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Integrated Fish Farming Practices with Special Reference to Combination
Rates, Production Figures and Economic Evaluation
Article · January 2003
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TLEGATE) FSH FARVG PRACTCS WTH 5P!CAL
REFERECTO CQflBHA11ON RATES1 PRODUCTØON
FGURE5 AD ECONQMC EVALUATW
By
Nuaji, C. J; Okoye, F. C and Oguflseye, J. 0
National Institute For Freshwater Fisheries Research,
New Bussa, Niger state.
ABSTRACT
he study reviewed the various integrated fish farming practices that exist all over the world and groups
1 them under four distinct systems. The combination rates of the items in such systems and the
quantities of each item produced are also presented depending on availability of such information. Cost-
benefit analyses of some systems are done to determine profitability. Special attention is given to
integrated fish farming experiments done in Nigeria.
INTRODUCTION
Integrated fish farming (1FF), also called Brown (1983), reported the use of large areas of
Agropiscicuiture or Integrated agriculture land in Hungary. Czech republic and Slovakia for
aquaculture. has a long history in Asia dating back predominantly, animal-fish fanning. Rice-fish
to more than 1500 years in India (Coche 1967) and fanning is also being given attention in Spain and
more than 2400 years in China (Wiliman et cii.. Italy. In the American continent, rice-fish fanning
1998). In China it started as a complex system is carried out at a low level in United states,
combining poultry, livestock and crop farming with Argentina, Brazil, Haiti, Panama and Peru
fish polyculture. It also involved the use of crops, (William eta!, 1998).
grass and manure as feed and fertiliser, all in a
complex, mutually beneficial system. This long According to Asala (1994), the idea behind
practice of integrated fish farming (1FF) in China integrated fish farming is to create a mutually
partly accounts for the fact that China produces beneficial system, which will lead to maximisation
more than 60% of the workVs total aquaculture of productivity through optimum resource use.
production (Raria et cii 1998). Indeed Asia is the FAO (1979), listed the benefits of integrated fish
world!s foremost continent in terms of 1FF. Vast farming in a community in China to include:
areas of land (especially rice fields) in China, India, providing cheap feedstuffs and organic manure for
Japan, Indonesia, Thailand, Vietnam, Philippines pond fertilisation and thus reduction of cost of
and Bangladesh are used for integrated rice-fish inorganic fertilisers and connncrcial feed; 30-40%
farming. increase in profit; self sufficiency and self reliance
for community clue to production of grains,
In Africa, integrated fish farming have been vegetables, fish and livestock from 1FF and use of'
reported in countries like Nigeria, Bcnin, silt from fish ponds to fertilise crops leading to
Madagascar, Zambia, Carneroon and Malawi but reduction of cost of chemical fertilisers.
mainly at subsistence level
173
14 INTEGRATED FISH FARMING world's targest rice growing nation (42.3 million
SYSTEMS ha) followed by China with 33 million ha. In China
integrated fish farming systems can be divided into 1.2 million ha of rice area is used for rice-fish
four broad groups, viz farming. The major species cultured in Asian rice
farms are the carps (common carp, grass carp,
A) Integrated plant-fish farming -- This involves black carp etc.); Tilapia species (especially 0.
integrating laud plants (eg. vegetables, fruit trees, niloticus); silver barb and catfishes.
sugar cane, maize, sorghum, mangrove forest etc.) Table 1. Shows combination rates and production
and aquatic plants (eg. water spinach and water from rice-fish farming
chestnuts and aquatic weeds like pistia, duckweed,
elephant grass, water hyacinth, azolla etc.) with fish b) Integrated animal-fish farming. Barash et.
farming. While the fish may feed on such plants and cxl. (1982) divided this into
also use their roots for spawning (aquatic plant Semi-integration (raising livestock on land and
roots), the fish pond provides water and nutrients transporting the manure to the fish pond) and
for the plants. Herbivorous fishes like grass carp, rnplete or Vertical integrtiQn (raising livestock
are usually cuLtured in such ponds. directly above the fish pond so that animal manure
Rice-fish farmhig (RFE}. -Rice-fish fanning can drop directly into the fish pond).
involves making ditches and dykes around or in- Poultry-fish farming is the integration of poultry
between rice fields, flooding the ditches and animals like chicken, duck and geese with fish
culturing fish in them. farming. Other forms of animajfish farming
The total world rice farming area is about 148 include cattle-fish, pig-fish, rabbit-fish and
million ha. (Flalwatt, l998) About 90% of the buffalo-fish farming.
worlds rice farming area is in Asia which accounts Table 1. shows production from such systems.
for the fact that Asia is the world's foremost Table 2 shows optimal manure loadings for some
continent in terms of rice- fish farming. India is the of the systems to prevent over fertilisation
Table 2.
Animals Animals/ha of fish Fresh manure Maximum manure
pond. (kg/adult/day) loading (kg/ha/day)
T 30—300 5forloQkgpig
Pigs 150
Teat chickens 1000 — 4000 0.15 for 1.5kg bird 150 600
Meat ducks - 750 - 3000 0.2 for 2kg bird 150—600
Source: STOAS 1993.
Conversion ratios of animal manure to fish (ie. Kg shows the economic analysis of chicken-fish
of Fresh manure/kg increase in fish weight are as farming done at the integrated fish farming section
follows: Cattle, 35 45; Pig, 20 30; Chicken, 15 25 of the NationallnstituteF or F re shwater
and Duck 15 25. Chicken and duck have better Fisheries Research (NIFFR, New Bussa in
conversion ratios than pig and cattle. T a b I e 3 1999/2000.
174
C) Integrated animal-plant4ish farming. This agricultural and domestic activities.
is the most complex of all and consists of raising
animal and plants on or near fish ponds. Each In NIFFR, Okoye et al (1986), carried out an
component of the system receives something and experiment with a polyculture of sarorherodon
gives something to other components. Gaillacus and cyprinius Capio in the 400m2
The feasibility of this system has already been wastewater reservoir of National Electric Power
determined in NIFFR by Otubusin (1986). In a Authority, (NEPA) quarters in New Bussa. After a
study on the 515,000 ha Dogon Gari bay, he ten month culture period, 1580 kg of S. Galilaeus
proposed a system with integration of fish and rice with a mean weigth of 51 .3g (initial mean WI. was
thrming and raising of livestock (chicken and 36.1 g) was harvested along with 825g of cyprinius
cattle). An enclosure of size 5 ha with poultry house Carplo of mean wt, 50.3g (initial mean wt. was
(75rn2), had 2 ha for rice farming. A cattle shed (can 7.9g). The experiment found that physicochem
contain cattle, sheep and goats) was also to be sited ical parameters in the NEPA wastewater reservoir
near the enclosure. The proposed system was was favourable for the growth fish food organisms.
estimated to loose about N40,000 in the first year
due to sunk costs and then make profit from the 2. PUBLIC HEALTH IMPLICATIONS OF
second year onwards. Table I shows production INTEGRATED FISH FARMING.
from this system. This is of prime importance and it is natural for
some people to be averse to eating fish from say a
d) integrated wastewater-fish farming This latrine-pond system. One way of checkmating this
involves using wastewater from human and animal is the raising ofDuckweed in such systems and then
activity to fill fish ponds. Fish utilise the nutrients using the duekweed to feed the fish in a different
in the wastewater while the microbial load in the pond. The world health organisation (WHO),
wastewater is reduced by this interaction with fish standard is that wastewater used for aquaculture
.Waste water refers to effluents from industrial, should contain less than iO faecat coliforms per
CONCLUSION
The foregoing shows that 1FF is practised world- integrated fish farming varies from one
wide. It is a way of life and a lucrative endeavour in region/country to another, however the
&sia while in the advanced world ( Europe and profitability of the venture is not in question and in
Jorth America), it is practised at a low level even many cases it is more profitable than aquaculture
though it was introduced long ago. In Africa, alone. All the systenis shown on table 1 were all
[ntegrated fish farming is c&ried out mainly at profitable \renures
;ubsistence level. Jbiwoye (1995), in a study on 1FF
n Nigeria found that out of 254 fish farmers In some cases, clear cut combination rates are
amp1ed, only 46% did any form of integrated fish available while in ot,hr cases especially, plant-fish
arming. systems, little iiterat'urc exist.
Table 1. Combination rates and production from
ombination rates and production figures from 1FF systems.
175
Type of Combination Fish production Production of Source
integration rates other items
Integrated 1000-6000 Tilapialha 100-250kg/halyr Yaro (1996)
plant-fish of rice
Integrated 600ch ickens/3 0,0000. 6,52 2kg/ha/yr Gopalakrishnan
animal-fish andersoncii/ha of pond (1991)
544 chickens/10000 1536kg/15 months
fingerlings ofO. lbiwoyeet al
niloticus, C. (1996)
gariepinus, C'. ca&i
and Rohu. 9.6 tons/ha/yr.
0.3 ducks/rn2
6 fish/in2 (Tilapia) 3,956kg/ha 24,930 egg/yr Nguyen et al
7OpigsI23,438 (1995)
Fingerlings Tilapia 840Okg of pig Tokrishna (1995)
etc. meat
Integrated 400 ducks/ha; 10,000 Mean flsh yield, Mean rice yield, Cagauan et al
animal-plant- fingerlings of 61 8kg/ha/yr 4343kg/ha/yr (2000)
fish Tilapia/ha
Wastewater• 5,670 fingerlingsS. 4,385kg of S. Okoye et aI (1986)
fish galilicus and 2500 C. galileus and 205
carpio/haofpond [Link].
Table 3. Economic ana1ys of Chicken-fish farming at NIFFR, Oct '99-Nov 2000.
A. FIXED CAPITAL INPUTS
Development of 1 .5ha pond 9,000
Building of Poultry house 11,800
4 battery cages @ Nl,000 each 4,000
Farm house and store 3,000
Beach siene net 10,000
Sub-Total 37,800
B. RECURRENT INPUTS
100 Layers @N450 each 45,000
Layer,s mash @ N540 each x 200 bags 108,000
Medication 8,000
Transportation of layers, feed etc. 14,000
Fingerlings: i) Tilapia 8000 @N1 each 8,000
ii) Clarias 1800 N5 each 9,000
iii) Heterotis 200 @ N5 each 1,000
1
Night guard @ 500/month 18,000
Miscellaneous 10,000
Sub -Total 221,000
Total expenditure 258,800
176
C. REVENUE FROM SALES
Eggs (total of 16,151 eggs were laid but 15,870 were put in crates
i.e. 529 crates) @ N250 each 132,250
Spent layers (out of 100 layers bought, 7 died, 93 were left) 30,000
Fish: (a) Table size
i) Tilapia, 845kg @ N80/kg 67,600
ii) Clarias, 610kg (J), N100/kg 61,000
iii) Heterotis 25 1.4kg @ N100/kg 25,140
Total revenue 315,990
Net Revenue from the project N315, 990 — N258, 800 N57,190.
NB. The poultry house was meant for 576 birds while more the I .5ha reservoir can take 20,000 to 30,000
fish and so higher revenue is expected from the project if the installed capacity is used.
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