Microbiology 2 Marks

1. Name two contributions of Robert Koch.

o Identified the causative agents of tuberculosis, cholera, and anthrax.
o Developed Koch's postulates for identifying pathogens.
2. Name two uses of Dettol Solution.
o Antiseptic for minor cuts and wounds.
o Disinfectant for household cleaning.
3. Name two killed vaccines.
o Polio (Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine, IPV).
o Hepatitis A vaccine.
4. Name two DNA viruses.
o Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV).
o Hepatitis B Virus (HBV).
5. Name two bacteria causing diarrhoea.
o Escherichia coli.
o Salmonella species.
6. Define bacteriophage.
o A bacteriophage is a virus that infects and replicates within bacteria.
7. Name two anti-parasitic drugs.
o Metronidazole.
o Albendazole.
8. Name two fungi causing otomycosis.
o Aspergillus species.
o Candida species.
9. Name two infections caused by herpes virus.
o Herpes Simplex Virus (cold sores, genital herpes).
o Varicella-Zoster Virus (chickenpox, shingles).
10. Define DTP vaccine.
o A vaccine that protects against Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Pertussis.
11. Define flagella.
o Flagella are long, whip-like structures that help in bacterial motility.
12. Enlist the types of bacterial spores.
o Endospores.
o Exospores.
13. Name four clostridium species.
o Clostridium tetani.
o Clostridium botulinum.
o Clostridium difficile.
o Clostridium perfringens.
14. Define antibiotic-associated colitis. Name the causative agents.
o Inflammation of the colon caused by antibiotic use.
 o Primarily caused by Clostridium difficile.
15. What is DPT vaccine? What is the route of administration?
o A vaccine for Diphtheria, Pertussis, and Tetanus.
o Administered intramuscularly.
16. Enumerate the types of ELISA.
o Direct ELISA.
o Indirect ELISA.
o Sandwich ELISA.
o Competitive ELISA.
17. Name four RNA viruses.
o Influenza virus.
o HIV.
o Hepatitis C virus.
o Rabies virus.
18. Define otomycotic fungi.
o Fungi that cause ear infections.
19. Define Trichomonas vaginalis.
o A protozoan parasite that causes trichomoniasis.
20. Name the infections caused by Ancylostoma duodenale.
o Hookworm infection, leading to anemia and malnutrition.
21. Name two live vaccines.
o Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) vaccine.
o Varicella (chickenpox) vaccine.
22. Name two intestinal parasites.
o Giardia lamblia.
o Entamoeba histolytica.
23. List four phases of bacterial growth curve.
o Lag phase.
o Log (exponential) phase.
o Stationary phase.
o Death phase.
24. Define significant bacteriuria.
o Presence of a high number of bacteria in the urine, indicating a urinary tract
infection.
25. Enlist non-suppurative complications of Streptococcus pyogenes.
o Rheumatic fever.
o Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis.
26. Define inclusion body.
o Intracellular aggregates of proteins or other substances.
o Often found in viral infections.
27. Name two morphological forms of Entamoeba histolytica.
o Trophozoite.
o Cyst.
28. Define enrichment media.
o A type of culture media used to enhance the growth of particular
microorganisms.
29. Enumerate four uses of microbiology for nurses.
o Infection control.
o Understanding disease mechanisms.
o Antibiotic stewardship.
 o Patient education.
30. Define oxidase test.
o A test to identify bacteria that produce cytochrome oxidase.
31. Two differences between active and passive immunity.
o Active immunity involves the production of antibodies by the host.
o Passive immunity involves the transfer of antibodies from another source.
32. Name four disinfectants used in the wards.
o Alcohol.
o Chlorine bleach.
o Hydrogen peroxide.
o Quaternary ammonium compounds.
33. Enumerate the uses of fumigation.
o Sterilizing surgical instruments.
o Disinfecting hospital rooms.
o Pest control.
o Preserving stored grains.
34. Draw a neat labelled diagram of HIV.
o (Diagram would be drawn here.)
35. Define Negri bodies.
o Cytoplasmic inclusions found in neurons infected by rabies virus.
36. Mention the arboviral disease seen in India.
o Dengue fever.
37. Name two tapeworms.
o Taenia solium.
o Taenia saginata.
38. List four opportunistic fungi.
o Candida species.
o Aspergillus species.
o Cryptococcus neoformans.
o Pneumocystis jirovecii.
39. Mention two bacteria causing urinary tract infection.
o Escherichia coli.
o Proteus mirabilis.
40. Define coagulase test.
o A test used to differentiate Staphylococcus aureus from other staphylococci by
detecting the enzyme coagulase.
41. Draw a neat labelled diagram of IgA.
o (Diagram would be drawn here.)
42. Define urease test.
o A test used to identify bacteria that produce the enzyme urease.
43. Enlist the doses of DPT vaccine under one year age.
o Initial dose at 2 months.
o Second dose at 4 months.
o Third dose at 6 months.
44. Define MacConkey’s agar.
o A selective and differential culture medium for Gram-negative bacteria.
45. Write full form for RNTCP.
o Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme.
46. Draw a neat labeled diagram of Trichomonas vaginalis.
o (Diagram would be drawn here.)
47. Mention two bacteria causing meningitis.
o Neisseria meningitidis.
o Streptococcus pneumoniae.
48. Mention two vectors causing parasitic infection.
o Anopheles mosquito (malaria).
o Tsetse fly (sleeping sickness).
49. Define catalase test.
o A test used to identify organisms that produce the enzyme catalase.
50. Draw a neat labelled diagram of IgM.
o (Diagram would be drawn here.)
51. Define blood agar.
o A nutrient-rich culture medium used to grow a variety of bacteria and detect
hemolytic activity.
52. Define MMR vaccine.
o A vaccine that protects against Measles, Mumps, and Rubella.
53. Name four gram-negative bacilli.
o Escherichia coli.
o Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
o Klebsiella pneumoniae.
o Salmonella typhi.
54. Define malignant pustule.
o A primary skin lesion caused by Bacillus anthracis, characterized by a black
necrotic center.
55. Define differential media and give two examples.
o Media that distinguish between different types of microorganisms based on
their biological characteristics.
o Examples: MacConkey agar, Mannitol salt agar.
56. Draw a labelled diagram of immunoglobulin M (IgM).
o (Diagram would be drawn here.)
57. Enumerate morphology of Trichomonas.
o Pear-shaped.
o Four anterior flagella.
o Undulating membrane.
58. Define gonococci.
o Bacteria of the genus Neisseria, specifically Neisseria gonorrhoeae, which
causes gonorrhea.
59. List two antiviral agents.
o Acyclovir.
o Oseltamivir.
60. Define interferon.
o Proteins produced by host cells in response to viral infections that help inhibit
viral replication.
61. List two contributions of Louis Pasteur.
o Developed the process of pasteurization.
o Developed vaccines for rabies and anthrax.
62. Define Cryptosporidium.
o A genus of protozoan parasites that cause cryptosporidiosis, leading to
gastrointestinal illness.
63. Enumerate morphology of Aspergillus.
o Septate hyphae.
 o Conidiophores with a swollen vesicle at the tip.
o Radiating chains of conidia.
64. Define tyndallization.
o A sterilization process involving intermittent heating to kill spores.
65. Name four toxins of streptococci.
o Streptolysin O.
o Streptolysin S.
o Erythrogenic toxin.
o Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins (Spe).
66. Name two bile-stained ova.
o Ascaris lumbricoides.
o Trichuris trichiura.
67. Name four malarial parasites.
o Plasmodium falciparum.
o Plasmodium vivax.
o Plasmodium ovale.
o Plasmodium malariae.
68. Define IgA.
o Immunoglobulin A, an antibody that plays a crucial role in mucosal immunity.
69. Name four bacteria causing food poisoning.
o Staphylococcus aureus.
o Clostridium perfringens.
o Salmonella species.
o Escherichia coli.
70. Define indole test.
o A biochemical test to determine the ability of an organism to produce indole
from tryptophan.
71. Name four organisms causing UTI.
o Escherichia coli.
o Proteus mirabilis.
o Klebsiella pneumoniae.
o Enterococcus faecalis.
72. Name four enrichment media.
o Blood agar.
o Chocolate agar.
o Selenite F broth.
o Tetrathionate broth.
73. Name two arboviruses.
o Dengue virus.
o Zika virus.
74. Name two bacteria causing sexually transmitted diseases.
o Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
o Treponema pallidum.
75. Define bacteriophage.
o A virus that infects and replicates within bacteria.
76. Draw a neat labelled diagram of the egg of Ascaris lumbricoides.
o (Diagram would be drawn here.)
77. Mention two blood-borne viral infections.
o Hepatitis B.
o HIV/AIDS.
78. Define local immunity.
o Immunity that is restricted to a specific part of the body, such as mucosal
surfaces.
79. Define oral polio vaccine.
o A live attenuated vaccine administered orally to protect against poliomyelitis.
80. Name two transport media.
o Stuart's medium.
o Amies medium.
81. Mention the lesions produced by Aspergillus fumigatus.
o Pulmonary aspergillosis.
o Aspergilloma (fungus ball).
82. Name two antiviral agents.
o Acyclovir.
o Oseltamivir.
83. Name two organisms causing urinary tract infections.
o Escherichia coli.
o Proteus mirabilis.
84. Name two dermatophytes.
o Trichophyton rubrum.
o Microsporum canis.
85. Define iatrogenic infection.
o An infection resulting from medical treatment or procedures.
86. Name two DNA viruses.
o Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV).
o Hepatitis B Virus (HBV).
87. Name two methods of antibiotic sensitivity testing.
o Disk diffusion (Kirby-Bauer) test.
o E-test (Epsilometer test).
88. Name two motile bacteria.
o Escherichia coli.
o Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
89. Name two viruses causing diarrhoea.
o Rotavirus.
o Norovirus.
90. Name two gram-positive cocci.
o Staphylococcus aureus.
o Streptococcus pyogenes.
91. Name two diseases transmitted by mosquitoes.
o Malaria.
o Dengue fever.
92. Name two zoonotic diseases.
o Rabies.
o Lyme disease.
93. Define immunization.
o The process by which a person is made immune or resistant to an infectious
disease, typically by vaccination.
94. Define negative staining.
o A technique used in microscopy to create a dark background, making the
specimen appear lighter.
95. Write the principles of ELISA.
 o Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) detects the presence of
antigens or antibodies using an enzyme-linked antigen or antibody as a
marker.
96. Name two spirochetes.
o Treponema pallidum.
o Borrelia burgdorferi.
97. Define meningo cocci.
o Neisseria meningitidis, a bacterium that causes meningitis.
98. Enumerate four principles in the collection of specimens.
o Use sterile containers.
o Collect before starting antibiotics.
o Label accurately.
o Transport promptly to the laboratory.
99. Name four gram-positive bacilli.
o Bacillus anthracis.
o Clostridium tetani.
o Listeria monocytogenes.
o Corynebacterium diphtheriae.
100. Define Negri bodies.

 Cytoplasmic inclusions found in neurons infected by rabies virus.

101. Define Cryptococcus.

 A genus of fungi, Cryptococcus neoformans, causing cryptococcosis, especially in

immunocompromised individuals.

102. Name the types of mosquitoes producing malaria.

 Anopheles mosquitoes, specifically Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles funestus.

103. Gaseous sterilization.

 A method of sterilization using gases like ethylene oxide to sterilize heat-sensitive

items.

104. Catalase test.

 A test used to identify organisms that produce the enzyme catalase by breaking down
hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen.

105. Name four methods of transmission of HIV virus.

 Sexual contact.
 Blood transfusion.
 Sharing needles.
 Mother-to-child during childbirth or breastfeeding.

106. Mantoux test.

 A skin test to detect tuberculosis infection by injecting purified protein derivative
(PPD) under the skin.

107. VDRL test.

 A blood test to screen for syphilis by detecting antibodies produced in response to the
infection.

108. Name four complications of Plasmodium falciparum.

 Cerebral malaria.
 Severe anemia.
 Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).
 Kidney failure.

109. Name two fungal infections of the skin.

 Tinea pedis (athlete's foot).

 Tinea corporis (ringworm).

110. Name two methods of pasteurization.

 High-Temperature Short-Time (HTST) pasteurization.

 Ultra-High Temperature (UHT) pasteurization.

111. Name four selective media.

 MacConkey agar.
 Mannitol salt agar.
 Thayer-Martin agar.
 Sabouraud dextrose agar.

112. Describe the egg of Ascaris lumbricoides.

 Oval-shaped.
 Thick, mammillated outer shell.
 Golden-brown color.

113. Name two methods to detect antibiotic sensitivity.

 Disk diffusion (Kirby-Bauer) test.

 E-test (Epsilometer test).

114. Draw IgG.

 (Diagram would be drawn here.)

115. Name two capsulated bacteria.

 Streptococcus pneumoniae.
 Haemophilus influenzae.

116. Name two agglutination tests.

 Widal test (for typhoid fever).

 Latex agglutination test.

117. Prophylaxis of hepatitis B.

 Hepatitis B vaccination.
 Immunoglobulin administration for post-exposure prophylaxis.

118. Diagram of influenza virus.

 (Diagram would be drawn here.)

119. Name two protozoal infections.

 Malaria (Plasmodium species).

 Amoebiasis (Entamoeba histolytica).

120. Name two opportunistic fungi.

 Candida albicans.
 Pneumocystis jirovecii.

121. Infections caused by Streptococcus species.

 Pharyngitis (Strep throat).

 Scarlet fever.

122. Name two bacteria causing gas gangrene.

 Clostridium perfringens.
 Clostridium novyi.

123. Define cross infection and nosocomial infection.

 Cross infection: Infection transmitted between patients within a healthcare setting.

 Nosocomial infection: Hospital-acquired infection.

124. Define sterilization and disinfection.

 Sterilization: Complete elimination of all forms of microbial life.

 Disinfection: Reduction of microbial load to a safe level.

125. What are inclusion bodies? Give an example.

 Intracellular aggregates of proteins or other substances.

 Example: Negri bodies in rabies.
126. Name the antigen-presenting cells.

 Dendritic cells.
 Macrophages.

127. Mention the viruses causing the common cold.

 Rhinovirus.
 Coronavirus.

128. Define antiseptic.

 A substance that inhibits the growth of microorganisms on living tissue.

129. Name the free-living amoeba.

 Naegleria fowleri.
 Acanthamoeba species.

130. Draw a neat diagram of Clostridium tetani.

 (Diagram would be drawn here.)

131. Define dimorphic fungi and give an example.

 Fungi that can exist in both yeast and mold forms.

 Example: Histoplasma capsulatum.

132. Mention the post-streptococcal sequelae.

 Rheumatic fever.
 Post-streptococcal gl