Physics Lesson Note SS2 First Term

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SUBJECT: PHYSICS

CLASS: SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL 2

TERM: FIRST

PHYSICS SCHEME OF WORK SS2 FIRST TERM

WEEKS TOPICS

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 1. Position, distance and displacement.

2. Scalar and vector Quantities-Concept of scalar and vector quantities,

vector representation etc.

3. Derivation of equation of linear motion, Motion under gravity,

calculation using these equations.

4. Projectiles and its application.

5. Newton Laws of Motion – Conservation of Linear momentum and

collision energy.

6. Equilibrium if Forces – principle of moment, conditions for

equilibrium of a Rigid Bodies etc.

7. Equilibrium Of Forces – centre of gravity and stability, couple

MID-TERM PROJECT

Simple Harmonic Motion- de nition, speed, amplitude, displacement,

acceleration, etc.

Simple Harmonic Motion – Energy of simple harmonic motion and

forced vibration, Resonance.

Machines – Types and Examples

Machines – Calculation.

Revision

Examination

WEEK 1

POSITION, DISTANCE AND DISPLACEMENT

CONTENTS

Position

Distance

Displacement

POSITION
The position of an object in space or on a plane is the point at which the
object can be located with reference to a given point (the origin).

DISTANCE

This is a measure of the separation between two points. It has magnitude

but no direction. Hence, it is a scalar quantity

DETERMINATION OF DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO POINTS

If two points A and B located in a plane are de ned by two ordered pair of
values(X1 Y1) and (X2 Y2) or assumed to be in space where they are de ned
by (X1, Y1, Z1) and (X2, Y2, Z2) the distance between them can be
determined by applying this relation.

OR

DISPLACEMENT

Displacement is the distance covered in a speci ed direction. It is a vector

quantity, which has the same unit as distance.

CLASSWORK

1. What is displacement and why is it regarded as vector quantity?

2. Highlight three di erences between distance and displacement

ASSIGNMENT

SECTION A
 1. Which of the following is odd? (a) 25km (b) 25km North (c) 25km to
the left (d) 25km upwards

2. The following are vector quantities EXCEPT (a) distance (b)

displacement (c) force (d) weight

3. Determine the distance between S (3,4,-5) and T (2,1,0) (a) 5.8 (b) 5.9
(c) 6.0 (d) 6.2

4. Distance is can be measure with the following except (a) metre rule
(b) speedometer (c) tape rule (d) ruler

5. Which is the correct SI unit of distance? (a) millimeters (b) metres (c)
kilometres (d) centimetres

SECTION B
1. Sketch clearly using scale indicators, the position of a point P (4,-5,6)
with reference to a point Q (0,0,0). Determine the distance between P and
Q

What is position?

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WEEK 2

SCALAR AND VECTOR QUANTITIES

CONTENTS
Concept of scalar and vector quantities

Vector representation, addition of vectors

Resolution of vectors and resultant

CONCEPT OF SCALAR AND VECTOR QUANTITIES

Physical quantities are divided into scalar and vector quantities.

A scalar is one which has only magnitude (size) e.g. distance, speed,
temperature, volume, work, energy, power, mass etc.

A vector quantity has both magnitude and direction e.g. force, weight,
magnetic ux, electric elds, gravitational elds etc.

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AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY

VECTOR
REPRESENTATION
A vector quantity can be graphically represented by a line drawn so that
the length of the line denotes the magnitude of the quantity. The direction
of the vector is shown by the arrow head.

ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF VECTORS

Two or more vectors acting on a body in a speci ed direction can be

combined to produce a single vector having the same e ect. The single
vector is called the resultant.

For example:

(a) Two forces Y and X with magnitude of 3N and 4N respectively acting

along the same direction will produce a resultant of 7N (algebraic sum of
the two vectors).
(b) If Y and X act in opposite direction, the resultant will be 1N.

(c) If the two vectors are inclined at 900 to each other, Pythagoras theorem
is used.

4N

3N

3N

)θ

4N X

R2 = X2 + Y2

R2 = 42 + 32

R2 =16 + 9

R2 = 25

R = √ 25
R = 5N

Tan θ = Y/X

θ = tan-1(Y /X)

θ = tan-1(3/4)

θ = tan-1(0.75)

θ = 36.90

(d) If the two vectors are inclined at an angle less than 900 or more than
900, the resultant is obtained by using Parallelogram law of vector
addition.

Parallelogram law of vector addition states that if two vectors are

represented in magnitude and direction by adjacent sides of a
parallelogram , the resultant is represented in magnitude and direction
by the diagonal of the parallelogram drawn from the common point

RESOLUTION OF VECTORS
A single vector can be resolved into two vectors called components. A
vector F represented as the diagonal of the parallelogram can be resolved
into its component later taken as the adjacent sides of the parallelogram.

)θ X

Sinθ = y /F
y = f sin θ (vertical component)

Cosθ = x /F

x = F cos θ (horizontal component)

The direction of F is given by

Tan θ = y/x

θ = tan-1 (y/x)

THE RESULTANT OF MORE THAN TWO VECTORS

To nd the resultant of more than two vectors, we resolve each vector in

two perpendicular direction s add all the horizontal components X, and all
the vertical components, Y.

For example, consider four forces acting on a body as shown below

Figure 1:

F2 F1

Θ2 θ1

Θ3 θ4

F3 F4

Figure 2:

Y R

)∞

X
Add all the resolved horizontal components

Figure 1:

X = F1 cos θ1 + (-F2 cos θ2 ) + (-F3 cos θ3 ) + F4 cos θ4

Y= F1 sin θ1 + F2 sinθ2 + (-F3 sinθ3) + (-F4 sinθ4)

Figure 2:

R2 = X2 + Y2

R = √X2+ Y2

And the direction ∞ is given by

Tan ∞ = y/x

CLASSWORK

1. De ne vector

2. What is the di erence between scalar and vector

3. Find the vertical and horizontal components of 500N force when it is

inclined at (i) 600 (ii) 900 (iii) 1500 to the ground level

ASSIGNMENT

SECTION A
 1. Two forces, whose resultant is 100N, are perpendicular to each other.
If one of them makes an angle of 600 with the resultant, calculate its
magnitude: (a) 200.0N (b) 173.2N (c) 86.6 (d) 115.5

2. A boy pulling a load of 150N with a string inclined at an angle of 300

to the horizontal. If the tension in the string is 105N, the force tending
to lift the load o the ground is: (a) 52.5N (b) 202.5N (c) 75N (d) 255N

3. A lorry travels 10km northwards, 4km eastwards, 6km southwards

and 4km westwards to arrive at a point T. What is the total
displacement? (a) 6km east (b) 4km north (c) 6km north (d) 4km east

4. The resultant of two forces acting on an object is maximum when the

angle between them is (a) 1800 (b) 900 (c) 450 (d) 00

5. A boy pulls his toy on a smooth horizontal surface with a rope

inclined at 60 to the horizontal .If the e ective force pulling the toy
along the tension in rope (a) 2.5 N (b) 4.33N (c) 5.0 N (d) 8.66N (e)
10.0N

SECTION B

1. A body of weight W newton rests on a smooth plane inclined at an

angle ө to the horizontal. What is the resolved part of the weight in
newton along the plane?

2. A lawn-mower is pushed with a force 50N. If the angle between the

handle of the mower and the ground is 300, (a) calculate the
magnitude of the force that is pressing the lawn-mover directly into
the ground (b) calculate the e ective force that moves the mower
forward (c) why does the lawn mower move forward and not
downward into the ground?

Calculate the resultant force in the diagram 12N 10N

400 300

600

9N 15N

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WEEK 3

DERIVATION OF EQUATIONS OF LINEAR

MOTION
CONTENTS

Basic de nitions

Derivation of equations of linear motion

Motion under gravity

BASIC DEFINITIONS

1. Displacement: This is the distance traveled in a speci ed direction. It

is a vector quantity. Its unit is metres

2. Distance: This is the space or separation between two points. It is a

scalar quantity. Its unit is metres

3. Speed: this is the rate of change of distance with time. It is a scalar

quantity. Its unit is metre per seconds (m/s)

Speed= distance

Time

Velocity: this is the rate of change of distance with displacement with

time. It is a vector quantity. Its unit is metre per seconds (m/s)

Velocity= displacement

Time

Acceleration: this is the increasing rate of change of distance with

time. It is a vector quantity. Its unit is metre per seconds-square
(m/s2). Retardation or deceleration is a negative acceleration.

Acceleration= velocity
 Time

EVALUATION I

Sketch the velocity-time graph for a body that starts from rest and
accelerates uniformly to a certain velocity. If it maintains this for a given
period before its eventual deceleration. Indicate the following:

1 Uniform acceleration, retardation

2 Total distance travelled

DERIVATION OF EQUATIONS OF LINEAR

MOTION
v= nal velocity

u = initial velocity

a = acceleration

t = time

s = distance

Average speed = total distance

Time

Total distance= average speed x time

s= (u + v) x t ————– (1)

From the de nition of acceleration

a = (v-u) ————– (2)

 t

From equation (2) substitute for ‘t’ into equation (1)

v2 = u2 + 2as ————– (3)

From equation (2) substitute for ‘v’ into equation (1)

s = ut + ½(at2) ————– (4)

Calculations Using the Equation of Motion

1. A car moves from rest with an acceleration of 0.2 m/s2. Find its
velocity when it has covered distance of 50m

u= 0m/s; a= 0.2m/s2; s= 50m; v =?

v2 =u2 + 2as

v2 = (0)2 + 2 (0.2 x 50)

v2 = 20

v = √20

v = 2√5m/s

A car travels with a uniform velocity of 108km/hr .How far does it

travels in ½ a minute?

Solution

v=108km/hr; t= ½ minutes; Distance =?

v = 108 km/hr = 108 x1000

3600
v= 30m/s

t= ½ 60 = 30secs

Speed = distance

time

Distance = speed x time

s = 30 x 30

s = 900 m

CLASS ACTIVITY

(1) A train slows from 108 km/hr with a uniform retardation of 5 m/s2.
How long will it take to reach 18 km/hr and what is the distance covered?

(2) An orange fruit drops to the ground from the top of a tree 45m tall
.How long does it take to reach the ground? (g= 10m/s2)

(3) A car moving with a speed of 90 km/h was brought uniformly to rest
by the application of brake in 10s. How far did the car travel after the far
did the car travel after the brakes were applied .calculate the distance it
covers in the last one second its motion.

FURTHER ACTIVITY

A car starts from rest and accelerates uniformly until it reaches a velocity
of 30m/s after 5secs. It travels with this uniform velocity for 15secs and it is
then brought to rest in 10secs with a uniform acceleration. Determine:

(a) The acceleration of the car

(b) The retardation

(c) The distance covered after 5secs

(d) The total distance covered.

Solution

(m/s)

A B

30

O E5 20 D 30C

(a) Acceleration = AE = 30

EO 5

= 6m/s2

(b) Retardation = CB = 0-30

DC 10

= -3m/s2

(c) The distance covered after 5secs = the area is given by area of the
triangle

s=½bh

s = ½ (5) 30

s = 75m

(d) The total distance covered = area of the trapezium OABC

s = ½ (AB + OC) x h

s = ½ (15 + 30) x 30
s = 45 x 15

s = 675 m

MOTION UNDER GRAVITY

A body moving with a uniform acceleration in space does so under the

in uence of gravity with a constant acceleration . (g = 10 m/s2). In dealing
with vertical motion under gravity, it must be noted that:

a= g is positive for a downward motion

a= -g for an upward motion

the velocity v= 0 at maximum height for a vertically projected object

The initial velocity u=0 for a body dropped from rest above the
ground

For a re-bouncing body the heights above the ground is zero

The time of fall of two objects of di erent masses has nothing to do

with their masses but is dependent on the distance and acceleration
due to gravity as shown below

s = ut + ½ gt2

s = ½ gt2 (u=0; initial velocity of an object dropping from a height)

t = √ [(2s)/g]

The above relationship can also be used to determine the value of

acceleration due to gravity. If we plot s against t, it will give us a parabolic
curve.

S(m)

Parabola

t(s)
But the graph of s against t2 will give us a straight line through the
origin with slope ½ g from which g can be computed

S(m)

Slope = ½ g

O t2 (s2)

CALCULATIONS

1. A ball is thrown vertically into the air with an initial velocity, u. What is
the greatest height reached?

Solution

v2 = u2 + 2as

u = u; a = -g; v = 0

02 = u2 + 2(-g) s

2gs = u2

s = u2 /2g

2. A ball is released from a height of 20m. Calculate:

(i) the time it takes to fall

(ii) the velocity with which it hits the ground

a= +g

u=0
s =20m

t =?

t = √2s/g

t = √ (2 x20 /10)

t = 2secs

v = u + gt

v= gt

v = 10 x2

v = 20 m/s

CLASSWORK

1. De ne these parameters (a) acceleration (b) velocity (c) displacement

2. A lorry starts from rest and accelerates uniformly until it reaches a

velocity of 50 m/s after 10secs. It travels with uniform velocity for
15secs and is brought to rest I 5secs with a uniform retardation.
Calculate:

a) The acceleration of the lorry

b) The retardation

c) The total distance covered

d) The average speed of the lorry

ASSIGNMENT

SECTION A
 1. A body is uniformly retarded comes to rest in 10s after travelling a
distance of 20m. Calculate its initial velocity (a) 4.0m/s (b) 2.0m/s (c)
20.0m/s (d) 0.5m/s

2. A body accelerates uniformly rest at the rate of 3m/s for 8 seconds.

Calculate the distance it covers. (a) 24m (b) 48m (c) 72m (d) 96m.

3. A particle accelerates uniformly from rest at 6m/s2 for 8secs and then
decelerates uniformly to rest in the next 5 seconds. Determine
magnitude of the deceleration (a) 9.6 m/s2 (b) -9.6 m/s2 (c) 6.9 m/s2 (d)
– 6.9 m/s2

4. A car took o from rest and covered a distance of 80m on a straight

road in 10s. Calculate the magnitude of its acceleration (a) 1.25m/s2
(b) 1.60 m/s2 (c) 4.00 m/s2 (d) 8.0 m/s2

5. An object is released from rest at a height of 20m. Calculate the time

it takes to fall to the ground ( g= 10m/s2) (a) 1s (b) 2s (c) 3s (d) 4s.

SECTION B

1. A ball thrown vertically upwards from the ground level his the ground
after 4s. Calculate the maximum height reached during its journey

2. A particle start from rest and moves with constant acceleration of

0.5m/s2. Calculate the time taken by the particle to cover a distance of
25m.

3. A car takes o from rest and covers a distance of 80m on a straight

road in 10secs .Calculate its acceleration

2. A particle accelerates uniformly from rest at 6m/s2 for 8secs and then
decelerates uniformly to rest in the next 7secs .Determine the magnitude
of the deceleration.

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WEEK 4

PROJECTILES AND ITS APPLICATION

CONTENTS
 Meaning of projectile

Terms associated with projectiles

Uses of projectile

MEANING OF PROJECTILE

A projectile motion is one that follows a curved or parabolic path .It is due
to two independent motions at right angle to each other .These motions
are

1. a horizontal constant velocity

2. a vertical free fall due to gravity

Examples of projectile motion are the motion of;

1. a thrown rubber ball re-bouncing from a wall

2. An athlete doing the high jump

3. A stone released from a catapult

4. A bullet red from a gum

5. A cricket ball thrown against a vertical wall.

Uy

Hmax

t t

)θ

P Ux Q

Uy = U sin θ (vertical component) ——————- 1

Ux = U cos θ (horizontal component) ——————- 2

TERMS ASSOCIATED WITH PROJECTILE

 1. Time of ight (T) – The time of ight of a projectile is the time required
for it to return to the same level from which it projected.

t= time to reach the greatest height

V = u + at (but, v =o, a = -g)

θ= u sin – gt

t = U sin θ ——————- 3

T = 2t = 2U sin θ ——————- 4

2. The maximum height (H) – is de ned as the highest vertical distance

reached measured from the horizontal projection plane.

For maximum height H,

V2 = U2 sin2θ – 2g H

At maximum height H, V=0

2gH = U2 ——————- 5

2g

3. The range (R) – is the horizontal distance from the point of projection
of a particle to the point where the particle hit the projection plane again.

Horizontally, considering the range covered

Using S= ut + ½at2 (where a=0 for the horizontal motion)

OR
S = R = U cosθ x t (distance = velocity x time; there time is the time of ight)

R = U cos θ (2 U sin θ)

R = 2U2 sin θ cos θ

From Trigonometry function

2 sin θ cos θ = sin 2θ

R= U2 sin 2θ

For maximum range θ = 450

Sin2θ = sin 2 (45) = sin 900 = 1

R= U2

Rmax = U2

USE OF PROJECTILES
1. To launch missiles in modern warfare

2. To give athletes maximum takeo speed at meets

In artillery warfare, in order to strike a speci ed target, the bomb must be

released when the target appears at the angle of depression φ given by:
Tan φ =1/u √gh/2

EXAMPLES

1. A bomber on a military mission is ying horizontally at a height of

zoom above the ground at 60kmmin-1. lt drops a bomb on a target on the
ground. Determine the acute angle between the vertical and the line
joining the bomber and the tangent at the instant. The bomb is released

Ux 60m/ min

3,000m

Horizontal velocity of bomber = 60km/min= 103 ms-1

Bomb falls with a vertical acceleration of g = 10m/s

At the release of the bomb, it moves with a horizontal velocity equals that
of the aircraft i.e. 1000m/s

Considering the vertical motion of the bomb we have

h =ut+1/2 gt2 (u=o)

h =1/2gt2

Where: t is the time the bomb takes to reach the ground: 300=1/2gt2

t2= 600

t=10√6 sec

Considering the horizontal motion we have that horizontal distance moved

by the bomb in time t is given by

s =horizontal velocity x time

s = 1000 x10√6
s = 2.449×104 m

But tanθ = s = 2.449 x 104

3,000 3,000

θ =83.020

2. A stone is shot out from a catapult with an initial velocity of 30m at an

elevation of 600. Find

a. the time of ight

b. the maximum height attained

c. the range

a. The time of ight

T = 2U sin θ

T= 2 x 30 sin 600

10

T= 5.2s

b. The maximum height,

H=U2 sin2 θ

2g

H = 302 sin2 (60)

20
H = 33.75 m

c. The range,

R = U2sin 2θ

R = 302 sin 2 (60)

10

R = 90 sin 120

R = 77.9 m

3. A body is projected horizontally with a velocity of 60m/s from the top of

a mast 120m above the grand, calculate

(i) Time of ight, and (ii) Range

60 m/s

120

1. s =ut+1/2gt2

a=g, u=0

120= ½ (10)t2

t2 = 24

t = 24

t = 4.9s
 Range =u cosθ x T.

But in this case θ = 0

Cos 0 =1

R = ut

R = 60x 4.9

R =294m

4. A stone is projected horizontally with a speed of 10m/s from the top

of a tower 50m high and with what speed does the stone strike the
ground?

Solution

v2=u2 + 2gh

v2=102+ (2x10x50)

v2=100+1000

v2=1100

v2=33.17m/s

A projectile is red at an angle of 60 with the horizontal with an initial

velocity of 80m/s. Calculate:

the time of ight

the maximum height attained and the time taken to reach the height

the velocity of projection 2 seconds after being red (g = 10m/s)

θ =60; u =80m/s

1. T = 2 U sin θ
g

T = 2×80 sin 60

10

T = 13 .86 s

1. A. H = u2 sin 2θ

2g

H = 80 x 80 x sin60

20

H = 240 m

B. t = U sin θ

t = 80 sin 60

10

t = 6.93 s

R =U2 sin 2 θ

R = 802sin2 (60)

10

R = 640 sin 120

R = 554.3m

1. Vy = U sin θ – gt

Vy = 80 sin 60 – 20

Vy = 49.28m/s

Ux = U cos θ

Ux = 80 cos 60

Ux = 40 m/s

U2 = U2y + U2x

U2 = 49.282 + 402

U = √ (1600+ 2420)

U = 63.41 m/s

CLASSWORK

1. (a) De ne the term projectile (b) mention two application of

projectiles

2. A ball is projected horizontally from the top of a hill with a velocity of

30m/s. if it reaches the ground 5 seconds later, the height of the hill is

3. A stone propelled from a catapult with a speed of 50m/s attains a

height of 100m. Calculate: a. the time of ight b. the angle of
projection c. the range attained.

ASSIGNMENT

SECTION A
 1. A stone is projected at an angle 60 and an initial velocity of 20m/s
determine the time of ight (a) 34.6s (b) 3.46s (c) 1.73s (d) 17.3s (e)
6.92s

2. A stone is projected at an angle 60 and an initial velocity of 20m/s

determine the time of ight (a) 34.6s (b) 3.46s (c) 1.73s (d) 17.3s (e)
6.92s

3. For a projectile the maximum range is obtained when the angle of

projection is; (a) 600 (b) 300 (c) 450 (d) 900

4. The maximum height of a projectile projected with an angle of to the

horizontal and an initial velocity of U is given by

(a) U sin2 θ (b) U2 sin2θ (c) U2sin θ (d) 2U2sin2θ

g 2g g g

Use this information to answer questions 5 and 6: An arrow is shot into

space with a speed of 125m/s at an angle of 150 to the level ground.
Calculate the:

Time of ight (a) 5seconds (b) 6.47seconds (c) 16.01seconds (d)

4.7seconds

Range of the arrow (a) 350m (b) 781.25m (c) 900m (d) 250.71

SECTION B

1. A gun res a shell at an angle of elevation of 300 with a velocity of

2x10m. What are the horizontal and vertical components of the
velocity? What is the range of the shell? How high will it rise?

2. (a) What is meant by the range of a projectile? (b) An object is

projected into the air with a speed of 50m/s at an angle of 300 above
the ground level. Calculate the maximum height attained by the
object

WEEK 5
NEWTON’S LAW OF MOTION
CONTENTS
Newton’s laws of motion

Conservation of linear momentum

Collision

NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION

Newton’s rst law of motion states that everybody continues in its state of
rest or of uniform motion in straight line unless it is acted upon by a force.
The tendency of a body to remain at rest or, if moving, to continue its
motion in a straight line is called the inertia. That is why Newton’s rst law
is otherwise referred to as the law of inertia.

Newton’s second law of motion states that the rate of change of

momentum of a body is directly proportional to the applied force and
takes place in the direction in of the force.

F α mv –mu

F α m (v –u)

F α ma

F = kma

Where k =1

F =ma

MOMENTUM
Momentum of a body is the product of the mass and velocity of the body.
The S.I. unit of momentum is kgm/s.

IMPULSE

Impulse is the product of a force and time. It is also de ned as the change
in momentum. Thus both momentum and impulse have ‘Ns’ as unit

F = m (v-u)/t

Ft = mv – mu (where ‘mv-mu’ is the change of momentum)

F x t = I (Ns)

Newton’s third law of motion states that to every action, there is an equal
but opposite reaction. A practical demonstration of this law can be
observed when a bullet is red from a gun, the person holding it
experiences the backward recoil force of the gun (reaction) which is equal
to the propulsive force (action) acting on the bullet.

According to Newton second law of motion, force is proportional to

change in momentum

Therefore the momentum of the bullet is equal and opposite to the

momentum of the gun i.e.

Mass of bullet x muzzle velocity = mass of gun x recoil velocity

Hence, if: m= mass of bullet, v= velocity of bullet, M=mass of gun, V=
velocity of the recoil of the gun.

Then, the velocity, V, of the recoil of the gun is given by:

MV = mv

V = mv/M

CONSERVATION OF LINEAR MOMENTUM

The principle of conservation of linear momentum states that when two

or more bodies collide, their momentum remain constant provided
there is no external force acting on the system. This implies that in a
closed or isolated system where there is no external force, the total
momentum after collision remains constant. The principle is true for both
elastic and inelastic collision.

COLLISION

There are two types of collision- elastic and inelastic.

In elastic collision the two bodies collide and then move with di erent
velocities. Both momentum and kinetic energy are conserved e.g. collision
between gaseous particles, a ball which rebounds to its original height etc.
If the two colliding bodies have masses m1and m2 initial velocities u1 and
u2 and nal velocities v1 and v2. The conservation principle can be
mathematically expressed as:

m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2

In an inelastic collision, the two bodies join together after the collision and
with the same velocity. Here, momentum is conserved but kinetic energy is
not conserved because part of it has been converted to heat or sound
energy, leading to deformation.

Thus, the conversation principle can be re-written as:

m1u1 + m2u2 = v (m1 +m2)

Since momentum is a vector quantity, all the velocities must be measured

in the same direction, assigning positive signs to the forward velocities and
negative signs to the backward or opposite velocities

TWO BODIES MOVING IN THE SAME DIRECTION BEFORE COLLISION

VA VB

MA MB MA MB

BEFORE COLLISION AFTER COLLISION

MAVA + MBVB = V (MA + MB)

V= common velocity

V= MAVA + MBVB

(MA + MB)

TWO BODIES TRAVELLING IN OPPOSITE DIRECTION

MA MB MA MB

MAVA – MBVB = V (MA + MB)

V= MAVA + MBVB

MA + MB

COLLISION BETWEEN A STATIONARY AND MOVING BODY

VA = V

MA MB MAMB

The momentum of a stationary body is zero because velocity is zero

MAVA + 0 = V (MA + MB)

V = MAVA

MA + MB

EXAMPLE
 1. Two moving toys of masses 50kg and 30kg are traveling on the same
plane with speeds of 5 m/s and 3 m/s respectively in the same
direction. If they collide and stick together, calculate their common
velocity.

MAVA + MBVB = V (MA + MB)

V= MAVA + MBVB

(MA + MB)

V = (50 x 5) + (30 x 3)

50 + 30

V = 250 + 90

80

V = 340

80

V = 4.05 m/s

Two balls of masses 0.5 kg and 0.3kg move towards each other in the
same line at speeds of 3 m/s and 4 m/s respectively. After the
collision, the rst ball has a speed of 1m/s in the opposite direction.
What is the speed of the second ball after collision

3m/s 4m/s 1m/s V

0.5 0.3 0.5 0.3

Before After

3×0.5 + (0.3 x-4) = 0.5 (-1) + 0.3v

 1. – 1.2 = -0.5 + 0.3v

0.3v = 2.0 – 1.2

V = 0.8 / 0.3

V = 2.7m/s

A gun of mass 100kg res a bullet of mass 20g at a speed of 400m/s.

What is the recoil velocity of the gun?

Solution

Momentum gun = momentum of bullet

MV = m v

10 x V = 0.002 x 400

V = 0.002 x 400

10

V= 0.8 m/s

CLASSWORK

1. Derive from Newton’s law the relationship between Force, mass and
acceleration

2. State Newton laws of motion and explain the consequences of each

law

3. State the principle of conservation of linear momentum.

4. A 15kg monkey hangs from a cord suspended from the ceiling of an

elevator. The cord can withstand a tension of 200N and breaks as the
elevator accelerates. What was the elevators minimum acceleration
(g=10m/s2).

ASSIGNMENT
SECTION A

1. A force acts on a body for 0.5s changing its momentum from 16kgms-
1
to 21kgms-1. Calculate the magnitude of the force (a) 42N (b) 37N (c)
32N (d) 10N

2. A ball of mass 6kg moving with a velocity of 10m/s collides with a 2kg
ball moving in the opposite direction with a velocity of 5m/s. After the
collision the two balls coalesce and move in the same direction.
Calculate the velocity of the composite body (a) 5m/s (b) 6.25m/s (c)
8.75m/s (d) 12m/s

3. A machine gun with mass of kg res a 50g bullet at a speed of

100m/s. The recoil speed of the machine gun is (a) 0.5m/s (b) 1.0m/s
(c) 1.5m/s (d) 2.0m/s

4. When taking a penalty kick, a footballer applies a force of 30N for a

period of 0.05S. If the mass of the ball is 0.075kg, calculate the speed
with which the ball moves o (a) 4.5m/s (b) 11.25m/s (c) 20m/s (d)
45m/s

5. A jet engine develops a thrust of 270N when the velocity of the

exhaust gases relative to the engine is 300m/s, what is the mass of
the gas ejected per second? (a) 81.00kg (b) 9.00kg (c) 0.90kg (d) 0.09kg

SECTION B
1. An object of mass 5kg slides down a smooth plane at an angle of 250.
If the object starts from rest, nd; (i) its velocity after 3m (ii) its
momentum 3m from the starting point (iii) the force causing it moves
(g=m/s2)

2. State the law of conservation of linear momentum. A 3kg ri e lies on

a smooth table when it suddenly discharges, ring a bullet of 0.02kg
with a speed of 500m/s. Calculate the recoil speed of the gun.

3. A bullet of mass 120g is red horizontally into a xed wooden block

with a speed of 20m/s. The bullet is brought to rest in the block in
0.1s by a constant resistance. Calculate the: (i) magnitude of the
resistance (ii) the distance moved by the bullet in the wood

WEEKS 6&7
EQUILIBRIUM OF FORCES
CONTENTS
Conditions for equilibrium

Principles of moment

Conditions for equilibrium of a rigid body

CONDITIONS FOR EQUILIBRIUM

A body is said to be in equilibrium if under the action of several forces, it
does accelerate or rotate.

1. The sum of the upward forces must be equal to the sum of the
downward forces.

2. The sum of the clockwise moment above a point must be equal to the
sum of anticlockwise moment about the same point

F1 F2

X1 X2

A B

X3 X4

F3 F4

F1 + F2 = F3 + F4

(F1+F2) – (F3+F4) = 0

Clockwise moment = F2X2 + F4X4

Anticlockwise moment = F1X1+ F3X3

(F1X1+ F3X3) – (F2X2 + F4X4) = 0

Sum of clockwise moment = sum of anticlockwise moment

MOMENT OF A FORCE
The moment of a force is the product of the force and the perpendicular
distance

M = F x distance

Unit =Nm

COUPLE
A couple is a system of two parallel, equal and opposite forces acting along
the same line

The moment of a couple is the product of one of the forces and the
perpendicular distance between the lines of action of the two forces

M = f x 2r

M=fxd

The distance between the two equal forces is called the arm of the couple

The moment of a couple is also called a torque

Application of the E ect of Couples
1. It is easier to turn a tap on or o by applying couple

2. It is easier to turn a steering wheel of a vehicle by applying a couple

with our two hands instead of a single force with one arm.

EXAMPLES

1. A light beam AB sits on two pivots C and D. A load of 10N hangs at 0;

2m from the support at C. Find the value of the reaction forces P and Q at
C and D respectively.

P Q

4m 2m 6m

A C D B

10N

P + Q = 10N

X 2 = Q (2 + 6)

20 = 8Q

Q = 20/8 =2.5 N

OR

Taking moment about D

P x8 = 10 x6

P = 60/8

P =7.5N
Q = 10 -7.5

Q = 2.5 N

A pole AB of length 10m and weight 600N has its center of gravity 4m
from the end A, and lies on horizontal ground. Draw a diagram to
show the forces acting on the pole when the end B is lift this end.
Prove that this force applied at the end A will not be su cient to lift
the end A from the ground.

R 6m

4m

600N

Clockwise moment =600 x 4 =2400Nm

Anticlockwise moment =p x 10 = 10pNm

P =240Nm

If this force of 240Nm is applied at A, we have

P= 240Nm

4m 6m

A 600N

Taking moment about B, we have

Clockwise moment =240 x 10 =2400Nm

Anticlockwise moment =600 x 6 =3600 Nm

The anticlockwise moment is greater than the clockwise moment.

Therefore, the 240N force A will not be su cient to lift the end A because
the turning e ect due to the 600N force far exceeds that due to the 240N
force

3 A.

3m B 60

20N

Find the moment of the force of 20N in the diagram above about A and B

Taking moment about A

Cos 60 =d/3m

D= 3 cos 60

D = 1.5m

Moment about A =F x d

M = 20 x 1.5

= 30 Nm

The Moment about B= 0

3. A uniform rod lm long weighing 100N is supported horizontally on two

knife edges placed 10cm from its ends. What will be the reaction at the
support when a 40N load is suspended 10cm from the midpoint of the
rod.

R1 R2
10cm 40cm 10cm 30cm 10cm

40N 100N

R1 + R2 = 140N

Taking moment about R1

R2 x 80 = (100 x 40 ) + (40 x 50 )

80R2 = 4000 + 2000

R2 = 6000/80

R2=75N

R1 = 140 – 75

=65N

4. A metre rule is found to balance horizontally at the 50cm mark. When

a body of mass 60kg is suspended at the 6cm mark, the balance point is
found to be at the 30cm mark, calculate:

-The weight of the metre rule

-The distances of the balance point to the 60kg mass if the mass is
moved to the 13cm mark

6cm 24cm 50cm

600N W

w x 20 = 24 x 600

w = 14400/20

= 720N
13cm xcm 37cm 50cm

600N 720N

600x(X)=720(37-X)
600x = 6640 – 720x

600x+ 720x = 6640

x = 6640/1320

x = 20. 18cm

CENTRE OF GRAVITY

The centre of gravity of a body is the point through which the line of action
of the weight of the body always passes irrespective of the position of the
body. It is also the point at which the entire weight of the body appears to
be concentrated.

The centre of mass of a body is the point at which the total mass of the
body appears to be concentrated. Sometimes, the center of mass may
coincides with the centre of gravity for small objects.

STABILITY OF OBJECTS
There are three types of equilibrium- stable equilibrium, unstable
equilibrium, and neutral equilibrium.
 1. Stable equilibrium: a body is said to be in stable equilibrium if it tends
to return to its original position when slightly displaced. A low centre
of gravity and wide base will put objects in stable equilibrium e.g. a
cone resting on its base ; a racing car with low C.G and wide base; a
ball or a sphere in the middle of a bowl.

2. Unstable equilibrium: a body is said to be in an unstable equilibrium

if when slightly displaced it tends to move further away from its
original position e.g. a cone or an egg resting on its apex. High C.G.
and a narrow base usually causes unstable equilibrium.

3. Neutral equilibrium: a body is said to be in neutral equilibrium if

when slightly displaced, it tends to come to rest in its new position e.g
a cone or cylinder or an egg resting on its side.

CLASSWORK

1. When is a body said to be in equilibrium?

2. What is moment?

3. Write short note on the three types of equilibrium

ASSIGNMENT

SECTION A
 1. Two forces A and B act at a point at right angles. If their resultant is
50N and their sum is 70N, their magnitudes are: (a) 50N and 20N (b)
20N and 40N (c) 40N and 30N (d) 60N and 10N

2. A uniform metre rule of mass 100g balances at the 40cm mark when
a mass X is placed at the 10cm mark. What is the value of X? (a)
33.33g (b) 43.33g (c) 53.33g (d) 63.33g

3. The equilibrant of a system of forces is (a) equal and opposite to the

resultant of the forces (b) the force which has the same e ect as the
system (c) equal to resultant of the system (d) the force that makes
the system unstable

4. Two forces forming a couple are separated by a distance of 25cm, if

one of the forces equal 40N, what is the moment of the couple? (a)
1000Nm (b) 500Nm (c) 10Nm (d) 5Nm

5. Two forces each of magnitude 10N acts in opposite directions at the

end of a table. If the length of the table is [Link] the moment of
the couple on the table (a) 0.5Nm (b) 5Nm (c) 50Nm

6. A pole AB of length 5M and weigh 300N has its centre of gravity 2.0M
from the end A, and lies on horizontal ground. Calculate the force
required to begin to lift this end. (a) 60N (b) 120N (c) 240N

7. Consider the three forces acting at a point O and is in equilibrium as

shown below. Which of the equations is/are correct?

P3 O θ1 P1

θ2

P2
 1. P1cos θ1= P1cos θ2 ii. P3= P1cos θ1+ P2cos θ2 iii. P1sin θ1=
P2cos θ2 (a) I only (b) II only (c) III only (d) II and III only

2. When a body is acted upon by several forces and it does not

accelerate or rotates, the body is said to be in (a) space (b)
equilibrium (C) motion

3. Two masses 40g and 60g respectively are attached rmly to the ends
of a light metre rule. The centre of gravity of the system is: (a) at the
midpoint of the metre rule (b) 40cm from the lighter mass (c) 40cm
from the heavier mass (d) 60cm from the heavier mass

4. A 50kg mass, suspended from a ceiling is pulled aside with a

horizontal force, F, as shown in the diagram below. Calculate the
value of the tension T (g=10ms-2)

300 T

15kg

300.0N (b) 173.2N (c) 30.0N (d) 17.3

SECTION B

1. (a) Explain with the aid of diagram what is meant by the moment of a
force about a point (b) State the conditions of equilibrium for a
number of coplanar parallel forces (c) A metre rule is found to
balance at 48cm mark. When a body of mass 60g is suspended at
6cm mark, the balance point is found to be at the 30cm mark.
Calculate the: (i) mas of the rule (ii) the distance of the balance point
from the zero eend if the body were moved to the 13cm mark

2. State the conditions necessary for a body to be in equilibrium,

mention the three types of equilibrium with at least two examples
each.

3.

P
 12m

) 300

10N

Use the diagram above to calculate the moment of the force of 10N about
the point P

A uniform beam HK of length 10m and weighing 200N is supported at

both ends as shown below. A man weighing 100N stands at a point P
on the beam. If the reactions at H and K are respectively 800N and
400N, then the distance HP is

H P K

MIDTERM PROJECT

Make paper model of the three types of equilibrium

WEEKS 8 & 9

SIMPLE HARMONIC
MOTION
CONTENT
De nition

Speed

Amplitude

Displacement

Acceleration

Period

Frequency
DEFINITION
This is the periodic motion of a body or particle along a straight line
such that the acceleration of the body is directed towards a xed point .

A particle undergoing simple harmonic motion will move to and fro in a

straight line under the in uence of a force. This in uential force is called a
restoring force as it always directs the particle back to its equilibrium
position.

Examples of simple harmonic motions are

i. loaded test tube in a liquid

iiMass on a string

iii The simple pendulum

Aθ C Q

Pq s

Y A Z

As the particle P moves round the circle once, it sweeps through an angle θ
= 360 (or 2π radians) in the time T the period of motion. The rate of change
of the angle θ with time (t) is known as the angular velocity ω

Angular velocity (ω) is de ned by

ω = angle turned through by the body

Time taken

ω = θ /t (rad /sec)
θ = ωt

This is similar to the relation distance = uniform velocity x time (s= =vt )
for motion in a straight line

As the angle is changing with time so is the arc length

S=zp

Changing with time. By de nition θ in radians = s/r and hence

S= rθ

A = r = radius of the circle

s/t = rθ /t = s/r /t

s/t = s/t x 1/r = r θ /t

v =r ω

The linear velocity v at any point ,Q whose distance from C the central
point is x is given by

V = ω √ A2 – X2

The minimum velocity ,Vm corresponds to the point at X = 0 that is the

velocity at the central point or centre of motion .

Hence, Vm =ω A

Thus the maximum velocity of the SHM occurs at the centre of the
motion (X=0) while the minimum velocity occurs at the extreme
position of motion (x=A ).
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
LINEAR ACCELERATION
AND ANGULAR VELOCITY
X = A COS θ

θ = ωt

X = A cos ω t

dx = -ωA sin ω t

dt

dv =-ω2 A cos ω t

dt

=-ω2X

The negative sign indicates that the acceleration is always inwards towards
C while the displacement is measured outwards from C.

Energy of simple harmonic motion

Forced vibration and resonance

ENERGY OF SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION

R Q

PE = mgh PE is max

(PE is max) (v=0 , k.e=0 )

 C

h=0, PE =0; KE = ½ MV2; KE is max

Since force and displacement are involved, it follows that work and energy
are involved in simple harmonic motion.

At any instant of the motion , the system may contain some energy as
kinetic energy (KE ) or potential energy(PE) .The total energy (KE + PE ) for
a body performing SHM is always conserved although it may change
form between PE and KE .

When a mass is suspended from the end of a spring stretched vertically

downwards and released , it oscillates in a simple harmonic motion
.During this motion , the force tending to restore the spring to its elastic
restoring force is simply the elastic restoring force which is given by

F= – ky

K is the force constant of the spring

Mg y

The total work done in stretching the spring at distance y is given by

W = average force x displacement

W = ½ ky x y = ½ ky2

Thus the maximum energy total energy stored in the spring is given by

W = ½ KA2

A = amplitude (maximum displacement from equilibrium position).

This maximum energy is conserved throughout the motion of the system.

At any stage of the oscillation, the total energy is

W = ½ KA2

W= ½ mv2 + ½ ky2

½ mv2 = ½ KA2 – ½ ky2

v2 = k/m (A2 –y2)

V = √k/m(A2-y2)

The constant K is obtained from

Hooke’s law in which

F= mg = ke

Where e is the extension produced in the spring by a mass m

But V= ω√A2-X2

Therefore ω =√k/m

Hence the period, T = 2π/ω

T = 2π√m/k
EXAMPLE

A body of mass 20g is suspended from the end of a spiral spring whose
force constant is 0.4Nm-1. The body is set into a simple harmonic motion
with amplitude 0.2m. Calculate:

1. The period of the motion

2. The frequency of the motion

3. The angular speed

4. The total energy

5. The maximum velocity of the motion

6. The maximum acceleration

SOLUTION

1. T = 2π √m/k = 2π √ 0.02/0.4 = 0.447 π sec = 1.41 sec

2. f=1/T = 1/1.41 = 0.71Hz

3. ω =2πf = 2π x 0.71= 4.46 rad. S-1

4. Total energy = ½ KA2 = ½ (0.4) (0.2)2 = 0.008 J

5. ½ mv2 = /12 KA2

Vm2 = 0.008 x 2

0.02

= 0.8

Vm= 0.89 m/s

Or V= ω A

= 4.462 x 0.2

= 3.98m/s2

FORCED VIBRATION AND RESONANCE

Vibrations resulting from the action of an external periodic force on an
oscillating body are called forced vibrations. Every vibrating object
possesses a natural frequency (fo) of vibration. This is the frequency with
which the object will oscillate when it is left undisturbed after being set
into vibration. The principle of the sounding board of a piano or the
diaphragm of a loudspeaker is based on the phenomenon of forced
vibrations.

Whenever the frequency of vibrating body acting on a system coincides

with the natural frequency of the system, then the system is set into
vibration with relatively large amplitude. This phenomenon is called
resonance.

CLASSWORK
1. What is simple harmonic motion? Give four examples to illustrate
simple harmonic motion

2. A particle moves round a circle of radius 10cm with a constant

velocity of 20m/s, calculate the angular velocity

3. A particle undergoes simple harmonic motion with an amplitude of

5cm and an angular velocity of 10π rads-1, calculate: (i) the maximum
velocity (ii) the velocity when it is 2cm from the equilibrium position
(iii) the maximum acceleration of the particle (iv) the period of
oscillation

4. De ne the following terms: frequency, period, amplitude of simple

harmonic motion. What is the relation between period and
frequency?

ASSIGNMENT
SECTION A
1. The period of oscillation of a simple pendulum is 2.0s. Calculate the
period if the length of the pendulum is doubled (a) 1.0s (b) 1.4s (c)
2.8s (d) 4.0s

2. The period of a body performing simple harmonic motion is 2.0s. If

the amplitude of the motion is 3.5cm, calculate the maximum speed
of the body (π=22/7) (a) 22.0cms-1 (b) 11.0cms-1 (c) 7.0cms-1 (d)
1.8cms-1

3. A pendulum bob, executing simple harmonic motion has 2cm and

12Hz ass amplitude and frequency respectively. Calculate the period
of the motion (a) 2.00s (b) 0.83s (c) 0.08s (d) 0.06s

4. What is the angular speed of a body vibrating at 50 cycles per

seconds (a) 200πrads-1 (b) 400 πrads-1 (c) 100 πrads-1 (d) 50 πrads-1

5. In the diagram below, the maximum potential energy of the swinging

pendulum occurs at position(s) (a)1 and 5 (b) 2 and 4 (c) 3 0nly (d) 5
and 3

1 5

2 4

3
 The motion of a body is simple harmonic if the: (a) acceleration is
always directed towards a xed point (b) path of motion is a straight
line (c) acceleration is directed towards a xed point and proportional
to its distance from the point (d) acceleration is proportional to the
square of the distance from a xed point

Which of the following assumptions is made in a simple pendulum

experiment? The (a) suspending string is inextensible (b) bob has a
nite size (c) bob has a de nite mass (d) initial angle of oscillation
must be large

A simple pendulum has a period of [Link] the length is

shortened by 1.5m, its period is 8.5s. Calculate the original length of
the pendulum (a) 1.5m (b) 2.0m (c) 3.0m (d) 4.0m

The period of oscillatory motion is de ned as the (a) average of the

time used in completing di erent numbers of oscillations (b) time to
complete a number of oscillations (c) time to complete one oscillation
(d) time taken to move from one extreme position to another

Which of the following correctly gives the relationship between linear

speed V and angular speed ω of a body moving uniformly in a circle
of radius r? (a) v= ωr (b) v= ω2r (c) v= ωr2 (d) v2= ωr

SECTION B
 1. Derive the expression of the period of a simple pendulum. A simple
pendulum has a period of 3.45 seconds. When the length of the
pendulum is shortened by 1.0m, the period is 2.81 seconds.
Calculate: (i) the original length of the pendulum (b) the value of the
acceleration due to gravity.

2. A body of mass 0.5kg is attached to the end of a spring and the mass
pulled down a distance 0.01m. Calculate: (i) the period of oscillation
(ii) the maximum kinetic energy of mass (iii) kinetic and potential
energy of the spring when the body is 0.04m below its centre of
oscillation.(k=50Nm).

3. A body of mass 0.2kg is executing simple harmonic motion with

amplitude of 20mm. The maximum force which acts upon it is
[Link] (a) its maximum velocity (b) its period of oscillation.

4. (a) A body moving with simple harmonic motion in a straight line has
a velocity v and acceleration, a, when the instantaneous
displacement, x in cm, from its maximum position is given by: .
Determine the magnitude of maximum; (i) velocity (ii) acceleration

5. A mass m attached to a light spiral spring is caused to perform simple

harmonic motion of frequency , where k is force constant of the
spring (i) If m=0.30kg, k=30Nm-1 and the maximum displacement of
the mass from the equilibrium position is 0.015m, calculate the
maximum force acting on the system (ii) calculate the maximum
kinetic energy of the system (iii) calculate the maximum tension in the
spring during the motion [g=10ms-2, π=3.142]

WEEKS 10 & 11

MACHINES
CONTENT

De nition

Terminologies used in machines

Types and examples

Machines make our work simpler. It is a force producing device by which a
large force called load can be overcome by a small applied force called
e ort

Terminologies Used In Machines

1. FORCE RATIO (MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE )

2. VELOCITY RATIO

3. EFFICIENCY

MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE

We de ne e ort as the force applied to a machine and load as the

resistance overcome by the machine. The ability of a machine to overcome
a large load through a small e ort is known as its mechanical advantage .It
is given by

M.A = Load/ E ort

The mechanical advantage of a machine is in uenced by friction in parts

VELOCITY RATIO (V.R)

The velocity ratio is the ratio of distance moved by the e ort and load in
the same interval

V.R = Distance moved by e ort

Distance moved by the load

The velocity ratio depends on the geometry of the machine

EFFICIENCY (E)
The e ciency of a machine is de ned as
Ef =Useful work done by the machine X 100

Work put into the machine

Work = force x distance

Ef = load x distance moved by load x 100

E ort x distance moved by e ort

Then V.R =M.A

TYPES OF MACHINES
1. LEVER

This is the simplest form of machine. It consist of a rigid rod pivoted

about a point called the fulcrum F with a small e ort applied at one end
of the lever to overcome a large load L at the other end . There are
various types of lever depending on the relative positions of the load,
e ort and fulcrum.

Taking moment about F

E x a = L x b which is given

L = a =M.A

E b

a/b = V.R

Examples of rst class lever are the crowbar, pair of scissors or pincers,
claw hammer, see-saw ,pliers etc

In second order lever , the load is between the fulcrum and e ort
 E

Examples are wheel barrow, nut cracker tarp door , an oar etc .

In the third order lever, the e ort is between the fulcrum and the load .
Human fore arm , laboratory tong etc.

2. WHEEL AND AXLE

It consists of a large wheel to which a rope or string is attached and an
axle or small wheel with the rope or string wound round it in opposite
direction . The load to be lifted is hung at the free end of the rope on the
axle while the e ort is applied at the end of the rope on the wheel . For
each complete rotation the load and the e ort move through distance
equal to the circumference of the wheel and axle respectively.

wheel

R r axle

E L

V.R = R/r

The principle of wheel and axle is used in brace screw driver but spanner
windless and gear-boxes

GEAR WHEELS
In gear boxes , there are toothed wheels of di erent diameter
interlocked to give turning force at low speed depending on which gear
is the driver and which is the driven

V.R = No of teeth on driven wheel ( A)

No of teeth on driving wheel (B)

belt

a shafts

4. THE HYDRAULIC PRESS

The machine is widely used for compressing waste paper and cotton
into compact bales forging di erent alloys into desirable shape etc .It s
work is based on Pascal’s principle which states that pressure is
transmitted equally in uid Oil is the liquid normally used in hydraulic
press

E L

V.R = R2/r2

5. THE WEDGE
The wedge is a combination of two inclined planes. It is used to separate
bodies which are held together by large force .Examples of wedge type of
machines are axes chisels knives etc.

x0
 x1

M.A = X1 = Slant height of wedge

X0 Thickness of wedge

6. PULLEY
A simple pulley is a xed wheel hung on a suitable support with a rope
passing round its groove.

E L

BLOCK AND TACKLE (PULLEY)

This is the more practical system of pulleys in which one or more

pulley are mounted on the same axle with one continuous rope
passing all-round the pulleys

V.R = 4 V.R =5

EFFECTS OF FRICTION ON MACHINE

Work is always wasted in machines to overcome the frictional forces
present between the moving parts and also to lift to part of the machine.
The greater the friction, the greater the e ort required and the smaller the
M.A. M.A depend on friction but depend on the geometry of moving parts.

The e ciency of nearly all the machines varies with the load and the load
and e ort are related by : E = al + b ( a and b are constant ).This is called
linear law for a machine .It follows that E is proportional to L .The value
to give us the e ort required to operate the machine moving part only if
no load is present while A gives us the measure of the friction present
 = M.A x 100

V.R

In practical machines the e ciency is usually less than 100% because of

friction in the moving parts of the machine.

(1)INCLINED PLANE: This is in form of a sloping plank commonly used to

raise heavy load such as barrels of oil with little applied e ort than by
lifting it vertically .

V.R = Distance moved by e ort

Distance moved by load

= x /h ; V.R = 1/ sin θ

THE SCREW
Geometrically speaking the screw is an inclined plane wrapped round a
cylinder to form a thread. The distance between successive threads on a
screw is called its pitch. For one complete revolution of screw through
an e ort , the load moves a distance equal to its pitch e.g. screw jack
nut and bolt

In a screw jack where length of the operating handle is a, the e ort moved
a distance equal to the pitch P.

Thus V.R= -2πa

= 2πr
 P

If frictional forces are negligible

CLASSWORK

1. (a) What is a machine? (b) Explain why a machine can never be 100%
e cient.

2. De ne the following terms as applicable to machine (a) velocity ratio

(ii) mechanical advantage (iii) e ciency

3. A pulley with velocity ratio of 5 is used to lift a load of 400N through a

vertical height of 8m by exerting an e ort of 100N. Calculate the: (a)
work done by the e ort (b) e ciency of the pulley system

ASSIGNMENT

SECTION A

1. The statement that the mechanical advantage of machine is 3 means

that the (a) e ciency is 33 (b) e ort is three times as large as the
load (c) mechanical advantage is three times as large as velocity ratio
(d) ratio of e ort to load is 1:3

2. In the diagram below XY represents a plank used to lift a load from a

point X on the ground onto a horizontal platform YP.

Y P

X Z

What is the velocity ratio of the plank? (a) (b) (c) (d)
 A machine with a velocity ratio of 30 moves a load of 3000N when an
e ort of 200N is applied. The e ciency of the machine is (a) 30% (b)
50% (c) 60% (d) 75%

The e ciency of a wheel and axle system is 80% and the ratio of
radius of wheel to radius of the axle is 4 : 1, In order to lift a mass of
20kg,the e ort required is (a) 60N (b) 62.5N (c) 32.5N (d) 250

The velocity ratio of an inclined plane whose angle of inclination is Ɵ

is (a) sin Ɵ (b) cos Ɵ (c) tan Ɵ (d) 1/sin Ɵ

Which of the following is not an example of levers of the rst

order? (a) crow bar (b) Nutcracker (c) scissors (d) pliers

A body of mass 7.5kg is to be pulled up along a plane which is inclined

at 300 to the horizontal. If the e ciency of the plane is 75%, what is
the minimum force required to pull the body up the plane? [g=10ms-
2
] (a) 5.0N (b) 20.0N (c) 50.0N (d) 200.0N

Calculate the velocity ratio of a screw jack of pitch 0.3cm if the length
of the tommy bar is 21cm (a) (b) 14π(c) 70π (d) 140π

A machine with a velocity ratio of 5 is used to raise a load with an

e ort of 500N. If the machine is 80% e cient, determine the
magnitude of the load (a) 2500N (b) 2000N (c) 1200N (d) 625N

A block and tackle system of pulley has 6 pulleys. If the e ciency of

the machine is 60%, determine its mechanical advantage (a) 12.0 (b)
10.0 (c) 3.6 (d) 1.8

SECTION B
 1. Show that e ciency E, the force ration (MA) and the velocity ratio (VR)
of a machine are related by the equation

2. (a) Draw a diagram of a system of pulleys with a velocity ratio of 5 (b)

A man pulls up a box of mass 70kg using an inclined plane of e ective
length 5m onto a platform 2.5m high at uniform speed. If the
frictional force between the box and plane is 100N, draw the diagram
of forces acting on the box when in motion and calculate the; (i)
minimum e ort applied in pulling up the box (ii) velocity ratio of the
plane (iii) mechanical advantage of the plane (iv) e ciency of the
plane (v) energy lost in the system (vi) work output of the man (vii)
total power developed by the man given that the time taken to raise
the box onto the platform is 50seconds [g=10ms-2]

3. A screw jack, 25% e cient and having a screw of pitch 0.4cm is used
to raise a load through a certain height. If in the process the handle
turns through a circle of radius 40cm, calculate the (a) velocity ratio of
the machine (b) the mechanical advantage of the machine (c) e ort
required to raise a load of 100N with the machine [π=3.14]

WEEK 12

Revision

WEEK 13

Examination