1 : 2000 standa each qua saks in terms of i i wfactured), sy stems as well as services delivered wad rorench spiel re er 50900) : 2000 specifies the quality management requirements for a given organization see sopment along with the customer’s satisfaction. ‘equirements for a given organiza C el : dexelOF" assess the quality of management ISO 9001 : 2000 has derived a special cycle referred to as, peck ol In this Dae each term has got its own significance i.e d Includes the targets, associated activities, obj ie, Pa jn sot ae . . es wh quality 5 Plan complete customer’s satisfaction, ijectives with an aim to produce high q a _ Refers to Be implementation of entire software development process. | ae ae pms of monitoring and assessing the software process. This assures related to software quality management are thoroughly implemented to improve (h development process. _ Refers to the implementation of ideas of improving the current software devclopme products king an overall “plan-do- with .s that all mechanisms ¢ software nt proce: Act ane. What is software process? What is need of software process improvement? Discuss capability maturity models. < | answer? May/June-19(R16), Q3 | Software Process i ‘A software process consists of a set of activities along with the ordering, constraints,.which specifies the functioning of these activities for generating the desired output (or) a soltware process refers to a process that involves various issues related to technical and management aspects of software development. software Process Improvement For answer refer Unit-I, Page No. 14, Q1S, Topic: Process Assessment, cMM ? For answer refer Unit-I, Page No. 12, Q14_- Q17. Discuss various process maturity levels. Also discuss various KPAs that must be achieved in each level. Model Paper-lil, Q3(a) : OR . Explain different levels of capability maturity model and list the KPA’s of each level. (Refer Only Topic Various KPA Defined in Each Level af Maturity) Answer : ~ Process Maturity Levels For answer refer Unit-I, Page No. 12, Q14. Nov.-15(R13), Q3(b) level-4 Managed level-S Optimizing Maturity Level of Software Process Management 4 i . Figure: Levels of Maturity Various KPA Defined in Each Level of Maturity fama oars management process measures the CMM (Capability Maturity Model) with five different levels kee nk rity, which can be obtained by using a KPA (Key Process Area). The KPA performs its operations on every maturity as follows, % Level | of Maturity (Initial) : : KPA is not defined for this level. i : 2 of Maturity (Repeatable) fy” This level specifies six KPAs as follows, (iy Requirements Management j (ii) Software Project Planning “ @ Software Project Tracking and Oversight _(iv) Software Sub-contract Management Software Quality Assurance ‘ ‘(vi) Software Configuration Management. SPECTRUM ALL-IN-ONE JOURNAL FOR-ENGINEERING STUDENTS16 Level-3 of Maturity (Defi ) This level defines seven KPA's as follows, Organization Process Focus (1) Organizational Process Definition (it) Training Prograsn (iv) Integrated Software Management (¥) Software Product Engineering (i) (Vi) Intergroup Coordination (vit) Peer Reviews, Level-4 of Maturity (Managed) This level follows the basic two principles, (4) Analysing and grouping of data (b) Software quality management. The two KPA’s defined by this level are, (1) Quantitative Process Management () Software Quality Management, Level-S of Maturity (CMM Optimizing Process) ‘This level defines three KPA's as follows, (1) Prevention of Defects {n) Technology Change Management iii) * Process: Change Management. Q18. Explain the following, (a) Specific goals and specific practices (b) Generic goals and generic practices as defined by CMMI for project planning. f Answer ; (a) Specific Goals and Specific Practices The process areas are defined by Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI) on the basis of certain Specific Goals (SG) and their related Specific Practices (SP). Consider project planning which is one of the eight process areas, For this process area, there are three specific goals with different specific practices under each goal. The specific goals are, Specific practices for each goal are as follows, 1, Project Estimation : (a) Estimation of the project scope, (b) Estimation of task attributes and work . product, (c) Definition of life cycle of the project, (4) Compute the estimation of effort and cost’ of the project, 2, Project’Plan Development — (a) Cfeation of budget and schedule ofthe project, (b) Identification of risks of the project, (c) Generation of a data management plan, (d) Creation of project resources plan, (c) Creation of a plan that involves skills and " eriowledge needed for a project, © (f) Development ofa makeholder involvernent plan, (g) Generation of plan for « project, WARNING: XeroxlPhotocopying of thi hook «CRIMINAL et Anyone fund gity a LIABLE to face LEGAL" 3. Commitment to the Pj,,, (a) Review of the (b) () the project. (by Generic Goals and Generie Trae CMMI also defines proces, Generic Goals (GG) and Generic ‘The process area called Project py of five generic goals with Various gener: cach goal. The five generic goals of projecs le 1. Achieve specific yoals 2. Establish a managed proces, 3, Create a defined process, 4, Develop a quantitatively mz be 5. Create an optimized process? 1, Achieve Specific Goals This generic goal of project planni only one generic practice. That is to + base practices on project planning Pee 2, Establish a Managed Process In this ee, goal, there are many bre practices, They are, (a). Creation of organizationally defined pi for the work involved in plans Project. (b)’ Ensurance of providing resources tz: required for project planning. (©) Assign responsibilities to each and Person working on a project. -() Provide training to new people involv the project. (©) Configuration management. () Identify stakeholders that are need! Project planning process area and is them in it. (8) Monitoring and controling of Products, (5) Evaluation of work products inan cb ‘way so that they adhere to the det? of the process, () Allow high level managenen ie Status of the project. 3. Create a Defined Process ti This generic goal includes two gener (a) The generic goal itself. a (6) Gather information regarding?” in the software process. LYDevelop a Quantita Generic practices of this goal are as follows, @ Generate quantitative objectives for the quality and performance of the process. (6) Stabilize the performance ofthe subprocess, Create an Optimized Process This generic goal involves the following practices, (@) To make sure that there is a continuous im- provement in the process by satisfying the needs of the customer through quantitative means. Improve the effectiveness of project planning process area by identifying root causes of problems. 19. Explain softwar development life cycle. =— piscuss various activities during SDLC. : (Modal Paper-lIl, Q2(b) | March-17(R13), Q3(a)) j : OR’ What is Software Development Life Cycle? i Answer = May-18(R15), Q4(a) Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) refers ment. Requirement Analysis Phase to the overall process involvéd in the software develop- | SPECTRUM ALL-IN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS ne ae tic View of Process, Process Models 1 It involves six phases namely, 1. Requirements Analysis Phase Requirements analysis and specification phase is very important in the successful development pa software. If the customer requirements are not analyze . properly, the chances of project failure oF amount S rework on project becomes very high. Therefore, Project startup without proper requirements. analysis an documentation is considered as a major mistake. It also increases the burden on developer to reflec/implement the changes multiple times. Such iterations increase the cost incurred in the overall project and also leads to customer dissatisfaction. The importance of requirements understanding and documentation is independent of the type of project ice. internal or contract based. The documentation generated after successful analysis and specification is called Software Requirement Specification (SRS) document. This document not only helps in getting a cléar understanding about product requirements, but also helps in carrying out different activities of later phases. Due to this fact, expert developers spend a lot of time to gather requirements. 2. Design Phase Design is a meaningful engineering representation of something that is to be built. It can be traced to a customer’s requirements and at the same time assessed for quality against a set of predefined criteria for “good” design. In the software engineering context, design focuses on four major areas of concern - data, architecture, interfaces and components. Software design process is an iterative process through which requirements document (SRS) is transformed to design document. = 3, Implementation and Unit Testing Phase In this phase, actual code is developed using a programming language. As soon as the code is developed each unit or component in itis tested individually. Such testing is called unit testing, It ensures that maximum, errors are detected and entire code istested by following certain paths in the control structure. 4, ~ Testing Phase Testing ~is-a«major activity for software development and its main function is to detect bugs or errors that occur while-executing-a software. During the-phases like requirement analysis and system design, the outputaresults-iv-the-form of textual documents ‘whereas, for the coding phase, the output is a computer ~ program. Hence, testing not only detect errors during coding but also detect errors that occur during, the previous devalopmsant pliz four different types of testing that can be perfor software development. : ee retain ibsequently, there are “ri = arnaeeraeLL a 18 SOFTWARE ENGINEERING INTUHYDERARp, 5. © Deployment Phase This forms the final phase of the software development process where the software is usually de) vera, ; the end users for its effective implementation, Later, feedback is collected from the users and if, the sof to meet 6. Maintenance activity is compulsot Me fa the users requirements, it is modified. Hence, the important activities inyolyed in this phase ar, (a) Perfect delivery (b) Support and (c) Feedbacks. Maintenance Phase ‘ Software maintenance refers to the changes which are performed once the software is delivered jg User, ty fot each type of product and cannot be avoided. Generally, products Tequite maintenance activity due to its heavy-usage. But, software need maintenance in order to improve features, Corte errors. It is an essential activity adopted by large number of organization because of the misuse of hardware Q20. Answer : @ (ii) aes |. Explain Software development process models. (Sep.-24(R18), Q2(a) | March-21(R19), Oa) OR Explain the overview of unified process model. ~ (Refer Only Topic: The Unified Process Model) de Fob.-22(R18), a1) The various software development process models are as follows, Waterfall Model ‘ For answer refer Unit-I, Page No. 19, Q21. Incremental Process Models The incremental model divides its software development process into certain number of increments. Each increment comprises of five phases of waterfall model. At the end of each increment, an effective module of a given software is developed, (iii) (iv) Following figure depicts the overview of incremental model. ‘ Yeats Requiremenis + Planing + Moveling + Construction + Deployment ] Pe Delivery a increment 9 Increment I a Eesurenen Phong Modeling + Common * Deployment J Deter oficrement © terement 4 Requirements + Plaing + Moding + Conran + Deployment |—> Delivery of increment pa iii A sl lid {functionality an feat Snare Project calendar time —— * Xeaxis P : Figure: Representation of Incremental Model Evolutionary Process Models For answer refer Unit-I, Page No, 23, Q25. The Unified Process Model 1 United Process‘ Rational Unified Process model covers ive main phases, 1, Inception + 2. Elaboration 3. Construction 4, Transition and 5. Production, ‘site These five phases are bound to framework activities which remain common to almost all older software development processes. Following is’ diagrammatic overview of tnified Process along with the five generic software development activities. WARNING: Xerox/PI EGAL proceodiu®- opying of this book is a CRIMI