Article 11: Accountability of Public Officers
Article 11 of the Philippines Constitution establishes the framework for ensuring the accountability of
public officers. It delineates the principles and mechanisms for holding public officials responsible for
their actions, thereby promoting transparency, integrity, and good governance in public service.
Key Provisions:
Declaration of Principles and State Policies: This section underscores the importance of public
accountability as a fundamental principle of governance, essential for the maintenance of the
rule of law and the promotion of the common good.
Accountability of Public Officers: It outlines the duties and responsibilities of public officers,
emphasizing their obligation to serve with honesty, integrity, and efficiency, and to be
accountable to the people.
Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act: Article 11 incorporates the Anti-Graft and Corrupt
Practices Act (RA 3019), which criminalizes graft and corrupt practices among public officers,
providing penalties for violations and mechanisms for prosecution.
Public Officers Required to File Statements of Assets, Liabilities, and Net Worth (SALN): Public
officers are mandated to disclose their financial assets and liabilities through SALNs, ensuring
transparency and accountability in their wealth and financial interests.
Implications:
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Article 11 serves as a cornerstone for combating corruption, promoting public trust in
government institutions, and upholding the principles of good governance.
By establishing mechanisms for accountability and transparency, Article 11 strengthens the
foundations of democracy and ensures that public officers are held to high ethical standards in
the performance of their duties.
Article 12: National Economy and Patrimony
Article 12 of the Philippines Constitution addresses the regulation and protection of the national
economy and patrimony. It sets forth principles and policies aimed at safeguarding the country's
economic sovereignty, promoting equitable distribution of wealth, and fostering sustainable
development.
Key Provisions:
National Economy and Patrimony: This section declares that the goals of the national economy
are to ensure a more equitable distribution of opportunities, income, and wealth, and to
promote sustainable development.
Declaration of Policies: It outlines the guiding principles for economic development, including
the pursuit of a self-reliant and independent national economy, the protection of Filipino
enterprises against unfair competition, and the promotion of the welfare of all sectors of society.
Lands of the Public Domain: Article 12 delineates the classification of lands of the public domain
and provides guidelines for their utilization, development, and conservation, ensuring equitable
access and sustainable management.
Natural Resources: It emphasizes the state's responsibility for the conservation, utilization, and
development of natural resources, ensuring their sustainability and equitable distribution for the
benefit of present and future generations.
Ownership of Enterprises: The Constitution restricts the ownership and management of certain
enterprises to Filipino citizens or corporations with at least 60% Filipino ownership, safeguarding
national economic interests.
Filipino Preference in the Grant of Rights, Privileges, etc.: Article 12 gives preference to
qualified Filipinos in the grant of rights, privileges, and concessions involving the nation's natural
resources, protecting Filipino economic interests.
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Implications:
Article 12 lays down the foundations for a resilient and self-sustaining national economy, guided
by principles of social justice, equitable distribution of wealth, and protection of Filipino
interests.
By promoting the responsible stewardship of natural resources and prioritizing Filipino
ownership and control of key industries, Article 12 seeks to ensure economic sovereignty and
inclusive development for all Filipinos.
