DEVELOPMENT- refers to progress or advancements.
It includes certain goals or
aspirations and the ways in which they can be achieved.
What are these goals or aspirations ? - access to essential commodities
- bringing about equality and freedom
- helping people to live peacefully
- making life better for all
People have different development goals. People have conflicting goals.
All people do not have the same notion of development or progress because of the following reasons:
Each one of them seeks different things. They seek things that are most important for them, i.e., that which can
fulfil their aspirations or desires.
In fact, at times, two persons or groups of persons may seek things which are conflicting.
Ex 1:- A girl expects as much freedom and opportunity as her brother, and that he also shares in the household
work. Her brother may not like this.
Ex 2:- Some people may accept a job in far off places, keeping income and opportunity in mind. Other people
may prefer to stay closer to home, even if a job pays less,
Conclusion: 1. Different persons can have different developmental goals
2. What may be development for one may not be development for the other. It may even be
destructive for the other.
Income & Goals
One common development goal of people is higher income ----> more material goods and greater comfort
But quality of life also depends on other goals like - freedom
- respect
- security
- job satisfaction
- sanitation
- equal treatment
- pollution free environment
COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT COUNTRIES AND STATES
Level of development of diff. countries & states can be compared by their income. As more income can buy us
more commodities and accordingly countries with higher incomes are considered more developed.
National Income = The sum of income of all the residents of the country
--->
not a useful measure to -----> As different countries
compare level of development have different population
Per Capita Income (PCI) = (National Income / Total Population)
= Average Income earned by an indivisual annually
→ This criteria is used by the WORLD BANK in its World Development Report to classify countries as
less or more developed.
Countries with per capita income of $12,056 per annum and above in 2017 are called rich countries.
Countries with per capita income of $955 orless in 2017 are called low-income countries .
India has per capita income of $1820 in 2017 and is considered as low middle income country.
Limitations/Drawbacks of PCI:
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--------------
--->
----->
doesn’t tell how income is distributed doesn't take into account other development factors such
i.e. it hides disparities in Income as educational & health status of people. It considers
ONLY material welfare.
Ex - when a small section of people have very high income , the average income
also gets high and do not give proper idea about the actual situation
Assume both countries have only 5 people . We can see both country have Per capita Income of Rs 7840
but country X is better than country Y
Other Criteria of Comparison
Literacy Rate: It measures the proportion of literate population in the 7 and above age group.
Infant Mortality Rate(IMR): indicates the number of children that die before attaining the age of one
year as a proportion of a thousand live children born in that particular year.
Net Attendance Ratio: It is the total number of children of the age group 14-15 years attending school as a
percentage of the total number of children in the same age group.
Life Expectancy at Birth: It denotes average expected length of life of a person at the time of birth.
Body Mass Index (BMI) : is used to determine whether an adult person is undernourished or not .
BMI = Weight (kg) / Height^2(metre)
BMI < 18.5 ----> Undernourished
18.5 < BMI < 25 ----> Normal
25 < BMI ----> Normal
NOTE : BMI Criteria is Not applicable to growing children.
Why PCI should not be the only measure to compare states?
The Net Attendance Ratio up to class V is the highest in Kerala (91%), followed by Punjab (81%)
and Bihar (41%). This indicates that Kerala has the best attendance and retention ratios in school
amongst the three states. More than half of the children in Bihar do not even get to go to school.
Hence, we conclude that despite Punjab having the highest average income,
Kerala has the best HDI ranking since it has better educational and health
care facilities.
Thus, human development should not be measured on the basis of per capita income alone.
Public Facilities
Money in your pocket cannot buy all the goods and services that you may need to live well.
Income by itself is not a completely adequate indicator of material goods and services that citizens are able to use.
Ex - 1. money cannot buy you a pollution-free environment
2. it cannot ensure that you get unadulterated medicines
3. may also not be able to protect you from infectious diseases,
Actually for many of the important things in life the best way, also the cheapest way, is to provide these goods and
services collectively.
For example:
Kerala has a low Infant Mortality Rate because it has adequate provision of basic health and educational facilities.
Similarly, in some states like Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra, the Public Distribution System (PDS) functions well
because they have been successful in ensuring availability, accessibility and affordability of food.
If some PDS shop, i.e. ration shop does not function properly. In such places, the people there are able to get
the problem rectified.
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX (HDI)
→ first used by UNDP in 1990 in its first HDR (Human Development Report)
→ Is a composite measure of achievements of a nation in terms of 3 important variable determining quality of life
Longetivity Standard of Living Educational Attainment
(measured by (measured by (measured by
Life Expectancy at Birth) Per Capita Income) Literacy Rate)
→ All these 3 components are measured on a scale of 0 – 1; added up and divided by 3. The resultant no. is HDI
Why need for HDI?
HDI is a human centric approach Ensures well being of people is as PCI is an inadequate measure
which makes it clear the most imp. aspect being of development of a nation.
that development of health studied.
facilities & educational
capabilities is more important than
material welfare
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT - Development that meets the need of present without compromising the
needs of future generations through judicious use of resources - important definition
Why is the issue of sustainability important for development?
→Development is a perennial process. →. However, number of scientists have →. as in our greed & hurry
Whatever be the level of dev. of a country, we been warning us about dangers of to develop, we are over using
would like to ↑se or at least maintain this level present type & levels of dev. the resources leading to their
for future generations depletion & environmental
degradation.
→
→
Renewable resources are being We can achieve it The future of
used faster than they are by conserving our mankind is linked
replenished, whereas non-renewable resources & using together and Sustainable
resources are depleting them judiciously. Development is the need of
THE HOUR.
*Excessive mining of iron, gold ,silver or coal and extraction of crude oil lead to
depletion of the stock of these resources. Smoke and other poisonous gases being
released from factories leading to environmental pollution.
RENEWABLE RESOURCES NON - RENEWABLE RESOURCES
Resources that are replenished by nature as in the Resources are those which will get exhausted
case of crops and plants. However, if overused or after years of use. We have a fixed stock on
misused, even these resources may get exhausted. earth which cannot be replenished.
Ex - in the case of groundwater, if we use more Ex - Crude oil, coal, petroleum
than what is being replenished by rain then we
would be overusing this resource.
Steps leading to Environmental Degradation
(1) Air is polluted by undesirable gases. (4) Deforestation , Soil Erosion, Over Grazing,
(2) Presence of particulate matter (dust, tume, spray, smoke)
(3) Industrial effluents pollute water
