▪ Newton’s first law
▪ Force
▪ Mass
▪ Newton’s second law
▪ Newton’s third law
▪ Examples
Isaac Newton’s work represents one of the greatest
contributions to science ever made by an individual.
▪ Kinetics is the study of the relations between
unbalanced forces and the resulting changes
in motion.
▪ This topic requires that we combine our
knowledge of the properties of forces, which
we developed in statics, and the kinematics
of particle motion.
▪ The measure of interaction
between two objects (pull or
push)
▪ Vector quantity: has
magnitude and direction
▪ May be a contact force or a
field force
▪ Contact forces result from
physical contact between two
objects
▪ Field forces act between
disconnected objects
▪ Also called “action at a distance”
▪ Gravitational Force
▪ Buoyant Force
▪ Friction Force
▪ Tension Force
▪ Spring Force
▪ Normal Force
▪ Vector force: has magnitude and direction
▪ Net Force: a resultant force acting on object
Fnet = F = F1 + F2 + F3 + ......
▪ You must use the rules of vector addition to
obtain the net force on an object
| F |= F12 + F22 = 2.24 N
F1
= tan −1 ( ) = −26.6
F2
▪ An object at rest tends to stay at rest and an
object in motion tends to stay in motion with
the same speed and in the same direction
unless acted upon by an unbalanced force
❑ An object at rest remains at rest as long as no net force acts on it
❑ An object moving with constant velocity continues to move with
the same speed and in the same direction (the same velocity) as
long as no net force acts on it
❑ “Keep on doing what it is doing”
▪ An object at rest tends to stay at rest and an
object in motion tends to stay in motion with
the same speed and in the same direction
unless acted upon by an unbalanced force
❑ When forces are balanced, the acceleration of the object is zero
◼ Object at rest: v = 0 and a = 0
◼ Object in motion: v 0 and a = 0
❑ The net force is defined as the vector sum of all the external forces
exerted on the object. If the net force is zero, forces are balanced.
When forces are balances, the object can be stationary, or move
with constant velocity.
❑ Every object continues in its state of rest, or uniform
motion in a straight line, unless it is compelled to change
that state by unbalanced forces impressed upon it
❑ Inertia is a property of objects
to resist changes is motion!
❑ Mass is a measure of the
amount of inertia.
❑ Mass is a measure of the resistance of an object to
changes in its velocity
❑ Mass is an inherent property of an object
❑ Scalar quantity and SI unit: kg
▪ The acceleration of an object is
directly proportional to the net force
acting on it and inversely proportional
to its mass
a=
F
=
Fnet
m m
Fnet = F = ma
▪ Newton’s second law:
Fnet = F = ma
▪ SI unit of force is a Newton (N)
kg m
1 N 1 2
s
▪ US Customary unit of force is a pound force(lbf)
▪ 1 N = 0.225 lbf
▪ Weight, also measured in lbs. is a force (mass x
acceleration). What is the acceleration in that case?
▪ You must be certain about which body we are
applying it to
▪ Fnet must be the vector sum of all the forces that act
on that body
▪ Only forces that act on that body are to be included
in the vector sum
▪ Net force component along an
axis gives rise to the acceleration
along that same axis
Fnet , x = max Fnet , y = ma y
▪ Gravitational force is a vector
▪ Expressed by Newton’s Law of Universal
Gravitation: mM
Fg = G
R2
▪ G – gravitational constant
=6.67430x 10¹¹ N-m²/kg²
▪ M – mass of the Earth
▪ m – mass of an object
▪ R – radius of the Earth
▪ Direction: pointing downward
▪ The magnitude of the gravitational force acting on an
object of mass m near the Earth’s surface is called the
weight w of the object: w = mg
▪ g can also be found from the Law of Universal Gravitation
▪ Weight has a unit of N
mM
Fg = G 2 w = Fg = mg
R
M
g = G 2 = 9.8 m/s 2
R
▪ Weight depends upon location R = 6,400 km
▪ Force from a solid
surface which keeps
object from falling w = Fg = mg
through
▪ Direction: always
perpendicular to the
surface
N − Fg = ma y
▪ Magnitude: depends
on situation N − mg = ma y
N = mg
▪ A taut rope exerts forces
on whatever holds its
ends
▪ Direction: always along
the cord (rope, cable,
string ……) and away
from the object T1
▪ Magnitude: depend on
T1 = T = T2
T2
situation
▪ If object 1 and object 2 interact, the force
exerted by object 1 on object 2 is equal in
magnitude but opposite in direction to the
force exerted by object 2 on object 1
Fon A = − Fon B
❑ Equivalent to saying a single isolated force cannot exist
▪ F12 may be called the
action force and F21 the
reaction force
▪ Actually, either force can
be the action or the
reaction force
▪ The action and reaction
forces act on different
objects
mM
Fg = G
R2
GM
Fg = mg = m 2
mM R
Fg = G 2 Gm
R Fg = Ma = M
R2
▪ The most important step in
solving problems involving F hand on book
Newton’s Laws is to draw the
free body diagram
▪ Be sure to include only the
forces acting on the object of
interest
F Earth on book
▪ Include any field forces
acting on the object
▪ Do not assume the normal
force equals the weight
▪ Read the problem carefully at least once
▪ Draw a picture of the system, identify the object of primary interest,
and indicate forces with arrows
▪ Label each force in the picture in a way that will bring to mind what
physical quantity the label stands for (e.g., T for tension)
▪ Draw a free-body diagram of the object of interest, based on the
labeled picture. If additional objects are involved, draw separate
free-body diagram for them
▪ Choose a convenient coordinate system for each object
▪ Apply Newton’s second law. The x- and y-components of Newton
second law should be taken from the vector equation and written
individually. This often results in two equations and two unknowns
▪ Solve for the desired unknown quantity, and substitute the numbers
Fnet , x = max Fnet , y = ma y
▪ Objects that are either at rest or moving with
constant velocity are said to be in equilibrium
▪ Acceleration
of an object can be modeled as
zero: a = 0
▪ Mathematically, the
net force acting on the
object is zero F = 0
▪ Equivalent to the set of component equations
given by
F x =0 F y =0
▪ A lamp is suspended from a
chain of negligible mass
▪ The forces acting on the
lamp are
▪ the downward force of gravity
▪ the upward tension in the chain
▪ Applying equilibrium gives
F y = 0 → T − Fg = 0 → T = Fg
▪ A traffic light weighing 100 N hangs from a vertical
cable tied to two other cables that are fastened to a
support. The upper cables make angles of 37° and 53°
with the horizontal. Find the tension in each of the three
cables.
❑ Conceptualize the traffic light
◼ Assume cables don’t break
◼ Nothing is moving
❑ Categorize as an equilibrium problem
◼ No movement, so acceleration is zero
◼ Model as an object in equilibrium
F x =0 F y =0
▪ Need 2 free-body diagrams
▪ Apply equilibrium equation to light
F y = 0 → T3 − Fg = 0 F y = 0 → T3 − Fg = 0
T3 = Fg = 100N
T3 = Fg = 100N
▪ Apply equilibrium equations to knot
𝐹𝑥 = −𝑇1𝑥 + 𝑇2𝑥 = −𝑇1 cos 3 7∘ + 𝑇2 cos 5 3∘ = 0
𝐹𝑦 = 𝑇1𝑦 + 𝑇2𝑦 − 𝑇3𝑦
= 𝑇1 sin 3 7∘ + 𝑇2 sin 5 3∘ − 100𝑁 = 0
cos 3 7∘
𝑇2 = 𝑇1 = 1.33𝑇1
cos 5 3∘
𝑇1 = 60𝑁 𝑇2 = 1.33𝑇1 = 80𝑁
▪ If an object that can be modeled as a particle
experiences an acceleration, there must be a
nonzero net force acting on it
▪ Draw a free-body diagram
▪ Apply Newton’s Second Law in component
form
F = ma
F x = max F y = ma y
A box is pulled with 50N force. Mass of the box is 3kg and
surface is frictionless. Find the acceleration of the box.
▪ One or two forces act on a puck that moves over frictionless ice
along an x axis, in one-dimensional motion. The puck's mass is m =
0.20 kg. Forces F1 and F2 and are directed along the x axis and
have magnitudes F1 = 4.0 N and F2 = 2.0 N. Force F3 is directed at
angle = 30° and has magnitude F3 = 1.0 N. In each situation, what is
the acceleration of the puck?
a) F1 = ma x
F1 4.0 N
ax = = = 20 m/s2
m 0.2 kg
b) F1 − F2 = ma x
F1 − F2 4.0 N − 2.0 N
ax = = = 10 m/s2
m 0.2 kg
c) F3, x − F2 = ma x F3, x = F3 cos
Fnet , x = max F3 cos − F2 1.0 N cos 30 − 2.0 N
ax = = = −5.7 m/s2
m 0.2 kg
Suppose a 70 kg box is pulled by a 400 N force at an angle of
30° to the horizontal. The coefficient of kinetic friction is
0.50. Find the acceleration of the box.
A cord passing over a frictionless pulley has a 7.0 kg mass
hanging from one end and 9.0 kg from the other. This
arrangement is called Atwood’s machine. Find the
acceleration of the masses and the tension in the cord.
