Lecture 4

Transformer Protection (2)

Causes of false differential currents

1. Turns ratio mismatch

2. CT mismatch
3. Under load tap changer
4. Phase shift between 𝑌 − ∆
5. Zero-sequence current mismatch
6. In-zone earthing transformer
7. Magnetizing inrush current
Causes of false differential currents

1. Turns ratio mismatch

2. CT mismatch
3. Under load tap changer
4. Phase shift between 𝑌 − ∆
5. Zero-sequence current mismatch
6. In-zone earthing transformer
7. Magnetizing inrush current
Phase shift between Y-∆

 Another problem is the phase shift between 𝑌 − ∆ or ∆ − 𝑌 transformer

which is ± 30° .
 If the C.T.s at both sides are connected in a similar way, for example ∆ − ∆ or
Y-Y, there will be a spill current equal to the phasor difference between the
secondary current at both sides. This phasor difference due to the phase shift
can be corrected in the secondary circuit by connecting the C.T.s on the delta
side as start and connecting the C.T.s at the star side as delta.
Phase shift between Y-∆

IR VP/VS (k/\/3) IR (k/\/3) (IR-IY)

IR/nY (k/\/3) (IY-IB)

VS
VP
IY (k/\/3) IY

IR/nY (k/\/3) IB
IB (k/\/3) (IB-IY)

IB/nY

IR/nY [(k/\/3) (IR-IY)]/nd

R R R
Phase shift between Y-∆

IR
(k/\/3) (IR-IB)

30.0°

IB IY

𝑉𝑃 𝑁1 𝑉𝑃 𝐾
𝐾= = =
𝑉𝑠 𝑁2 3 𝑉𝑠 3
Phase shift between Y-∆

IR VP/VS (k/\/3) IR

IR/nY IY
(k/\/3) IY
For spill current =0
IR/nY
IB (k/\/3) IB

IB/nY 𝐼𝑅 − 𝐼𝑌 𝐼𝑅 − 𝐼𝑌 𝑘 𝑛∆ 3
= 𝑛𝑌 =
𝑛𝑌 𝑛∆ 3 𝑘

1/nY (IR-IY) k/\/3 (IR-IY)

R R R
Causes of false differential currents

1. Turns ratio mismatch

2. CT mismatch
3. Under load tap changer
4. Phase shift between 𝑌 − ∆
5. Zero-sequence current mismatch
6. In-zone earthing transformer
7. Magnetizing inrush current
Zero-sequence current mismatch.

IA=2I If=3I
Ia=3I

2i 3i
IB I Ib=0

i 0
IC I Ic=0

i 0

2i 3i
i 0
i 0
R R R
Zero-sequence current mismatch.
IA=2I If=3I
Ia=3I

𝑁𝑝 𝐼𝐴 − 𝐼𝐵 = 𝑁𝑠 𝐼𝑎 1 2i 3i
IB I Ib=0
𝑁𝑝 𝐼𝐵 − 𝐼𝐶 = 0 2
𝐼𝐴 + 𝐼𝐵 + 𝐼𝐶 = 0 3 i 0
IC I Ic=0

𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 2 ∶ 𝐼𝐵 = 𝐼𝐶 i 0
𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 3 : 𝐼𝐴 + 2𝐼𝐵 = 0
𝐼𝐴
∴ 𝐼𝐵 = −
2
𝐼𝐴
𝑁𝑝 𝐼𝐴 + = 𝑁𝑠 𝐼𝑎 2i 3i
2
i 0
3 𝑁𝑆
𝐼𝐴 = 𝐼 i 0
2 𝑁𝑃 𝑎
2 𝑁𝑠 R R R
𝐼𝐴 = 𝐼
3 𝑁𝑝 𝑎
Zero-sequence current mismatch.

IA=2I If=3I
Ia=3I

2i 3i It can be concluded that the connection of

IB I Ib=0 C.T.s at both sides of the power transformer
must be connected in reverse connection to
i 0
IC I Ic=0 power transformer connection for example in
Y-YG power transformer the C.T.s must be
i 0 connected as ∆ − ∆ and in 𝑌 − ∆ transformer
the C.T.s must be connected ∆ − 𝑌, also in
∆ − ∆ power transformer the C.T.s must be
connected in Y-Y. that is to provide stability
against external fault for all cases and
3i 3i compensate for the zero sequence current
0 0 mismatch.
3i 3i
R R R
Causes of false differential currents

1. Turns ratio mismatch

2. CT mismatch
3. Under load tap changer
4. Phase shift between 𝑌 − ∆
5. Zero-sequence current mismatch
6. In-zone earthing transformer
7. Magnetizing inrush current
In-zone earthing transformer exist

The fourth problem occurs when an in zone earthing transformer exist in the differential protection of the
transformer. The problem is described using the circuit diagram as shown below. Differential protection of ∆ − 𝑌
transformer when an in zone earthing transformer exist:
I VP/VS I
I

i 0 0
0 I

0
I 0 If=3I
I 2I

i 3i
I I I

I I I

3I
i 0
i 0
2i 3i

R R R
In-zone earthing transformer exist

-Vc
Va

Limb a

Vb

Vc
E-T
In-zone earthing transformer exist
I VP/VS I
I

i 0 0
0 I

0
I 0 If=3I
I 2I

i 3i
I I I

I I I

3i i

i (i-0)=i

i (i-0)=i
2i (3i-i) = 2i

R R R
Causes of false differential currents

1. Turns ratio mismatch

2. CT mismatch
3. Under load tap changer
4. Phase shift between 𝑌 − ∆
5. Zero-sequence current mismatch
6. In-zone earthing transformer
7. Magnetizing inrush current
 Protection against harmonics

Assume Worst Condition

F= 2.2 – 2.3 𝑑𝜙 𝑑𝜙
= =0
Fm 𝑑𝛼 𝑑𝑡
∴𝛼= −
Io = (50-80) IN0 𝑡
−
If B > 1.4 T ∴ 𝜙 = 𝜙𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 − 𝜃 + (𝐼𝜙𝑅 − 𝜙𝑚 sin(−𝜃)) 𝑒 𝜏

𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝜃 = 90
𝐼𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑟𝑢𝑠ℎ = 100 − 120 𝐼𝑁𝑜
Io 𝜔𝐿 𝐿
≫𝜏= → ∞ 𝐼𝑁𝑜 = 2 − 5% 𝐼𝑁
𝑅 𝑅
𝜙 = −𝜙𝑚 cos 𝜔𝑡 + ±𝜙𝑅 + 𝜙𝑚 𝐼𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑟𝑢𝑠ℎ = 100 − 120 2 − 5% 𝐼𝑁
𝜔𝑡 = 𝜋 = 5 − 6 𝐼𝑁
Fmax
𝜙𝑡 = 𝜙𝑚 + 𝜙𝑚 ± 𝜙𝑅 = 2𝜙𝑚 ± 𝜙𝑅
∴ 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥 = 2𝜙𝑚 ± 𝜙𝑅
𝑡𝑦𝑝𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝜙𝑀𝑎𝑥 = 20% − 30% 𝜙𝑚
𝜙 = 2.2 − 2.3 𝜙𝑚
 Protection against harmonics

Phase A Typical analysis of the inrush current

waveform yields the following harmonic
spectrum

1st DC 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th

Phase B
100% 55% 63% 26.8% 5.1% 4.1% 3.7% 2.4%

Phase C
 Second harmonics restraining using transductor.

NrIr

100Hz

Id

To Trip
Harmonic restraining scheme

Restraining
50Hz

IOC
rel ay
To Trip
Iset 12 IN
 Harmonic restraining scheme

to overcome the problem of inrush current tripping of the transformer at start, there are two different schemes
employed in this respect. The first is designated as second harmonic restraining scheme and the second is designated as
harmonic restraining scheme.
- In the second harmonic restraining scheme (one version of it) a transductor is used as shown in the figure.
- Given above in which the second harmonic current contained in the inrush current, flowing in the operating coil of
the differential relay is extracted by using.
A passive LC series filter tuned to second harmonic (the inductance of the filter is included in the transformer T1
leakage inductance).
This second harmonic signal is then rectified and fed the bias which is in the form of DC flux in the transductor core
(the horizontal winding).
 Harmonic restraining scheme

The normal bias is also provided by a similar rectifier circuit derived from Nr Ir signal the operating current provide the
main change of the flux in the middle limb . i.e., the change in the flux will be superimposed on the DC flux level
provided by the restraining coil.
If there is an inrush condition, the current in the operating coil will not cause any significant variation of flux in the
transductor core because the core is fully saturated due to the DC flux provided by the Second harmonic and the
normal restraining rectifier circuit.
If there is fully saturated closed to an internal fault which means the knee point the core will not be operating point will
be
Therefore, the operating current will cause significant variation of the flux in the core which causes relatively large signal
to be induced in coil Co - which feeds. Signal to the trip coil
In this scheme the second harmonic itself. May not be sufficient to provide restraining. therefore, the total. Harmonic
restraining scheme is used.
Total harmonic restraining scheme

 which is shown in figure in which the fundamental component of current exist in the inrush current is extracted
using d Passive L-C Series filter tuned to 50 Hz .This fundamental signal is used to provide operation or tripping.
 However, the total harmonic signal is bypassed to a rectifier bridge circuit in order to assist the restraining
provided by the Nr Ir signal as shown in the figure.
- In cause then try case of inrush the relay to that caused by to operate the Phenomena the total harmonic will
restrain which effect is more the fundamental signal which relay.
- In case of internal fault, the fundamental signal extracted by the filter will be high enough to provide operation
since the restraining will be only provided by the normal Nr Ir signal.
- For heavy internal fault condition. The C.T. may saturate which yields harmonics in the operating current these
harmonics may cause the differential relay to restrain, and this is a serious disadvantage in this scheme. to avoid
this disadvantage an HSIOC. relay is added in series with the operating Coll of the differential relay. This HSIOC
relay is set to 12 times. The nominal current of the power transformer. This will guarantee an instantaneous
operation for any heavy internal fault.
Example
Example
 Example

The CTs on the delta side of the power transformer are to be connected in wye. We may
therefore select the CT ratio on this side to be such that the CT secondary current will be
around 5 A when the primary current is 8367.39 A.
Select the CT ratio of 9000 : 5.
This produces CT secondary currents on this side of (8367.39 × 5/9000) = 4.65 A.
The three CT secondary current phasors are shown in Figure 8.12.
Example

The CTs on the wye side of the power transformer are going to be connected in delta. Thus,
the CT ratios must be such that the CT secondary winding currents will be close to
(4.65/√3).
This calls for a CT ratio of 577.35/2.68, or 1077 : 5. Selecting the nearest standard CT ratio
of 1000 : 5 produces CT secondary winding currents of magnitude 577.35 × 5/1000 =
2.886 A.
This will produce a CT delta line current of magnitude 2.886 × √3 = 5A
As in the case of single-phase transformers, the relay taps can be used to reduce this
magnitude mismatch further.
The actual phasors of the CT secondary currents are shown in Figure 8.12. It should be
noted that the CTs on the wye side of the power transformer are connected in such a manner
that the currents in the relays are exactly in phase, and very small currents flow in the
differential windings of the three relays during normal conditions. The currents are
calculated with due attention given to the polarity markings on the CT windings.
Thank You