LIFE PROCESSES

LIFE PROCESSES

[CBSE, Term 1, Set 2, 2015]

1. A destarched leaf on a potted plant was covered with 5. (i) Name two waste products which are stored in old
black (A), white (B) and transparent (C) strips of paper as xylem in plants.
shown in the figure. (ii) Name the process by which plants get rid of excess
water. Name the pores through which this process takes
place.
[CBSE, Term 1, Set 2, 2015]
6. (a) Explain how the separation of oxygenated and
deoxygenated blood is useful in humans?
(b) Why is double circulation of blood necessary in
humans?
After six hours of exposure to sunlight the leaf was [CBSE, Term 1, Set 1, 2015]
removed from the plant and tested for starch. 7. A student covered a leaf from a destarched plant with a
Which one of the following will be the correct black paper strip and kept it in the garden outside his
observation? house in fresh air. In the evening, he tested the covered
Options: portion of the leaf for the presence of starch. By doing so
(a) Whole leaf turned blue-black. the student was trying to show that:
(b) Only B and C portions turned blue-black. [CBSE, Term 1, Set 1, 2016]
(c) Only A and B portions remained colorless and the rest Options:
of the leaf turned blue-black. (a) CO₂ is given out during respiration
(d) A, B and C portions remained colorless and the rest of (b) CO₂ is necessary for photosynthesis
the leaf turned blue-black. (c) Chlorophyll is necessary for photosynthesis
[CBSE, Term 1, Set 1, 2015] (d) Light is necessary for photosynthesis
2. Rina set up the apparatus for demonstra- ting that CO₂ is 8. In the experiment to show that ‘CO₂ is released during
released during respiration of germinating seeds. After 2 respiration’, the small
hours when she observed the set up she did not find the test tube of KOH solution is suspended inside the conical
water to rise in the bent tube from the beaker. The reason flask to absorb the:
could be because: [CBSE, Term 1, Set 1, 2016]
Options:
(a) air of the flask
(b) moisture of the flask
(c) O₂ of the flask
(d) CO₂ of the flask released by the seeds
9. (a) Mention any two components of blood.
b) Trace the movement of oxygenated blood in the body.
(c) Write the function of valves present in between atria
and ventricles.
(d) Write one structural difference between the
composition of arteries and veins
Options: [CBSE, 2018]
(a) the beaker has coloured water. 10. (a) Define excretion.
(b) the set-up is air tight.
(b) Name the basic filtration unit present in the kidney.
(c) no oxygen is available to seeds for respiration.
(c) Draw excretory system in human beings and label the
(d) carbon-dioxide is not being absorbed.
following organs of excretory system which perform the
[CBSE, Term 1, Set 1, 2015]
following functions:
3. Bile juice does not contain any enzyme but bile salts are (i) forms urine.
important for digestion and absorption of fats. State (ii) is a long tube which collects urine from the kidney.
reason. (iii) Store urine until it is passed out.
[CBSE, Term 1, Set 2, 2015] [CBSE, 2018]
4. (a) State reason for the following: 11. Write two different ways in which glucose is oxidized to
(i) Rings of cartilage are present in the trachea. provide energy in the human body. Write the products
(ii) Plants look green in colour. formed in each case.
(b) Write other names of the following: [CBSE Delhi, Set 1, 2019]
(i) Alveolar sac
(ii) Voice box
 LIFE PROCESSES

12. A student is observing the temporary mount of a leaf 25. (a) A gas is released during photosynthesis. Name the
peel under a microscope. Draw labeled diagram of the gas and also state the way by which the gas is evolved.
structure of stomata as seen under the microscope. (b) What are stomata ? What governs the opening and
[CBSE Delhi, Set 1, 2019] closing of stomata?
13. What is transpiration? List its two functions. [CBSE Delhi, Set 3, 2020]
[CBSE OD, Set 1, 2019]
14. (a) What is translocation? Why is it essential for plants?
(b) Where do the substances in plants reach as a result of
translocation?
[CBSE OD, Set 1, 2019]
15. List two types of the transport system in human beings
and write the functions of any one of these.
[CBSE OD, Set 2, 2019]
16. Write three types of blood vessels. Give one important
feature of each.
[CBSE Delhi, Set 1, 2019]
17. What is transpiration? List its two functions.
[CBSE OD, Set 1, 2019]
18. Define the term transpiration. Design an experiment to
demonstrate this process.
[CBSE Delhi, Set 2, 2019]
19. How is O₂ and CO₂ transported in human beings?
[CBSE Delhi, Set 2, 2019]
20. (a) State the role played by the following in the process of
digestion.
(i) Enzyme trypsin
(ii) Enzyme lipase (b) List two functions of finger-like
projections present in the small intestine.
[CBSE OD, Set 1, 2020]
21. (a) Write the correct sequence of steps followed during
the journey of oxygen rich blood from lungs to various
organs of the human body.
(b) What happens when the system of blood vessels
develops a leak?
[CBSE OD, Set 1, 2020]
22. (a) Why is there a difference in the rate of breathing
between aquatic organisms and terrestrial organisms?
Explain.
(b) Draw a diagram of the human respiratory system and
label — pharynx, trachea, lungs, diaphragm and alveolar
sac on it.
[CBSE Delhi, Set 1, 2020]
23. (a) Name the organs that form the excretory system in
human beings.
(b) Describe in brief how urine is produced in the human
body
[CBSE Delhi, Set 1, 2020]
24. (a) Draw a diagram of the human alimentary canal and
label – gallbladder, pancreas, liver and small intestine on
it.
(b) Give two reasons to explain why absorption of
digested food occurs mainly in the small intestine.
[CBSE Delhi, Set 3, 2020]
 LIFE PROCESSES

(ii)Systemic circulation: The pathway of the blood from

Solutions: the heart to the rest of the body and back to the heart is
called systemic circulation. It has a large circulation. Left
1. (c) Only A and B portions remained colorless and the ventricle sends the blood into the aorta. Aorta divides into
rest of the leaf turned blue-black. arteries, arterioles and capillaries and supplies
oxygenated blood to various parts of the body. From there
2. (d) carbon-dioxide is not being absorbed.
the deoxygenated blood is collected by venules, which
3. Bile is a digestive juice secreted by the liver. Although it join to form veins and finally vena cava pours blood back
does not contain any digestive enzymes, it plays an into the right atrium.
important role in the digestion of fats. Bile is alkaline and 7. (d) Light is necessary for photosynthesis
contains salts which helps to emulsify or break the fats 8. (d) CO₂ of the flask released by the seeds
(or lipids) present in the food. Thus, bile performs two 9. (a) Red blood cells and white blood cells are the
functions: components of blood.
(i) Makes the acidic food coming from the stomach (b) The oxygenated blood goes into the left atrium from
alkaline so that pancreatic enzymes can act on it. there it goes to the left ventricle and then to all the body
(ii) Bile salts break the fats present in the food into small organs.
globules making it easy for the enzymes to act and digest (c) Valves prevent the backflow of blood from the
them ventricles to the atrium.
4. (a) (i) Rings of cartilage are present in the trachea so (d) Walls of arteries are thick and they carry oxygenated
that the trachea does not collapse even when there is no blood whereas walls of vein are thin and they carry
air in it. deoxygenated blood.
(ii) Plants look green in colour because of the presence of 10. (a) The process of removing toxic waste from the human
a green pigment called chlorophyll in it. body is called excretion.
(b) (i) Alveolar sac → Air sac (b) Nephron is the basic filtration unit present in the
(ii) Voice box → Larynx kidney
5. (i) Resin and gums are the two wastes which are stored (c) (i) Kidney, (ii) Ureter, (iii) Urinary Bladder.
in old xylem in plants.
(ii) Transpiration is the process by which plants get rid of
excess water. Stomatal pores are the pores through which
transpiration takes place.
6. (a) Humans have four chambered hearts which consist of
two atria and two ventricles. In a four chambered heart,
the left side and right side of the heart are completely
separated to prevent the oxygenated blood from mixing
with deoxygenated blood. Such a separation allows a
highly efficient supply of oxygen to the body cells which
is necessary for producing a lot of energy. This energy is
useful for warm blooded animals (like humans) which 11. Glucose is oxidized in two forms to provide energy to
have high energy needs to maintain their body the body:
temperature. (i)
(b) All the animals which have four chambered hearts
have double circulation in which the blood passes
through the heart ‘twice’ in one complete cycle of the
body. This ensures the separation of oxygenated blood
from deoxygenated blood. Explanation: Double
circulation: The blood travels twice through the heart in
one complete cycle of the body and is called double
circulation. It involves two circulations: This is an example of Aerobic Respiration that happens in
(i) Pulmonary circulation: The pathway of the blood from the presence of oxygen.
the heart to the lungs and back to the heart is called (ii)
pulmonary circulation. It has a small circulation.
Deoxygenated blood in the right ventricle flows into the
vascular system of the lungs, becomes oxygenated and
returns to the left atrium through pulmonary veins.
 LIFE PROCESSES

absorption. (ii) It helps in cooling the plant surface. It

helps in the movement of dissolved minerals from root to
leaves.
18. Loss of excess water from the leaves of plants with the
help of stomata is called transpiration. Transpiration
This is an example of Anaerobic Respiration which Experiment Material Required: A potted plant, A
happens in the absence of oxygen. polythene, Tape
12.

13. The evaporation of water from the aerial parts of a plant Procedure: (i) Take a potted plant and enclose the leaves
is called transpiration. Functions of transpiration: of the plant with a big plastic or polythene bag.
(i) It helps in the upward movement of water and (ii) Now keep the plant in sunlight for two hours.
minerals from root to the leaves through the stem and in (iii) After sometime you will observe the water droplets
the absorption. on the polythene sheet.
(ii) It helps in cooling the plant surface. It helps in the (iv) It depicts the loss of water from the leaves of the
movement of dissolved minerals from root to leaves. plant depicting transpiration.
14. (a) The transport of food from leaves to other parts of 19. Oxygenated blood is transported in human beings by the
the plant is called arteries or by hemoglobin of red blood corpuscles. The
translocation. Translocation is essential for plants because deoxygenated blood is carried by the veins or by plasma
without it food prepared by the leaves cannot reach other of the blood.
parts of the plant for their growth and development. 20. (a) (i) Trypsin is an enzyme that helps in the digestion of
(b) The substances in plants reach to other tissues in proteins. In the small intestine, trypsin breaks down
plants from the leaves, fruits, seeds and other growing proteins, continuing the process of digestion that began in
organs as a result of translocation.
15. Lymphatic system and blood circulatory system are the the stomach. It may also be referred to as a proteolytic
two types of transport system in human beings. Functions enzyme, or proteinase. Trypsin is produced by the
of blood circulatory system: pancreas in an inactive form called trypsinogen. The
(i) It carries nutrients and oxygen to all cells in the body. trypsinogen enters the small intestine through the
(ii) It removes CO₂ from the body cells. common bile duct and is converted into active trypsin.
(iii) It carries digested food from the small intestine to This active trypsin acts with the other two principal
other parts of the body. digestive proteinases namely pepsin and chymotrypsin, to
(iv) It carries hormones from endocrine glands to break down dietary protein into peptides and amino acids.
different organs of the body. These amino acids are essential for muscle growth,
16. The three types of blood vessels are: (i) Arteries (ii)
hormone production and other important bodily
Veins (iii) Capillaries (i) Arteries: They carry oxygenated
functions.
blood from the heart and transport it to organs. (ii) Veins:
(ii) Lipase enzyme breaks down dietary fats into smaller
They carry deoxygenated blood from organs and take this molecules known as glycerol and fatty acids. A little
blood to the heart. (iii) Capillaries: Arteries and veins quantity of lipase, known as gastric lipase is produced by
divide to form arterioles and venules. The nutrients, the cells of the stomach. This enzyme mainly digests fat
hormones and gases can diffuse into the tissue cells present in the food. The pancreas is the primary source of
through the walls of capillaries and vice versa. lipase in the digestive tract, which produces pancreatic
17. The evaporation of water from the aerial parts of a plant lipase which acts in the small intestine. The bile produced
in the liver and liberated in the intestine transform dietary
is called transpiration. Functions of transpiration: (i) It fat to smaller fat globules. Pancreatic lipase acts on these
helps in the upward movement of water and minerals fat globules and converts them into glycerol and fatty
from root to the leaves through the stem and in the acids that are small, energy molecules. Glycerol and fatty
 LIFE PROCESSES

acids move in blood and lymph vessels to move in every (i) 2 Kidneys (ii) 2 Ureters (iii) 1 Urinary bladder (iv) 1
part of the body. Urethra
(b) The inner surface of the small intestine has numerous (b) Urine formation is carried out by the excretory
finger-like projections called villi which increase the system. The nephrons play a major role in this. They
surface area for rapid absorption of digested food. The carry out urine formation in various steps like glomerular
digested food which is absorbed through the walls of the filtration, selective reabsorption and tubular secretion.
small intestine goes into our blood. (i) Each nephron has a glomerulus, the site of blood
21. (i) Oxygenated blood from lungs enters through the filtration. The glomerulus is a network of capillaries
pulmonary vein into the left atrium. surrounded by a cup-like structure, the glomerular
(ii) The left atrium relaxes while collecting the capsule (or Bowman’s capsule). As blood flows through
oxygenated blood. Then the left atrium contracts and the the glomerulus, blood pressure pushes water and solutes
blood goes into the left ventricle. from the capillaries into the capsule through a filtration
(iii) The left ventricle relaxes while receiving the membrane. This glomerular filtration begins the urine
oxygenated blood then it contracts and the blood flows formation process.
into different organs and parts of the body. (ii) Inside the glomerulus, blood pressure pushes fluid
(iv) The deoxygenated blood from different parts of the from capillaries into the glomerular capsule through a
body enters the right atrium through superior and inferior specialized layer of cells. In this layer, the filtration
vena cava. membrane allows water and small solutes to pass but
(v) The right atrium contracts and the blood flows into blocks blood cells and large proteins. Those components
the right ventricle. remain in the bloodstream. The filtrate flows from the
(vi) The right ventricle relaxes while receiving the glomerular capsule further into the nephron.
deoxygenated blood then it contracts and the blood flows (iii)The resulting filtrate contains waste, but also other
into lungs for oxygenation through pulmonary artery. substances the body needs such as essential ions, glucose,
(b) Leakage would lead to a loss of pressure which would amino acids and smaller proteins. When the filtrate exits
reduce the efficiency of the pumping system. To avoid the glomerulus, it flows into a duct in the nephron called
this, the blood has platelet cells which circulate around the renal tubule.
the body and plug these leaks by helping to clot the blood (iv) Waste ions and hydrogen ions pass from the
at these points of injury. capillaries into the renal tubule. This process is called
22. (a) There is a difference in the rate of breathing between secretion. The secreted ions combine with the remaining
filtrate and become urine. The urine flows out of the
aquatic organisms and terrestrial organisms because the
nephron tubule into a collecting duct. It passes out of the
amount of dissolved oxygen in the water is much less kidney and down to the bladder. Urine is a liquid or water
than the amount on land, so they have to breathe more in waste product that passes through your urinary tract and
order to get more oxygen. The breathing rate of aquatic is expelled from the body through the urethra. It contains
animals is faster than that of terrestrial animals because 90-95% water.
the amount of oxygen available in dissolved form is 24. (a) Human alimentary canal diagram:
extremely low in concentration as compared to oxygen
available in the air and the aquatic animals acquire
oxygen that is dissolved in water. Oxygen is the
necessary element for the survival of all organisms on
earth except anaerobes.
(b)

(b) The small intestine is the most important part of the

digestive system. Maximum absorption occurs in the
small intestine because of the following reasons:
(i) Digestion is completed in the small intestine because
23. (a) The human excretory system comprises of the the inner lining of the small intestine is provided with
following structures: villi which increases the surface area for absorption of
digested food.
 LIFE PROCESSES

(ii) Villi of the intestine is richly supplied with blood

vessels which assimilate the absorbed food to the other
parts of the body.
25. (a) Oxygen gas is released during the process of
photosynthesis. Carbon dioxide and water present in the
air takes the light energy from the sun and in the presence
of the chlorophyll pigment converts the CO₂ and H₂O into
glucose and oxygen gas is evolved in the process. The
reaction of photosynthesis is as follows:

The oxygen during the process of photosynthesis mainly

comes from the splitting of the water molecule in the
presence of the sunlight and during the process of
photosynthesis the plants absorb water and carbon
dioxide. The excess oxygen gathered is released into the
atmosphere which is utilized by the humans for
breathing.
(b) The small openings or pores on the lower surface of
the leaves are called stomata. Stomatal pores in plants
regulate the amount of water and solutes within them by
opening and closing their guard cells using osmotic
pressure. In order for plants to produce energy and
maintain cellular respiration. The exchange of the gases
occurs across the surface of the stems, roots and leaves as
well. Also the large amount of water can also be lost
through the stomata, thus to prevent this the plant closes
these pores when carbon dioxide is not needed for
photosynthesis. The opening and closing of the pores is
the function of the guard cells. The guard cells swell
when water flows into them, causing the stomatal pore to
open similarly the pore closes if the guard cells shrink.
The opening and closing of stomata is regulated by the
guard cells can be depicted diagrammatically as follows: