OSTEOLOGY OPEN QUESTIONS

OSTEOLOGY

1. What structures pass through the foramen ovale?

1. MANDIBULAR NERVE, ACCESSORY MENINGEAL ARTEY. ((LESSER PETROSAL NERVE,
MANDIBULAR NERVE V3, EMISSARY VEINS, ACCESSORY MENINGEAL ARTERY))

2. What two bones form the roof of the infratemporal fossa?

1. MAXILLARY & GREATER WING OF SPHENOID

3. What structures divides in two portion the lateral surface of the greater wing of the sphenoid?
1. INFRATEMPORAL CREST

4. What forms the lateral posterior region of the nasal cavity?

1. PTERYGOID PROCESS (MEDIAN AND LATERAL PLATE)

5. Where do we find the hamulus?

1. IN THE MEDIAL PTERYGOID

6. In which bone the infraorbital groove is located?

1. MAXILLARY

7. What structure is connecting the pterygopalatine fossa with the nasal cavity?
1. SPHENOPALATINE FORAMEN

8. What two bones are articulating with the pyramidal process of the palatine bone?
1. MAXILLARY TUBEROSITY & PTERYGOID PLATES

9. Which bone separates the nasal cavity with the brain?

1. ETHMOID BONE

10. Which two bones form the lateral wall of the orbit?
1. ZYGOMATIC AND GREATER WING OF SPHENOID

11. Which bones form the median wall of the orbit?

1. MAXILLARY, LACRIMAL, ETHMOID, LESSER WING OF THE SPHENOID

12. Which bones for the floor of the orbit (= roof of the maxillary sinus)?
1. ORBITAL SURFACE OF THE MAXILLA WITH SMALL CONTRIBUTION FROM
ZYGOMATIC AND PALATINE BONE

13. In which bone the entrance of the carotid canal is located?

1. TEMPORAL

14. What bone is forming the anterior boundary of the pterygopalatine fossa?
1. MAXILLA

15. What bone is forming the median wall of the pterygopalatine fossa?
1. PALATINE

16. Which is the lateral limit of the pterygopalatine fossa?

1. PTERYGOMAXILLARY FISSURE

17. What bone is forming the posterior wall of the pterygopalatine fossa?
1. SPHENOID
18. What are the boundaries of the pterygopalatine fossa?
1. PALATINE, MAXILLA, SPHENOID

19. What two foramina do we find in the pterigopalatine fossa?

1. FORAMEN ROTUNDUM, PTERYGOID CANAL

20. What part of the frontal bone is in contact with the ethmoid bone?
1. ORBITAL/HORIZONTAL PART

21. What part of the sphenoid bone are forming part of the nasal cavity?
1. MEDIAN PTERYGOID PLATE

22. What part of the ethmoid bone form part of the nasal cavity?
1. INNER SURFACE OF THE LABYRINTH

23. With what articulates the orbital surface of the maxillary bone?
1. LACRIMAL, ORBITAL PLATE OF THE ETHMOID, AND ORBITAL PROCESS OF THE
PALATINE BONE

24. In which bone the uncinate process is located?

1. ETHMOID

25. What two bones form the inferior orbital fissure?

1. SPHENOID AND MAXILLA

26. What structures exits the infraorbital foramen?

1. INFRAORBITAL ARTERY, VEIN AND INFRAORBITAL NERVE

27. In which bone the stylomastoid foramen is located?

1. PETROUS PORTION OF TEMPORAL BONE

28. Which structure connects the pterygopalatine fossa with the orbit?
1. INFERIOR ORBITAL FISSURE

29. Where is the lesser palatine canal found?

1. IN THE PYRAMIDAL PROCESS OF THE PALATINE BONE

30. What bone makes up the roof of the maxillary sinus?

1. (VEDI Q12) ORBITAL SURFACE OF THE MAXILLA WITH SMALL CONTRIBUTION FROM
ZYGOMATIC AND PALATINE BONE

31. Which part of the ethmoid articulates with frontal?

1. CRIBIFORM (HORIZONTAL) PLATE

32. What bones makes up the posterior and inferior part of the nasal septum?
1. VOMER

33. What form the upper portion of the nasal septum?

1. PERPENDICULAR PLATE OF ETHMOID

34. Where we meet the pharyngeal tubercle?

1. BASILAR PART OF THE OCCIPITAL BONE

35. What passes through the zygomaticotemporal foramen?

1. ZYGOMATICOTEMPORAL NERVE AND ZYGOMATICOTEMPORAL VESSELS

36. Where does it end laterally the superior nuchal line?

1. FROM THE OCCIPITAL PROTUBERANCE TOWARDS THE LATERAL ANGLE OF THE
OCCIPITAL BONE
37. In which bone we find the hypoglossal canal?
1. OCCIPITAL

38. What crosses through the superior orbital fissure?

1. CN III, IV, VI, V1 & OPHTALMIC VEIN

39. In which bone we find the infraorbital sulcus?

1. MAXILLA

40. Which bones articulate with vomer?

1. SPHENOID, ETHMOID, MAXILLA, PALATINE

41. Which bones articulate with con lacrimal bone?

1. FRONTAL, ETHMOID, MAXILLA, INFERIOR NASAL CONCHAE

42. Which are the 4 processes of the palatine bone?

1. ZYGOMATIC, ALVEOLAR, FRONTAL, PALATINE

43. What is inserted in the frontal crest?

1. FALX CEREBRA

44. What are the three bones that make the maxillary sinus?
1. INFERIOR NASAL CONCHA AND MAXILA AND PALATINE OR ZYGOMATIC

45. What makes the median wall of the maxillary sinus?

1. MAXILLA, PARTS OF INFERIOR CONCHA & PALATINE BONE

46. What makes the lateral wall of the maxillary sinus?

1. ZYGOMATIC PROCESS

47. What makes the floor and anterior wall of the maxillary sinus?
1. ALVEOLAR PROCESS OF THE MAXILLARY BONE

48. Which bones form the posterior wall of the maxillary sinus?
1. MAXILLA TUBEROSITY & ALVEOLAR CANALS

49. What makes the roof of the maxillary sinus?

1. VEDI Q12

50. Which structure separate the squamous portion and the orbital portion of the frontal bone?
1. SUPRAORBITAL MARGIN

51. In which bone we find the olfactory canal?

1. ETHMOID

52. Where do we find the foramen rotundum and ovale?

1. GREATER WING OF THE SPHENOID

53. Where do we find the pterygoid duct?

1. PTERYGOPALATINE FOSSA

54. Which structures pass through the jugular foramen?

1. CN IX, X, XI AND INTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN

55. Which are the limits of the infratemporal fossa?

VEDI SOTTO

56. What are the limits of the roof of the infratemporal fossa?
1. GREATER WING OF THE SPHENOID, TEMPORAL BONE
57. What are the limits of the lateral wall of the infratemporal fossa?
1. MEDIAN SURFACE OF THE RAMUS OF THE MANDIBLE

58. What makes the limits of the median wall of the infratemporal fossa?
1. LATERAL PLATE OF THE PTERYGOID PROCESS, PHARYNX, TENSOR AND LEVATOR
VELI PALATINI

59. What makes the anterior limit of of the infratemporal fossa?

1. PART OF POSTERIOR SURFACE OF MAXILLA

60. What do we find internally in the basilar portion of the occipital bone?
1. CLIVUS

61. With which bones the frontal process of the maxillary bone articulate?
1. FRONTAL, NASAL, LACRIMAL (ETHMOID?)

62. Which two structures form the inferior limit of the temporal fossa?
1. ZYGOMATIC ARCH AND INFRATEMPORAL CREST OF THE GREATER WING OF
SPHENOID

63. What is the upper margin of the temporal fossa?

1. TEMPORAL LINES

64. What is lateral margin of the temporal fossa?

1. TEMPORAL FASCIA

65. What is the anterior margin of the temporal fossa?

1. POSTERIOR SURFACE OF THE FRONTAL PROCESS AND POSTERIOR SURFACE OF
ZYGOMATIC PROCESS OF FRONTAL BONE

66. What bones form the hard palate?

1. MAXILLA AND PALATINE

67. What three structures we can find in the hard palate?

1. INTERMAXILLARY SUTURE, INCISIVE CANALS, NASOPALATINE FORAMEN

68. In which bone do we find the palatine canal?

1. PALATINE (maxilla and sphenoid if plural)

69. In which bone do we find the greater palatine foramen?

1. PALATINE, HORIZONTAL PART

70. The sphenopalatine canal communicates with?

1. PTERYGOPALATINE FOSSA

71. Which part of the nasal bone is in contact with with the maxillary sinus?
1. POSTERIOR??

72. What passes through the greater palatine foramen?

1. GREATER PALATINE VESSELS AND NERVES

73. What passes through the lesser palatine foramen?

1. LESSER PALATINE VESSELS AND NERVES

74. What passes through the mandibular foramen?

1. INFERIOR ALVEOLAR NERVE, ARTERY AND VEIN

75. Where do we find the nasopalatine groove?

1. VOMER
76. What passes through the nasopalatine groove?
1. NASOPALATINE NERVE V2

77. In which bone we find the temporal crest?

1. ANTERIOR MARGIN OF CORONOID PROCESS

78. Which duct meets in the maxillary and palatine bone?

1. NASOPALATINE DUCT

79. In which part of the temporal bone we find the mandibular fossa?
1. SQUAMOUS PART

80. In which bone we find the posterior clinoid process?

1. SPHENOID

81. Which two processes of the palatine bone form the sphenopalatine foramen?
1. ORBITAL AND SPHENOIDAL PROCESSES

82. Which structures run though the sphenopalatine foramen?

1. SPHENOPALATINE ARTERY, VEIN AND NASOPALATINE NERVE

83. What structures partially close the maxillary hiatus?

1. ETHMOID, PALATINE AND INFERIOR NASAL CONCHAE

84. Which two bones form the jugular canal?

1. TEMPORAL AND OCCIPITAL

85. With which three bones the frontal process of the maxilla bone articulates?
1. LACRIMAL, FRONTAL, NASAL

86. Which parts of the sphenoids form the nasal cavity?

1. PTERYGOID PROCESS

87. What passes through the foramen lacerum?

1. INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY, ARTERY AND NERVE OF PTERYGOID CANAL (GREATER
JOIN THE LESSER PETROSAL NERVE)

88. With what articulates the the orbital process of the palatine bone?
1. MAXILLA, ETHMOID & SPHENOID

89. Which bones form the nasolacrimal duct?

1. INFERIOR NASAL CONCHA & MAXILLA

90. Which bones forM the nasopalatine duct?

1. THROUGH THE MAXILLARY BONE

91. Where do we find the articular tubercle?

1. SQUAMOUS PART OF TEMPORAL BONE

92. Which part of the frontal bone is in contact with nasal bone?
1. ORBITAL/HORIZONTAL PART

93. The palatovaginal duct communicates with what …

1. NASOPHARYNX

94. Which are the cranial sutures?

1. CORONAL, SAGITTAL AND LAMBDOIDAL

95. Which are the most important canals in the superior part of the pterygoid process?
1. FORAMEN ROTUNDUM & PTERYGOID CANAL
96. In which bone we find the infraorbital groove?
1. MAXILLARY

97. Which structure divides the lateropharyngeal space in two portions?

1. STYLOID PROCESS

98. With which three bones does the orbital process of the palatine bone articulate?
1. SPHENOID, ETHMOID, MAXILLA

99. Which structure go through the optic canal?

1. OPTIC NERVE AND OPHTALMIC ARTERY

[Link] structure go through the foramen rotundum?

1. MAXILLARY NERVE

[Link] structure pass through the foramen spinosum?

1. MIDDLE MENINGEAL ARTERY & MENINGEAL BRANCH OF MANDIBULAR NERVE

[Link] structures ho through the superior orbital fissures?

1. CN III, IV, VI, branches of V1 AND OPHTALMIC VEIN

[Link] forms the sphenopalatine notch?

1. ORBITAL AND SPHENOIDAL PROCESSES

[Link] structures passes through the sphenopalatine notch?

1. SPHENOPALATINE ARTERY AND VEIN, POSTERIOR SUPERIOR LATERAL NASAL
NERVE, NASOPALATINE NERVE

105. What connects the maxillary sinus to the nasal cavity?

1. MAXILLARY HIATUS?

[Link] bones form the foramen lacerum?

1. SPHENOID, TEMPORAL, OCCIPITAL

[Link] bony structure connects the pterygopalatine fossa with the oral cavity?
1. GREATER PALATINE FORAMEN

108. Which bones form the floor of the nasal cavity (= hard palate)?
1. MAXILLA, PALATINE

[Link] is the anterior bony boundary of the cavernous sinus?

1. SUPERIOR ORBITAL FISSURE

[Link] is the posterior boundary of the cavernous sinus?

1. PETROUS PORTION OF TEMPORAL BONE

[Link] is the medial boundary of the cavernous sinus?

1. BODY OF SPHENOID

112. What two canals connect the orbit with the nasal cavity?
1. ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR ETHMOIDAL CANALS

[Link] bone articulates with the pterygoid fissure?

1. PALATINE (THE PYRAMIDAL PROCESS OF IT)

114. Which bony openings communicate the cavernous sinus with the pterygoid plexus?
1. FORAMEN LACERUM AND OVALE
[Link] structures passes through the cavernous sinus?
1. CN 3, 4, 6, V1, V2 AND INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY

116. Which portion of the nasal cavity contains the olfactory cells?
1. CRIBIFORM PLATE

[Link] part of the ethoimd bone articulates with the maxillary hiatus?
1. UNCINATE PROCESS

118. The mylohyoid line is superior to…

1. MYLOHYOID GROOVE

[Link] do we find the trigeminal ganglion?

1. PETROUS PORTION OF TEMPORAL BONE (IN THE TRIGEMINAL CAVE)

120. Which structures passes through the inferior orbital fissure?

1. ZYGOMATIC BRANCH OF MAXILLARY NERVE

121. Which structure enters the carotid canal?

1. INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY

122. What exits the supraorbital foramen?

1. SUPRAORBITAL NERVE, ARTERY AND VEIN

[Link] bones we find in deep portion of the buccal region?

1. ZYGOMATIC (LATERAL SIDE), MAXILLA (ZYGOMATIC AND ALVEOLAR PROCESS),
MANDIBLE (LATERAL SIDE OF THE BODY)

[Link] which bone is located the entrance of the carotid canal is located?
1. SPHENOID BONE
 MUSCLES OPEN QUESTIONS

1. In which portion of the maxilla inserts the superficial head of the medial pterygoid muscle?
1. POSTERIOR SIDE OF MAXILLA TUBEROSITY (THEN TO THE Medial side of the angle and
the lower portion of the ramus of the mandible)

2. In which part of the zygomatic arch inserts the deep head of the masseter muscle?
1. MEDIAL SIDE (THEN TO THE Lateral side of the coronoid process and the ramus,
superior to the medium portion)

3. In which part of the zygomatic arch inserts the superficial head of the masseter muscle?
1. ANTERIOR PART OF THE LOWER EDGE (THEN TO Inferior area of the lateral side of the
ramus and the angle of the mandible)

4. In which part of the zygomatic arch inserts the meddle head of the masseter muscle?
1. AROUND THE LOWER EDGE (THEN TO Lateral side of the ramus, superior the superficial
portion)

5. Which muscle inserts in the canine fossa?

1. LEVATOR ANGULI ORIS

6. Where inserts the zygomaticus major muscle?

1. LATERAL SIDE OF THE ZYGOMATIC BONE TO UPPER LIP

7. Where inserts the zygomaticus minor muscle?

1. ANTERIOR SIDE OF THE ZYGOMATIC BONE TO UPPER LIP

8. Which muscle inserts in the superior mental spine?

1. GENIOGLOSSUS (THEN TO dorsum and tip of the tongue and superior border of hyoid
bone)

9. Which muscle inserts in the inferior mental spine?

1. GENIOHYOID (THEN TO Anterior side of the body of the hyoid bone)

10. Which muscle inserts on the pterygoid fossa / pterygoid process?

1. LATERAL PTERYGOID MUSCLE (THEN TO neck of the mandible)

11. Which muscles inserts in the in the pterygoid process?

1. BOTH MEDIAL AND LATERAL PTERYGOID

12. Which muscle inserts in the auditory tube?

1. SALPINGOPHARYNGEOUS (THEN TO Lateral wall of the pharynx)

13. What two muscles inserts in the oblique line?

1. DEPRESSOR ANGULI ORIS THEN TO the skin of oral commisure) DEPRESSOR LABII
INFERIORIS (THEN TO skin of lower lip)

14. Where inserts the risorius muscle?

1. MASSETERIC FASCIA TO ORAL COMMISURE

15. Which muscle is inserted in the masseteric fascia?

1. RISORIUS

16. In which part of the mandible is inserted the medial pterygoid muscle?
1. MIDDLE SIDE OF THE ANGLE OF THE MANDIBLE

17. On which portion of the mandible, the lateral pterygoid muscle is inserted?
1. NECK OF THE MANDIBLE
18. Which muscle divides the floor of the mouth in two regions?
1. MYLOHYOID

19. Which muscles form the floor of the mouth?

1. MYLOHYOID

20. Which muscle is inserted in the palatine aponeurosis?

1. MUSCULUS UVULAE (also from posterior nasal spine to the uvula);
PALATOPHARYNGEOUS (also from hamulus to the thyroid cartilage and pharynx);
TENSOR VELI PALATINE (ENDS IN THE APONEUROSIS from inferior side of greater wing)

21. Which are the muscles that control the soft palate?
1. PALATOGLOSSUS (THEN TO the tip of the tongue); LEVATOR VELI PALATINI (is inserted
in the soft palate from the inferior side of petrous portion of temporal bone)

22. Which pharyngeal muscle is inserted in the hyoid bone?

1. MIDDLE CONSTRICTOR OF THE PHARYNX (THEN TO contralateral muscle fibers)

23. Which muscle is inserted in the infraorbital border?

1. LEVATOR LABII SUPERIORIS (THEN TO Skin of the angle of the mouth)

24. Which muscle separates the sublingual from the submandibular space?
1. MYLOHYOID

25. Which three muscles inserts in the styloid process?

1. STYLOPHARYNGEOUS (THEN TO Epiglottis, thyroid cartilage and cricoid cartilage);
STYLOGLOSSUS (THEN to the tip of the tongue); (((STYLOHYOID)))

26. Which muscle does the superficial cervical fascia contain?

1. PLATISMA

27. Which facial muscle inserts in the pterigomandibular raphe?

1. BUCCINATOR (THEN TO skin of oral commisure)

28. Which two muscles are inserted in the pterygomandibular raphe?

1. BUCCINATOR AND SUPERIOR CONSTRICTOR OF THE PHARYNX

29. Which muscle is inserted in the posterior nasal spine?

1. MUSCULUS UVULAE (THEN to uvula)

30. Which muscle inserted on the maxillary tuberosity?

1. SUPERFICIAL HEAD OF MEDIAL PTERYGOID

31. What two muscles are inserted in the coronoid process?

1. DEEP PORTION OF MASSETER AND TEMPORALIS

32. Which muscle is inserted in the medial side of the coronoid process?
1. TEMPORALIS

33. In which part of the mandible is inserted the stylomandibular ligament?

1. ANGLE OF POSTERO-MEDIAL PART OF THE MANDIBLE

34. Which two muscles are inserted in the infratemporal crest?

1. TEMPORALIS AND UPPER HEAD OF LATERAL PTERYGOID

35. Which two muscles form part of the medial wall of the infratemporal fossa?
1. (((tensor and levator veli palatini)))
36. Which muscles are forming the floor of the digastric/submandiblular triangle?
1. MYLOHYOID AND HYOGLOSSUS

37. Which muscle elevates the mandible?

1. MASSETER

38. Which muscle elevates and retracts the mandible?

1. TEMPORALIS

39. Which muscle moves forward, downward and laterally the mandible?
1. LATERAL PTERYGOID

40. Which muscle elevates, move forward and laterally the mandible?
1. MEDIAL PTERYGOID

41. Which muscle elevates the floor of the mouth, the hyoid bone or descend the jaw?
1. GENIOHYOID and MYLOHYOID

42. Which muscle elevate the hyoid bone or descend the jaw?
1. ANTERIOR BELLY OF DIGASTRIC

43. What covers the superior temporal line and the zygomatic arch?
1. TEMPORAL FASCIA

44. What covers the zygomatic arch, posterior and inferior borders of the mandible and anterior
edge of the coronoid process?
1. MASSETERIC FASCIA

45. What fascia is located between the medial and lateral pterygoid muscles?
1. INTERPTERYGOID FASCIA

46. Which muscles perform opening and closing during mastication?

1. TO DESCEND THE MANDIBLE INITIALLY THE LATERAL PTERYGOID, LATER THE
DIGASTRIC, GENIOHYOID, MYLOHYOID. TO PERFORM ELEVATION MASSETER,
TEMPORALIS AND MEDIAL PTERYGOID

47. Which muscles perform protrusion and retrusion?

1. PROTRUSION ARE LATERAL AND MEDIAL PTERYGOID AND MASSETER. FOR
RETRUSION THE TEMPORALIS AND SUPRAHYOID

48. Which muscles perform lateral movements?

1. LATERAL PTERYGOID AND TEMPORALIS ON SAME SIDE, MEDIAL PTERYGOID AND
MASSETER AS CONTRALATERAL

49. What are the intrinsic muscles of the tongue?

1. LONGITUDINAL, VERTICAL, TRANSVERSE

50. What are the extrinsic muscles of the tongue?

1. GENIOGLOSSUS, HYOGLOSSUS, STYLOGLOSSUS, PALATOGLOSSUS,
AMIGDALOGLOSSUS, GLOSSOPAHRYNGEAL PORTION OF SUPERIOR CONSTRICTOR
OF THE PHARYNX

51. Which are the muscles that control the pharyngeal plexus?
1. PALATOPHARYNGEUS, SUPERIOR, MEDIUM AND INFERIOR CONSTRICTOR OF
PHARYNX, SALPINGOPHARYNGEOUS

52. Which muscle is located between the two lobes of the submandibular gland?
1. MYLOHYOID
53. Which muscle is inserted on the articular disc of TMJ?
1. LATERAL PTERYGOID

54. Which muscle could be flat and elongated?

1. PALATOGLOSSUS

55. Which muscle can have and inferior, middle, and superior head?
1. CONSTRICTOR OF PHARYNX

56. Which muscle descend the soft palate?

1. PALATOGLOSSUS

57. What are the intrinsic muscles of the ear?

1. TRAGUS, ANTITRAGUS, HELIX

58. What are the extrinsic muscles of the ear?

1. ARTICULARIS ANTERIOR, SUPERIOR, POSTERIOR

59. What is the function of the auricularis anterior?

1. PULLS TOWARDS THE EAR

60. What is the function of the auricularis superior?

1. PULLS UPWARDS THE EAR

61. What is the function of the auricularis posterior?

1. PULLS BACKWARDS THE EAR

62. What are the intrinsic muscles of the nose?

1. TRANSVERSE PORTION OF NASALIS, ALAR PORTION OF NASALIS, DEPRESSOR SEPTI
NASI

63. What is the function of the transverse portion of nasalis?

1. DILATES THE NOSTRILS

64. What is the function of the alar portion of nasalis?

1. MOVES LATERALLY THE NOSE AND DILATES THE NOSTRILS

65. What is the function of the depressor nasalis?

1. DESCEND THE WING OF THE NOSE, NARROWING NOSTRILS

66. What is the function of the longitudinal intrinsic lingual muscles?

1. DEPRESSES AND SHORTENS THE TONGUE

67. What is the function of the vertical intrinsic muscle?

1. DEPRESSES AND RETRACTS THE TONGUE

68. What is the function of the transverse intrinsic lingual muscle?

1. ELONGATE AND NARROW THE TONGUE

69. What is the function of the genioglossus?

1. RETRACTS THE TONGUE

70. What is the function of the hyoglossus?

1. RETRACTS THE TONGUE AND FLOOR OF THE MOUTH

71. What is the function of the styloglossus?

1. ENLARGES AND RETRACTS THE TONGUE TO THE PALATE

72. What is the function of the palatoglossus?

1. RETRACTS THE TONGUE TO THE PALATE
73. What is the function of the amygdaloglossus?
1. RAISES THE BASE OF THE TONGUE

74. What is the function of the glossopharyngeal portion of the superior constrictor of the
pharynx?
1. RETRACTS THE TONGUE

75. What is the function of the occipitofrontalis?

1. PULL SCALP POSTERIORLY

76. What is the function of the procerus?

1. DESCEND THE SKIN OF THE FROWN

77. What is the function of the orbicularis oculi?

1. CLOSES THE EYE

78. What is the function of the corrugator supracili?

1. DESCEND THE EYEBROW AND CONTRACTS THE FROWN

79. What is the function of the levator labii superioris?

1. PULL UPWARD THE UPPER LIP

80. What is the function of the levator labii superioris alaeque nasi?
1. PULL UPWARD THE UPPER LIP AND THE NASAL WING

81. What is the function of the levator anguli oris?

1. ELEVATE COMMISURE OF LOWER LIP

82. What is the function of the zygomaticus minor?

1. PULL UPWARD AND LATERALLY THE UPPER LIP

83. What is the function of the zygomaticus major?

1. PULL UPWARD AND LATERALLY THE UPPER LIP

84. What is the function of the buccinator?

1. COMPRESS THE ORAL VESTIBULE FOR BLOWING, WHISTLING …

85. What is the function of the risorius?

1. PULL BACKWARD THE ORAL COMMISURE

86. What is the function of the depressor anguli oris?

1. PULL DOWNWARD THE ORAL COMMISURE

87. What is the function of the depressor anguli oris?

1. PULL DOWN THE LOWER LIP

88. What is the function of the mentalis?

1. ELEVATES THE CHIN AND LOWER LIP

89. What is the function of the platysma?

1. PULL DOWNWARD THE ORAL COMMISURE AND THE SKIN OF THE CHIN

90. What is the function of the orbicularis oris?

1. CLOSES THE LIPS

91. What is the function of the compressor labii?

1. COMPRESSES THE LIPS
92. What is the function of the musculus uvulae?
1. RETRACT THE UVULA

93. What is the function of the levator veli palatini?

1. ELEVATE THE SOFT PALATE

94. What is the function of the tensor veli palatini?

1. TENSES THE SOFT PALATE

95. What is the function of the palatoglossus?

1. DESCEND THE SOFT PALATE, ELEVATE THE TONGUE

96. What is the function of the palatopharyngeus?

1. DESCEND THE SOFT PALATE AND ELEVATE THE PHARYNX

97. What is the function of the superior, medium and inferior constrictor of the pharynx?
1. NARROW THE PHARYNX

98. What is the function of the stylopharyngeus?

1. ELEVATE PHARYNX AND LARYNX

99. What is the function of the salpingopharyngeus?

1. ELEVATES THE PHARYNX AND OPENS THE AUDITORY TUBE

[Link] the two groups of extrinsic fibers of orbicularis oris (marginal portion)?
1. FIBERS FROM THE DEPRESSOR ANGULI ORIS AND BUCCINATOR MUSCLES THAT
INSERT IN THE UPPER LIP; FIBERS FROM THE LEVATOR ANGULI ORIS AND
BUCCINATOR MUSCLES THAT INSERT IN THE LOWER LIP

[Link] the two intrinsic fibers of the orbicularis oris (marginal portion)?
1. SUPERIOR INCISIVE MUSCLES FROM THE BORDER OF THE SUPERIOR INCISIVE
FOSSA TO THE SKIN AND MUCOSA OF THE LABIAL COMMISURE; INFERIOR INCISIVE
MUSCLES FROM THE INFERIOR CANINE EMINENCE TO THE SKIN AND MUCOSA OF
THE LABIAL COMMISURE

[Link] the labial portion of the orbicularis oris?

1. THE FIBERS ARE INSERTED ALONG THE FREE EDGE OF THE UPPER AND LOWER
LIPS, AND RUN TO THE SKIN AND MUCOSA OF THE ORAL COMMISURE

[Link] muscle inserts into the mastoid notch of the temporal bone?
1. ANTERIOR BELLY OF DIGASTRIC

[Link] are the supra hyoid muscles?

1. MYLOHYOID, GENIOHYOID, ANTERIOR BELLY OF DIGASTRIC (((STYLOHYOID)))

[Link] of the procerus muscle?

1. NASAL BONE TO SKIN OF THE FROWN

[Link] of the levator anguli oris?

1. CANINE FOSSA TO SKIN OF THE ANGLE OF THE MOUTH

[Link] muscles build the pharynx?

1. CONSTRICTORS OF PHARYNX, PALATOPHARYNGEOUS, STYLOPHARYNGEOUS AND
SALPINGOPHARYNGEOUS

[Link] muscles inserts in the incisive fossa?

1. DEPRESSOR SEPTI NASI

[Link] structure define the limit of the anterior and posterior part of the tongue?
1. SULCUS TERMINALIS
[Link] limit of buccinator muscle?
1. PTERYGOMANDIBULAR RAPHE AND ALVEOLAR PROCESS (THEN to the skin of oral
commisure)

111. Which structure divides the lateropharyngeal space in two portions?

1. STYLOID DIAPHRAGM

112. Which muscles inserts in the upper surface of the palatine aponeurosis?
1. PALATOPHARYNGEOUS, ELEVATOR OF SOFT PALATE AND MUSCULUS UVULAE

[Link] muscles form the first muscular layer of the buccal region?
1. LEVATOR LABII SUPERIORIS ALEQUE NASI, ZYGOMATICUS MAJOR AND MINOR,
DEPRESSOR ANGULI ORIS, SOME FASCICLES OF THE PLATYSMA

[Link] muscles form the second muscular layer of the buccal region?
1. LEVATOR LABII SUPERIORIS, LEVATOR ANGULI ORIS, BUCCINATOR, DEPRESSOR
LABII INFERIORIS MUSCLES

[Link] muscle divide the floor of the mouth in two regions?

1. MYLOHYOID MUSCLE

[Link] are located the vocalis muscles?

1. IN THE VOCAL FOLDS

[Link] muscles we find in the posterior triangle?

1. OMOHYOID, SPLENIUS CAPITIS, SCALENES, TRAPEZIUS, STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID
(STERNAL AND CLAVICULAR HEADS)

[Link] muscle has a diamond shape?

1. TRAPEZIUS

[Link] is sternocleidomastoid attached inferiorly?

1. BY TWO HEADS

[Link] are the two heads of the sternocleidomastoid?

1. MEDIAL OR STERNAL AND LATERAL OR CLAVICULAR

[Link] is the sternocleidomastoid inserted superiorly?

1. BY A STRONG TENDON AND BY A THIN APONEUROSIS
 ANS OPEN QUESTIONS

BRAIN

1. What are the three layers of the meninges?

1. DURA MATER, ARACHNOID AND PIA MATER

2. Which three extensions features the dura mater?

1. FALX CEREBRI, FALX CEREBELLI, TENTORIUM CEREBELLI

3. What kind of tissue composes the dura mater?

1. FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE

4. What is the function of the falx cerebri?

1. SEPARATES THE TWO CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE

5. What is the function of the falx cerebelli?

1. SEPARATES THE TWO CEREBELLAR HEMISPHERE

6. What is the function of the tentorium cerebelli?

1. SEPARATES CEREBRUM AND CEREBELLUM

7. Which meningeal layer is not vascularized?

1. ARACHNOID

8. What is the function of the arachnoid villi?

1. REABSORB THE CSF INTO THE BLOODSTREAM

9. Where does the CSF circulate?

1. IN THE SUBARACHNOID SPACE

10. What produces the CSF?

1. THE CHOROID PLEXUS IN THE PIA MATER

11. How many lateral ventricles we have?

1. TWO, HEACH OF THEM IN A CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE

12. Where is located the third ventricle?

1. IN THE MIDLINE BETWEEN THE TWO HALVES OF THE THALAMUS, SUPERIORLY TO
THE HYPOTHALAMUS

13. Where is located the fourth ventricle?

1. BETWEEN THE BRAINSTEM AND THE CEREBELLUM

14. What connects the third to the fourth ventricle?

1. SILVIO AQUEDUCT

15. What part of the brain stem contain the nerve center for proprioception and touch?
1. MEDULLA OBLONGATA

16. Where do we find the pyramids?

1. MEDULLA OBLONGATA

17. Where do we find the decussation of pyramids?

1. MEDULLA OBLONGATA

18. What do we find laterally to each pyramid?

1. OLIVE
19. Where do we find the inferior olivary nuclei?
1. MEDULLA OBLONGATA

20. What is the function of the olivary nuclei?

1. RECEIVE SENSATIONS FROM THE PROPRIOCEPTORS AND COLLABORATE WITH THE
CEREBELLUM TO COORDINATE VOLUNTARY MOVEMENTS

21. Where do we find the cardiovascular center?

1. MEDULLA OBLONGATA

22. What is the function of the bulbar rhythmicity area?

1. BREATHING

23. What is the function of the inferior olivary nuclei?

1. PROPRIOCEPTION

24. What is the function of the gracile nucleus and cuneiform nucleus?
1. TOUCH

25. With which five cranial nerves is associated the medulla oblongata?
1. 8 TO 12

26. Where are located the pons?

1. ABOVE MEDULLA OBLONGATA AND BELOW MIDBRAIN

27. What is function of pons?

1. CONNECTS THE TWO CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE TOGETHER AND PRESENTS
ASCENDING AND DESCENDING TRACTS THAT CONNECT THE REST OF THE BRAIN
WITH THE SPINAL CORD

28. What is the function of the pontine nuclei?

1. TRANSMISSION OF VOLUNTARY MOVEMENTS

29. What is the function of the pneumotaxic center?

1. RESPIRATION

30. With which four cranial nerves is associated the pons?

1. 5 TO 8

31. Which is the highest part of the brainstem?

1. MIDBRAIN

32. Where is the midbrain located?

1. BETWEEN PONS AND DIENCEPHALON

33. What structure crosses the midbrain?

1. MIDBRAIN AQUEDUCT

34. What is the function of the midbrain?

1. INTERCONNECTS DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE BRAIN: HAS CENTERS RELATED TO
SIGHT AND HEARING

35. What is called the back side of the midbrain?

1. TEGMENTUM

36. What do we find in the tegmentum?

1. TUBERS QUADRIGEMINA

37. Where do we find the substantia nigra?

1. MIDBRAIN
38. Where do we find the red substance?
1. MIDBRAIN

39. What part of the midbrain is responsible for sight / vision?

1. SUPERIOR TUBERS QUADRIGEMINA

40. What part of the midbrain is responsible for ear / hearing?

1. INFERIOR TUBERS QUADRIGEMINA

41. What is the function of substantia nigra and red nuclei?

1. SUBCONSCIOUS MUSCLE ACTIVITY AND MUSCLE COORDINATION

42. Which two cranial nerves are associated with the midbrain?
1. 3 AND 4

43. Where is located the cerebellum?

1. IN THE LOWER AND BACK PART OF THE BRAIN

44. What structure joins the two cerebellum hemisphere together?

1. VERMIS

45. What is the superior lobe of the cerebellum?

1. ANTERIOR

46. What is the medium lobe of the cerebellum?

1. POSTERIOR

47. What is the lower lobe of the cerebellum?

1. FLOCCULUS

48. What structure links the cerebellum to the brain stem?

1. CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLES

49. Where do we find the gray matter?

1. IN THE CORTEX OF THE CEREBELLUM

50. Where do we find the white matter?

1. IN THE NUCLEUS

51. What is the function of the cerebellum?

1. COORDINATION OF FINE AND COMPLEX MOVEMENTS, LEARNING AND LANGUAGE,
CONTROLS BALANCE AND POSTURE

52. What is the function of the anterior and posterior lobes?

1. SUBCONSCIOUS CONTROL OF VOLUNTARY MOVEMENTS

53. What is the function of flocculus (lower lobe)?

1. BALANCE AND POSTURE

54. What is the function of the deep cerebellar nuclei?

1. RECEIVE FIBERS FROM DIFFERENT PART OF CEREBELLUM AND BRAIN

55. What is the function of the superior cerebellar peduncle?

1. THEY ARE CONNECTED WITH RED NUCLEI

56. What is the function of the media cerebellar peduncles?

1. COORDINATE VOLUNTARY MOVEMENTS
57. What is the function of the inferior cerebellar peduncles?
1. RECEIVE SENSORY FIBERS OF THE INNER EAR (BALANCE)

58. Where is located the hypothalamus?

1. BELOW THE THALAMUS

59. Where is located the mamillary region?

1. POSTERIOR REGION OF HYPOTHALAMUS

60. What is the function of the mammillary tubers?

1. RELATED TO SENSE OF SMELL

61. Where is the tuberal region?

1. IN THE INFUNDIBULUM OF HYPOTHALAMUS

62. What is the function of the infundibulum?

1. CONNECT THE HYPOTHALAMUS WITH THE PITUITARY GLAND

63. Where is located the supraoptica region?

1. IN THE OPTIC CHIASM OF HYPOTHALAMUS

64. Where is located the preoptic region?

1. IN THE ANTERIOR ZONE OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS

65. What is the function of the hypothalamus?

1. CONTROL HEART RATE, GI TRACT, BODY TEMPERATURE …

66. What control the emotional pattern?

1. LYMBIC SYSTEM WITH HYPOTHALAMUS

67. What regulates hunger and thirst?

1. HYPOTHALAMUS

68. What establish the patterns for sleep and wakefulness?

1. HYPOTHALAMUS WITH PITUITARY GLAND

69. What joins the two parts of the thalamus?

1. THE GRAY INTERTHALAMIC COMMISSURE

70. What is the function of the thalamus?

1. CONNECTS CEREBRAL CORTEX WITH OTHER AREAS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM:
TRANSMISSION OF SENSORY IMPULSES AND COORDINATION MOVEMENTS;
INVOLVED IN LEARNING, MEMORY, EMOTIONS, CONSCIOUSNESS AND AWAKENING

71. Where is located the epithalamus?

1. POSTERIOR TO THE THALAMUS BETWEEN THALAMUS AND CEREBELLUM

72. What are the two nerves centers of the epithalamus?

1. PINEAL GLAND AND HABENULA

73. What is the function of the pineal gland?

1. PRODUCES MELATONIN

74. What is the function of the habenula?

1. RELATED TO SMELL AND ASSOCIATED WITH EMOTIONAL RESPONSES

75. What joins the two hemispheres of the cerebrum?

1. CORPUS CALLOSUM
76. What is the function of basal ganglia?
1. SUBCONSCIOUS MUSCLE ACTIVITY AND COORDINATION MOVEMENTS

77. What are three main centers of the basal ganglia?

1. PUTAMEN AND GLOBUS PALLIDUS (LOCATED LATERALLY TO THE THALAMUS) AND
THE CAUDATE NUCLEUS (LARGER, SURROUNDING SUPERIORLY TO THE THALAMUS)

78. What is the function of the lambic system?

1. CONTROL EMOTIONS AND IS INVOLVED IN SMELL AND MEMORY

79. What are the nuclei of the limbic system?

1. HIPPOCAMPUS AND AMYGDALA (FORNYX)

80. What is the function of the sensitive area of the cerebral cortex?
1. SOMATOSENSITIVE, VISUAL, AUDITORY, GUSTATORY, AND OLFACTORY

81. What is the function of the motor area of the cerebral cortex?
1. MOVEMENTS OF SKELETAL MUSCLES AND LANGUAGE AREA

82. What is the function of the associative area of the cerebral cortex?
1. MOTOR AREA AND SENSORY AREA ARE RELATED, AND CONNECTED WITH OTHER
PARTS OF THE CNS
 ANS OPEN QUESTIONS (NERVES)

CRANIAL NERVES

1. What is the real origin of the cranial nerves?

1. NUCLEUS OF GREY SUBSTANCE (EXCEPT 1,3,8 OUTSIDE THE BRAIN)

2. What is the apparent origin of the cranial nerves?

1. AREA OF ATTACHMENT TO THE SURFACE OF THE BRAINSTEM (SUPERFICIAL ORIGIN)

3. What are the sensory nerves?

1. 1; 2; 8

4. What are the motor nerves?

1. 3; 4; 6; 11; 12

5. What are the mixed nerves?

1. 5 (BUT MAINLY SENSORY); 7 (BUT MAINLY MOTOR); 9; 10

6. Where do we find the olfactory cells?

1. CN 1

7. What is the origin of the olfactory nerve (cn 1)?

1. OLFACTORY CELLS

8. Which nerve passes through the cribriform plate?

1. CN 1

9. Which nerve have special sense of smell and olfaction?

1. CN 1

10. Which is the origin of the optic nerve (cn 2)?

1. GANGLIONIC CELLS OF RETINA

11. Which nerve passes through the optic canal?

1. CN 2

12. Where do we find a partial decussation of the optic nerve?

1. IN THE OPTIC CHIASM

13. What is the function of the optic nerve?

1. TRANSMIT VISUAL INFORMATIONS FROM RETINA TO THE BRAIN

14. What is the origin of the oculomotor nerve (cn 3)?

1. OCULOMOTOR SULCUS (MEDIAL SIDE OF CEREBRAL PEDUNCLES)

15. What is the function of the superior division of cn 3?

1. INNERVATE SUPERIOR RECTUS AND LEVATOR PALPEBRAE SUPERIORIS (ON THEIR
DEEP SURFACES)

16. What is the function of the inferior division of cn 3?

1. INNERVATE MEDIAL RECTUS, INFERIOR RECTUS MUSCLES (OCULAR SURFACE),
INFERIOR OBLIQUE MUSCLE (POSTERIOR SURFACE)

17. What innervates the short ciliary nerve (parasympathetic fibers)?

1. CILIARY MUSCLES AND CONSTRICTOR PUPILLAE
18. What is the origin of the trochlear nerve (cn 4)?
1. INFERIOR COLLICULUS (DORSAL SURFACE OF BRAINSTEM)

19. What innervates the cn 4?

1. SUPERIOR OBLIQUE MUSCLE

20. Which is the only nerve that exits from the dorsal surface of the brain?
1. CN 4

21. Which is the only nerve which fibers decussate?

1. CN 4

22. Which is the nerve with the longest intracranial course?

1. CN 4

23. Where do we find the trigeminal ganglion?

1. PETROUS PORTION OF TEMPORAL BONE (IN THE TRIGEMINAL CAVE)

24. What is the origin of the abducens nerve (cn 6)?

1. LOWER BORDER OF PONS JUST ABOVE THE PYRAMIDS OF MEDULLA

25. What innervates the lateral rectus muscle?

1. CN 6 (ONLY SOMATIC MOTOR COMPONENT)

26. What is the intermediate nerve?

1. THE SENSORY ROOT OF THE FACIAL NERVE

27. Which nerve exits the posterior cranial fossa through the internal acoustic meatus?
1. CN 7

28. Which nerve emerges through the stylomastoid foramen?

1. CN 7

29. Which nerve divides in terminal branches inside the parotid gland?
1. CN 7

30. What is the origin of the cochlear part of the vestibulocochlear nerve (cn 8)?
1. SPIRAL GANGLION (GANGLION OF CORTI)

31. What is the function of the cochlear part of cn 8?

1. HEARING

32. What is the origin of the vestibular part of the vestibulocochlear nerve (cn 8)?
1. VESTIBULAR GANGLION IN THE INTERNAL ACOUSTIC MEATUS (GANGLION OF
SCARPA)

33. What is the function of the vestibular part of cn 8?

1. BALANCE

34. What is the origin of the glossopharyngeal nerve (cn 9)?

1. FROM BRAINSTEM BETWEEN OLIVE AND CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLES AND EXITS VIA
JUGULAR FORAMEN

35. Which nerve innervates the stylopharyngeus muscle?

1. CN 9 (MOTOR FIBERS)

36. Which nerve supply the constrictors of pharynx?

1. CN 9
37. Which sensory information provides cn 9?
1. SENSORY INFORMATION FROM THE SKIN OF THE EXTERNAL EAR, INTERNAL
SURFACE OF TYMPANIC MEMBRANES AND THE WALLS OF THE UPPER PHARYNX

38. Which fibers of cn 9 innervate the parotid gland?

1. PARASYMPATHETIC FIBERS

39. Which branch of cn 9 synapses in the otic ganglion?

1. LESSER PETROSAL NERVE

40. Which fibers innervate the parotid gland?

1. FIBERS FROM OTIC GANGLION WITH CN 3

41. Which nerves form the pharyngeal plexus?

1. CN 9 AND CN 10

42. What is the origin of the vagus nerve (cn 10)?

1. UNITE AND LEAVE THE JUGULAR FORAMEN

43. Which nerve innervates all constrictors of pharynx?

1. CN 10 (MOTOR BRACH)

44. Which nerve innervates the palatoglossus?

1. CN 10

45. Which nerve innervates the muscles of soft palate?

1. CN 10 (PHARYNGEAL BRANCH) (AND CN 5???) (EXCEPT TENSOR VELI PALATINI)

46. Where does the superior laryngeal nerve divides into internal and external branches?
1. JUST ABOVE THE SUPERIOR HORN OF THE HYOID BONE

47. What innervates the external branch of vagus nerve?

1. INFERIOR CONSTRICTORS OF PHARYNX AND CRICOTHYROID MUSCLES

48. What innervates the internal branch of the vagus nerve?

1. LARYNGEAL CAVITY DOWN TO THE LEVEL OF VOCAL FOLDS

49. What innervates the recurrent laryngeal nerve?

1. ALL INTRINSIC MUSCLES OF THE LARYNX EXCEPT CRICOTHYROID (FOUND BELOW
VOCAL FOLDS)

50. Which part of cn 10 provides sensation from the skin of the back of the ear and external
auditory meatus?
1. GENERAL SENSORY PART

51. Which part of cn 10 provides taste sensation from the epiglottic region?
1. SPECIAL SENSORY PART

52. Which part of cn 10 innervates smooth muscles, glands of pharynx, carotid body and organs
of thorax and abdomen?
1. PARASYMPATHETIC PART / INNERVATION

53. What innervates the nasopharynx?

1. PHARYNGEAL BRANCH OF MAXILLARY NERVE (V2)

54. What innervates the oropharynx?

1. CN 9 VIA PHARYNGEAL PLEXUS

55. What innervates the laryngopharynx?

1. CN 10
56. What is the origin of the accessory nerve (cn 11)?
1. FROM MEDULLA

57. What innervates the cranial root of the accessory nerve?

1. SEVERAL MUSCLES OF LARYNX AND PHARYNX

58. What innervates the spinal root of the accessory nerve?

1. TRAPEZIUS AND STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID

59. What is the origin of the hypoglossal nerve (cn 12)?

1. BRAINSTEM AND EXITS VIA HYPOGLOSSAL CANAL

60. What innervates cn 12?

1. ALL THE INTRINSIC AND MOST OF THE EXTRINSIC MUSCLES OF THE TONGUE

61. Which part of the cn 12 joins the cervical plexus to form a loop (ansa cervicalis or ansa
hypoglossi)?
1. DESCENDING RAMUS

62. What innervates the ansa cervicalis?

1. SOME INFRAHYOID MUSCLES (STERNOHYOID, STERNOTHYROID AND OMOHYOID
MUSCLES)

63. Which are the communication of cn 12?

1. LINGUAL NERVE AND FIRST AND SECOND CERVICAL NERVES (ANSA CERVICALIS)

64. Which nerve innervates the masseter?

1. V3

65. Which nerve innervates the temporalis?

1. V3

66. Which nerve innervates the lateral pterygoid?

1. V3

67. Which nerve innervates the medial pterygoid?

1. V3

68. Which nerve innervates the mylohyoid?

1. V3

69. Which nerve innervates the anterior belt of digastric?

1. V3

70. Which nerve innervates the geniohyoid?

1. C1 VIA CN 12

71. Which nerve innervates the intrinsic lingual muscles?

1. CN 12

72. Which nerve innervates the extrinsic lingual muscles except the palatoglossus?
1. CN 12

73. Which nerve innervates the palatoglossus?

1. CN 10

74. Which nerve innervates all the facial muscles?

1. CN 7
75. Which nerve innervates the musculus uvulae?
1. CN 10

76. Which nerve innervates the levator veli palatini?

1. CN 10

77. Which nerve innervates the tensor veli palatini?

1. CN 5

78. Which nerve innervates the stylopharyngeus?

1. CN 9

79. Which nerve innervates the platysma?

1. CN 7 CERVICAL BRANCH

80. Which nerve innervates all the constrictor of the pharynx?

1. PHARYNGEAL PLEXUS

81. Which nerve innervates the palatopharyngeus?

1. PHARYNGEAL PLEXUS

82. Which nerve innervates the salpingopharyngeus?

1. PHARYNGEAL PLEXUS

FACIAL NERVE CN 7

1. What does the general sensory part of facial nerve cn 7 innervates?

1. FROM PART OF THE EXTERNAL ACOUSTIC MEATUS AND DEEPER PARTS OF THE
AURICLE

2. Which kind of special fibers carry cn 7?

1. SPECIAL AFFERENT FIBERS FOR TASTE FOR THE ANTERIOR 2/3 OF THE TONGUE VIA
CHORDA TYMPANI

3. What kind of fibers stimulate the secretomotor activity in the lacrimal gland, submandibular
and salivary glands and glands in the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity and soft palates?
1. THE GENERAL VISCERAL EFFERENT FIBERS (PART OF THE PARASYMPATHETIC PART)

4. Which nerve innervates the muscles of facial expression?

1. MOTOR FIBERS OF FACIAL NERVE

5. Which nerve innervates the scalp?

1. FACIAL NERVE

6. Which nerve innervates the stapedius?

1. FACIAL NERVE

7. Which nerve innervates the posterior belly of the digastric?

1. FACIAL NERVE

8. Which nerve innervates the stylohyoid?

1. FACIAL NERVE
9. What is the origin of the facial nerve (cn 7)?
1. BRAINSTEM, LOWER BORDER OF PONS BETWEEN THE OLIVE AND THE ANTERIOR
PEDUNCLE)

10. Which nerve passes through the internal acoustic meatus?

1. CN 7 AND 8

11. What is the geniculate ganglion?

1. NUCLEUS OF SENSORY ROOT OF THE FACIAL NERVE

12. What is the exit of the facial nerve?

1. STYLOMASTOID FORAMEN

13. Which nerve enters the fallopian canal (facial canal)?

1. FACIAL NERVE

14. What are the three segments of the facial / fallopian canal?
1. LABYRINTHINE (VERTICAL), TYMPANIC (HORIZONTAL) AND MASTOID (SECOND
VERTICAL SEGMENT).

15. Which is the vertical and narrowest segment?

1. LABYRINTHINE

16. Which segment extends 3 to 5 mm from the edge of the internal acoustic meatus?
1. LABYRINTHINE

17. Where does the geniculate ganglion resides?

1. IN THE DISTAL PART OF THE LABYRINTHINE SEGMENT

18. How is it called the junction of the labyrinthine and tympanic components formed by an acute
angle?
1. FIRST GENU

19. How is it called the connection of the mastoid segment with the tympanic segment?
1. SECOND GENU

20. Which is the segment that has the wider cross-sectional area?
1. THE MASTOID SEGMENT

21. Which are the two branches of the facial nerve?

1. SUPERIOR (TEMPOROFACIAL) AND INFERIOR (CERVICOFACIAL)

22. Where do we find the two branches of the facial nerve?

1. JUST BEHIND AND SUPERFICIAL TO THE RETROMANDIBUlAR VEIN

23. What form the parotid plexus?

1. BRANCHES OF FACIAL NERVE THAT PASS THROUGH THE SUBSTANCE OF THE
PAROTID GLAND

24. Where does it arise the greater petrosal nerve?

1. FROM THE GENICULATE GANGLION

25. What forms the nerve of the pterygoid canal?

1. GREATER PETROSAL NERVE AND FIBERS OF THE DEEP PETROSAL NERVE (CN IX)

26. What kind of fibers carries the deep petrosal nerve?

1. POSTGANGLIONIC SYMPATHETIC FIBERS DESTINED MAINLY FOR BLOOD VESSELS

27. Where does the nerve of the pterygoid canal synapses?

1. IN THE PTERYGOPALATINE GANGLION (V2) VIA PTERYGOID CANAL
28. What kind of fibers carries the greater petrosal nerve?
1. PARASYMPATHETIC FIBERS

29. What innervates the greater petrosal nerve?

1. ALL GLANDS ABOVE THE ORAL FISSURE VIA V2 BRANCHES

30. What innervates the mucous glands in the nasal cavity?

1. GREATER PETROSAL NERVE VIA PHARYNGEAL NERVE

31. What innervates the salivary glands in the upper half of the oral cavity (palatine and nasal
glands)?
1. GREATER PETROSAL NERVE

32. What innervates the lacrimal gland?

1. GREATER PETROSAL NERVE VIA LACRIMAL NERVE

33. What innervates the lesser petrosal nerve?

1. TASTE FIBERS FROM THE SOFT PALATE

34. What if the origin of chorda tympani?

1. FROM THE FACIAL NERVE WITHIN THE TEMPORAL BONE… ENTERS MIDDLE EAR
AND LEAVE THE MIDDLE EAR THROUGH THE MEDIAL END OF THE PETROTYMPANIC
FISSURE… ENTERS INFRATEMPORAL FOSSA AND JOINS THE LINGUAL NERVE V3.

35. What kind of fibers carry the chorda tympani?

1. TASTE FOR THE ANTERIOR 2/3 OF THE TONGUE

36. What carries parasympathetic innervation to all the salivary glands below the level of the oral
fissure?
1. CHORDA TYMPANI

37. Where does the chorda tympani synapse?

1. IN THE SUBMANDIBULAR GANGLION. PREGANGLIONIC PARASYMPATHETIC FIBERS
SYNAPSE WITH POSTGANGLIONIC FIBERS IN THIS GANGLION THEN JOINS THE
LINGUAL NERVE IN THE FLOOR OF THE ORAL CAVITY.

38. Which parasympathetic innervation provides the chorda tympani?

1. PARASYMPATHETIC INNERVATION VIA SUBMANDIBULAR GANGLION CONTROLLING
THE SECRETION OF THE SUBMANDIBULAR AND SUBLINGUAL GLANDS

39. Which sensory function has the chorda tympani?

1. TASTE SENSATION OF THE ANTERIOR 2/3 OF THE TONGUE VIA TERMINAL BRANCHES
OF THE LINGUAL NERVE

40. Which are the two extra cranial branches of the facial nerve that begins after the facial nerve
exits the stylomastoid foramen?
1. POSTERIOR AURICULAR NERVE AND THE NERVE FOR POSTERIOR BELLY OF
DIGASTRIC AND STYLOHIOD MUSCLES

41. What innervates the posterior auricular nerve?

1. OCCIPITAL BELLY OF THE OCCIPITOFRONTALIS MUSCLE OF THE SCALP AND THE
POSTERIOR AURICULAR MUSCLE OF THE EAR

42. Where do the temporofacial and cervicofacial branches divide?

1. IN THE PAROTID GLAND

43. What are the five terminal groups of branches of the facial nerve?
1. TEMPORAL, ZYGOMATIC, BUCCAL, MARGINAL MANDIBULAR AND CERVICAL
BRANCHES
44. From where emerge the five terminal groups of the facial nerve?
1. FROM THE PAROTID GLAND

45. What innervates the temporal branch of facial nerve?

1. MUSCLES IN THE AREA OF THE TEMPLE, FOREHEAD, AND SUPRAORBITAL AREA
(EXITS FROM THE SUPERIOR BORDER OF THE PAROTID GLAND)

46. What innervates the zygomatic branch of the facial nerve?

1. MUSCLES IN THE INFRAORBITAL AREA, LATERAL NASAL AREA AND UPPER LIP (EXITS
FROM THE ANTEROSUPERIOR BORDER OF THE PAROTID GLAND)

47. What innervates the buccal branches of the facial nerve?

1. MUSCLES OF CHEEK, UPPER LIP, CORNER OF THE MOUTH (EXITS FROM THE
ANTERIOR BORDER OF THE PAROTID GLAND)

48. What does innervates the marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve?
1. MUSCLES OF LOWER LIP AND CHIN AND COMMUNICATES WITH THE MENTAL
BRANCH OF THE INFERIOR ALVEOLAR NERVE V3 (EXITS THE ANTEROINFERIOR
BORDER OF THE PAROTD GLAND)

49. What innervates the cervical branch of the facial nerve?

1. PLATYSMA (EXITS THE INFERIOR BORDER OF THE PAROTID GLAND)

TRIGEMINAL NERVE

1. What innervates the motor fibers of the trigeminal nerve?

1. MASTICATORY MUSCLES

2. What innervates the sensory fibers of the trigeminal nerve?

1. SENSITIVITY OF FACE, ORBIT, NASAL CAVITY AND ORAL CAVITY

3. Where is located the trigeminal ganglion / semilunar or gasserian ganglion?

1. IN THE ANTEROSUPERIOR SURFACE OF THE PETROUS PORTION OF THE TEMPORAL
BONE

4. What are the two roots of the trigeminal nerve?

1. MOTOR AND SENSORY

5. Where does the motor root of cn 5 come from?

1. FROM TWO MASTICATORY NUCLEI LOCATED IN THE PONS AND THE MIDBRAIN

6. Where does the sensory root of cn 5 come from?

1. ENTERS THE PONS AND ENDS IN THE SPINAL TRIGEMINAL NUCLEUS LOCATED IN
THE PONS AND THE MEDULLA

7. What are the three branches of the trigeminal nerve?

1. OPHTHALMIC (V1-SENSORY), MAXILLARY (V2-SENSORY), MANDIBULAR (V3-MIXED)

8. What is the path of the ophthalmic nerve (V1)?

1. FROM TRIGEMINAL GANGLION, CROSSES CAVERNOUS SINUS AND BEFORE
CROSSING THE SUPERIOR ORBITAL FISSURE IT DIVIDES IN THREE TERMINAL
BRANCHES
9. What is the function of the ophthalmic nerve?
1. SUPPLY SENSORY INNERVATION TO THE SKIN OF THE FRONTAL REGION OF THE
NOSE AND UPPER EYELID, THE MUCOUS MEMBRANE OF FRONTAL, SPHENOID AND
ETHMOID SINUSES AND THE UPPER PART OF THE SANSAL CAVITY AND THE
EYEBALL

10. What are the three terminal branches of the ophthalmic nerve?
1. NASOCILIARY / NASAL, FRONTAL AND LACRIMAL NERVE

11. What is the path of the nasociliary nerve?

1. CROSSES SUPERIOR ORBITAL FISSURE, MEDIAL WALL OF THE ORBIT TO THE
ANTERIOR ETHMOIDAL FORAMEN WHERE IT DIVIDES INTO TWO TERMINAL
BRANCHES. RECEIVE SENSITIVITY OF THE UPPER PART OF THE SANAL CAVITY,
SPHENOID SINUS AND ETHMOID CELLS, SKIN OF NOSE AND FROWN.

12. What are the two collateral branches of the nasociliary / nasal nerve?
1. LONG CILIARY NERVE AND POSTERIOR ETHMOIDAL NERVE

13. What is the function of the long ciliary nerve?

1. INNERVATION OF THE EYEBALL

14. What is the function of the posterior ethmoidal nerve?

1. INNERVATION OF THE SPHENOID SINUS, ETHMOIDAL CELLS AND UPPER PORTION
OF NASAL CAVITY

15. What are the two terminal branches of the nasociliary / nasal nerve?
1. ANTERIOR ETHMOIDAL NERVE AND INFRATROCHLEAR NERVE

16. What is the function of the anterior ethmoidal nerve?

1. INNERVATION OF THE NASAL PYRAMID

17. What is the function of the infratrochlear nerve?

1. INNERVATION OF SKIN OF GLABELLA AND TEAR DUCT

18. What is the path of the frontal nerve?

1. CROSSES SUPERIOR ORBITAL FISSURE AND ALONG THE ROOF OF THE ORBIT IT
RUNS TOWARD THE SUPRAORBITAL RIM WHERE IT DIVIDES INTO TWO TERMINAL
BRANCHES. RECEIVE SENSITIVITY OF FRONTAL AND EPICRANEAL REGION

19. What are the two terminal branches of the frontal nerve?
1. SUPRAORBITAL AND SUPRATROCHLEAR NERVE

20. What is the function of the supraorbital nerve?

1. INNERVATION OF SKIN OF FOREHEAD EPICRANIUM, MEDIAL PORTION OF UPPER
EYELID

21. What is the function of the supratrochlear nerve?

1. INNERVATE SKIN OF GLABELLA AND ROOT OF THE NOSE

22. What is the path of the lacrimal nerve?

1. CROSSES SUPERIOR ORBITAL FISSURE, LATERALLY ALONG THE LATERAL WALL OF
THE ORBIT TO THE LACRIMAL GLAND. INNERVATES LACRIMAL GLAND (WITH FIBERS
FROM CN7) AND RECEIVE SENSITIVITY OF THE LATERAL PORTION OF THE UPPER
EYELID. COMMUNICATES WITH SUPRATROCHLEAR AND ZYGOMATIC NERVE.

23. What are the communications of the lacrimal nerve?

1. SUPRATROCHLEAR AND ZYGOMATIC NERVE
24. What is the function of the lacrimal nerve?
1. INNERVATES LACRIMAL GLAND AND SENSITIVITY OF THE LATERAL PORTION OF THE
UPPER EYELID

25. What is the path of the maxillary nerve (V2)?

1. FROM THE TRIGEMINAL GANGLION, THROUGH THE FORAMEN ROTUNDUM AND
INFRATEMPORAL FOSSA. THROUGH THE PTERYGOPALATINE FISSURE REACHER THE
FLOOR OF THE ORBIT. CROSSES THE INFRAORBITAL GROOVE AND CANAL AND
THROUGH THE INFRAORBITAL FORAMEN ENDS IN THE CANINE FOSSA

26. What are the functions of the maxillary nerve?

1. COMMON INNERVATION TO SKIN OF CHEECK, LOWER EYELID, NOSE AND UPPER LIP,
THE MUCOSA OF THE LOWER PART OF THE NASAL CAVITY AND MAXILLA AND ROOT
OF THE TEETH

27. What are the three collateral branches of the maxillary nerve?
1. ZYGOMATIC, PTERYGOPALATINE AND POSTERIOR SUPERIOR ALVEOLAR NERVES

28. What is the terminal branch of the maxillary nerve?

1. INFRAORBITAL NERVE (WHICH HAS THE MIDDLE AND ANTERIOR SUPERIOR
ALVEOLAR NERVRE)

29. What is the path of the zygomatic nerve?

1. BORN NEXT TO THE FORAMEN ROTUNDUM RUNS UPWARD THOUGH THE INFERIOR
ORBITAL FISSURE AND FOREWARD ALONG THE LATERAL WALL OF THE ORBIT

30. With what communicates the zygomatic nerve?

1. WITH LACRIMAL NERVE

31. Which kind of fibers receive the zygomatic nerve?

1. PARASYMPATHETIC OF THE PTERYGOPALATINE GANGLION FROM CN7 TO CONTROL
THE LACRIMAL GLAND

32. What are the two terminal branches of the zygomatic nerve?
1. ZYGOMATICOTEMPORAL AND ZYGOMATICOFACIAL

33. What is the function of the zygomaticotemporal nerve?

1. INNERVATES SKIN OF TEMPORAL REGION

34. What is the function of the zygomaticofacial nerve?

1. INNERVATES THE SKIN OF THE CHEEK

35. What is the path of the pterygopalatine nerve?

1. FROM SUPERIOR AND DEEP PORTION OF THE PTERYGOMAXILLARY FISSURE RUNS
DOWARD ANTERIOR TO THE PTERYGOPALATINE GANGLION

36. Where do the terminal branches of pterygopalatine nerve divide?

1. BELOW THE PTERYGOPALATINE GANGLION

37. What kind of fibers receive the pterygopalatine nerve?

1. VEGETATIVE FIBERS FOR CONTROLLING THE SECRETION OF THE PALATAL SALIVARY
GLANDS

38. What are the terminal branches of the pterygopalatine nerve?

1. ORBITAL, POSTERIOR SUPERIOR NASAL NERVE, PHARYNGEAL NERVE, GREATER
PALATINE NERVE, LESSER PALATINE NERVE, NASOPALATINE NERVE

39. What is the function of the orbital branch?

1. INNERVATION OF FLOOR OF THE ORBIT
40. What is the function of the posterior superior nasal nerve?
1. INNERVATES THE MUCOUS MEMBRANE OF THE LATERAL WALL OF NASAL CAVITY

41. What is the function of the pharyngeal nerve?

1. INNERVATES THE WALLS OF NASOPHARYNX

42. What is the function of the greater palatine nerve?

1. BRANCH IN MUCOSA OF SOFT AND HARD PALATE

43. What is the function of the lesser palatine nerve?

1. BRANCH IN MUCOSA OF SOFT PALATE

44. What is the function of the nasopalatine nerve?

1. INNERVATION OF THE ANTERIOR PORTION OF HARD PALATE

45. What is the path of the posterior superior alveolar nerves?

1. THEY DIVIDE JUST BEFORE THE INFRAORBITAL SULCUS AND DESCEND TO THE
TUBEROSITY OF THE MAXILLA, THEN PENETRATE THE MAXILLA AND SUPPLY
INNERVATION TO THE MOLARS AND PREMOLARS REGION.

46. What forms the superior dental plexus?

1. POSTERIOR SUPERIOR ALVEOLAR NERVES WITH OTHER SUPERIOR ALVEOLAR
NERVES

47. What is the function of the posterior superior alveolar nerve?

1. INNERVATION OF PREMOLAR AND MOLAR REGION

48. What is the path of the infraorbital nerve?

1. ALONG THE INFRAORBITAL GROOVE AND CANAL, LEAVES THE INFRAORBITAL
CANAL THROUGH THE INFRAORBITAL FORAMEN. IN THE CANINE FOSSA DIVIDES
INTO ITS TERMINAL BRANCHES

49. What is the path of middle superior alveolar nerve?

1. FROM THE INFRAORBITAL NERVE GO THROUGH THE INFRAORBITAL SULCUS OR
CANAL. DESCEND VERTICALLY ON THE LATERAL WALL OF THE MAXILLARY SINUS TO
THE SUPERIOR DENTAL PLEXUS.

50. What is the path of the anterior superior alveolar nerve?

1. FROM THE INFRAORBITAL NERVE IN THE ANTERIOR PART OF ITS COURSE THOUGH
THE INFRAORBITAL CANAL, JUST BEFORE THE INFRAORBITAL FORAMEN

51. What is the function of the middle superior alveolar nerve?

1. INNERVATION OF ANTERIOR SIDE OF MAXILLARY SINUS AND PREMOLAR REGION OF
MAXILLA

52. What is the function of the anterior superior alveolar nerve?

1. INNERVATION OF INCISORS REGION OF MAXILLA AND CONNECTED TO SUPERIOR
DENTAL PLEXUS

53. What are the terminal branches of the infraorbital nerve?

1. PALPEBRAL BRANCHES, NASAL BRANCHES, LABIAL BRANCHES

54. What is the function of the palpebral branches?

1. TOWARD LOWER EYELID

55. What is the function of the nasal branches?

1. TOWARD SKIN OF THE NOSE
56. What is the function of the labial branches?
1. TOWARD UPPER LIP AND CHEEK

57. What is the path of the mandibular nerve (V3)?

1. FROM THE TRIGEMINAL GANGLION, THOUGH THE FORAMEN OVALE. IN THE
INFRATEMPORAL FOSSA IT DIVIDES INTO TWO MAJOR TRUNKS

58. What are in general the three trunks of the mandibular nerve?
1. MAIN; ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR TRUNK

59. What are the two major trunks of the mandibular nerve?
1. ANTERIOR TRUNK (MAINLY MOTOR) AND POSTERIOR TRUNK (MAINLY SENSORY)

60. What general sensory innervation are supplied by the mandibular nerve?
1. SKIN OF THE TEMPORAL REGION, CHEEK, LOWER LIP AND CHIN, MUCOSA OF
LOWER PART OF ORAL CAVITY AND THE ANTERIOR PART OF THE TONGUE, LOWER
TEETH AND JAW

61. What general taste innervation are supplied by the mandibular nerve?
1. ANTERIOR PART OF THE DORSUM OF THE TONGUE (WITH FIBERS OF THE FACIAL
NERVE VIA CHORDA TYMPANI)

62. What general motor innervation is supplied by the mandibular nerve?

1. MASTICATORY MUSCLES (TEMPORALIS, MASSETER, PTERYGOIDS), TENSOR OF THE
SOFT PALATE, TENSOR TYMPANI, MYLOHYOID AND ANTERIOR BELLY OF DIGASTRIC

63. Which is also known as “nervus spinosus”?

1. THE MENINGEAL BRANCH OF THE MAIN TRUNK OF THE MANDIBULAR NERVE OF THE
TRIGEMINAL NERVE

64. Which nerve goes through the foramen spinosum?

1. THE MENINGEAL BRANCH OF THE MANDIBULAR NERVE

65. What are the collateral branches of the main trunk of the mandibular nerve?
1. MENINGEAL BRANCH AND MEDIAL PTERYGOID MUSCLE NERVE

66. What is the function of the meningeal branch?

1. INNERVATION OF DURA MATER OF MIDDLE CRANIAL FOSSA

67. What is the function of the medial pterygoid muscle nerve?

1. MOTOR INNERVATION OF MEDIAL PTERYGOID MUSCLE, TENSOR VELI PALATINI AND
TENSOR TYMPANI MUSCLES

68. What are four terminal branches of the anterior trunk of the mandibular nerve?
1. BUCCAL, LATERAL PTERYGOID MUSCLE NERVE, DEEP TEMPORAL NERVE AND
MASSETERIC NERVE

69. What is the function of the buccal nerve?

1. SENSORY INNERVATION TO SKIN OF CHEEK, MUCOSA OF POSTERIOR AND
INFERIOR PORTION OF VESTIBULE, BUCCAL SIDE OF GUMS, MOLARS AND
PREMOLARS

70. What is the function of the lateral pterygoid muscle nerve?

1. MOTOR INNERVATION TO THE LATERAL PTERYGOID MUSCLE

71. What is the function of the deep temporal nerve?

1. MOTOR INNERVATION TO THE TEMPORALIS MUSCLE
72. What is the function of the masseteric nerve?
1. MOTOR INNERVATION (MEDIAL SIDE) OF MASSETER MUSCLE AND SENSORY
INNERVATION TO THE TMJ

73. What are the terminal branches of the posterior trunk of the mandibular nerve?
1. ARICULOTEMPORAL, LINGUAL AND INFERIOR ALVEOLAR NERVE

74. With what communicates the ariculotemporal nerve?

1. OTIC GANGLION (CN9)

75. What is the function of the ariculotemporal nerve?

1. INNERVATES THE SKIN OF TEMPORAL REGION, EAR AND PAROTID GLAND

76. What is the path of the ariculotemporal nerve?

1. RUNS BACKWARDS MEDIAL TO THE NECK OF THE MANDIBLE. BEHIND THE
MANDIBLE TURNS UPWARDS BETWEEN THE TMJ AND THE EXTERNAL ACOUSTIC
MEATUS

77. With what communicates the lingual nerve?

1. CHORDA TYMPANI (CN7)

78. What is the function of the lingual nerve?

1. MUCOSA OF ANTERIOR PORTION OF THE TONGUE, FLOOR OF THE MOUTH, LINGUAL
SIDE OF THE MANDIBLE, SUBMANDIBULAR AND SUBLINGUAL GLANDS

79. What is the path of the lingual nerve?

1. DESCEND THE MEDIAL SIDE OF THE RAMUS OF THE MANDIBLE, PASSES TO THE
THIRD MOLAR AND RUNS FORWARDS ABOVE THE MYLOHYOID LINE TO THE
SUBLINGUAL FOSSA

80. What are the two collateral branches of the inferior alveolar nerve?
1. MYLOHYOID NERVE AND INFERIOR DENTAL NERVES

81. What is the function of the mylohyoid nerve?

1. INNERVATES THE MYLOHYOID MUSCLE AND ANTERIOR BELLY OF DIGASTRIC

82. What is the function of the inferior dental nerves?

1. INNERVATE INFERIOR MOLARS AND PREMOLARS

83. What are the two terminal branches of the inferior alveolar nerve?
1. MENTAL NERVE AND INCISIVE NERVE

84. What is the function of the mental nerve?

1. INNERVATES CHIN AND LOWER LIP

85. What is the function of the incisive nerve?

1. INNERVATES CANINE AND INCISORS ROOTS

86. What is the path of the inferior alveolar nerve?

1. DESCEND BETWEEN THE LATERAL AND MEDIAL PTERYGOID MUSCLES, ENTERS THE
MANDIBULAR FORAMEN AND RUNS THROUGH THE MANDIBULAR CANAL TO THE
MENTAL FORAMEN

87. Where does the mylohyoid nerve divides?

1. JUST ABOVE THE MANDIBULAR FORMEN AND RUNS FORWARDS BELOW THE
MYLOHYOID LINE.

88. From where does the mental nerve exits?

1. FROM THE MENTAL FORAMEN
89. Which branches of the mandibular nerve have motor innervation?
1. MEDIAL PTERYGOID MUSCLE NERVE, LATERAL PTERYGOID MUSLCE NERVE, DEEP
TEMPORAL NERVES AND MASSETERIC NERVE

90. Which of the terminal branches of the anterior trunk of the mandibular nerve can fuse
together?
1. BUCCAL AND LATERAL PTERYGOID MUSCLE NERVE

91. Which nerves supply in general teeth and gums?

1. SUPERIOR ALVEOLAR, LINGUAL AND INFERIOR ALVEOLAR NERVES

NERVES IN GENERAL

1. Which two muscles of the floor of the mouth are controlled by the mandibular nerve?
1. MYLOHYOID AND ANTERIOR BELLY OF DIGASTRIC

2. What innervates the hard palate?

1. GREATER PALATINE AND NASOPALATINE NERVE

3. What innervates the soft palate (Sensory innervation)?

1. LESSER PALATINE NERVE (AND GREATER PALATINE NERVE)

4. What innervates the soft palate? (motor innervation)?

1. VAGUS AND MANDIBULAR NERVE

5. What innervates the mucosa of the palate?

1. GREATER AND LESSER PALATINE NERVE AND NASOPALATINE NERVE

6. Which two nerves connection does the zygomaticotemporal nerve present?

1. LACRIMAL AND FACIAL

7. Though which structure does the superior posterior alveolar nerve leave the pterygopalatine
mucosa?
1. PTERYGOMAXILLARY FISSURE

8. Which three cranial nerves provide common sensory innervation to the tongue?
1. GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL, LINGUAL AND VAGUS

9. What provides taste sensation (innervation of gustatory papillae) to the anterior 2/3 of the
tongue?
1. CHORDA TYMPANI

10. What provides taste sensation to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?
1. GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE
11. Which nerve controls the secretomotor function of the mucosa glands of the maxillary sinus
and the nasal cavity?
1. GREATER PETROSAL NERVE FACIAL NERVE

12. Which nerve supply the mucous membrane of the floor of the mouth?
1. LINGUAL NERVE

13. Which ganglion is functionally related to the parotid gland?

1. OTIC GANGLION

14. Which cranial nerve provide sensory innervation to the mucous membrane of the soft palate?
1. LESSER PALATINE NERVE (BRANCH OF MAXILLARY NERVE)

15. Which three cranial nerves provide sensory innervation to the mucous membrane of the
pharynx?
1. (((GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL, VAGUS AND MAXILLARY NERVE (PHARYNGEAL BRANCH))))

16. Which type of nerve is the transverse cervical nerve?

1. SUPERFICIAL NERVE FROM CERVICAL PLEXUS?

17. What is the origin of the phrenic nerve?

1. ANTERIOR RAMI OF CN C3, C4 AND C5

18. What cranial nerves provide provide motor innervation to the muscles of the soft palate?
1. PHARYNGEAL BRANCH OF VAGUS NERVE

19. What nerve loop under the submandibular duct?

1. LINGUAL NERVE

20. What kind of nervous fibers carries the transverse cervical nerve?
1. MOTOR FIBERS

21. What two nerves crosses the parotid region?

1. TEMPOROFACIAL AND CERVICOFACIAL BRANCH FROM CN7

22. What cn provides the parasympathetic preganglionic fibers related to the submandibular
ganglion?
1. FACIAL NERVE VIA CHORDA TYMPANI

23. Which motor fibers are related to the ciliary ganglion?

1. PARASYMPATHETIC

24. Which nerve supply the mucosa of the larynx?

1. VAGUS VIA INTERNAL LARYNGEAL NERVE AND RECURRENT LARYNGEAL NERVE

25. Which nerve supply the upper lip?

1. ZYGOMATIC AND BUCCAL BRANCH OF FACIAL NERVE, MAXILLARY NERVE AND
LABIAL BRANCH

26. Which kind of fibers does the chorda tympani carry?

1. SPECIAL SENSORY FIBERS FOR TASTE

27. Which cranial nerve innervate the hypopharynx?

1. SUPERIOR LARYNGEAL NERVE (BRANCH OF VAGUS)

28. Which two important nerves are found in the sublingual region?
1. LINGUAL AND HYPOGLOSSAL
29. What are the two important anastomoses of cn 12?
1. LINGUAL AND ANSA CERVICALIS C1 AND C2?

30. What is the sensory nuclei for cn 7?

1. GENICULATE GANGLION

31. What form the ansa cervicalis?

1. HYPOGLOSSAL NERVE, C1, C2 AND C3

32. What nerves form the cervical plexus?

1. ANTERIOR RAMI OF C1 TO C4

33. What nerve runs through the sphenopalatine foramen?

1. NASOPALATINE NERVE

34. Which four cranial nerves are related to the parasympathetic system?
1. CN 3,7,9,10

35. What kind of fibers contain the intermediate nerve?

1. SPECIAL FIBERS FOR TASTE, PARASYMPATHETIC AND GENERAL SENSORY

36. Which three cranial nerves provide sensory innervation to the mucous membrane of the
pharynx?
1. GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL, VAGUS, PHARYNGEAL BRANCH OF MAXILLARY NERVE (OR
PHARYNGEAL PLEXUS OR ACCESSORY)

37. Which three cranial nerves provide sensory innervation to the mucous membrane of the
pharynx?
1. NASOPHARYNX V2; OROPHARYNX CN9, LARYNGOPHARYNX CN10

38. What nerve is the motor branch of the posterior trunk of the mandibular nerve?
1. INFERIOR ALVEOLAR NERVE

39. Which two nerves crosses the parotid region?

1. FACIAL AND ARICULOTEMPORAL

40. Which branch of the ophthalmic nerve is functionally related with the pterygopalatine
ganglion?
1. LACRIMAL

41. Which branches of facial nerve contains taste fibers?

1. CHORDA TYMPANI AND GREATER PETROSAL NERVE

42. Which branches of facial nerve innervates the upper lip?

1. ZYGOMATIC AND BUCCAL

43. What is the origin of the deep petrosal nerve?

1. INTERNAL CAROTID PLEXUS

44. Which motor fibers are related to the ciliary ganglion?

1. PARASYMPATHETIC

45. Which nerves innervate the infrahyoid muscles?

1. HYPOGLOSSAL WITH ANSA CERVICALIS

46. Which nerve innervates the carotid sinus?

1. CN9

47. What innervates the carotid body?

1. BRANCHES FROM CN9 AND CN10
NERVES FROM NECK ANATOMY

48. Which nerves innervate the lower portion of the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity?
1. BRANCHES OF PTERYGOPALATINE NERVE

49. Which nerves innervate the skin of the buccal region?

1. BUCCAL, ZYGOMATICOFACIAL AND INFRAORBITAL NERVES

50. Which nerves innervates the first muscular layer of the buccal region?
1. BRANCHES OF FACIAL NERVE

51. Which nerves we find in the intermuscular space of the buccal region?
1. INFRAORBITAL, BUCCAL, MENTAL AND FACIAL NERVE

52. Which nerves innervates the buccal mucous membrane?

1. INFRAORBITAL, BUCCAL AND SUPERIOR ALVEOLAR NERVES

53. Which nerve passes through the parotid gland?

1. FACIAL NERVE

54. Which nerves innervate the superficial fascia?

1. CERVICAL BRANCH OF FACIAL NERVE

55. Which nerve innervates the stylohyoid muscle?

1. FACIAL NERVE

56. Which nerve innervates the posterior belly of digastric?

1. FACIAL NERVE

57. Which nerve innervates the anterior belly of digastric?

1. V3 OF TRIGEMINAL

58. Which nerve innervates the mylohyoid muscle?

1. V3 OF TRIGEMINAL

59. Which nerve innervates the geniohyoid muscle?

1. BRANCH FROM THE ANTERIOR RAMUS OF C1 CARRIED ALONG THE HYPOGLOSSAL
NERVE

60. Which suprahyoid muscle form the floor of the mouth?

1. THE MYLOHYOID MUSCLE

61. In which triangle we find the infrahyoid muscles?

1. MUSCULAR TRIANGLE (ANTERIOR TRIANGLE)

62. Which nerve innervates the sternohyoid muscle?

1. ANTERIOR RAMI OF C1 TO C3 THOUGH ANSA CERVICALIS

63. Which nerves innervates the sternothyroid muscle?

1. ANTERIOR RAMI OF C1 TO C3 THROUGH ANSA CERVICALIS

64. Which nerve innervates thyrohyoid muscle?

1. FIBERS FROM THE ANTERIOR RAMUS OF C1 THAT TRAVEL WITH THE HYPOGLOSSAL
NERVE
65. Which nerve innervates the inferior and superior belly of the omohyoid muscle?
1. ANTERIOR RAMI OF C1 TO C3 THOUGH ANSA CERVICALIS

66. Which muscles are innervated by the anterior rami of C1 to C3 through the ansa cervicalis?
1. OMOHYOID, STERNOTHYROID AND STERNOHYOID MUSCLES

67. Which nerves are associated with the anterior triangle?

1. CN7-9-10-11-12, CERVICAL SPINAL NERVE AND THE CERVICAL SYMPATHETIC
TRUNK, TRANSVERSE CERVICAL NERVE (BRANCHES OF FACIAL, HYPOGLOSSAL,
GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL, VAGUS AND SPINAL ACCESSORY)

68. Which structure innervates the superior root of the ansa cervicalis?
1. SUPERIOR BELLY OF THE OMOHYOID, UPPER PART OF THE STERNOHYOID AND
STERNOTHYROID

69. Which structures innervates the inferior root of the ansa cervicalis?
1. INFERIOR BELLY OF OMOHYOID, LOWER PART OF STERNOHYOID AND
STERNOTHYROID MUSCLES

70. What is the origin of the transverse cervical nerve?

1. ANTERIOR RAMUS OF CERVICAL NERVE C2 AND C3 (IT IS A BRANCH OF THE
CERVICAL PLEXUS)

71. What is the function of the transverse cervical nerve?

1. PROVIDE CUTANEOUS INNERVATION TO THE NECK

72. Which nerves passes through the posterior triangle?

1. CN11 (ACCESSORY), BRANCHES OF CERVICAL PLEXUS, COMPONENTS AND
BRANCHES OF BRACHIAL PLEXUS

73. Which nerves passes through the posterior triangle?

1. CN11 (ACCESSORY), BRANCHES OF CERVICAL PLEXUS, COMPONENTS AND
BRANCHES OF BRACHIAL PLEXUS

74. What forms the cervical plexus?

1. ANTERIOR RAMI OF CERVICAL NERVES C2, C3 AND C4 (POSSIBLE CONTRIBUTION OF
C1)

75. Which branches consists the cervical plexus?

1. MUSCULAR (OR DEEP) BRANCHES AND CUTANEOUS BRANCHES

76. What is the major branch of the muscular branch of the cervical plexus?
1. PHRENIC NERVE

77. What is the function of the phrenic nerve?

1. SUPPLY THE DIAPHRAGM WITH BOTH MOTOR AND SENSORY INNERVATION

78. What is the origin of the phrenic nerve?

1. ANTERIOR RAMI OF CERVICAL NERVE C3, C4 AND C5

79. What are the nerves of the cutaneous branch of the cervical plexus?
1. LESSER OCCIPITAL NERVE, GREAT AURICULAR NERVE, TRANSVERSE CERVICAL
NERVE, SUPRACLAVICULAR NERVE

80. What is the function of the lesser occipital nerve?

1. DISTRIBUTE TO THE SKIN OF THE NECK AND SCALP POSTERIOR TO THE EAR

81. What is the function of the great auricular nerve?

1. SUPPLY THE SKIN OF THE PAROTID REGION, THE EAR AND THE MASTOID AREA
82. What is the function of the transverse cervical nerve?
1. SUPPLY LATERAL AND ANTERIOR PARTS OF THE NECK

83. What is the function of the supraclavicular nerve?

1. SUPPLY THE SKIN OVER THE CLAVICLE AND SHOULDER AS FAR AS THE SECOND RIB

84. What is the origin of the brachial plexus?

1. FROM THE ANTERIOR RAMI OF CERVICAL NERVES C5 TO C8 AND THORACIC NERVE
T1

85. What are the branches of the brachial plexus?

1. DORSAL SCAPULAR NERVE, LONG THORACIC NERVE, SUPRASCAPULAR NERVE

86. What is the function of the dorsal scapular nerve?

1. SUPPLY THE RHOMBOID MUSCLE

87. What is the function of the long thoracic nerve?

1. TO THE SERRATUS ANTERIOR MUSCLE

88. What is the function of the supra scapular nerve?

1. TO THE SUPRASPINATUS AND INFRASPINATUS MUSCLE

89. Which nerve supply cutaneous sensory innervation to the anterior triangle of the neck?
1. TRANSVERSE CERVICAL NERVE

90. Where are the two nuclei that form the motor branch of the trigeminal nerve located?
1. PONS, MIDBRAIN

91. Which two nerve connections does the lacrimal nerve present?
1. ZYGOMATIC AND SUPRATROCHLEAR

92. Which nerve innervates the infra hyoid muscles?

1. HYPOGLOSSAL WITH ANSA CERVICALIS
 OPEN QUESTIONS VASCULAR SYSTEM

ARTERIES

1. What are the two major arteries of the head and neck?
1. COMMON CAROTID ARTERY AND SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY

2. Which two arteries form the common carotid artery?

1. EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY

3. Which artery is part of the subclavian artery?

1. VERTEBRAL ARTERIES

4. What give raise to the basilar artery?

1. VERTEBRAL ARTERIES

5. Which artery forms the anterior part of the circle of Willis?

1. INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY

6. Which artery forms the posterior part of the circle of Willis?

1. BASILAR ARTERY

7. What is the origin of the right common carotid artery?

1. IN THE NECK FROM THE BRACHIOCEPHALIC TRUNK

8. What is the origin of the left common carotid artery?

1. FROM THE AORTIC ARCH IN THE THORACIC REGION

9. Which type of tissue makes the carotid sheath?

1. FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE

10. Where is located the carotid sheath?

1. IT IS PART OF THE DEEP CERVICAL FASCIA OF THE NECK (SURROUNDS THE
VASCULAR COMPARTMENT)

11. Which three structures are included in the carotid sheath?

1. INTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN, VAGUS NERVE AND COMMON CAROTID ARTERY

12. What is the path of the common carotid artery?

1. ASCENDS THOUGH THE NECK, JUST LATERAL TO THE TRACHEA AND ESOPHAGUS
WITHIN THE CAROTID SHEATH. PASSES OBLIQUELY UPWARD TO THE LEVEL OF
UPPER BORDER OF THE THYROID CARTILAGE WHERE IT DIVIDES

13. Where do we find the bifurcations of the common carotid artery?

1. UPPER BORDER OF THYROID CARTILAGE AROUNDS THE C4 VERTEBRA

14. What is the function of the carotid sinus?

1. CONTROL CHANGES IN BLOOD PRESSURE (IT IS THE DILATATION OF THE
POSTERIOR ASPECT OF THE INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY)

15. What is the function of the carotid body?

1. DETECTS CHANGES IN BLOOD CHEMISTRY (IT IS THE DILATATION OF THE COMMON
CAROTID ARTERY)

16. Which is the terminal branch of the common carotid artery?

1. INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY
17. Which structures supply the internal carotid artery?
1. ANTERIOR PART OF BRAIN, EYE AND SENDS BRANCHES TO FOREHEAD AND NOSE

18. Which structure enters the carotid canal?

1. INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY

19. What are three portions of the internal carotid artery?

1. PETROUS, CAVERNOUS, CEREBRAL

20. Where does the petrous portion of the internal carotid artery enters?
1. FORAMEN LACERUM

21. Where does the cavernous portion of the internal carotid artery passes though?
1. POSTERIOR CLINOID PROCESS WITHIN CAVERNOUS SINUS

22. What is the path of the cerebral portion of the internal carotid artery?
1. TURNS BELOW THE OPTIC NERVE TO RUN BETWEEEN IT AND THE OCULOMOTOR
NERVE AND GIVES OFF PRETERMINAL AND TERMINAL BRANCHES

23. Which artery passes between the optic nerve and the oculomotor nerve?
1. INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY (CEREBRAL PORTION)

24. What are the preterminal branches of the internal carotid artery?
1. OPHTHALMIC ARTERY AND POSTERIOR COMMUNICATING ARTERY

25. What are the terminal branches of the internal carotid artery?
1. ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY AND MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY

26. Which artery we find in the optic chiasm and frontal lobe?
1. ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY

27. Which artery we find in the parietal lobe?

1. MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY

28. What is the path of the ophthalmic artery?

1. FROM SUPERIOR PART OF THE INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY, LEAVES THE
CAVERNOUS SINUS AND ENTERS THE OPTIC CANAL. THE MAIN TRUNK OF THE
ARTERY CONTINUES ALONG THE MEDIAL WALL OF THE ORBIT BETWEEN SUPERIOR
OBLIQUE AND LATERAL RECTUS AND THEN DIVIDES INTO THE TERMINAL BRANCHES

29. Which structures supply the ophthalmic artery?

1. ORBITAL CONTENT

30. With which arteries the ophthalmic artery anastomoses?

1. FACIAL, MAXILLARY AND TRANSVERSE FACIAL ARTERIES

31. What are the preterminal branches of the ophthalmic artery?

1. CENTRAL RETINAL ARTERY, LACRIMAL ARTERY, SUPRAORBITAL ARTERY, ANTERIOR
ETHMOIDAL ARTERY, POSTERIOR ETHMOIDAL ARTERY

32. Which structures supply the central retinal artery?

1. RETINA (LOCATED IN THE DURAL SHEATH OF THE OPTIC NERVE)

33. Which structures supply the lacrimal artery?

1. LACRIMAL GLAND

34. What are the two branches of the lacrimal artery?

1. ZYGOMATICOTEMPORAL AND ZYGOMATICOFACIAL ARTERIES
35. What is the path of the lacrimal nerve?
1. ACCOMPANIES THE LACRIMAL NERVE ALONG THE UPPER BORDER OF LATERAL
RECTUS

36. Which structures supply the supraorbital artery?

1. FOREHEAD, SUPERIOR RECTUS AND LEVATOR PALPEBRAE SUPERIORIS (MAY ALSO
SUPPLY THE MUCOPERIOSTEUM IN THE FRONTAL SINUS)

37. What is the path of the supraorbital artery?

1. ACCOMPANIES THE SUPRAORBITAL NERVE BETWEEN PERIOSTEUM AND LEVATOR
PALPEBRAE SUPERIORIS, PASSES THROUGH THE SUPRAORBITAL FORAMEN AND
DIVIDES INTO SUPERFICIAL AND DEEP BRANCHES

38. Which structures supply the anterior ethmoidal artery?

1. ETHMOIDAL AND FRONTAL AIR SINUSES (THE NASAL BRANCHES SUPPLY THE
NASAL SEPTUM)

39. Which structures supply the posterior ethmoidal artery?

1. POSTERIOR ETHMOIDAL AIR SINUSES

40. With which artery anastomoses the nasal branch of the posterior ethmoidal artery?
1. ANASTOMOSES WITH BRANCHES OF THE SPHENOPALATINE ARTERY

41. What are the terminal branches of the ophthalmic artery?

1. SUPRATROCHLEAR, DORSAL NASAL ARTERY

42. Which structures supply the supratrochlear artery?

1. SUPPLY SKIN, MUSCLES AND PERICRANIUM

43. With which artery anastomoses the supratrochlear artery?

1. ANASTOMOSES WITH THE SUPRAORBITAL ARTERY

44. Which structures supply the dorsal nasal artery?

1. NASOLACRIMAL SAC AND OUTER SURFACE OF THE NOSE

45. Which artery joins the terminal branch of the facial artery?
1. DORSAL NASAL ARTERY

46. What is the path of the vertebral artery?

1. FROM THE SUBCLAVIAN ARTERIES. THOUGH THE NECK IN THE FORAMINA
TRANSVERSARIA OF THE UPPER SIX CERVICAL VERTEBRAE AND ENTERS IN THE
FORAMEN MAGNUM. THEY UNITE TO FORM THE MIDLINE BASILAR ARTERY AT THE
LEVEL OF JUNCTION BETWEEN MEDULLA AND PONS

47. Which structures supply the vertebral artery?

1. UPPER SPINAL CORD, BRAINSTEM, CEREBELLUM, POSTERIOR CEREBRAL
HEMISPHERES

48. What forms the basilar artery?

1. THE UNION OF THE VERTEBRAL ARTERIES AT THE MID-MEDULLARY LEVEL.

49. Where do the preterminal branches of the basilar artery divides?

1. BEHIND THE DORSUM SELLAE

50. What do the posterior cerebral arteries supply?

1. TEMPORAL AND OCCIPITAL LOBE

51. What gives blood supply to the brain?

1. CIRCLE OF WILLIS
52. What form the circle of Willis?
1. INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY AND VERTEBROBASILAR SYSTEM

53. Where do we find the circle of Willis?

1. IN THE SUBARACHNOID SPACE

54. What surrounds the circle of Willis?

1. OPTIC CHIASMA AND INFUNDIBULUM

55. What links the anterior cerebral artery coming from the internal carotid artery?
1. SMALL ANTERIOR COMMUNICATING ARTERY

56. What links the two posterior cerebral arteries coming from the basilar artery?
1. POSTERIOR COMMUNICATING ARTERY

57. Where are joined the two posterior cerebral arteries?

1. THEY ARE JOINED TO THE IPSILATERAL INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY

58. What is the path of the external carotid artery?

1. OPPOSITE UPPER BORDER OF THE THYROID CARTILAGE, BEHIND THE NECK OF THE
MANDIBLE (WITHIN PAROTID GLAND) WHERE IT DIVIDES INTO THE SUPERFICIAL
TEMPORAL AND INTERNAL MAXILLARY ARTERIES

59. What are the to arteries that come from the division of the external carotid artery behind the
neck of the mandible?
1. SUPERFICIAL TEMPORAL AND MAXILLARY ARTERY

60. What are the 8 branches of the external carotid artery?

1. SUPERIOR THYROID, LINGUAL, FACIAL, OCCIPITAL, POSTERIOR AURICULAR,
ASCENDING PHARYNGEAL, SUPERFICIAL TEMPORAL AND MAXILLARY

61. What are the anterior branches of the external carotid artery?
1. SUPERIOR THYROID, LINGUAL, FACIAL

62. What are the posterior branches of the external carotid artery?
1. OCCIPITAL AND POSTERIOR AURICULAR ARTERIES

63. What is the medial branches of the external carotid artery?

1. ASCENDING PHARYNGEAL ARTERY

64. What are the terminal branches of the external carotid artery?
1. SUPERFICIAL TEMPORAL AND MAXILLARY ARTERY

65. From where it arise the superior thyroid artery?

1. JUST BELOW THE LEVEL OF THE HYOID BONE

66. Which structures supply the superior thyroid artery?

1. THYROID GLAND

67. With what anastomoses the superior thyroid artery?

1. FELLOW OF OPPOSITE SIDE AND WITH INFERIOR THYROID ARTERIES

68. What are the two branches of the superior thyroid artery?
1. STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID BRANCH AND SUPERIOR LARYNGEAL ARTERY

69. Which structures supply the superior laryngeal artery?

1. MUSCLES, MUCOUS MEMBRANE AND GLANDS OF THE LARYNX
70. From where it arises the lingual artery?
1. BETWEEN THE SUPERIOR THYROID AND FACIAL ARTERY. RUNS THROUGH THE
HYOID BONE AND THEN FORMS A LOOP CROSSED BY THE HYPOGLOSSAL NERVE
AND IN THE ENDS GOES TO THE TIP OF THE TONGUE

71. What are the branches of the lingual artery?

1. SUPRAHYOID, DORSALES LINGUAE, SUBLINGUAL AND PROFUNDA LINGUAE

72. What are the preterminal branches of the lingual artery?

1. SUPRAHYOID ARTERY AND DORSALES LINGUAE

73. What are the terminal branches of the lingual artery?

1. SUBLINGUAL AND PROFUNDA LINGUAE

74. Which structures supply the suprahyoid artery?

1. MUSCLES ATTACHED TO HYOID BONE

75. With which artery anastomoses the suprahyoid artery?

1. WITH ITS FELLOW OF THE OPPOSITE SIDE

76. Which structures supply the arteriae dorsales linguae?

1. MUCOUS MEMBRANE, GLOSSOPALATINE ARCH, TONSILS, SOFT PALATE AND
EPIGLOTTIS

77. Where does it run the arteriae dorsales linguae?

1. POSTERIOR PART OF THE DORSUM OF THE TONGUE

78. Which artery runs between the genioglossus and mylohyoid muscle?
1. SUBLINGUAL ARTERY

79. Which structures supply the sublingual artery?

1. MAINLY SUBLINGUAL GLAND

80. To what gives branches the sublingual artery?

1. TO MYLOHYOID MUSCLE, MUCOUS MEMBRANE OF THE MOUTH, LINGUAL GUM
AND INCISIVE ALVEOLAR PROCESSES

81. What runs through the mandibular gingivae to anastomose with its contralateral fellow?
1. A BRANCH OF THE SUBLINGUAL ARTERY

82. What enters in the lingual foramen?

1. A SMALL BRANCH OF SUBLINGUAL ARTERY

83. Where do we find the lingual foramen?

1. ON THE MANDIBLE, IN THE MIDLINE ON THE POSTERIOR ASPECT OF THE
SYMPHYSIS IMMEDIATELY ABOVE THE GENIAL TUBERCLES

84. What is the path of the artery profunda linguae (ranine artery)?
1. RUNS ALONG THE UNDER SURFACE OF THE TONGUE BELOW THE LONGITUDINALIS
INFERIOR MUSCLE AND ABOVE THE MUCOUS MEMBRANE NEAR THE LINGUAL
NERVE

85. What is the path of the facial artery?

1. PASSES THROUGH THE LOWER BORDER OF THE MANDIBLE AFTER PASSING
POSTERIOR AND SUPERIOR TO THE SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND. CURVES AROUND
THE INFERIOR BORDER OF THE MANDIBLE, JUST ANTERIOR TO THE MASSETER,
ENTERS THE FACE. RUNS UPWARD AND MEDIALLY ALONG THE SIDE OF THE NOSE
AND ENDS AS THE ANGULAR ARTERY AT THE MEDIAL CORNER OF THE EYE
86. What are the cervical branches of the facial artery?
1. ASCENDING PALATINE, TONSILLAR, GLANDULAR, SUBMENTAL, MUSCULAR

87. What are the facial branches of the facial artery?

1. INFERIOR LABIAL, SUPERIOR LABIAL, LATERAL NASAL AND ANGULAR ARTERY

88. From does the ascending palatine artery arise?

1. CLOSE TO THE PHARYNX WHERE IT GIVES OFF TWO BRANCHES

89. Which structures supply the “one branch” of the ascending palatine artery?
1. SOFT PALATE AND PALATINE GLAND

90. Which structures supply the “other branch” of the ascending palatine artery?
1. PALATINE TONSILS AND AUDITORY TUBE

91. Which structures supply the ascending palatine artery?

1. MUSCLE OF SOFT PALATE, PALATINE GLAND, PALATINE TONSILS AND AUDITORY
TUBE

92. Which structures supply the tonsillar branch artery?

1. TONSILS AND ROOT OF THE TONGUE

93. Which structures supply the submandibular / glandular branch artery?

1. SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND

94. Which is the largest of the cervical branches of the facial artery?
1. THE SUBMENTAL ARTERY

95. What is the path of the submittal artery?

1. LEAVE THE SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND, RUNS UPON THE MYLOHYOID, JUST BELOW
THE BODY OF THE MANDIBLE, AND BENETH THE DIGASTRIC MUSCLE

96. Which structures supply the submittal artery?

1. ANTERIOR BELLY OF DIGASTRIC AND MUSCLES OF THE CHIN (SURROUNDING
MUSCLES AND THE SYMPHYSIS

97. How many branches has the submittal artery?

1. 2: SUPERFICIAL AND DEEP BRANCH

98. With what anastomoses the superficial branch of the submental artery?
1. INFERIOR LABIAL ARTERY (FACIAL)

99. With what anastomoses the deep branch of the submental artery?
1. INFERIOR LABIAL AND MENTAL ARTERIES

[Link] structures supply the deep branch of the submental artery?

1. THE LIPS

[Link] structures supply the inferior labial artery?

1. LABIAL GLANDS, MUCOUS MEMBRANE AND THE MUSCLES OF THE LOWER LIP

[Link] what anastomoses the inferior labial artery?

1. WITH THE ARTERY OF THE OPPOSITE SIDE AND WITH THE MENTAL BRANCH OF THE
INFERIOR ALVEOLAR ARTERY

[Link] structures supply the superior labial artery?

1. UPPER LIP

[Link] two branches gives off the superior labial artery?

1. SEPTAL BRANCH AND ALAR BRANCH
105. Which structures supply the septal branch?
1. NASAL SEPTUM

[Link] structures supply the alar branch?

1. ALA OF THE NOSE

[Link] structures supply the lateral nasal branch?

1. ALA AND DORSUM OF THE NOSE

[Link] structures supply the muscular branch of the facial artery?

1. ON THE NECK (PTERYGOIDEUS INTERNUS AND STYLOHYOID) ON THE FACE
(MASSETER AND BUCCINATOR)

109. Which artery do we find in the medial angle of the orbit?

1. ANGULAR ARTERY

110. Which structures supply the angular artery?

1. LACRIMAL SAC AND ORBICULARIS OCULI

[Link] which arteries the angular artery anastomoses?

1. DORSAL NASAL BRANCH OF THE OPHTHALMIC ARTERY

112. What is the path of the occipital artery?

1. ARISES FROM THE POSTERIOR PART OF THE EXTERNAL CAROTID, OPPOSITE THE
FACIAL ARTERY AND ENDS IN THE POSTERIOR PART OF THE SCALP

113. What are the branches of the occipital artery?

1. STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID ARTERY AND MUSCULAR BRANCHES, MENINGEAL
BRANCH, AURICULAR BRANCH, DESCENDING BRANCH

[Link] structures supply the sternocleidomastoid artery and muscular branches?

1. CERVICAL MUSCLES

[Link] structures supply the meningeal branch?

1. DURA MATER IN THE POSTERIOR FOSSA

[Link] structures supply the auricular branch?

1. AURICULAR PORTION AND MASTOID CELLS (MASTOID BRANCH)

[Link] structures supply the descending branch?

1. CERVICAL MUSCLES

[Link] what anastomoses the terminal branches of the occipital artery?

1. ANASTOMOSES WITH POSTERIOR AURICULAR AND TEMPORAL ARTERIES

[Link] is the path of the posterior auricular artery?

1. ARISES 1-2 CM SUPERIOR TO THE OCCIPITAL ARTERY. ASCENDS AND COVER THE
PAROTID GLAND TO THE MASTOID PROCESS WHERE IT DIVIDES INTO ITS TERMINAL
BRANCHES

120. What are the branches of the posterior auricular artery?

1. PAROTID GLAND BRANCH, STYLOMASTOID BRANCH

[Link] structures supply the stylomastoid branch?

1. TYMPANIC CAVITY

122. What are the terminal branches of the posterior auricular artery?
1. AURICULAR AND OCCIPITAL
[Link] structures supply the auricular branch?
1. BACK OF THE AURICULA

[Link] structures supply the occipital branch of the posterior auricular artery?
1. OCCIPITALIS MUSCLE AND THE SCALP

[Link] is the path of the ascending pharyngeal artery?

1. ASCENDS VERTICALLY BETWEEN THE INTERNAL CAROTID AND THE LATERAL
ASPECT OF THE PHARYNX, TO THE INFERIOR SURFACE OF THE BASE OF THE SKULL

[Link] are the three branches of the ascending pharyngeal artery?

1. PHARYNGEAL BRANCH, PREVERTEBRAL BRANCH AND PALATINE BRANCH

[Link] structures supply the pharyngeal branch?

1. CONSTRICTOR OF PHARYNX AND STYLOPHARYNGEUS

[Link] structures supply the prevertebral branch?

1. PREVERTEBRAL MUSCLES

[Link] structures supply the palatine branch?

1. SOFT PALATE AND TONSIL

[Link] is the path of the palatine branch?

1. BETWEEN THE SUPERIOR CONTRICTOR AND LEVATOR VELI PALATINI

[Link] branch can replace the ascending palatine artery?

1. PALATINE BRANCH

[Link] is the terminal branche of the ascending pharyngeal artery?

1. POSTERIOR MENINGEAL ARTERY

[Link] structures supply the posterior meningeal artery?

1. SUPPLY THE DURA MATER (ENTERS THE CRANIUM THROUGH JUGULAR FORAMEN)

[Link] is the path of the superficial temporal artery?

1. BEGINS IN THE SUBSTANCE OF THE PAROTID GLAND BEHIND THE NECK OF THE
MANDIBLE AND CROSSES OVER THE POSTERIOR ROOT OF THE ZYGOMATIC
PROCESS OF THE TEMPORAL BONE. ABOVE THIS PROCESS IT DIVIDES INTO TWO
TERMINAL BRANCHES: FRONTAL AND PARIETAL BRANCHES

[Link] structures supply the superficial temporal artery?

1. SKIN AND MUSCLES OF THE LATERAL PART OF THE FACE AND THE SCALP, PAROTID
GLAND AND TMJ

136. What are the three branches of the superficial temporal artery?
1. TRANSVERSE FACIAL ARTERY, MIDDLE TEMPORAL ARTERY AND
ZYGOMATICOORBITAL BRANCH

[Link] are the two terminal branches of the superficial temporal artery?
1. FRONTAL AND PARIETAL BRANCH

[Link] structures supply the transverse facial artery?

1. PAROTID GLAND AND DUCTS AND MASSETER MUSCLE

[Link] what anastomoses the transverse facial artery?

1. FACIAL, BUCCAL AND INFRAORBITAL ARTERIES
[Link] is the path of the transverse facial artery?
1. RESTS ON THE MASSETER AND RUNS FORWARD THOUGH THE SUBSTANCE OF THE
PAROTID GLAND BETWEEN THE PAROTID DUCT AND LOWER BORDER OF THE
ZYGOMATIC ARCH

[Link] structures supply the middle temporal branch?

1. TEMPORALIS MUSCLE

[Link] structures supply the zygomaticoorbital branch?

1. ORBICULARIS OCULI

[Link] structures supply the frontal branch of the superficial temporal artery?
1. MUSCLES AND PERICRANIUM OF THE FOREHEAD

144. With which arteries does the parietal branch of the superficial temporal artery anastomoses?
1. FELLOW OF OPPOSITE SIDE, POSTERIOR AURICULAR AND OCCIPITAL ARTERIES

[Link] is the path of the maxillary artery?

1. ARISES BEHIND THE NECK OF THE MANDIBLE IN THE SUBSTANCE OF THE PAROTID
GLAND

[Link] structures supply the maxillary artery?

1. DEEP STRUCTURES OF FACE, MASTICATORY MUSCLES, MANDIBLE, MAXILLA,
TEETH, PALATE, NOSE AND (DURAL SINUSES)

147. Which are the three portions of the maxillary artery?

1. MANDIBULAR, PTERYGOID AND PTERYGOPALATINE

148. What is the path of the mandibular portion of the maxillary artery?
1. BETWEEN THE RAMUS OF THE MANDIBLE AND THE SPHENOMANDIBULAR
LIGAMENT. LIES PARALLEL TO AND LITTLE BELOW THE AURICULOTEMPORAL NERVE.
IT CROSSES THE INFERIOR ALVEOLAR NERVE AND RUNS ALONG THE LOWER
BORDER OF THE LATERAL PTERYGOID MUSCLE

[Link] is the path of the pterygoid portion of the maxillary artery?

1. PASSES BETWEEN THE TWO HEADS OF THE PTERYGOIDEUS EXTERNUS AND
ENTERS THE PTERYGOPALATINE FOSSA VIA PTERYGOMAXILLARY FISSURE

[Link] is the path of the pterygopalatine portion of the maxillary artery?

1. IT IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE SPHENOPALATINE FORAMEN IN THE PTERYGOPALATINE
FOSSA

[Link] are the branches of the mandibular portion of the maxillary artery?
1. MIDDLE MENINGEAL AND INFERIOR ALVEOLAR ARTERIES

[Link] structures supply the middle meningeal artery (branch of maxillary artery mandibular
portion)?
1. MUCH OF THE DURA MATER AND RELATED BONE MARROW OF THE CRANIAL
CAVITY WALLS

[Link] is the path of the middle meningeal artery?

1. TO THE FORAMEN SPINOSUM THOUGH WHICH ENTERS THE CRANIUM AND DIVIDES
INTO TWO BRANCHES, ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR

[Link] structures supply the inferior alveolar artery?

1. ALL LOWER TEETH AND CONTRIBUTES TO THE SUPPLY OF THE BUCCAL GINGIVAE,
CHIN AND LOWER LIP
[Link] is the path of the inferior alveolar artery?
1. DESCENDS WITH THE INFERIOR ALVEOLAR NERVE TO THE MANDIBULAR FORAMEN.
IT RUNS ALONG THE MANDIBULAR CANAL AND DIVIDES INTO TWO BRANCHES,
INCISOR AND MENTAL

156. Which are the four branches of the inferior alveolar artery (branch of the mandibular portion
of the maxillary artery)?
1. LINGUAL BRANCH, MYLOHYOID BRANCH, INCISOR BRANCH AND MEMTAL BRANCH

[Link] are two common branches of the inferior alveolar artery?

1. INCISOR AND MENTAL BRANCH

[Link] structures supply the lingual branch of the inferior alveolar artery?
1. MUCOUS MEMBRANE OF THE MOUTH

[Link] is the origin of lingual branch of the inferior alveolar artery?

1. BORN NEAR THE ORIGIN OF THE INFERIOR ALVEOLAR ARTERY AND GOES ALONG
THE LINGUAL NERVE

[Link] structures supply the mylohyoid branch of the inferior alveolar artery?
1. MYLOHYOID MUSCLE

[Link] is the origin of the mylohyoid branch of the inferior alveolar artery?
1. AS THE INFERIOR ALVEOLAR ARTERY ENTERS THE MANDIBULAR FORAMEN IT GIVES
OFF THE MYLOHYOID BRANCH

[Link] structures supply the incisor branch of the inferior alveolar artery?
1. CANINES AND INCISORS (ANASTOMOSES WITH ITS OPPOSITE SIDE)

[Link] structures supply the mental branch of the inferior alveolar artery?
1. CHIN

[Link] which artery does the mental branch anastomoses?

1. SUBMENTAL AND INFERIOR LABIAL ARTERIES

[Link] artery supply in general teeth, pdl and alveolar bone?

1. ALVEOLAR AND DENTAL ARTERIES

[Link] artery supply the external acoustic meatus?

1. DEEP AURICULAR ARTERY

[Link] artery supply the deep surface of the tympanic membrane?

1. ANTERIOR TYMPANIC ARTERY

[Link] artery supply the cranial dura mater?

1. ACCESSORY MENINGEAL ARTERY

169. What are the branches of the pterygoid portion of the maxillary artery?
1. DEEP TEMPORAL ARTERIES, PTERYGOID ARTERIES, MASSETERIC ARTERY, BUCCAL
ARTERY

[Link] structures supply the deep temporal arteries?

1. TEMPORALIS MUSCLE AND TEMPORAL FOSSA

[Link] structures supply the pterygoid arteries?

1. PTERYGOID MUSCLES

[Link] structures supply the masseteric artery?

1. MASSETER MUSCLE (THROUGH MANDIBUALR NOTCH)
[Link] structures supply the buccal artery?
1. SKIN, BUCCINATOR MUSCLE AND ORAL MUCOSA OF THE CHEEK

174. Which structures supply the pterygopalatine portion of the maxillary artery?
1. NASAL CAVITY, ROOF OF THE ORAL CAVITY, ALL UPPER TEETH. CONTRIBUTE TO
BLOOD SUPPLY OF THE SINUSES, OROPHARYNX AND FLOOR OF THE ORBIT

175. What are the branches of the pterygopalatine portion of the maxillary artery?
1. POSTERIOR SUPERIOR ALVEOLAR ARTERY, INFRAORBITAL ARTERY DESCENDING
PALATINE ARTERY, PHARYNGEAL BRANCH, ARTERY OF THE PTERYGOID CANAL

[Link] structures supply the posterior superior alveolar artery?

1. MOLARS, PREMOLARS GUMS AND LINING OF MAXILLARY SINUS (DESCEND UPON
THE TUBEROSITY OF THE MAXILLA AND ENTERS THE POSTERIOR ALVEOLAR
CANALS)

[Link] structures supply the infraorbital artery?

1. SOME PARTS OF THE FACE (EXITS THE INFRAORBITAL FORAMEN)

[Link] does the anterior superior alveolar artery born?

1. WITHIN THE INFRAORBITAL CANAL

[Link] structures supply the anterior superior alveolar artery?

1. INCISORS AND CANINES AND MAXILLARY SINUS

[Link] arteries supply the lateral wall of the maxillary sinus?

1. POSTERIOR SUPERIOR ALVEOLAR ARTERY AND INFRAORBITAL ARTERY

[Link] structures supply the descending palatine artery?

1. ANTERIOR ASPECT OF THE SEPTAL WALL OF THE NASAL CAVITY AND HARD PALATE

[Link] artery anastomoses with the nasopalatine artery?

1. DECSENDING PALATINE ARTERY

183. Which artery passes through the greater palatine foramen?

1. DESCENDING PALATINE ARTERY

[Link] is the branch of the descending palatine artery?

1. LESSER PALATINE ARTERY

[Link] structures supply the lesser palatine artery?

1. SOFT PALATE AND PALATINE TONSILS

[Link] artery anastomoses with the lesser palatine artery?

1. ASCENDING PALATINE ARTERY

[Link] structures supply the pharyngeal branch of the pterygopalatine portion of the maxillary
nerve?
1. POSTERIOR ASPECT OF THE ROOF OF THE NASAL CAVITY, SPHENOIDAL SINUS AND
AUDITORY TUBE

[Link] structures supply the artery of the pterygoid canal?

1. UPPER PART OF THE PHARYNX AND AUDITORY TUBE

[Link] is the terminal branch of the maxillary artery?

1. SPHENOPALATINE ARTERY

190. Which artery passes through the sphenopalatine foramen?

1. SPHENOPALATINE ARTERY
[Link] are the branches of the sphenopalatine artery?
1. POSTERIOR LATERAL NASAL ARTERY AND POSTERIOR SEPTAL BRANCHES

[Link] structures supply the posterior lateral nasal arteries?

1. LATERAL WALL OF THE NASAL CAVITY AND PARANASAL SINUSES

[Link] structures supply the posterior septal branches?

1. SUPPLY THE NASAL SEPTUM

[Link] is the path of the nasopalatine branch?

1. DESCEND ALONG THE NASOPALATINE GROOVE TO THE INCISIVE CANAL AND EXITS
THE INCISIVE FORAMEN

[Link] artery anastomoses with the nasopalatine artery?

1. DESCENDING PALATINE ARTERY

[Link] structures supply the nasopalatine branch / artery?

1. ANTERIOR PART OF HARD PALATE

1. In what space is the internal carotid artery?

1. (inner side of the neck??? Petrous portion of temporal bone (carotid canal???)
retrostyloid??? subarachnoid space???)

2. What artery crosses through the intermuscular layer in the buccal region?
1. (buccal artery???)

3. With what anastomoses the sublingual artery?

1. (submental artery???)

4. Which two arteries supply the lining of the maxillary sinus?

1. ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR SUPERIOR ALVEOLAR ARTERY (AND ALSO
INFRAORBITAL)

5. Which arteries supply the hard palate?

1. DESCENDING PALATINE ARTERY, AND NASOPALATINE ARTERY

6. Which artery supply the soft palate?

1. DESCENDING PALATINE, ASCENDING PALATINE AND ASCENDING PHARYNGEAL
(ARTERIAE DORSALES LINGUALES)

7. Which artery loops under the submandibular duct?

1. LINGUAL ARTERY

8. Which artery runs between the hyoglossus and genioglossus muscle?

1. LINGUAL ARTERY

9. Which artery give blood in general to the upper teeth and gums?
1. SUPERIOR ALVEOLAR ARTERY

10. Which artery give blood in general to the lower teeth and gums?
1. INFERIOR ALVEOLAR ARTERY

11. Which arteries supply the first muscular layer of the buccal region?
1. FACIAL, FACIAL TRANSVERSE AND MENTAL ARTERIES

12. Which artery we find in the intermuscular space of the buccal region?
1. FACIAL ARTERY
13. Which arteries passes through the parotid gland?
1. EXTERNAL CAROTID AND FACIAL TRANSVERSE ARTERIES

14. Which arteries go through the anterior triangle?

1. COMMON CAROTID AND THEIR BRANCHES, EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL CAROTID
ARTERIES

15. Which arteries supply the thyroid gland?

1. SUPERIOR AND INFERIOR THYROID ARTERIES

16. Which arteries crosses the posterior triangle?

1. SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY, TRANSVERSE CERVICAL AND SUPRASCAPULAR ARTERIES

17. From which branch of the maxillary artery do the posterolateral nasal arteries stem?
1. SPHENOPALATINE ARTERY

18. In which bone is located the entrance of the carotid canal is located?
1. SPHENOID BONE

19. What are the two anastomosis of the deep branch of the submental artery?
1. INFERIOR LABIAL (FACIAL) AND MENTAL ARTERY (INFERIOR ALVEOLAR)

VEINS

1. How many groups of vein we have in head and neck?

1. 2: (1) DIPLOIC, EMISSARY VEINS, VEINS OF THE BRAIN, VENOUS SINUSES OF THE
DURA MATER AND (2) VEINS OF THE EXTERIOR OF THE HEAD AND NECK, VEINS OF
THE NECK

2. Where do we find the diploic veins?

1. BETWEEN THE INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL TABLES OF COMPACT BONE IN THE ROOF
OF THE CRANIAL CAVITY

3. With what communicates the diploic veins?

1. WITH MENINGEAL VEINS AND THE SINUSES OF THE DURA MATER AND WITH THE
VEINS OF THE PERICRANIUM

4. Where do we find the emissary veins?

1. IN THE DURAL VENOUS SINUSES AND COME FROM OUTSIDE THE CRANIAL CAVITY

5. What are two important features of the emissary veins?

1. ARE A CONDUCT THROUGH WHICH INFECTIONS ENTER THE CRANIAL CAVITY AND
DO NOT HAVE VALVES

6. What are the two sets of veins of the brain?

1. CEREBRAL AND CEREBELLAR
7. How we can divide the cerebral veins?
1. EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL

8. What are the external cerebral veins?

1. SUPERIOR, MIDDLE AND INFERIOR CEREBRAL VEINS

9. Which is the only internal cerebral vein?

1. THE GREAT CEREBRAL VEIN

10. Where do we find the cerebellar veins?

1. SURFACE OF CEREBELLUM

11. How we can divide the cerebellar veins?

1. TWO SETS, SUPERIOR AND INFERIOR

12. How you can describe the sinuses of the dura mater?
1. ARE VENOUS CHANNELS WHICH DRAIN BLOOD FROM THE BRAIN AND ORBIT

13. Where do we find the sinuses of the dura mater?

1. BETWEEN THE TWO LAYERS OF THE DURA MATER

14. What are two important features of the sinuses of the dura mater?
1. THEY ARE LINED BY CONTINUOUS ENDOTHELIUM AND HAVE NO VALVES

15. How many sinuses we have in the dura mater?

1. 12

16. What are the sinuses of the dura mater?

1. SUPERIOR SAGITTAL, INFERIOR SAGITTAL, STRAIGHT, TRANSVERSE, SIGMOID,
OCCIPITAL, CONFLUENCE OF SINUSES, CAVERNOUS, SPHENOPARIETAL, SUPERIOR
PETROSAL, INFERIOR PETROSAL, BASILAR

17. Where do we find the superior sagittal sinus?

1. IN THE SUPERIOR BORDER OF THE FALX CEREBRI

18. Which two dural sinuses are contained in the falx cerebri?
1. INFERIOR AND SUPERIOR SAGITTAL SINUSES

19. What is the path of the superior sagittal sinus?

1. BEGINS ANTERIORLY AT THE FORAMEN CECUM AND ENDS POSTERIORLY IN THE
CONFLUENCE OF SINUSES

20. Where do we find the inferior sagittal sinus?

1. IN THE INFERIOR MARGIN OF THE FALX CEREBRI (ENDS POSTERIORLY AT THE
ANTERIOR EDGE OF THE TENTORIUM CEREBELLI)

21. What forms the straight sinus?

1. INFERIOR SAGITTAL SINUS + GREAT CEREBRAL VEIN

22. Where does the straight sinus empty?

1. INTO THE TRANSVERSE SINUS

23. Where do we find the occipital sinus?

1. IN THE FALX CEREBRI

24. Which three sinuses empty in the confluence of sinuses?

1. SUPERIOR SAGITTAL, STRAIGHT AND OCCIPITAL SINUSES

25. Where do we find the confluence of sinuses?

1. IN THE INTERNAL OCCIPITAL PROTUBERANCE
26. What drains the confluence of sinuses?
1. IT IS DRAINED BY THE RIGHT AND LEFT TRANSVERSE SINUSES

27. Path of the transverse sinus?

1. ONCE THEY LEAVE THE SURFACE OF THE OCCIPITAL BONE, THEY BECOME
SIGMOID SINUSES, ENDING AT THE BEGINNING OF THE INTERNAL JUGULAR VEINS

28. Where do we find the cavernous sinus?

1. PLACED ON EITHER SIDE OF THE BODY OF THE SPHENOID, FROM THE SUPERIOR
ORBITAL FISSURE TO THE APEX OF THE PETROUS PORTION OF THE TEMPORAL
BONE.

29. Where does the cavernous sinus open?

1. INTO THE PETROSAL SINUSES AND INTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN

30. What are the structures that pass through each cavernous sinus?
1. INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY AND CN6 (ABDUCENS)

31. What are the structures that go in the lateral wall of each cavernous sinus?
1. CN3 (OCULOMOTOR) CN4 (TROCHLEAR) V1 (OPHTHALMIC NERVE) V2 (MAXILLARY
NERVE)

32. From where does the cavernous sinus receive blood?

1. FROM THE CEREBRAL VEINS (OPHTHALMIC VEINS FROM THE ORBIT) AND EMISSARY
VEINS (FROM THE PTERYGOID PLEXUS IN THE INFRATEMPORAL FOSSA)

33. Which structure connects the right and left cavernous sinuses?
1. THE INTERCAVERNOUS SINUSES

34. What connects the cavernous sinuses to the transverse sinuses?

1. THE SUPERIOR PETROSAL SINUSES

35. What is the function of the inferior petrosal sinuses?

1. ASSIST IN DRAINING THE CAVERNOUS SINUSES

36. Where does the inferior petrosal sinus ends?

1. IN THE INTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN

37. What is the function of the basilar sinuses?

1. CONNECT THE INFERIOR PETROSAL SINUSES TO EACH OTHER

38. From where does the external jugular vein receive the greater part of the blood?
1. FROM THE EXTERIOR OF THE CRANIUM AND THE DEEP PARTS OF THE FACE

39. From where does the external jugular vein starts?

1. FROM THE SUBSTANCE OF THE PAROTID GLAND, ON A LEVEL WITH THE ANGLE OF
THE MANDIBLE ADN RUNS PERPENDICULARLY DOWN THE NECK

40. What crosses the sternocleidomastoid?

1. EXTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN

41. Which vein is covered by the platysma?

1. EXTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN

42. Where does the external jugular vein end?

1. IN THE SUBCLAVIAN VEIN

43. Which two veins make the retromandibular vein?

1. SUPERFICIAL TEMPORAL AND MAXILLARY VEIN
44. Which two veins make the common facial vein?
1. ANTERIOR RETROMANDIBULAR VEIN AND FACIAL VEIN

45. Where does the common facial vein ends?

1. IN THE INTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN

46. Which two veins make the external jugular vein?

1. POSTERIOR DIVISION OF THE RETROMANDIBULAR VEIN AND THE POSTERIOR
AURICULAR VEIN

47. Which vein forms a network with the frontal, parietal and supraorbital veins?
1. THE SUPERFICIAL TEMPORAL VEIN

48. Which vein crosses the posterior root of the zygomatic arch?
1. SUPERFICIAL TEMPORAL VEIN

49. Which vein enters the substance of the parotid gland?

1. SUPERFICIAL TEMPORAL VEIN

50. Which vein enters the substance of the parotid gland and unites with the maxillary vein to form
the retromandibular vein?
1. SUPERFICIAL TEMPORAL VEIN

51. What is the function of the superficial temporal vein?

1. DRAINS THE ENTIRE AREA OF THE SCALP

52. Which veins does the superficial temporal vein receive?

1. SOME PAROTID VEINS, ARTICULAR VEINS FROM THE TMJ AND THE TRANSVERSE
FACIAL VEIN FROM THE SIDE OF THE FACE

53. Which veins joins the superficial temporal vein from the substance of the temporalis muscle?
1. MIDDLE TEMPORAL VEIN

54. Where do we find the pterygoid plexus?

1. BETWEEN THE TEMPORALIS AND THE EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL PTERYGOID

55. Which veins does the pterygoid plexus receive?

1. VEINS CORRESPONDING WITH THE BRANCHES OF THE MAXILLARY ARTERY IN THE
INFRATEMPORAL FOSSA AND PTERYGOPALATINE FOSSA AND THE INFERIOR
OPHTHALMIC VEIN THROUGH THE INFERIOR ORBITAL FISSURE

56. With what communicates the pterygoid plexus?

1. FACIAL VEIN, RETROMANDIBULAR VEIN AND CAVERNOUS SINUS

57. With what communicates freely the pterygoid plexus?

1. FACIAL VEIN

58. With what communicates posteriorly via short maxillary vein the pterygoid plexus?
1. PTERYGOMANDIBULAR VEIN

59. With what communicates by branches though the foramen ovale and lacerum the pterygoid
plexus?
1. CAVERNOUS SINUS

60. What forms the short trunk of the maxillary vein?

1. CONFLUENCE OF THE VEINS OF THE PTERYGOID PLEXUS
61. Where does the maxillary vein passes?
1. BACKWARD BETWEEN THE SPHENOMANDIBULAR LIGAMENT AND THE NECK OF THE
MANDIBLE

62. Which vein drains the scalp behind and above the ear?
1. POSTERIOR AURICULAR VEIN

63. Trough what the posterior auricular vein communicates with the tributaries of the occipital?
1. THROUGH A PLEXUS

64. Which vein drains the posterior aspect of the scalp?

1. OCCIPITAL VEIN

65. Where does the occipital vein passes through?

1. IT OASSES THROUGH THE MUSCULATURE IN THE POSTERIOR NECK TO JOIN IN THE
FORMATION OF THE SUBOCCIPITAL PLEXUS OF VEINS

66. With which veins does the occipital vein open into the external jugular vein?
1. WITH THE POSTERIOR AURICULAR VEIN

67. In which case does the occipital vein ends in the internal jugular vein?
1. WHEN THE OCCIPITAL VEIN FOLLOWS THE COURSE OF THE OCCIPITAL ARTERY

68. Where does the posterior external jugular vein begins?

1. IN THE OCCIPITAL REGION

69. What is the function of the posterior external jugular vein?

1. RETURN THE BLOOS FROM THE SKIN AND SUPERFICIAL MUSCLES IN THE UPPER
BACK PART OF THE NECK

70. Where does the posterior external jugular vein opens?

1. INTO THE EXTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN (IT RUNS DOWN THE BACK PART OF THE NECK)

71. What are the two tributaries of the external jugular vein?
1. OCCIPITAL (OCCASIONALLY) AND THE POSTERIOR EXTERNAL JUGULAR

72. What are the three tributaries that we find near the termination of the external jugular vein?
1. TRANSVERSE CERVICAL, TRANSVERSE SCAPULAR AND ANTERIOR JUGULAR

73. What are the tributaries of the external jugular vein that we find in the substance of the parotid
gland?
1. A LARGE BRANCH BRANCH OF COMMUNICATION FROM THE INTERNAL JUGULAR
JOINS IT

74. What is the function of the anterior jugular vein?

1. DRAINS THE ANTERIOR PART OF THE NECK

75. Where does the anterior jugular vein begins?

1. NEAR THE HYOID BONE. BY CONFLUENCE OF SEVERAL SUPERFICIAL VEINS FROM
THE SUBMAXILLARY REGION

76. Where does the anterior jugular vein opens?

1. IN THE LOWER PART OF THE NECK IN THE EXTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN (IN SOME
CASES IN THE SUBCLAVIAN VEIN)

77. What are the tributaries of the anterior jugular vein?

1. SOME LARYNGEAL VEINS AND OCCASIONALLY A SMALL THYROID VEIN
78. What makes the communication of the two anterior jugular veins?
1. THE JUGULAR VENOUS ARCH (EACH ALSO COMMUNICATES WITH THE INTERNAL
JUGULAR)

79. Which are the tributaries of the jugular venous arch?

1. FROM THE INFERIOR THYROID VEINS

80. What is the function of the internal jugular vein?

1. COLLECTS THE BLOOD FROM THE SKULL, BRAIN, SUPERFICIAL PARTS OF THE FACE
AND FROM THE NECK

81. Where does the internal jugular vein begin?

1. IN THE POSTERIOR COMPARTMENT OF THE JUGULAR FORAMEN (AS A DILATED
CONTINUATION OF THE SIGMOID SINUS CALLED SUPERIOR BULB)

82. Which sinus receive the internal jugular vein?

1. THE INFERIOR PETROSAL SINUS (SOON AFTER IT IS FORMED)

83. Which two veins form the brachiocephalic veins?

1. INTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN AND SUBCLAVIAN VEIN

84. What are the branches of the internal jugular vein?

1. LINGUAL VEINS (DORSAL LINGUAL AND DEEP LINGUAL), FACIAL VEIN, PHARYNGEAL
VEINS, SUPERIOR THYROID VEIN AND MIDDLE THYROID VEIN

85. Which are the two lingual veins?

1. DORAL LINGUAL AND DEEP LINGUAL VEIN (RANINE VEIN)

86. Which vein runs between the hyoglossus and genioglossus muscles (with lingual artery)?
1. DORSAL LINGUAL VEIN

87. Where does the dorsal lingual vein drain into?

1. INTO THE INTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN

88. Which vein travels with the hypoglossal nerve on the external surface of the hyoglossus
muscle?
1. DEEP LINGUAL VEIN

89. Which vein passes out the floor of the oral cavity though the aperture formed by the margins
of the mylohyoid, superior and middle constrictor muscles?
1. THE DEEP LINGUAL VEIN

90. Where does the deep lingual vein drain into?

1. INTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN

91. Which vein has the major draining of the face?

1. THE FACIAL VEIN

92. What is the origin of the facial vein?

1. NEAR THE MEDIAL CORNER OF THE ORBIT

93. What are the two veins that make the angular vein?
1. SUPRATROCHLEAR AND SUPRAORBITAL VEINS

94. Where does the facial vein pass?

1. DESCEND ACROSS THE FACE AND PASSES SUPERFICIAL TO THE SUBMANDIBULAR
GLAND TO ENTER THE INTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN OR TO THE TIROLINGUOFACIAL
TRUNK
95. What is the function of the facial vein?
1. DRAIN THE EYELIDS, EXTERNAL NOSE, LIPS, CHEEK, AND CHIN (BRANCHES OF
FACIAL ARTERY)

96. What are the connections of the facial vein?

1. OPHTHALMIC VEINS, VEINS FROM THE INFRAORBITAL FORAMEN AND PTERYGOID
PLEXUS THROUGH DEEP FACIAL VEIN

97. Through which vein is the facial vein connected to the pterygoid plexus?
1. THROUGH DEEP FACIAL VEIN

98. Where does the common facial vein enters?

1. THE INTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN

99. What joins the lower part of the anterior jugular vein?
1. A COMMUNICATING BRANCH OF THE FACIAL VEIN NEAR ITS TERMINATION

[Link] is the path of the pharyngeal veins?

1. FROM THE PHARYNGEAL PLEXUS ON THE OUTER SURFACE OF THE PHARYNX ENDS
IN THE INTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN

[Link] veins does the pharyngeal vein receive?

1. POSTERIOR MENINGEAL VEINS AND THE VEIN OF THE PTERYGOID CANAL

[Link] does the superior thyroid vein starts?

1. IN THE SUBSTANCE OF THE THYROID GLAND

[Link] does the superior thyroid gland ends?

1. IN THE INTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN

[Link] veins does the superior thyroid vein receive?

1. SUPERIOR LARYNGEAL AND CRICOTHYROID VEINS

[Link] where does the middle thyroid vein collects blood?

1. FROM THE LOWER PART OF THE THYROID GLAND

[Link] does the middle thyroid vein ends?

1. IN THE INTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN

[Link] veins does the middle thyroid vein receive?

1. SOME VEINS FROM LARYNX AND TRACHEA

108. What forms the vertebral veins?

1. INTERNAL VERTEBRAL VENOUS PLEXUSES, TRANSVERSE SINUS, OCCIPITAL VEIN
AND PREVERTEBRAL MUSCLES VEINS

[Link] does the vertebral vein go though?

1. DESCENDS AROUND THE VERTEBRAL ARTERY IN THE CANAL FORMED BY THE
FORAMINA TRANSVERSARIA OF THE CERVICAL VERTEBRAE

[Link] does the vertebral vein open?

1. AT THE ROOT OF THE NECK INTO THE BRACHIOCEPHALIC VEIN

[Link] does the deep cervical vein begins?

1. IN THE SUBOCCIPITAL REGION, BY COMMUNICATING BRANCHES FROM THE
OCCIPITAL VEIN AND BY SMALL VEINS FROM THE DEEP MUSCLES AT THE BACK OF
THE NECK

[Link] tributaries receive the deep cervical vein?

1. FROM THE PLEXUSES AROUND THE CERVICAL VERTEBRAE
[Link] does the deep cervical vein ends?
1. IN THE VERTEBRAL VEIN

1. Which vein we find in the intermuscular space of the buccal region?

1. FACIAL VEIN

2. What are the veins that passes through the parotid gland?
1. EXTERNAL JUGULAR AND RETROMANDIBULAR VEINS

3. Which veins go through the anterior triangle?

1. INTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN AND ITS TRIBUTARIES (INFERIOR PETROSAL SINUS,
FACIAL, PHARYNGEAL, OCCIPITAL, SUPERIOR THYROID AND MIDDLE THYROID
VEINS)

4. Which veins are associated with the thyroid gland?

1. SUPERIOR, MIDDLE AND INFERIOR THYROID VEINS (DRAIN INTO THE INTERNAL
JUGULAR VEIN)

5. Which vein crosses the posterior triangle?

1. EXTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN

6. Where does the posterior dentary vein drain its blood?

1. IN THE PTERYGOID PLEXUS

7. Where do the superior alveolar veins drain into?

1. PTERYGOID PLEXUS

8. Where does the sphenopalatine vein drain into?

1. PTERYGOID PLEXUS

9. Where do the mental vein drain into?

1. INFERIOR ALVEOLAR VEIN

10. Which veins communicates with the facial vein?

1. SUPRATROCHLEAR AND SUPRAORBITAL
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

1. What is the lymphatic system?

1. IT CONSISTS OF A COMLEX CAPILLARY NETWORK WHICH COLLECT THE LYMPTH IN
THE ORGANS AND TISSUES. VESSELS WHICH CONDUCT THE LYMPH FROM THE
CAPILLARIES TO THE VEINS OF THE NECK WHERE THE LYMPH IS POURED INTO THE
BLOOD STREAM. LYMPH GLANDS OR NODES WHICH FILTER THE LYMPH AS IT
PASSES THOUGH THEM

2. What are the components of the lymphatic system?

1. SUPERFICIAL NODES, SUPERFICIAL CERVICAL NODES AND DEEP CERVICAL NODES

3. Where do we find the superficial nodes?

1. AROUND THE HEAD

4. Where do we find the cervical nodes?

1. ALONG THE EXTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN

5. Where do we find the deep cervical nodes?

1. ALONG THE INTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN

6. What is the basic pattern of drainage?

1. SUPERFICIAL LYMPHATIC VESSELS —> SUPERFICIAL NODES —> (SUPERFICIAL
CERVICAL NODES) —> DEEP CERVICAL NODES

7. What is the function of the superficial lymph nodes?

1. LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE OF THE FACE AND SCALP

8. How many groups has the superficial lymph nodes?

1. FIVE

9. What are the five groups of the superficial lymph nodes?

1. OCCIPITAL, MASTOID, PRE-AURICULAR AND PAROTID, SUBMANDIBULAR AND
SUBMENTAL (FROM POSTERIOR TO ANTERIOR)

10. Where do we find the occipital nodes?

1. NEAR THE ATTACHMENT OF THE TRAPEZIUS MUSCLE TO THE SKULL

11. With what is associated the occipital node?

1. WITH THE OCCIPITAL ARTERY

12. What is the function of the occipital node?

1. DRAINAGE OF THE POSTERIOR SCALP AND NECK

13. Where do we find the mastoid nodes (retroauricular / posterior auricular nodes)?
1. POSTERIOR TO THE EAR NEAR THE ATTACHMENT OF THE STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID
MUSCLE

14. With what is associated the mastoid node?

1. ASSOCIATED WITH THE POSTERIOR AURICULAR ARTERY

15. What is the function of the mastoid node?

1. DRAINAGE OF THE POSTEROLATERAL HALF OF THE SCALP

16. Where do we find the pre-auricular and parotid nodes?

1. ANTERIOR TO THE EAR

17. With what is associated the pre-auricular and parotid nodes?

1. ASSOCIATED WITH THE SUPERFICIAL TEMPORAL AND TRANSVERSE FACIAL
ARTERIES
18. What is the function of the pre-auricular and parotid nodes?
1. DRAINAGE OF ANTERIOR SURFACE OF THE AURICLE, THE ANTEROLATERAL SCALP,
THE UPPE HALF OF THE FACE, THE EYELIDS AND THE CHEEKS

19. Where do we find the submandibular nodes?

1. INFERIOR TO THE BODY OF MANDIBLE

20. With what is associated the submandibular node?

1. ASSOCIATED WITH THE FACIAL ARTERY

21. What is the function of the submandibular node?

1. DRAINAGE OF THE STRUCTURES ALONG THE PATH OF THE FACIAL ARTERY,
FOREHEAD, GINGIVAE, TEETH AND TONGUE

22. Where do we find the submental nodes?

1. INFERIOR AND POSTERIOR TO THE CHIN

23. What is the function of the submental nodes?

1. DRAINAGE OF THE CENTER PART OF THE LOWER LIP, CHIN, FLOOR OF THE MOUTH,
TIP OF THE TONGUE AND THE LOWER INCISOR TEETH

24. What passes through the superficial cervical nodes?

1. DRAINAGE FROM THE OCCIPITAL AND MASTOID NODES

25. With what is associated the superficial cervical node?

1. EXTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN

26. What passes through the deep cervical nodes?

1. DRAINAGE FROM THE PRE-AURICULAR AND PAROTID NODES, THE SUBMANDIBULAR
NODES, SUBMENTAL NODES

27. With what is associated the deep cervical node?

1. INTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN

28. What makes the superficial cervical lymph nodes?

1. LYMPH NODES ALONG THE EXTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN ON THE SUPERFICIAL
SURFACE OF THE STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID MUSCLE

29. Which lymphatic drainage receive the superficial cervical lymph nodes?
1. FROM THE POSTERIOR AND POSTEROANTERIOR REGIONS OF THE SCALP (SEND
LYMPHATIC VESSELS IN THE DIRECTION OF THE DEEP CERVICAL NODES)

30. Trough which two nodes the superficial cervical nodes receive lymphatic drainage?
1. OCCIPITAL AND MASTOID NODES

31. What lymphatic drainage receive the deep cervical nodes?

1. FROM A CHAIN ALONG THE INTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN

32. Which structure divides into upper and lower groups the deep cervical nodes?
1. THE INTERMEDIATE TENDON OF THE HOMOHYOID MUSCLE

33. Where do we find the intermediate tendon of the homohyoid muscle?

1. WHERE CROSSES THE COMMON CAROTID ARTERY AND THE INTERNAL JUGULAR
VEIN

34. What are the two branches of the deep cervical nodes?
1. JUGULODIGASTRIC AND JUGULO-OMOHYOID NODES
35. What is the most superior node in the upper deep cervical group?
1. JUGULODIGASTRIC NODE

36. Where is located the jugulodigastric node?

1. WHERE THE POSTERIOR BELLY OF THE DIGASTRIC MUSCLE CROSSES THE
INTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN

37. What is the function of the jugulodigastric node?

1. RECEIVE LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE FROM TONSILS AND TONSILLAR REGION

38. Which deep cervical node is associated with the lower deep cervical group?
1. JUGULO-OMOHYOID NODE

39. Where is located the jugulo-omohyoid node?

1. IT IS LOCATED AT OR JUST INFERIOR TO THE INTERMEDIATE TENDON OF THE
OMOHYOID MUSCLE

40. What is the function of the jugulo-omohyoid node?

1. RECEIVE DRAINAGE FROM THE TONGUE

41. What are the lymphatic vessels from the pharynx?

1. RETROPHARYNGEAL, PARATRACHEAL AND INFRAHYOID NODES

42. Where do we find the retropharyngeal node?

1. BETWEEN NASOPHARYNX AND VERTEBRAL COLUMN

43. Where do the palatine tonsils drain into?

1. INTO JUGULODIGASTRIC NODE THOUGH THE PHARYNGEAL WALL

44. Where does the anterior regions of the nasal cavity drain into?
1. INTO THE SUBMANDIBULAR NODES

45. Where does the posterior regions and paranasal sinuses drain into?
1. INTO UPPER DEEP CERVICAL NODES AND THE RETROPHARYNGEAL NODES

46. Where does the lymphatic vessels from the palate drain into?
1. INTO THE DEEP CERVICAL NODES

47. Where does the lymphatic vessels from teeth and gums drain into?
1. INTO MAINLY SUBMANDIBULAR, SUBMENTAL AND DEEP CERVICAL NODES
 DENTAL MORPHOLOGY

INCISORS

1. When is the eruption of maxillary central incisors?

1. 7/8 YO

2. When is the root of maxillary central incisors formed?

1. 10 YO

3. What is the shape of the crown of maxillary central incisors?

1. OUTLINE TRAPEZOIDAL, LARGER AND WIDER THAN THE LATERAL ONE

4. How we can differentiate if it is a left to right tooth?

1. LOOKING AT THE APEX (THE APEX IS ALWAYS DISTAL)

5. How how is the incisal edge of maxillary central incisors?

1. RELATIVELY STRAIGHT

6. How is the relationship of the incisal angle of maxillary central incisors?

1. DISTAL INCISAL ANGLE MORE ROUNDED THAN MESIAL INCISAL ANGLE

7. How is the relationship length/width in maxillary central incisors?

1. CROWN LENGTH GREATER THAN WIDTH (10.5 MM / 8.5 MM)

8. How is the shape of the root of maxillary central incisors?

1. CONE SHAPED

9. How is the facial surface of maxillary central incisors?

1. FLAT (ONLY SLIGHTLY CONVEX IN ITS INCISAL TWO THIRDS)

10. Which part of a maxillary central incisor is said to be part of a semicircle?

1. THE CERVICAL OUTLINE

11. How is the relationship of the crown outline of a maxillary central incisor?
1. MESIAL CROWN OUTLINE IS STRAIGHTER THAN DISTAL CROWN OUTLINE

12. How is the distal incisal edge of a maxillary central incisor?

1. DISTAL EDGE IS ROUNDED

13. How is the relationship of the outlines in maxillary central incisors (palatal view)?
1. CERVICAL OUTLINE IS MORE CONCAVE THAN ON FACIALù

14. Where do we find the cingulum of a maxillary central incisor?

1. THE CERVICAL HALF OF THE CROWN ON PALATAL SIDE (IT IS WELL DEVELOPED)

15. Where do we find the lingual fossa in maxillary central incisors?

1. IN THE INCISAL HALF OF THE CROWN SURFACE

16. How is the shape of the crown outline in a mesiodistal view of maxillary central incisors?
1. TRIANGULAR SHAPE WITH APEX AT INCISAL

17. How is the incisal ridge of a maxillary central incisor when viewed mesiodistally?
1. INCISAL RIDGE IS CENTERED LABIOLINGUALLY

18. How is the relationship of the of the incisal surface on a maxillary central incisor?
1. MESIODISTAL WIDTH IS GREATER THAN FACIOLINGUAL DIAMETER
19. When is the eruption of maxillary lateral incisors?
1. 8/9 YO

20. When is the root of maxillary lateral incisors formed?

1. 11 YO

21. How is the shape of the root of a maxillary lateral incisor?

1. CONICAL STRAIGHT AND GENERALLY ROUND ON CROSS SECTION

22. How long is the root of maxillary lateral incisors?

1. SAME LENGTH AS CENTRAL INCISORS OR CAN BE LONGER

23. How is the shape of the crown of a maxillary lateral incisor?

1. OUTLINE IS TRAPEZOIDAL

24. How is the facial surface of a maxillary lateral incisor?

1. CONVEX IN ALL DIRECTIONS

25. How is the relationship of the incisal edges of a maxillary lateral incisor?
1. INCISAL EDGE IS RELATIVELY MORE ROUNDED THAN THE CENTRAL INCISOR

26. How is the relationship of the incisal angles of a maxillary lateral incisor?
1. DISTOINCISAL LINE ANGLE IN MORE ROUNDED THAN THE MESIOINCISAL ANGLE

27. How is the shape of the cervical line of the maxillary lateral incisor?
1. ELLIPTICAL

28. Where is located the cingulum in a maxillary lateral incisor?

1. IT IS LIMITED TO THE CERVICAL 1/3 OF THE CROWN

29. What do the mesial and distal marginal ridges form?

1. THEY FORM A “V”

30. How is the palatal fossa of a maxillary lateral incisor?

1. RELATIVELY DEEP, TRIANGULAR SHAPED AND ALSO “CUP-SHAPED”

31. Where can we find occasionally a developmental groove (linguogingival (better palatogingival)
groove) in a maxillary lateral incisor?
1. ON THE DISTAL SIDE OF THE CINGULUM

32. Which is the characteristic groove of maxillary lateral incisor?

1. LINGUOGINGIVAL GROOVE (BETTER SAY PALATOGINGIVAL GROOVE)

33. How is the incisal ridge of a maxillary lateral incisor when viewed mesiodistal direction?
1. INCISAL RIDGE IS IN LINE WITH THE MID-POINT OF THE FACIOLINGUAL DIAMETER

34. Where do we find the apex of the root in a maxillary lateral incisor?
1. APEX OF THE ROOT IS USUALLY FACIAL TO THE FACIOLINGUAL LONG AXIS
BISECTOR

35. How is the incisal surface of a maxillary lateral incisor?

1. CROWN IS WIDER MESIODISTALLY BY ONLY 1 MM. THE CROWN OUTLINE
CONVERGES SHARPLY TOWARD THE LINGUAL SURFACE

36. When is the eruption of mandibular central incisors?

1. 6/7 YO

37. When is the root of mandibular central incisors formed?

1. 9 YO
38. Which is the narrowest of all teeth in a mesiodistal direction?
1. MANDIBULAR CENTRAL INCISOR

39. How is the root of mandibular central incisors?

1. THE ROOT IS WIDER IN A FACIOLINGUAL DIMENSION AND IS NARROW MESIODITALLY

40. How is the shape of the crown of mandibular central incisors?

1. OUTLINE IS TRAPEZOIDAL WITH LONGER PARALLEL SIDE AT INCISAL EDGE

41. How is the incisal edge of a mandibular central incisor?

1. STRAIGHT AND AT RIGHT ANGLE (PERPENDICULAR) TO THE LONG AXIS LINE OF THE
TOOTH

42. How is the facial aspect of a mandibular central incisor?

1. BILATERALLY SYMMETRICAL

43. How is the lingual fossa of a mandibular central incisor?

1. TRAPEZOIDAL IN SHAPE AND LIMITED TO THE INCISAL 1/3 OF THE CROWN

44. How is the cingulum of a mandibular central incisor?

1. SMOOTHLY ROUNDED

45. How is the mesiodital view of a mandibular central incisor?

1. INCISAL RIDGE WILL BE LINGUAL TO THE FACIOLINGUAL LONG AXIS BISECTOR

46. How is the incisal surface of a mandibular central incisor?

1. SYMMETRICAL. FACIOLINGUAL DIAMETER IS GREATER THAN MESIODISTAL WIDTH.
ALSO INCISAL RIDGE RUNS STRAIGHT MESIODISTALLY BUT LINGUAL TO THE
FACIOLINGUAL BISECTOR OF THE CROWN

47. When is the eruption of mandibular lateral incisors?

1. 7/8 YO

48. When is the root of mandibular later incisors formed?

1. 9 YO

49. How big is the mandibular lateral incisor?

1. LARGER THAN THE CENTRAL ONE IN ALL DIMENSIONS (1MM)

50. How is the root of mandibular later incisor?

1. LARGER THAN THE CENTRAL ONE

51. How many canals has the root of mandibular lateral incisors?
1. ONE BUT HAS THE TENDENCY OF TWO CANALS

52. How is the incisal edge of a mandibular lateral incisor?

1. STRAIGHT BUT MAY APPEAR SLANTED TOWARD THE DISTAL

53. How is the mesial incisal angle of a mandibular lateral incisor?

1. ACUTE ANGLE

54. How is the distal incisal angle of a mandibular lateral incisor?

1. MORE ROUNDED

55. How is the cingulum of a mandibular lateral incisor?

1. SMOOTHLY ROUNDED AND NOT WELL DELINEATED
56. How is the mesiodistal view of a mandibular lateral incisor?
1. THE INCISAL RIDGE WILL BE LINGUAL TO THE FACIOLINGUAL LONG AXIS BISECTOR
OF THE TOOTH

57. How is the crown of a mandibular lateral incisor from a mesiodital view?
1. SLIGHTLY TWISTED

58. How is the incisal surface of a mandibular lateral incisor?

1. TWISTED OR ROTATED ON ITS AXIS NOT SYMMETRICAL. FACIOLINGUAL DIAMETER IS
GREATER

FROM NOW ON JUST THE IMPORTANT AND MOST OBVIOUS QUESTIONS (YOU MUGHT HAVE
TO LOOK IN THE SLIDES)

CANINES

59. When do the maxillary canine erupt?

1. 11/12 YO

60. When is the root of maxillary canines formed?

1. 13/15 YO

61. How many cusps has the maxillary canine?

1. ONE

62. How is the cingulum of maxillary canines?

1. SMOOTH AND WELL DEVELOPED

63. Which is the tooth that has the longest root?

1. MAXILLARY CANINE

64. What is the shape of the facial outline?

1. TRAPEZOIDAL

65. Where is locate the tip of the cusp in a maxillary canine?

1. CENTERED OR SLIGHTLY TO MESIAL

66. Which is the shortest cuspal ridge in a maxillary canine?

1. THE MESIAL CUSPAL RIDGE IS SHORTER

67. Where is located the cingulum?

1. OCCUPIES THE CERVICAL 1/3 OF THE LINGUAL SURFACE

68. Which structure separates the two lingual fossae in a maxillary canine?
1. LINGUAL RIDGE

69. Which structure connects the cusp tip and the cingulum?
1. LINGUAL RIDGE

70. Which fossa in bigger in a maxillary canine?

1. THE DISTOLINGUAL IS BIGGER THAN THE MESIOLINGUAL

71. Where is usually the cusp tip of a maxillary canine?

1. USUALLY FACIAL NEVER LINGUAL
72. How is the incisal surface of a maxillary canine?
1. WIDER FACIOLINGUALLY THAN MESIODISTALLY (DIFFERS FROM MAXILLARY
INCISORS)

73. When do the mandibular canines erupt?

1. 9/10 YO

74. When is the root of mandibular canines formed?

1. 12-14 YO

75. How is the crown of mandibular canines than maxillary canines?

1. NARROWER MESIODISTALLY AND LONGER THAN MAXILLARY CANINE

76. How is the root of mandibular canines?

1. 1 MM SHORTER THAN MAXILLARY CANINES

77. Which is the anterior tooth that most likely can have root bifurcation?
1. MANDIBULAR CANINE

78. Which cuspal ridge is shorter in a mandibular canine?

1. THE MESIAL (TIP IS MESIAL)

79. How is the cusp tip in a mandibular canine?

1. LINGUAL TO THE BISECTOR

80. How is the incisal surface on a mandibular canine?

1. IT IS WIDER FACIOLINGUALLY

PREMOLARS

81. When do maxillary first premolars erupts?

1. 10/11 YO

82. When is the root of maxillary first premolars formed?

1. 12-13 YO

83. How many cusps has a maxillary first premolar?

1. TWO

84. Which cusp is shorter in a maxillary first molar?

1. LINGUAL CUSP

85. Which is a distinctive characteristic of the facial cusp of a maxillary first molar?
1. MESIAL CUSPAL RIDGE IS LONGER THAN DISTAL CUSPAL RIDGE

86. How many roots has the maxillary first premolar?

1. TWO

87. How many root canals have the maxillary first premolar?
1. TWO ROOTS

88. If a third root is present on a maxillary fist premolar, where is located?

1. A THIRD CANAL WILL BE PLACED IN THE FACIAL ROOT (RARE TO HAVE A SINGLE
ROOT WITH TWO CANALS)

89. What is a unique feature of maxillary first premolar?

1. MESIAL GROOVE
90. Which cuspal ridge is longer in the facial cusp of a maxillary first premolar?
1. MESIAL CUSPAL RIDGE IS LONGER THAN DISTAL

91. How is the facial ridge of a maxillary first premolar?

1. PROMINENT

92. What is a characteristic of the lingual cusps of both maxillary premolars?

1. TO SWING OR POINT TO THE MESIAL ASPECT

93. Which cusp is larger in a maxillary first premolar?

1. THE FACIAL CUSP

94. How is the occlusal surface of a maxillary first premolar?

1. HEXAGONAL OUTLINE (WIDER FACIOLINGUALLY THAN MESIODISTALLY)

95. What crosses the occlusal table mesiodistally in a maxillary first premolar?
1. CENTRAL GROOVE

96. Which structure connects the mesial and distal triangular fossae in a maxillary first premolar?
1. CENTRAL GROOVE (HAS NO SUPPLEMENTAL GROOVES)

97. When do maxillary second premolar erupts?

1. 10-12 YO

98. When is the root of maxillary second premolars formed?

1. 12-14 YO

99. How many cusps has the maxillary second premolar?

1. TWO (NEARLY EQUAL SIZE)

[Link] cuspal ridge is shorter in a maxillary second premolar?

1. MESIAL CUSPAL RIDGE IS SHORTER

[Link] is the root length of maxillary second premolars?

1. LONGER THAN MAXILLARY FIRST PREMOLARS

[Link] many roots has the maxillary second premolar?

1. ONE

[Link] many pulp canals has the maxillary second premolar?

1. TWO PULP CANALS

[Link] is the tip of the lingual cusp in a maxillary second premolar?

1. IN LINE WITH THE TIP OF FACIAL CUSPS

[Link] is the longest facial cuspal ridge in a maxillary second premolar?

1. DISTAL RIDGE

[Link] tooth has a balanced occlusal look?

1. MAXILLARY SECOND PREMOLAR

[Link] are the triangular fossae of a maxillary second premolar?

1. MESIAL AND DISTAL IRREGULAR TRIANGULAR FOSSAE ARE NEAREER THE CENTER
OF THE TOOTH

[Link] gives to the occlusal surface of a maxillary second premolar a “wrinkled” appearance?
1. SUPPLEMENTAL GROOVES

[Link] is the central groove of a maxillary first premolar?

1. SMALLER THAN FIRST PREMOLAR
[Link] do mandibular first premolar erupts?
1. 10-12 YO

[Link] is the root of mandibular first premolar formed?

1. 12-13 YO

[Link] tooth is considered a transitional tooth?

1. MANDIBULAR FIRST PREMOLAR

113. How are the cusps of a mandibular first premolar?

1. FACIAL CUSP IS MUCH LARGER THAN THE LINGUAL CUSP (MAY RESEMBLE A
CINGULUM)

[Link] cuspal ridge is shorter in a mandibular first premolar?

1. MESIAL CUSPAL RIDGE IS SHORTER

[Link] do we find between the lobes of mandibular first premolars?

1. VERTICAL DEVELOPMENTAL DEPRESSIONS

[Link] occlusal development groove does a mandibular first premolar present?

1. MESIOLINGUAL DEVELOPMENTAL GROOVE

[Link] do we find the mesiolingual groove of a mandibular first premolar?

1. CROSSES BETWEEN THE MESIAL CUSPAL RIDGE OF THE LINGUAL CUSP AND THE
MESIAL MARGINAL RIDGE (IT EXTENDS GINGIVALLY AT THE MESIOLINGUAL LINE
ANGLE OF THE TOOTH)

[Link] do we find on the facial outline of a mandibular fist premolar?

1. GREAT CURVATURE

[Link] is the tip of lingual cusp of a mandibular fist premolar?

1. IN LINE WITH LINGUAL OUTLINE OF ROOT

[Link] groove do we find in the mesial side of a mandibular first premolar?

1. MESIOLINGUAL GROOVE

[Link] is the occlusal shape of a mandibular first premolar?

1. DIAMOND SHAPE

[Link] form a transverse ridge in a mandibular first premolar?

1. FACIAL AND LINGUAL TRIANGULAR RIDGES MEET TO FORM IT

[Link] groove we find in the occlusal surface of a mandibular first premolar?

1. CENTRAL GROOVE

[Link] is present in the distal fossa in the occlusal surface of mandibular first premolar?
1. A COMMA SHAPED CURVED GROOVE

[Link] do mandibular second premolars erupt?

1. 11-12 YO

[Link] is root of mandibular second premolars formed?

1. 13-14 YO

[Link] many cusps can have the mandibular second premolar?

1. 2 OR 3 CUSPS

[Link] are the varieties if a mandibular second premolar has two cusps?
1. “H” OR “U” OCCLUSAL PATTERN
[Link] is the occlusal pattern if a mandibular second premolar has three cusps?
1. “Y” OCCLUSAL PATTERN

[Link] many roots has the mandibular second premolar?

1. ONE (LARGE ROOT)

[Link] cuspal ridge of the facial cusp is shorter in a mandibular second premolar?
1. MESIAL CUSPAL RIDGE OF FACIAL CUSP IS SHORTER THAN THE DISTAL ONE

131. How many lingual cusps has the mandibular second premolar if it is a 3 cusps variety?
1. TWO LINGUAL CUSPS

[Link] lingual cusp is shorter in a mandibular second premolar?

1. DISTOLINGUAL CUSP

[Link] lingual cusp is wider in a mandibular second premolar?

1. MESIOLINGUAL CUSP IS USUALLY WIDER

[Link] is the occlusal surface of a mandibular second premolar?

1. NEARLY SQUARE OUTLINE

[Link] many cusps we can see in the occlusal surface of a mandibular second premolar?
1. THREE

[Link] to their size from bigger to smaller what are the three cusps of the mandibular
second premolar?
1. FACIAL, MESIOLINGUAL, DISTOLINGUAL

[Link] is usually located the central fossa of a mandibular second premolar?

1. IN THE MIDWAY BETWEEN THE FACIAL AND LINGUAL OUTLINES OF THE OCCLUSAL
TABLE (3-CUSPS VARIETY ONLY)

MOLARS

[Link] do maxillary first molars erupt?

1. 6 YO

[Link] is the root of maxillary first molar formed?

1. 9-10 YO

[Link] many well developed cusps have the maxillary first molar?
1. FOUR

[Link] is the name of the minor fifth cusp in maxillary first molar?
1. CARABELLI’S CUSP

[Link] is the Carabelli’s cusp located?

1. ON THE LINGUAL ASPECT OF THE MESIOLINGUAL CUSP

[Link] is a characteristic of all maxillary molars?

1. THE OBLIQUE RIDGE

[Link] where does the oblique ridge of maxillary first molar extends?
1. FROM THE TIP OF THE MESIOLINGUAL CUSP DIAGONALLY ACROSS THE TOOTH TO
THE TIP OF THE DISTOFACIAL CUSP
[Link] three cusps form the cusp triangle in maxillary first molar?
1. MESIOFACIAL, DISTOFACIAL AND MESIOLINGUAL

[Link] many roots has the maxillary first molar

1. THREE

[Link] many root canals has the maxillary first molar?

1. THREE

148. Which is the longest root in a maxillary first molar?

1. LINGUAL

[Link] is the order of the root lengths in a maxillary first molar?

1. LINGUAL, MESIOFACIAL, DISTOFACIAL

[Link] root has the possibility (50%) of having two root canals in a maxillary first molar?
1. THE MESIOFACIAL ROOT

[Link] do we find root depressions in maxillary first molar?

1. ON ALL THREE ROOTS

[Link] is the relationship of the cusps of a maxillary first molar?

1. FACIAL CUSPS ARE TALLER THAN LINGUAL CUSPS AND MESIAL CUSPS ARE TALLER
THAN DISTAL CUSPS

[Link] cusps are more pointed in a maxillary first molar?

1. FACIAL CUSPS

[Link] important groove we find in the maxillary first molar?

1. FACIAL GROOVE

[Link] where does it go the facial groove?

1. IT EXTENDS OCCLUSOCERVICALLY BETWEEN THE MESIOFACIAL AND DISTOFACIAL
CUSPS TO POINT NEAR THE CENTER OF THE FACIAL SURFACE

[Link] is the widest and largest cusp in mesiodistal aspect?

1. MESIOLINGUAL CUSP

[Link] where does the lingual groove extends?

1. IT BEGINS AT THE LINGUAL BORDER OF THE OCCLUSAL TABLE AS AN EXTENSION
OF THE DISTAL OBLIQUE GROOVE

[Link] is the occlusal shape of a maxillary first molar?

1. RHOMBOIDAL CROWN OUTLINE

[Link] an occlusal view how is the crown of a maxillary first molar?

1. CROWN WIDER MESIALLY AND LINGUALLY

[Link] is the size of the cusps in an occlusal view in a maxillary first molar?
1. IN THE ORDER: MESIOLINGUAL CUSP, MESIOFACIAL, DISTOFACIAL AND
DISTOLINGUA (AND CARABELLI)

[Link] are the two major fossa we can find in the maxillary first molar?
1. CENTRAL AND DISTAL FOSSA

[Link] are the two minor fossae we can find in a maxillary first molar?
1. MESIAL AND DISTAL TRIANGULAR FOSSAE
[Link] four grooves we find in the occlusal surface of the maxillary first molar?
1. CENTRAL, FACIAL, DISTAL OBLIQUE AND LINGUAL GROOVES

[Link] do we find the oblique ridge?

1. ON THE OCCLUSAL SURFACE OF A MAXILLARY FIRST MOLAR

[Link] makes the oblique ridge?

1. MEETING OF THE TRIANGULAR RIDGE OF THE DISTOFACIAL CUSPS AND THE DISTAL
CUSPAL RIDGE OF THE MESIOLINGUAL CUSP

[Link] is the groove that cross the oblique ridge?

1. TRANSVERSE GROOVE OF THE OBLIQUE RIDGE

[Link] do maxillary second molars erupt?

1. 12 YO

[Link] is the root of maxillary second molar formed?

1. 14-16 YO

[Link] is the smaller cusp in a maxillary second molar?

1. THE DISTOLINGUAL CUSP

[Link] is the shape of the occlusal outline of a maxillary second molar?

1. RHOMBOIDAL

[Link] is the order of root length in maxillary second molars?

1. LINGUAL, MESIOFACIAL, DISTOFACIAL

[Link] is the relationship of the cusps of the maxillary second molar?

1. DISTOFACIAL CUSPS IS ALWAYS SHORTER THAN THE MESIOFACIAL CUSP (FACIAL
CUSPS ARE SMALLER THAN FIRST MAXILLARY MOLAR)

[Link] is the occlusal anatomy more visible in second maxillary molars than in first ones?
1. BECAUSE THE DISTAL CUSPS ARE SIGNIFICANTLY SHORTER THAN MESIAL CUSPS

[Link] is the occlusal surface of second maxillary molars?

1. SIMILAR TO THE FIRST ONES: MESIODISTAL DIAMETER SMALLER, DISTAL CUSPS
ARE SMALLER, HAS MORE SECONDARY GROOVES AND IT IS WIDER
FACIOLINGUALLY THAN MESIOLDISTALLY

[Link] fo mandibular first molars erupt?

1. 6 YO

[Link] is the root of mandibular first molar formed?

1. 9-10 YO

[Link] is a common characteristic of all mandibular molars?

1. THEY ARE ALL WIDER IN THEIR MESIODISTAL DIMENSION

[Link] many cusps have the mandibular first molar?

1. FIVE

[Link] many facial cusps have the mandibular first molar?

1. THREE

[Link] many lingual cusps have the mandibular first molar?

1. TWO

[Link] many roots has the mandibular first molar?

1. TWO (THAT ARE WIDER IN A FACIOLINGUAL DIRECTION)
[Link] is the broadest root of mandibular first molar?
1. MESIAL ROOT (IT IS ALSO THE BROADEST OF ANY ROOT IN THE MANDIBULAR ARCH)

[Link] many pulp canals has the mesial root?

1. TWO PULP CANALS

[Link] is the shape of the crown of mandibular first molars?

1. TRAPEZOIDAL OUTLINE)

[Link] is the relationship between the cusps in a mandibular first molar?

1. LINGUAL CUSPS ARE TALLER AND MORE POINTED (ALL CUSPS ARE VISIBLE)

[Link] is the widest cusp of the three facial cusps in a mandibular first molar?
1. THE MESIOFACIAL CUSP

[Link] many facial grooves has the mandibular first molar?

1. TWO

[Link] is the function of the mesiofacial groove in a mandibular first molar?

1. SEPARATES THE MESIOFACIAL AND DISTOFACIAL CUSPS

[Link] is the function of the distofacial groove in a mandibular first molar?

1. SEPARATES THE DISTOFACIAL AND DISTAL CUSPS

[Link] is the taller and wider cusp of a maxillary first molar?

1. THE MESIOLINGUAL CUSP

[Link] is the shape of the crown in a mandibular first molar?

1. RHMBOIDAL CROWN OUTLINE

[Link] are the only visible cusps in a mesial view in a mandibular first molar?
1. THE MESIAL CUSPS

[Link] is the cervical ridge of the mandibular first molar?

1. IT IS THE GREATEST CURVATURE OF THE FACIAL OUTLINE, IS AT THE CERVICAL
THIRD OF THE CROWN

[Link] is the crown located in a mandibular first molar?

1. CROWN LOCATED LINGUAL TO THE FACIOLINGUAL LONG AXIS BISECTOR

[Link] is the distal cusp seen in a distal view of a mandibular first molar?
1. OUTLINE OF THE DISTAL CUSP WILL BE SEEN SUPERIMPOSED ON THE DISTOFACIAL
CUSP

[Link] is the occlusal shape of a mandibular first molar?

1. HEXAGONAL OCCLUSAL CROWN (FACIAL HALF OF THE CROWN IS MUCH WIDER
THAN LINGUAL HALF)

[Link] many cusps has the mandibular first molar?

1. FIVE

[Link] is he order in size of the five cusps of a mandibular first molar?

1. MESIOFACIAL (WIDEST), MESIOLINGUAL, DISTOLINGUAL, DISTOFACIAL, DISTAL OR
FIFTH CUSP

[Link] is the tallest cusp of a mandibular fist molar?

1. MESIOLINGUAL CUSP
[Link] many fossae we have in a mandibular first molar?
1. ONE MAJOR FOSSA (CENTRAL FOSSA) AND TWO MINOR FOSSAE (MESIAL AND
DISTAL TRIANGULAR FOSSAE)

[Link] many developmental grooves we have in a mandibular first molar?

1. FOUR: CENTRAL GROOVE, MESIOFACIAL GROOVE, DISTOFACIAL GROOVE, LINGUAL
GROOVE

[Link] do mandibular second molars erupt?

1. 12 YO

[Link] is the root of mandibular second molars formed?

1. 14-15 YO

[Link] many cusps have the mandibular second molar?

1. FOUR (HAS NO DISTAL CUSP) (ALSO DISTOFACIAL CUSP IS LARGER THAN
DISTOFACIAL CUSP OF FIRST MOLAR)

[Link] many roots has the mandibular second molar?

1. TWO

[Link] is the crown of mandibular second molars?

1. NARROWER MESIODISTALLY AND SHORTER OCCLUSOCERVICALLY THAN THAT OF
FIRST MOLAR (MESIAL CUSP IS A LITTLE TALLER THAN DISTAL CUSP)

[Link] many facial grooves has the mandibular second molar?

1. ONE (FACIAL OR BUCCAL GROOVE)

[Link] is the function of the facial / buccal groove of mandibular second molar?
1. SEPARATES THE MESIOFACIAL AND DISTOFACIAL CUSPS AND EXTENDS ONLY A
SHORT DISTANCE ONTO THE FACIAL SURFACE

[Link] is the taller and more pointed cusp in a mandibular second molar?
1. MESIOLINGUAL CUSP

[Link] cusp doesn’t have the mandibular second molar?

1. THE DISTAL CUSP

[Link] is the occlusal shape of the mandibular second molar?

1. RECTANGULAR CROWN OUTLINE

[Link] is the more prominent occlusal lobe in a mandibular second molar?

1. THE MESIOFACIAL LOBE

[Link] many grooves separates the mesiofacial and distofacial cusps?

1. ONLY ONE FACIAL GROOVE

[Link] where extends the central groove in a mandibular second molar?

1. IT CROSSES THE OCCLUSAL SURFACE MESIODISTALLY SLIGHTLY LINGUAL TO THE
FACIOLINGUAL BISECTOR

[Link] divides the occlusal surface of a mandibular second molar in mesial and distal halves?
1. FACIAL GROOVE AND LINGUAL GROOVE

[Link] groove is crossed by the lingual and facial groove in the occlusal surface of a
mandibular second molar?
1. CENTRAL GROOVE
[Link] is located the central pit of the mandibular second molar?
1. IN THE CENTRAL FOSSA

[Link] tooth has the characteristic “+” sign in the occlusal surface?
1. MANDIBULAR SECOND MOLAR
 REGIONAL ANATOMY OPEN QUESTIONS

ORAL CAVITY

1. What covers the oral mucosa?

1. ALL ORAL SURFACES EXCEPT TEETH

2. Which are the two layers that form the oral mucosa?
1. EPITHELIUM AND CHORION

3. How many types of layers we have?

1. THREE

4. What are the three types of layer we can find in the oral cavity?
1. LINING, MASTICATORY, SPECIALIZED

5. Which structures are covered by lining epithelium?

1. SOFT PALATE, LIPS, CHEEKS, FLOOR OF THE MOUTH, VENTRAL SURFACE OF
TONGUE

6. What is the composition of the lining epithelium?

1. STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS NON KERATINIZED EPITHELIUM ON A CHORION OF
CONNECTIVE TISSUE (THERE CAN BE PARAKERATINIZED AREA)

7. Which structures are covered by the masticatory epithelium?

1. GUMS AND HARD PALATE

8. What id the composition of the masticatory epithelium?

1. STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS KERATINIZED OR PARAKERATINIZED EPITHELIUM ON A
CHORION OF DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

9. Which structures are covered by the specialized epithelium?

1. DORSUM OF THE TONGUE (ORGAN OF TASTE —> GUSTATORY MUCOSA)

10. What is the composition of the specialized epithelium?

1. STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS PARAKERATINIZED EPITHELIUM WITH GUSTATORY PAPILLAE
ON A CHORION OF LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE (EPITHELIUM HAS ALSO
KERATINIZED AND NON KERATINIZED AREAS

11. Which are the five important components of the oral cavity?
1. VESTIBULE OF THE MOUTH, GINGIVA, HARD PALATE, TONGUE AND FLOOR OF THE
MOUTH

12. Where do we find the vestibule?

1. AMONG THE MAXILLA, THE MANDIBLE, THE LIPS, AND THE CHEEKS

13. What covers the vestibule of the mouth?

1. LINING MUCOSA

14. Which structure do we find both superior and inferior in the midline?
1. LABIAL FRENUM

15. What do we find in the posterior zone of the vestibule of the mouth?
1. THE ANTERIOR EDGE OF THE MANDIBULAR RAMUS, AND TOWARD MEDIAL, THE
PTERYGOMANDIBULAR RAPHE

16. Where do we find the exit parotid duct?

1. AT THE LEVEL OF FIRST OR SECODN UPPER MOLAR
17. Which structures cover the gingiva?
1. ALVEOLAR PROCESS OF MAXILLA AND MANDIBLE

18. Which structures anchor the teeth to the alveolar bone?

1. GUMS AND PDL

19. Which nerves supply in general teeth and gums?

1. SUPERIOR ALVEOLAR, LINGUAL AND INFERIOR ALVEOLAR NERVES

20. Which structure separate the gums from the lining mucosa?
1. MUCOGINGIVAL JUNCTION

21. Which two zones we find in the gingiva?

1. FREE GINGIVA AND ATTACHED GINGIVA?

22. Which structure separate the attached gingiva from the free gingiva?
1. THE FREE GINGIVAL GROOVE

23. Which structure surrounds the hard palate?

1. SURROUNDED BY MAXILLARY GUMS

24. Where do we find the palatal raphe?

1. IN THE MIDLINE OF THE HARD PALATE

25. Where do we find the incisive papilla?

1. IN THE ANTERIOR END OF THE RAPHE, AT THE HEIGHT OF THE INCISIVE FORAMEN

26. Which structure do we find on both sides of the hard palate?

1. PALATAL RUGUET

27. Which type of mucosa covers the hard palate?

1. MASTICATORY MUCOSA

28. In which area of the hard palate we find adipose tissue?

1. IN THE ANTEROLATERAL AREA

29. In which area of the hard palate we find minor salivary glands?
1. IN THE POSTEROLATERAL AREA

30. Which structure divides the dorsal surface of the tongue in two portions?
1. SULCUS TERMINALIS

31. In which part of the tongue we find the foramen cecum?

1. IN THE APEX

32. Which structure connects the root of the tongue to the epiglottis?
1. THE GLOSSOEPIGLOTTIC FOLDS

33. Which structures we find in the ventral side of the tongue?

1. LINGUAL FRENUM, FIMBRIATED FOLDS AND THE MAJOR LINGUAL VEINS

34. Which type of epithelium we find in the ventral surface of the tongue?
1. STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS NON KERATINIZED EPITHELIUM ON A CHORION OF LOOSE
CONNECTIVE TISSUE

35. Which type of epithelium covers the anterior zone of the dorsal surface of the tongue?
1. SPECIALIZED MUCOSA
36. Which type of epithelium covers the posterior zone of the dorsal surface of the tongue?
1. LINING MUCOSA WITHOUT GUSTATORY PAPILLAE

37. Where is located the floor of the mouth?

1. BETWEEN THE LINGUAL SIDE OF THE MANDIBLE, AND THE VENTRAL SIDE OF THE
TONGUE

38. Which structure do we find in the midline of the floor of the mouth?
1. LINGUAL FRENUM

39. Which structure do we find in the base of the lingual frenum?

1. SUBLINGUAL PAPILLA

40. Which structure do we find on both sides of the sublingual papilla?

1. THE SUBLINGUAL FOLDS

41. Which epithelium covers the floor of the mouth?

1. LINING MUCOSA

42. In which part of the floor of the mouth we find adipose tissue?
1. IN THE SUBMUCOSA OF THE FLOOR OF THE MOUTH

PALATAL REGION

43. With which structures corresponds the palatal region?

1. CORRESPONDS WITH THE ROOF OF THE ORAL CAVITY AND THE FLOOR OF THE
NASAL CAVITY

44. What is the anterior and lateral limit of the palatal region?
1. ALVEOLAR PROCESS OF THE MAXILLA

45. What is the posterior limit of the palatal region?

1. FREE BORDER OF THE SOFT PALATE

46. Which are the two sides of the palatal region?

1. THE INFERIOR (PALATAL) AND THE SUPERIOR (NASAL)

47. What are the components of the palatal region?

1. PALATAL MUCOUS MEMBRANE, GLANDULAR LAYER, OSTEOFIBROUS AND
MUSCULAR LAYER, NASAL MUCOUS MEMBRANE

48. Where do we find the glandular layer of the palatal region?

1. IN BOTH SIDES OF THE PALATINE RAPHE UNDER THE MUCOSA

49. What forms the glandular layer of the palatal region?

1. A LARGE NUMBER OF MINOR SALIVARY GLANDS AND ADIPOSE TISSUE

50. Where do the main branches of palatine arteries and nerves nun though?
1. IN THE DEEPEST ZONE OF THE GLANDULAR LAYER OF THE PALATAL REGION

51. What forms the soft palate?

1. PALATINE APONEUROSIS AND SOME MUSCULAR LAYERS

52. What forms the palatine aponeurosis?

1. LAYER OF DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
53. Where is the palatine aponeurosis anchored?
1. IN THE POSTERIOR SIDE OF THE HARD PALATE AND IN THE LOWER EDGE OF THE
MEDIAL PLATE OF PTERYGOID PROCESS

54. Which kind of epithelium covers the nasal mucous membrane?

1. RESPIRATORY EPITHELIUM (CILIATED COLUMNAR PSEUDOSTRATIFIED)

BUCCAL REGION

55. Which structures corresponds to the buccal region?

1. CHEEK ON THE LATERAL WALL OF THE BUCCAL CAVITY

56. What is the superior limit of the buccal region?

1. INFERIOR BORDER OF THE ORBIT

57. What is the posterior limit of the buccal region?

1. ANTERIOR BORDER OF THE MASSETER MUSCLE

58. What is the inferior limit of the buccal region?

1. INFERIOR BORDER OF THE MANDIBLE

59. What is the anterior limit of the buccal region?

1. NASOLABIAL SULCUS

60. What are the two sides of the buccal region?

1. LATERAL CUTANEOUS AND MEDIAL MUCOSA

61. What are the components of the buccal region?

1. SKIN AND SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE, FIRST MUSCULAR LAYER, INTERMUSCULAR
SPACE, SECOND MUSCULAR LAYER, DEEP PORTION

62. What makes the intermuscular space?

1. BUCCAL FAT PAD (ACCUMULATION OF ADIPOSE TISSUE WHICH OCCUPIES THE
MAIN PART OF THE FACE), PAROTID DUCT, FACIAL ARTERY, FACIAL VEIN,
INFRAORBITAL NERVE, BUCCAL NERVE, MENTAL NERVE AND SOME BRANCHES OF
THE FACIAL NERVE

63. What is the name of the parotid duct?

1. STENON DUCT

64. Which structure surrounds the buccal fat pad?

1. THE PAROTID DUCT

65. Which structures delimits the intermuscular space of the cheek?

1. FIRST AND SECOND MUSCULAR LAYERS

66. Which epithelium covers the lateral wall of the buccal cavity?
1. BUCCAL MUCOUS MEMBRANE (LINING MUCOSA)
FLOOR OF THE MOUTH

67. Where is located the floor of the mouth?

1. IN THE INFERIOR PORTION OF THE ORAL CAVITY

68. What is the limit of the superior side of the floor of the mouth?
1. ORAL MUCOSA AND VENTRAL SIDE OF THE TONGUE

69. What is the limit of the posterior side of the floor of the mouth?
1. ROOT OF THE TONGUE

70. What is the limit of the lower side of the floor of the mouth?
1. HYOID BONE

71. What is the limit of the anterior and lateral side of the floor of the mouth?
1. LINGUAL SIDE OF THE MANDIBLE

72. What divides the floor of the mouth in two regions?

1. MYLOHYOID MUSCLE

73. What are the two regions of the floor of the mouth?
1. SUBLINGUAL AND SUPRAHYOID REGION

74. Where is located the sublingual region of the floor of the mouth?
1. ABOVE THE MYLOHYOID MUSCLE

75. What are the main structures we find in the sublingual region?
1. SUBLINGUAL ARTERY AND VEIN, LINGUAL AND HYPOGLOSSAL NERVE, LINGUAL
MUSCLES, SUBLINGUAL GLAND AND DEEP LOBE OF THE SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND
MAJOR SUBLINGUAL DUCT AND SUBMANDIBULAR DUCT

76. What is the name of the sublingual duct?

1. RIVINUS

77. What is the name of the submandibular duct?

1. WARTHON

78. Where is located the suprahyoid region of the floor of the mouth?
1. BETWEEN THE MYLOHYOID MUSCLE AND THE HYOID BONE

79. What are the main structures we find in the suprahyoid region?
1. FACIAL, SUBMENTAL AND MYLOHYOID ARTERIES, FACIAL VEIN, HYPOGLOSSAL AND
MYLOHYOID NERVES, SUPRAHYOID MUSCLES, SUPERFICIAL LOBE OF THE
SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND, SUBMANDIBULAR AND SUBMENTAL LYMPH NODES

SALIVARY GLANDS

80. What are the four salivary glands we have?

1. PAROTID, SUBMAXILLARY, SUBLINGUAL, MINOR SALIVARY GLANDS

81. Where is located the parotid gland?

1. POSTERIOR TO THE MANDIBULAR RAMUS, INFERIOR TO THE EAR CANAL, ANTERIOR
TO THE MASTOID PROCESS
82. What is the structure that limits the parotid gland?
1. PAROTID CELL FASCIA

83. Which structures crosses the parotid duct?

1. MASSETERIC FASCIA, BUCCINATOR MUSCLE, ADIPOSE BODY OF CHEEK

84. Where is the exit of the parotid duct?

1. AT THE HEIGHT OF THE UPPER FIRST OR SECOND MOLAR

85. What kind of secretion produces the parotid gland?

1. SEROUS SECRETION (PRODUCES ENZYMATIC PROTEINS)

86. Where is located the submandibular gland?

1. IN THE LATERAL PORTION OF THE SUPRAHYOID REGION ON THE LINGUAL SIDE OF
THE MANDIBLE (ANTERIOR TRIANGLE)

87. What occupies the submaxillar cell?

1. SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND (WITH SUBMANDIBULAR LYMPH NODES)

88. Which salivary duct is related to the lingual nerve?

1. SUBMANDIBULAR DUCT

89. Which salivary duct empty in the sublingual papilla?

1. SUBMANDIBULAR AND SUBLINGUAL DUCT

90. What kind of secretion produces the submandibular gland?

1. MIXED SECRETION (PREDOMINANTLY SEROUS) MAINLY PRODUCES EZYME
PROTEINS BUT ALSO GLYCOPROTEINS

91. Where is located the sublingual gland?

1. IN THE SUBLINGUAL SULCUS (BETWEEN THE SUBLINGUAL FOSSA OF THE
MANDIBLE AND THE GENIOGLOSSUS MUSCLE)

92. Where do the 15-20 minor sublingual ducts empty?

1. IN THE SUBLINGUAL FOLD

93. What kind of secretion produces the sublingual gland?

1. MIXED SECRETION (MAINLY MUCOUS)

94. What are the four groups of minor salivary glands?

1. LABIAL, PALATAL, BUCCAL AND LINGUAL

95. Where do we find the minor salivary glands?

1. IN CHORION AND SUBMUCOSA

96. Which kind of secretion produce the minor salivary glands?

1. MAINLY MUCOUS

97. What kind of secretion produce the Von Ebner’s gland?

1. SEROUS SECRETION
TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT

98. Where do we find the TMJ?

1. BETWEEN THE CONDYLE OF THE MANDIBLE AND THE GLENOID FOSSA

99. What kind of joint is the TMJ?

1. BICONDYLAR, SYNOVIAL AND ARTHRODIAL JOINT

100. What covers the articulating surface of the TMJ?

1. FIBROCARTILAGE

[Link] are the fundamental components of the temporal bone?

1. ARTICULAR TUBERCLE, GLENOID FOSSA (MANDIBULAR FOSSA)

102. What is the function of the articular tubercle?

1. ATTACH THE TEMPOROMANDIBULAR LIGAMENT OF THE JOINT

[Link] structure divide in two parts the glenoid / mandibular fossa?

1. BY THE PETROTYMPANIC FISSURE

[Link] is the mandibular condyle?

1. AN OVOID PROCESS SEATED ABOVE THE MANDIBULAR NECK

[Link] covers the mandibular condyle?

1. THE ARTICULAR SURFACE IS COVERED BY FIBROUS TISSUE AND INTERFACE WITH
THE ARTICULAR DISC

106. Where do we find the articular disc?

1. BETWEEN THE MANDIBULAR CONDYLE AND THE TEMPORAL BONE

[Link] kind of tissue composes the articular disc?

1. FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE

[Link] is an important characteristic of the articular disc?

1. IT IS ANEURAL AND AVASCULAR

[Link] do the rotation / hinging movements take place?

1. IN THE LOWER COMPARTMENT OF THE ARTICULAR DISC

[Link] do the gliding / rotation movements take place?

1. IN THE UPPER COMPARTMENT OF THE ARTICULAR DISC

111. In which part of the articular disc inserts the lateral pterygoid muscle?
1. IN THE ANTEROMEDIAL BORDER OF THE ARTICULAR DISC

112. Where are the attachments of the fibrous capsule?

1. SUPERIORLY ATTACHED TO THE TEMPORAL BONE ALONG THE BORDERS OF THE
ARTICULAR SURFACES OF THE MANDIBULAR FOSSA AND THE ARTICULAR
EMINENCE AND INFERIORLY THE FIBERS OF THE CAPSULAR LIGAMENT ARE
ATTACHED TO THE NECK OF THE CONDYLE

[Link] are located the long and superficial fibers of the fibrous capsule?
1. FROM TEMPORAL BONE TO THE CONDYLE

[Link] are located the deep and short fibers of the fibrous capsule?
1. FROM THE ARTICULAR DISC TO THE TEMPORAL BONE AND THE MANDIBULAR
CONDYLE
[Link] is the bilaminar region?
1. THICK GROUP OF ELASTIC FIBERS LOCATED IN THE POSTERIOR BORDER OF THE
DISC

[Link] are the three parts of the bilaminar region?

1. SUPERIOR, CENTRAL AND INFERIOR

117. What are the functions of the fibrous capsule?

1. TO RESIST FORCES THAT TEND TO DISLOCATE THE DISC; TO ENCOMPASS THE
JOINT THUS RETAINING THE SYNOVIAL FLUID; PROVIDE PROPRIOCEPTIVE
FEEDBACK REGARDING POSITION AND MOVEMENT OF THE JOINT

[Link] are the five ligaments we find in the TMJ?

1. TEMPOROMANDIBULAR (LATERAL), COLLATERAL, SPHENOMANDIBULAR,
STYLOMANDIBULAR, PTERYGOMANDIBULAR RAPHE

[Link] are the functional ligaments of the TMJ?

1. TEMPOROMANDIBULAR (LATERAL) AND COLLATERAL LIGAMENTS

[Link] are the accessory ligaments of the TMJ?

1. SPHENOMANDIBULAR, STYLOMANDIBULAR, PTERYGOMANDIBULAR RAPHE

[Link] is the function of the temporomandibular ligament?

1. LIMITS POSTERIOR MOVEMENT OF THE CONDYLE AND DISC

[Link] is the function of the collateral ligament?

1. ATTACH THE MEDIAL AND LATERAL EDGES OF THE DISC TO THE CONDYLE

PHARYNX

123. Where is located the pharynx?

1. BACK TO THE NASAL AND ORAL CAVITIES

[Link] structure joins the pharynx to the base of the skull?

1. THE FARINGOBASILAR FASCIA

[Link] which structures does the pharynx communicates?

1. WITH ORAL CAVITY, NASAL CAVITY AND LARYNX

126. Which structure connects the pharynx to the middle ear?

1. THE AUDITORY TUBE / EUSTACHIAN TUBE

[Link] are the three portions of the pharynx?

1. NASOPHARYNX, OROPHARYNX, LARYNGOPHARYNX

[Link] what communicates the nasopharynx?

1. WITH THE NOSTRILS

[Link] is located the input of the auditory tube?

1. IN THE LATERAL WALL OF THE NASOPHARYNX

130. Through which structure does the oropharynx communicate with the oral cavity?
1. BY THE ISTHMUS OF THE FAUCES
131. With what is related anteriorly the laryngopharynx?
1. EPIGLOTTIS, ENTRANCE TO THE LARYNX AND THE CARTILAGE AND MUSCLES OF
THE LARYNX

[Link] are the side edges of the soft palate attached?

1. TO THE BOTTOM OF THE PTERYGOID PROCESS

[Link] do we find the uvula?

1. IN THE MIDLINE OF THE FREE EDGE OF THE SOFT PALATE

[Link] do we find on both sides of the soft palate?

1. THE PILLARS OF THE FAUCES OR FOLDS

[Link] structure divides the laryngopharyngeal space?

1. THE PILLARS OF THE FAUCES

[Link] structures define the isthmus of the fauces?

1. PALATOGLOSSAL ARCH WITH UVULA AND DORSUM OF THE TONGUE

[Link] is the palatopharyngeal arch located?

1. POSTERIOR TO THE PALATOGLOSSAL FOLD, CONTINUES BELOW WITH THE
PHARYNGEAL WALL

[Link] type of epithelium covers the soft palate?

1. STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS NON KERATINIZED EPITHELIUM WITH TASTE BUDS

[Link] forms the submucosa of the soft palate?

1. CONNECTIVE TISSUE WITH MINOR SALIVARY GLANDS

[Link] are the tonsils that composes the Waldeyer’s tonsillar ring?
1. PHARYNGEAL, TUBAL, PALATINE, LINGUAL

[Link] do we find the pharyngeal tonsils?

1. POSTERIOR AND SUPERIOR ZONE OF THE NASOPHARYNX

[Link] kind of epithelium covers the nasopharynx?

1. RESPIRATORY EPITHELIUM

[Link] do we find the tubal tonsils?

1. IN THE MUCOSA SURROUNDING THE PHARYNGEAL INPUT OF THE AUDITORY TUBE,
IN THE LATERAL WALL OF THE NASOPHARYNX

[Link] do we find the palatine tonsils?

1. IN THE LATERAL WALL OF THE OROPHARYNX BETWEEN THE PALATOPHARYNGEAL
AND PALATOGLOSSAL FOLDS

[Link] do we find the tonsillar crypts?

1. IN THE PALATINE TONSILS

[Link] do we find the lingual tonsils?

1. IN THE DORSUM OF THE TONGUE POSTERIOR TO THE TERMINAL SULCUS

[Link] kind of epithelium covers the hypopharynx?

1. STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM NON KERATINIZED

[Link] which part of the pharynx is located the entrance of the auditory tube?
1. NASOPAHRYNX, LATERAL WALL
LARYNX

[Link] is located the larynx?

1. IN THE ANTERIOR PART OF THE NECK, IN THE MIDLINE

[Link] are the limits of the larynx?

1. IT IS ANTERIOR TO THE PHARYNX, INFERIOR TO THE HYOID BONE AND SUPERIOR
TO THE TRACHEA

[Link] are the cartilages that we can find in the larynx?

1. CRICOID, THYROID, ARYTENOID, EPIGLOTTIC, CORNICULATES AND CUNEIFORM
CARTILAGES

[Link] are the ligaments that we can find in the larynx?

1. THYROHYOID MEMBRANE, CRICOTHYROID, CRICOTRAQUEAL AND
THYROEPIGLOTTIC LIGAMENTS

[Link] kind of muscles we find in the larynx?

1. EXTRINSIC AND INTRINSIC

[Link] where do the extrinsic muscles of the larynx go?

1. FROM THE LARYNX TO SURROUNDING STRUCTURES

[Link] are three groups of intrinsic muscles of the larynx?

1. TENSOR OF VOCAL FOLDS, DILATORS OF THE GLOTTIS AND CONSTRICTOR OF THE
GLOTTIS

[Link] kind of epithelium covers the larynx?

1. RESPIRATORY EPITHELIUM

[Link] do we find the laryngeal folds?

1. ON THE INNER WALL OF THE LARYNX

[Link] structure divides the larynx in three portions?

1. THE LARYNGEAL FOLDS

[Link] are the three portions of the larynx?

1. SUPERIOR, MIDDLE AND INFERIOR

[Link] do we find the false vocal folds?

1. IN THE SUPERIOR PORTION OF THE LARYNX

[Link] do we find the superior portion of the larynx?

1. SUPERIORLY TO THE VESTIBULAR FOLDS

[Link] do we find the middle portion of the larynx?

1. BETWEEN THE VESTIBULAR FOLDS AND THE VOCAL FOLDS

[Link] is the name of the space between the vocal folds?

1. GLOTTIS

[Link] are located the vocalis muscles?

1. IN THE VOCAL FOLDS

[Link] do we find the inferior portion of the larynx?

1. BELOW THE VOCAL FOLDS, CONTINUES TO THE TRACHEA

[Link] are the false vocal folds located?

1. LARYNX
NECK AND CERVICAL SKELETON

[Link] are the anterior limits of the neck?

1. FROM THE LOWER BORDER OF THE MANDIBLE TO THE UPPER SURFACE OF THE
MANUBRIUM OF STERNUM

[Link] are the posterior limits of the neck?

1. FROM THE SUPERIOR NUCHAL LINE TO THE INTERVERTEBRAL DISC BETWEEN THE
C8 AND T1 VERTEBRAE

[Link] structure suspend the hyoid bone from the tips of the styloid process?
1. THE STYLOHYOID LIGAMENTS

[Link] do we find the hyoid bone?

1. AT THE LEVEL OF THE BASE OF THE MANDIBLE AND IN FRONT AND C3 BEHIND

[Link] is the function of the hyoid bone?

1. PROVIDES ATTACHMENT TO THE SUPRAHYOID MUSCLES AND MUSCLES OF THE
TONGUE AND PHARYNX

COMPARTMENTS AND CERVICAL FASCIA

[Link] are the four cervical compartments that we can find in the head and neck?
1. VISCERAL, VERTEBRAL AND TWO VASCULAR COMPARTMENTS

[Link] contains the visceral cervical compartment?

1. PARTS OF THE DIGESTIVE AND RESPIRATORY SYSTEM AND SEVERAL ENDOCRINE
GLANDS

[Link] is the visceral compartment located?

1. IT IS ANTERIOR

[Link] contains the vertebral cervical compartment?

1. CERVICAL VERTEBRAE, SPINAL CORD, CERVICAL NERVES, MUSCLES ASSOCIATED
WITH VERTEBRAL COLUMN

[Link] is the vertebral compartment located?

1. POSTERIOR

[Link] contains the two vascular cervical compartments?

1. MAJOR BLOOD VESSELS AND THE VAGUS NERVE

[Link] are the two vascular compartments located?

1. LATERAL, ONE ON EACH SIDE

[Link] which fascia is located the platysma muscle?

1. IN THE SUPERFICIAL FASCIA

[Link] do we find the deep cervical fascia?

1. DEEP TO THE SUPERFICIAL FASCIA

[Link] are the layers of the deep cervical fascia?

1. INVESTING, PREVERTEBRAL, PRETRACHEAL LAYERS AND CAROTID SHEATS
[Link] is the function of the investing layer?
1. COMPLETELY SURROUND THE NECK

[Link] does the investing layer surrounds anteriorly?

1. THE INFRAHYOID MUSCLES

[Link] nerve innervates the infra hyoid muscles?

1. HYPOGLOSSAL WITH ANSA CERVICALIS

[Link] does the investing layer surrounds posterolaterally?

1. TRAPEZIUS AND STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID MUSCLES

[Link] is the investing layer attached superiorly?

1. TO THE EXTERNAL OCCIPITAL PROTUBERANCE AND SUPERIOR NUCHAL LINE

[Link] is the investing layer attached laterally?

1. TO THE MASTOID PROCESS AND ZYGOMATIC ARCH

[Link] is the investing layer attached inferiorly?

1. TO THE SPINE OF THE SCAPULA, THE ACROMION, THE CLAVICLE AND THE
MANUBRIUM OF THE STERNUM

[Link] is the function of the prevertebral layer?

1. SURROUND VERTEBRAL COLUMN AND THE DEEP MUSCLES ASSOCIATED WITH THE
BACK

[Link] is the function of the pretracheal layer?

1. ENCLOSES THE VISCERA OF THE NECK, SURROUNDS TRACHEA, ESOPHAGUS, AND
THYROID GLAND

[Link] do we find the buccopharyngeal fascia?

1. POSTERIORLY IN THE PRETRACHEAL LAYER

[Link] structure separates the pharynx and esophagus from the prevertebral layer?
1. THE BUCCOPHARYNGEAL FASCIA

[Link] four structures we find in the carotid sheath?

1. COMMON CAROTID ARTERY, INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY, INTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN
AND VAGUS NERVE

TRIANGLES OF THE NECK

[Link] are the two main triangles we find in the head and neck?
1. ANTERIOR ASD POSTERIOR TRIANGLE

[Link] are the boundaries of the anterior triangle?

1. ANTERIOR BORDER OF THE STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID, INFERIOR BORDER OF THE
MANDIBLE AND THE MIDLINE OF THE NECK

[Link] are the boundaries of the posterior triangle?

1. POSTERIOR BORDER OF THE STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID, THE ANTERIOR BORDER OF
THE TRAPEZIUS AND THEE MIDDLE 1/3 OF THE CLAVICLE
[Link] are the smaller triangles found in the anterior triangle?
1. SUBMANDIBULAR/DIGASTRIC TRIANGLE, SUBMENTAL TRIANGLE, MUSCULAR
TRIANGLE, CAROTID TRIANGLE

[Link] form the floor of the submandibular/digastric triangle?

1. MYLOHYOID AND HYOGLOSSUS MUSCLE

[Link] structures do we find in the anterior region of the digastric triangle?

1. SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND, FACIAL ARTERY AND VEIN. THE SUBMENTAL AND
MYLOHYOID ARTERIES AND NERVES LIE ON MYLOHYOID

[Link] do we find in the posterior region of the digastric triangle?

1. THE LOWER PART OF THE PAROTID GLAND

[Link] structures do we find in the submental triangle?

1. LYMPH NODES AND SMALL VEINS THAT UNITE AND FORM THE ANTERIOR JUGULAR
VEIN

[Link] muscles do we find in the muscular triangle?

1. OMOHYOID, STERNOHYOID, STERNOTHYROID AND THYROHYOID

[Link] structures do we find in the carotid triangle?

1. UPPER PART OF COMMOM CAROTID ARTERY AND ITS DIVISION INTO EXTERNAL AND
INTERNAL, INTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN, CN10, CN11, CN12

[Link] are the suprahyoid muscles that we find in the anterior triangle?
1. STYLOHYOID, DIGASTRIC, MYLOHYOID, AND GENIOHYOID

[Link] are the infrahyoid muscles that we find in the anterior triangle?
1. OMOHYOID, STERNOHYOID, THYROHYOID AND STERNOHYOID

[Link] which two anterior triangles we find the suprahyoid muscles?

1. SUBMENTAL AND SUBMANDIBULAR TRIANGLES

207. Which nerve innervates the stylohyoid muscle?

1. FACIAL NERVE

[Link] nerve innervates the posterior belly of digastric?

1. FACIAL NERVE

[Link] nerve innervates the anterior belly of digastric?

1. V3 OF TRIGEMINAL

[Link] nerve innervates the mylohyoid muscle?

1. V3 OF TRIGEMINAL

[Link] nerve innervates the geniohyoid muscle?

1. BRANCH FROM THE ANTERIOR RAMUS OF C1 CARRIED ALONG THE HYPOGLOSSAL
NERVE

[Link] suprahyoid muscle form the floor of the mouth?

1. THE MYLOHYOID MUSCLE

213. In which triangle we find the infrahyoid muscles?

1. MUSCULAR TRIANGLE (ANTERIOR TRIANGLE)

[Link] nerve innervates the sternohyoid muscle?

1. ANTERIOR RAMI OF C1 TO C3 THOUGH ANSA CERVICALIS
[Link] nerves innervates the sternothyroid muscle?
1. ANTERIOR RAMI OF C1 TO C3 THROUGH ANSA CERVICALIS

[Link] nerve innervates thyrohyoid muscle?

1. FIBERS FROM THE ANTERIOR RAMUS OF C1 THAT TRAVEL WITH THE HYPOGLOSSAL
NERVE

[Link] nerve innervates the inferior and superior belly of the omohyoid muscle?
1. ANTERIOR RAMI OF C1 TO C3 THOUGH ANSA CERVICALIS

[Link] muscles are innervated by the anterior rami of C1 to C3 through the ansa cervicalis?
1. OMOHYOID, STERNOTHYROID AND STERNOHYOID MUSCLES

219. Which arteries go through the anterior triangle?

1. COMMON CAROTID AND THEIR BRANCHES, EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL CAROTID
ARTERIES

[Link] veins go through the anterior triangle?

1. INTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN AND ITS TRIBUTARIES (INFERIOR PETROSAL SINUS,
FACIAL, PHARYNGEAL, OCCIPITAL, SUPERIOR THYROID AND MIDDLE THYROID VEINS

[Link] nerves are associated with the anterior triangle?

1. CN7-9-10-11-12, CERVICAL SPINAL NERVE AND THE CERVICAL SYMPATHETIC
TRUNK, TRANSVERSE CERVICAL NERVE (BRANCHES OF FACIAL, HYPOGLOSSAL,
GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL, VAGUS AND SPINAL ACCESSORY)

[Link] structure innervates the superior root of the ansa cervicalis?

1. SUPERIOR BELLY OF THE OMOHYOID, UPPER PART OF THE STERNOHYOID AND
STERNOTHYROID

[Link] structures innervates the inferior root of the ansa cervicalis?

1. INFERIOR BELLY OF OMOHYOID, LOWER PART OF STERNOHYOID AND
STERNOTHYROID MUSCLES

[Link] is the origin of the transverse cervical nerve?

1. ANTERIOR RAMUS OF CERVICAL NERVE C2 AND C3 (IT IS A BRANCH OF THE
CERVICAL PLEXUS)

[Link] is the function of the transverse cervical nerve?

1. PROVIDE CUTANEOUS INNERVATION TO THE NECK (ANTERIOR PART OF THE NECK)

[Link] structures we find in the viscera of the anterior triangle?

1. SUBMANDIBULAR SALIVARY GLANDS, THYROID AND PARATHYROID GLANDS AND
THE CERVICAL PORTIONS OF THE TRACHEA AND ESOPHAGUS

[Link] do we find the thyroid gland?

1. ANTERIOR IN THE NECK BELOW AND LATERAL TO THE THYROID CARTILAGE

[Link] structure connect the two lateral lobes of the thyroid gland?
1. THE ISTHMUS

[Link] arteries supply the thyroid gland?

1. SUPERIOR AND INFERIOR THYROID ARTERIES

[Link] veins are associated with the thyroid gland?

1. SUPERIOR, MIDDLE AND INFERIOR THYROID VEINS (DRAIN INTO THE INTERNAL
JUGULAR VEIN)

[Link] are the two smaller triangles that we find in the posterior triangle?
1. OCCIPITAL AND SUPRACLAVICULAR TRIANGLES
[Link] is the inferior limit of the occipital triangle?
1. INFERIOR BELLY OF OMOHYOID

[Link] is the superior limit of the supraclavicular triangle?

1. OMOHYOID MUSCLE

[Link] muscles we find in the posterior triangle?

1. OMOHYOID, SPLENIUS CAPITIS, SCALENES, TRAPEZIUS, STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID
(STERNAL AND CLAVICULAR HEADS)

[Link] muscle of the posterior triangle has a diamond shape?

1. TRAPEZIUS

[Link] is sternocleidomastoid attached inferiorly?

1. BY TWO HEADS

[Link] are the two heads of the sternocleidomastoid?

1. MEDIAL OR STERNAL AND LATERAL OR CLAVICULAR

[Link] is the sternocleidomastoid inserted superiorly?

1. BY A STRONG TENDON AND BY A THIN APONEUROSIS

[Link] blood vessels are associated with the posterior triangle?

1. EXTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN, SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY, TRANSVERSE CERVICAL AND
SUPRASCAPULAR ARTERIES

[Link] vein crosses the posterior triangle?

1. EXTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN

[Link] arteries crosses the posterior triangle?

1. SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY, TRANSVERSE CERVICAL AND SUPRASCAPULAR ARTERIES

242. Which nerves passes through the posterior triangle?

1. CN11 (ACCESSORY), BRANCHES OF CERVICAL PLEXUS, COMPONENTS AND
BRANCHES OF BRACHIAL PLEXUS

243. What forms the cervical plexus?

1. ANTERIOR RAMI OF CERVICAL NERVES C2, C3 AND C4 (POSSIBLE CONTRIBUTION
OF C1)

[Link] branches consists the cervical plexus?

1. MUSCULAR (OR DEEP) BRANCHES AND CUTANEOUS BRANCHES

[Link] is the major branch of the muscular branch of the cervical plexus?
1. PHRENIC NERVE

[Link] is the function of the phrenic nerve?

1. SUPPLY THE DIAPHRAGM WITH BOTH MOTOR AND SENSORY INNERVATION

[Link] is the origin of the phrenic nerve?

1. ANTERIOR RAMI OF CERVICAL NERVE C3, C4 AND C5

[Link] are the nerves of the cutaneous branch of the cervical plexus?
1. LESSER OCCIPITAL NERVE, GREAT AURICULAR NERVE, TRANSVERSE CERVICAL
NERVE, SUPRACLAVICULAR NERVE

[Link] is the function of the lesser occipital nerve?

1. DISTRIBUTE TO THE SKIN OF THE NECK AND SCALP POSTERIOR TO THE EAR
[Link] is the function of the great auricular nerve?
1. SUPPLY THE SKIN OF THE PAROTID REGION, THE EAR AND THE MASTOID AREA

[Link] is the function of the transverse cervical nerve?

1. SUPPLY LATERAL AND ANTERIOR PARTS OF THE NECK

[Link] is the function of the supraclavicular nerve?

1. SUPPLY THE SKIN OVER THE CLAVICLE AND SHOULDER AS FAR AS THE SECOND RIB

253. What is the origin of the brachial plexus?

1. FROM THE ANTERIOR RAMI OF CERVICAL NERVES C5 TO C8 AND THORACIC NERVE
T1

[Link] are the branches of the brachial plexus?

1. DORSAL SCAPULAR NERVE, LONG THORACIC NERVE, SUPRASCAPULAR NERVE

[Link] is the function of the dorsal scapular nerve?

1. SUPPLY THE RHOMBOID MUSCLE

[Link] is the function of the long thoracic nerve?

1. TO THE SERRATUS ANTERIOR MUSCLE

[Link] is the function of the supra scapular nerve?

1. TO THE SUPRASPINATUS AND INFRASPINATUS MUSCLE

[Link] nerve supply cutaneous sensory innervation to the anterior triangle of the neck?
1. TRANSVERSE CERVICAL NERVE
 EMBRIOLOGY OPEN QUESTIONS

1. Which two periods make the development phase?

1. EMBRYONIC AND FETAL PERIODS

2. How is divided the embryonic period?

1. (1) FROM FERTILIZATION UNTIL 3RD WEEK AND (2) FROM THE 4TH TO THE 8TH WEEK

3. How long is the fetal period?

1. FROM THE 9TH WEEK UNTIL BIRTH

4. Where does fertilization occur?

1. IN THE FALLOPIAN TUBES

5. How are the cells that come from the division of the zygote called?
1. BLASTOMERS

6. What originate the placenta?

1. CYTOTROPHOBLAST AND SYNCYTIOTROPHOBLAST

7. What originate the embryo?

1. EMBRYONIC NODULE

8. When can you see the three embryonic layers?

1. IN THE THIRD WEEK

9. What are the three embryonic layers?

1. ENDODERM, MESODERM AND ECTODERM

10. What is formed from the endoderm?

1. THE YOLK SAC

11. What is formed from the ectoderm?

1. THE AMNIOTIC SAC

12. What is formed from the mesoderm?

1. NOTOCHORD

13. What is derived from the ectoderm?

1. THE NOTOCHORD FROM THE MESODERM

14. When do the longitudinal and transversal folds appear?

1. FROM THE 4TH TO THE 8TH WEEK

15. What are the two longitudinal foldings we can find?

1. HEAD AND TAIL FOLDS

16. What are the three lateral / transversal foldings we can find?
1. SOMITES, NEURAL TUBE AND NEURAL CREST

17. When is heart formed and begin to pulse?

1. FROM THE 4TH TO THE 8TH WEEK

18. When are the pharyngeal or brachial arches formed?

1. FROM THE 4TH TO THE 8TH WEEK

19. When is the stomatodeum (primitive oral cavity) formed?

1. FROM THE 4TH TO THE 8TH WEEK
20. When do the optical placid and sketches of upper and lower limbs formed?
1. FROM THE 4TH TO THE 8TH WEEK

21. What are the three main important structures that are formed from the 4th to 8th week?
1. LONGITUDINAL FOLDINGS (HEAD AND TAIL FOLDS), LATERAL FOLDING (SOMITES,
NEURAL TUBE AND NEURAL CREST) AND PHARYNGEAL OR BRACHIAL ARCHES

22. Which tissues are formed from the ectoderm?

1. SKIN AND ANNEXES, NERVOUS SYSTEM, ORAL CAVITY AND SALIVARY GLANDS

23. Which two oral structures are derived from the ectoderm?
1. ORAL CAVITY AND SALIVARY GLANDS

24. Which tissues are formed from the mesoderm?

1. BONES, CARTILAGES, MUSCLES, CARDIOVASCULAR AND UROGENITAL SYSTEM

25. Which tissues are formed from the endoderm?

1. DIGESTIVE TRACT, RESPIRATORY SYSTEM, LIVER, PANCREAS AND THYROID GLAND

26. When are the sexual organs visible?

1. FROM THE 12TH WEEK

27. When do the fetal movements begin?

1. AT THE 20TH WEEK

28. From when the nervous system can control the basic functions (breathing, swallowing,
temperature)?
1. FROM THE 7TH MONTH

29. Which structures are pat of the head formation in craneofacial embryology?
1. BONES (FRONTAL, PARIETAL, OCCIPITAL, TEMPORAL AND SPHENOID), NERVOUS
SYSTEM, EYES, EARS AND OLFACTORY MUCOSA

30. Which structures are part of the formation of the face?

1. ORAL CAVITY, NOSE, LIPS AND DERIVATES OF THE BRACHIAL ARCHES

31. Which part of the neural tube form thee vesicles and two curvatures that give origin to the
CNS?
1. THE CEPHALIC END OF THE NEURAL TUBE

32. Which part of the neural tube will origin the ventricular system?
1. THE CAVITY OF THE NEURAL TUBE

33. In which part of the neural canal originate the neural crest which form the structures of the
PNS?
1. IN THE WALLS OF THE NEURAL CANAL

34. What causes the formation of facial structure and dental organs?
1. MIGRATION OF ECTOMESENQUIMAL CELLS

35. How many branchial arches we have?

1. FIVE

36. How are formed the five branchial arches?

1. BY PROLIFERATION OF THE MESENCHYME ON THE WALLS AND FLOOR OF THE
PHARYNX OF THE EMBRYO AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 4TH WEEK

37. Where do we find the pharyngeal pouches?

1. ON THE INNER ASPECT OF BRANQUIAL ARCHES
38. What are the three layers of the branchial arches?
1. INTERNAL ENDODERMIC, MESENCHYME AND EXTERNAL ECTODERMIC

39. Which structures are part of the mesenchyme layer of the branchial arches?
1. CARTILAGES, MUSCLE, AN ARTERY AND CRANIAL NERVE

40. From which branchial arch originate cn5?

1. FIRST BRANCHIAL ARCH

41. From which branchial arch originate maxilla, mandible and Meckel’s cartilage?
1. FIRST BRANCHIAL ARCH

42. From which branchial arch originate the masticatory muscles, mylohyoid, tensor velii palatine
muscles?
1. FIRST BRANCHIAL ARCH

43. From which branchial arch originate cn7?

1. SECOND BRANCHIAL ARCH

44. From which branchial arch originate the hyoid bone and styloid process?
1. SECOND BRANCHIAL ARCH

45. From which branchial arch originate the facial muscles, stylohyoid, posterior belly of digastric?
1. SECOND BRANCHIAL ARCH

46. From which branchial arch originate cn9?

1. THIRD BRANCHIAL ARCH

47. From which branchial arch originate the hyoid bone?

1. THIRD BRANCHIAL ARCH

48. From which branchial arch originate the constrictors of pharynx, stylopharingeous muscles?
1. THIRD BRANCHIAL ARCH

49. From which branchial arch originate cn10?

1. FOURTH BRANCHIAL ARCH

50. From which branchial arch originate the laryngeal cartilages?

1. FOURTH BRANCHIAL ARCH

51. From which branchial arch originate the constrictors of pharynx and laryngeal muscles?
1. FOURTH BRANCHIAL ARCH

52. How are the nostrils formed?

1. WHEN THE OLFACTORY EMINENCE INVAGINATE IN THE 5TH WEEK

53. How is the nasal elevation separated from the maxillary process?
1. BY A RECESS (THAT WILL GIVE ORIGIN TO THE NASOLACRIMAL GROOVE)

54. What originate the front and back of the nose?

1. THE FRONTONASAL PROCESS ABOVE THE PLACODAS

55. How are the jaws formed?

1. IS THE RESULT OF THE DEVELOPMENT AND FUSION OF THE MAXILLARY,
MANDIBULAR, NASAL AND FRONTONASAL PROCESSES

56. When does the mandibular ossification begins?

1. IN THE 6TH WEEK
57. When do the secondary cartilaginous centers appear? I
1. N THE 12TH WEEK

58. What is the function of the secondary cartilaginous centers?

1. COMPLETE THE MANDIBLE

59. What are the four secondary cartilaginous centers?

1. CORONOID, ANGULAR, CONDYLAR AND INCISAL.

60. How do the secondary cartilaginous centers ossified?

1. BY ENDOCHONDRIAL PATTERN

61. Where are inserted the masticatory muscles?

1. IN THE SECONDARY CARTILAGINOUS CENTERS

62. When does the maxillary ossification begins?

1. IT STARTS IN THE 6TH WEEK

63. Which pattern follow the maxillary ossification?

1. INTRAMEMBRANOUS OSSIFICATION PATTERN

64. Where does the primary ossification center expand and merge?
1. IN THE MESENCHYME

65. Which type of bone is formed first?

1. FIRST THE SPONGY BONE AND THEN CORTICAL BONE

66. When does the primary palate form?

1. BETWEEN THE 5TH AND 6TH WEEK

67. From what derives the primary palate?

1. FROM NASAL PROCESSES

68. When does the secondary palate form?

1. BETWEEN THE 7TH AND 8TH WEEK

69. From what derives the secondary palate?

1. FROM THE INNER FACE OF THE MAXILLARY PROCESS (LATERAL AND PALATINE
PROCESSES)

70. When do both primary and secondary palate merge?

1. BETWEEN THE 11TH AND THE 12TH WEEK

71. From which branchial arches is formed the tongue?

1. FROM THE FIRST FOUR ARCHES

72. When does the formation of the tongue begins?

1. AT THE 5TH WEEK

73. Which two structures form the anterior part of the tongue (up to the terminal sulcus)?
1. LINGUAL SWELLINGS AND TUBERCULUM IMPAR

74. What are the two thickenings that we find in the inner side of the first branchial arch?
1. LINGUAL SWELLINGS (TUBERCULUM IMPAR LOCATED BETWEEN THEM)

75. Which structure do we find between the lingual swellings?

1. TUBERCULUM IMPAR

76. Which structure gives origin to the lingual root?

1. THE GROWTH OF THE HYPOBRANCHIAL EMINENCE
77. Where do we find the hypobranchial eminence?
1. BEHIND THE TUBERCULUM IMPAR

78. What forms the hypobranchial eminence?

1. THE FUSION OF THE MESENCHYME OF THE FIRST FOUR BRANCHIAL ARCHES

79. When do the lingual papillae begin to form?

1. IN THE 8TH WEEK

80. When do the gustatory papillae begin fo appear?

1. AT THE 20TH WEEK

81. When are we able to distinguish the fibers of the lingual muscle?
1. BETWEEN THE 18TH AND 20TH WEEK

82. When do the lingual glands begins to differentiate?

1. AT THE 20TH WEEK

83. How is the upper lip formed?

1. FROM THE NASAL AND MAXILLARY PROCESSES

84. How is the lower lip formed?

1. FROM THE MANDIBULAR PROCESSES

85. How is called the structure that separates the lips?

1. VESTIBULAR LAMINA

86. How are the cheeks formed?

1. BY FUSION OF MAXILLARY AND MANDIBULAR PROCESSES

87. From which branchial arch derives the muscles of the cheeks?
1. FROM THE SECOND BRANCHIAL ARCH