Chapter 2:

Diode Applications
 CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
• Understand the concept of load-line analysis and how it is applied to
diode networks.
• Become familiar with the use of equivalent circuits to analyze
series, parallel, and series-parallel diode networks.
• Understand the process of rectification to establish a dc level from a
sinusoidal ac input.
• Be able to predict the output response of a clipper and clamper diode
configuration.
• Become familiar with the analysis of and the range of applications
for Zener diodes.

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• The analysis of electronic circuits can follow one
of two paths:
– using the actual characteristics
– applying an approximate model for the device.

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Load-Line Analysis
The load line plots all possible combinations of diode current (ID) and voltage (VD)
for a given circuit. The maximum ID equals E/R, and the maximum VD equals E.

The point where the load line and the characteristic curve intersect is the Q-point,
which identifies ID and VD for a particular diode in a given circuit.

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Series Diode Configurations
+ VD -
Forward Bias
Constants
• Silicon Diode: VD = 0.7 V
• Germanium Diode: VD = 0.3 V

Analysis (for silicon)

• VD = 0.7 V
• VR = E – VD
• ID = IR = IT = VR / R

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Series Diode Configurations
Reverse Bias
Diodes ideally behave as open circuits

Analysis
• E < 0.7 V à VD = E
• VD = E
• VR = 0 V
• ID = 0 A
+ VD -

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Parallel Configurations
IR
V = 0.7 V
D
V = V = V = 0.7 V
D1 D2 o
V = 9.3 V
R
E-V 10 V - .7 V
I = D = = 28 mA
R R .33kΩ
28 mA
I =I = = 14 mA
D1 D2 2

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 Half-Wave Rectification
The diode only conducts when it is forward biased, therefore only half of the AC cycle
passes through the diode to the output.

The DC output voltage is 0.318Vm, where Vm = the peak AC voltage.

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Half-wave rectified signal

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Si diode (practical situation)

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 PIV (PRV):Peak Inverse Voltage (Ters Tepe
Gerilimi)
Because the diode is only forward biased for one-half of the AC cycle, it is
also reverse biased for one-half cycle.

It is important that the reverse breakdown voltage rating of the diode be

high enough to withstand the peak, reverse-biasing AC voltage.

PIV (or PRV) > Vm

• PIV = Peak inverse voltage

• PRV = Peak reverse voltage
• Vm = Peak AC voltage

PIV: It is the voltage rating that must not

be exceeded in the reverse-bias region or
the diode will enter the Zener
avalanche(çığ) region.

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Full-Wave Rectification
(Tam dalga doğrultma)

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Full-Wave Rectification
The rectification process can be
improved by using a full-wave rectifier
circuit.

Full-wave rectification produces a

greater DC output:

• Half-wave: Vdc = 0.318Vm

• Full-wave: Vdc = 0.636Vm

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Bridge Rectifier

• Four diodes are connected in a bridge configuration

• VDC = 0.636Vm

Vm

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PIV (PRV):Peak Inverse Voltage (Ters Tepe Gerilimi)

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Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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 Diode Bridge Examples

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Si diode (practical situation)

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Full-Wave Rectification

Center-Tapped Transformer
Rectifier (Orta uçlu trafo)
Requires
• Two diodes
• Center-tapped transformer

VDC = 0.636Vm

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PIV for center-tapped transformator

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Summary of Rectifier Circuits

Rectifier Ideal VDC Realistic VDC

Half Wave Rectifier VDC = 0.318Vm VDC = 0.318(Vm – 0.7)

Bridge Rectifier VDC = 0.636Vm VDC = 0.636(Vm – 2(0.7 V))

Center-Tapped Transformer
VDC = 0.636Vm VDC = 0.636(Vm – 0.7 V)
Rectifier

Vm = peak of the AC voltage.

In the center tapped transformer rectifier circuit, the peak AC voltage

is the transformer secondary voltage to the tap.

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Diode Clippers (Diyotlu kırpıcılar)

The diode in a series clipper “clips”

any voltage that does not forward
bias it:
•A reverse-biasing polarity
•A forward-biasing polarity less than
0.7 V (for a silicon diode)

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Biased Clippers

Adding a DC source in
series with the clipping
diode changes the
effective forward bias of
the diode.

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 Parallel Clippers + VR -
The diode in a parallel clipper
circuit “clips” any voltage that
forward bias it. Vo

DC biasing can be added in

series with the diode to change
the clipping level.
Diyot iletimde
Vi=VR

Diyot kesimde
Vi=V0

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Summary of Clipper Circuits

more…

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Summary of Clipper Circuits

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Clampers (kenetleyiciler)

A diode and capacitor can

be combined to “clamp” an
AC signal to a specific DC
level.

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Biased Clamper Circuits
The input signal can be any type of
waveform such as sine, square, and
triangle waves.

The DC source lets you adjust the DC

clamping level.

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Summary of Clamper Circuits

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Zener Diodes

The Zener is a diode operated

in reverse bias at the Zener
Voltage (Vz).

• When Vi ³ VZ
– The Zener is on
– Voltage across the Zener is VZ
– Zener current: IZ = IR – IRL
– The Zener Power: PZ = VZIZ

• When Vi < VZ
– The Zener is off
– The Zener acts as an open circuit

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Zener Resistor Values
If R is too large, the Zener diode cannot conduct because the available amount of
current is less than the minimum current rating, IZK. The minimum current is
given by:
I Lmin = I R - I ZK
The maximum value of resistance is:
VZ
RLmax =
I Lmin

If R is too small, the Zener current exceeds the maximum current

rating, IZM . The maximum current for the circuit is given by:
VL V
I L max =
= Z
RL RL min
The minimum value of resistance is:
RVZ
RL min =
Vi - VZ

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Zener diyot uygulaması:

http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/diode/diode_7.html
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 -

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Voltage-Multiplier Circuits

Voltage multiplier circuits use a combination of diodes and

capacitors to step up the output voltage of rectifier circuits.
• Voltage Doubler
• Voltage Tripler
• Voltage Quadrupler

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Voltage Doubler

This half-wave voltage doubler’s output can be calculated by:

Vout = VC2 = 2Vm

where Vm = peak secondary voltage of the transformer

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Voltage Doubler
• Positive Half-Cycle
o D1 conducts
o D2 is switched off
o Capacitor C1 charges to Vm

• Negative Half-Cycle
o D1 is switched off
o D2 conducts
o Capacitor C2 charges to Vm

Vout = VC2 = 2Vm

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Voltage Tripler and Quadrupler

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Practical Applications

• Rectifier Circuits
– Conversions of AC to DC for DC operated circuits
– Battery Charging Circuits

• Simple Diode Circuits

– Protective Circuits against
– Overcurrent
– Polarity Reversal
– Currents caused by an inductive kick in a relay circuit

• Zener Circuits
– Overvoltage Protection
– Setting Reference Voltages

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Örnek 2.1: Çalışma noktasının bulunması
Şekildeki devre ve diyot karakteristiği için;
a. VDQ, IDQ ve
b. VR değerlerini belirleyiniz.

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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 Eq 2.2 Eq 2.3

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 0.5k
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Örnek 2: Seri diyot devresi
Şekildeki devre için VD, VR ve ID değerlerini hesaplayınız.

Diyot
iletimde

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
Örnek 3: Bir önceki örnekteki devreki diyot ters
yönde yerleştirilir ise
Diyot kapalı
durumda
(açık devre)

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Örnek 4: Seri diyot devresi
Şekildeki devre için ID, VR, VD yi hesaplayınız.

Çözüm

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Örnek 5: Paralel ve seri paralel durumlar
I1, I2 ve ID2 akımlarını hesaplayınız.

Çözüm

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Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Örnek 6: Yarım dalga doğrultucu
• Şekildeki devre ve giriş işareti için
– Çıkış gerilimini ideal diyot için çiziniz, ortalama veya DC
değerini hesaplayınız.
– Aynı işlemleri Si diyot için tekrarlayınız.

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Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
Si diyot

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Örnek : Köprü diyotlu tam dalga doğrultucu
• Şekildeki devre için çıkış dalga şeklini çiziniz.

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Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Negatif alternansta da benzer mantık
geçerlidir

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Örnek 7: Kırpıcı
• Vo gerilimini çiziniz

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 Pozitif alternans

Negatif alternans

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Ödev 3:
1. Yarım dalga ve tam dalga doğrultucuların
Multisim ile simulasyonunu yapınız.
2. Yarım dalga doğrultucu için Vort=0.318 Vm
değerini ispat ediniz.
3. Tam dalga doğrultucu için Vort=0.628 Vm
değerini ispat ediniz.

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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4. Şekildeki kenetleyici devresi ve giriş işareti için;
– Vo değerini belirleyiniz ve çıkış dalga şeklini çiziniz. Bu değerin
belirlenmesi ve dalga şeklinin çizilmesini detaylı olarak
açıklayınız, gerekli hesaplamaları net bir biçimde yazınız.
– Devrenin zaman sabitini ve boşalma süresini hesaplayınız.
– Devrenin simulasyonunu yapınız ve bulduğunuz sonuçları
Multisim ile karşılaştırınız.

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SON SÖZ

HER ÇALIŞAN KAZANMADI

AMA MUTLAKA ÇALIŞAN
KAZANDI
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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