DC Machincs

Machine is a device it acts as gCniatot on moto1, acco dng tpes

OF input
y output
When machioc takes mechani(qul input ohich gveS DC elect Col outpud

s called as
Dc qencsatox

1 machine takes D ele ctrica oput hich give5 nchanita oulput,

is caldtd
hen machine as D motog
ConstTuetian OiS there is no dfferente betwun motor generator

Constsuction of DC Machine

TERMINAL BOX - O) LIFTING EYE

POLE CORE

POLE COIL
POLE SHOE
2

A YOKE
O
cOMMUTATOR

SHAFT

wwwS
ARMATURE

- BASE PLATE
Demachincs mainy Conbists of t u pasts
Stationas Rotatinq po
SLationany
i onay pasl acts as
fieDdpTvducinq deuice, oherse as
acts
otaLinq past
as
aimatuse System
Statio
tionaiy pasl con sistS
Yoke, Main polt, pole shocs, Pole co )s, 1Sting
eye, base plale, bsush bo esmina loo
Retatinq pas Com prses apmatuse, asmatur? usi ndi nqs, Commutatr gshaft

Yoke os Megnetic frame

Yoke S outes Coves f dc nachine, ohich is in yindntad shape

TL iS
madeup zfpm Cast iDo oT Cast SteeI.

Cast iron incstases Lhe u* ght of Johe as wel as iE rechanical ststncth

sless, because of this sason east s t e o is widely used

FoT Small machine Cast isos is usco its cost is less

base plate, termina botes ae attachtod to the yoke.

Lifting eye,

Main '1%les, "6le shoes Pole coils

Main poles a t mask of aloy stee of high a t i v e peamealbilt

eddy Cusotnt loss.

Poles ast aminatd to reouce the
E s attached to
Sheets ast p% essegc toqet her o foTn Cove
lloy
yoe by using uts Y bolts.
Pole CorreSupports the heAdcoids
Pole she is f aud to the pole Cose by cans of Counte Sunk Scstw S

fos mnaqnbe path

Shape of pole shes redu te the sceluctance
i t acts as electro
When 6Cntfows thoughthe Bedd coiRs,
magnet
 Honaturse
TL consists of anmatuxc CoBe oindin9
The asmatu7 co is mad of high peTmcabilit y loo lo Ss sCon
Stee lamination.

Outes pksiphery consists of slots tonduttos ast plated in ths e

slots
ConducLors at not insulated onc anothes in slots.

Axia
vebhtiladinq ducts a povidcol through atmaturre Core, to stdue
th tCmpesatuse.

Hsmature windling

in each slot KL cach conductyS a not

*The Conductoss at placeo
insulated
Wioding may be Iap o wave connected a ccoodinq t vquirtnurL

Commutato
* T t acts as comvertes, it convtrts AC emf into DC cmF

T t i s in cylinchr cad shape is buitof wtdge shapel seqmcnts,masdla f

hard dran Coppe
Segments ase Conoe cte d to asmature conductoss through TisesS
Kisers have air spa ce btwen anotths, So that, ais can
ciculate in the sp Ces Coo Q h e Commutaty

Shaft Beoigs
P'rime move ro tates he s haft of Dmathine, shaft Co nSiss asmatut
too
RoUls beangs arse used a both Cnds Df the shaft of Sma! gtnesatsy.

Ro & bal bea-ings are useo in largegentrator.

 EMF Cquation of DP qme a Los
Z =Totel number f
asmatue conductos's
Useful flua ps psl e in webtv
Speed of Lhe amature io spm
P
Numbs ot
poles
A Numbes of pasall
pceths
Thelua Cut
by a
condluctos io one
evolution Pø =
d
The time taken by the conducts to
ma ke one stvolution G0 sec dL
The E MF indu tec in one Conducto7

The EMF nduted pes parsall pat

EMF inducd pes Conductos x Numbes of conductors pes asalle path

E PNLxz N P
Go A

FoT Lap winding CA-P)

E z N vouts

Fo gve inding CA=2)

E zNP
20
 Types o DC Geneatoss
Dependnq on the natuse of etcitotion Provided to h e field winddin

D gentcsatoy is bsoad closshrd as two tyPCS .

SepaakeIy e«cteo' DC
gemiato
S e f encited Dcqeneratos

Sepasately ErciLe DC qencroartos

Load

indinqs
*Psmaturt hiId cisturts am sepavate, in this type of q Cnenator
Generated emfis 9tn by
V+TaRa+ ARD+ 8vD
Eq

a 1L

Geneoadeol emf in a s m a t u s t in volts

E
a Psmatut CuSTNt in Amps

Ra TESis tanCe in Dhns

Ve Volfage acoss

Re bId sesistante in
CuTLnt in Amps

TL Load CuTet in Amps

DC GCAC Dto on Load

Ta
A Tu
N
22

The Sepasate Cac ted DC qcnCTato as shous n the

A
When tag (V) is app!,edt ield uinding, Cusnt r ) fows
through
through the sUd &its stts up flua,

xThese flus links uoith asmadut Conduttur & osmatur Cuts the

magnetic lus , hnte CmP indu td in gtnerator (E)

when qenesato7 on load, t Casiesoad cus CT) &voaqe

aCyoSSthe ladis (v).
Undes ne Doad ond:Lio E , when ganerakoi on locd stots

odecreasing becausc dlosseS e CCusing in 9ensatoy.

When Ioak conntcied ghesaro, (urzut Hlows thmush asmaLt CT)

againt azmadurt resistante CRa), u to which aavdtage dhop

Causes. T! is called aS aTmqurt e s s t drpe or a Ra do55

Drstttisn of nagnetic #lus Teducts the induted Cnf. Tiis calkd

as asmaturt caction drop (ARD

Emf induceo n otatng azmodturt in qenesatos, static

bsushes
used to collect h e emfdon smatust. Dut to fsiction betwec
asmaur & collec Einq bssushes, voiage dyop oCCuS This
voutage
dyop is Called as brush Vo dkage D-opCBVD)
X The reDationship hetwecen inductd emf out pud o lHage Josses is
9ven beDow

Eg +Ta Ra + ARD t BVD

 Se f eicited C Geners ados
* Sel f excited D gcesdoy is cJossi hcd as

shunt qencsatvy
i STies
Compound
he abavt class fcathon is bastd on aTmatuve connection

Sefexcited system incIudes both Qmatugt6ed54stem in

a ciCut

DC Shunt Generato
*Field Coi is para0le Cshunt) oitAh asnaturt of gentgap

La Tsn
Ra Rsh Load
22

* Genenatd udege Eq VTaRa + 9RD+ BvD

matuTe Cusenl Ta Tsh tTu

Shunt edCugstnt Ish V
Bsh
I oa Curssent in Pmps
Ra Aonature 5esistant in

Rsh Shunt didd resistantt n .

V Tesmina ouage at loaod sole
esies DC Genesartos
Field winding s in Serics oth admarturt bd qneratov

Rs
Ta
TL
TAA Load

Genesaded Cnf Eq V+TaRat ARD+ BVD

Asmatust CusTAL Ses ies Keld cuott se) = Loas cuvTtnt (TL)

Rse Se-nes held winding stsistante in

Ra mcturt sesistante

Tetmina otagt ct load s.d

COmpound DC Genezator

Stns enUrtdos is Cald

Combinat ion f
ghut g as

Compownd tnatos.
 DC Motos
takes De esectnca nput 9 ves mec honiCo oudpul
DC motoy

Wosking Psnciple
placed in a magnthe deJd,
* Whenevey a Cusrent Coboyinq Concdutoy is

a fsce.
t epeTien ces
Cust of I Amp
Consin a htauing alength '& ontk, it caanies
omdut eY
heIs he densit,
This Ca11yng conduto is placo i magnk
CuTnt
of d is B Lesla 1A nesust procdutes fosce F newton

F BTI

Mot obeys Jening lef hand sule. the siodenunt of left hand
Tue is given below

Whe the thumb, fost finqer the nidlle inges of the eft kad ar
held mutua perpendicular to each othes, the rehnger the

disection of maqnet5c edthe midde diatedion

dinqts in the of
CuTTet, the divection of thumb inditafts aee direction f frte
Cnperientcoby the concluctor.

Foet hinges Magncic diescd distetion N

Middle dingcr Direetidn af cusrnt

Thumb Divectionofosce
fig
A Consides two Conductors aTe placcd
n magnetic Ud which show,

in ig The trce act on a puin s doon wads sce on Point b'

upesds, this sesults shfting of conductos Pasitib dom a to a', b to
a Al poinl a b tos actts n Cath ponl S P oPpoS Le disttib
bulo samc ne So oc movtment of condutto% is Zeso

Psacitay ondy Lwo Conduc oss at ool used in motoy

Back EMF (EB)

Ssh Ta

Ash E Ra
22

Considina dc moti (shunt mot» is shown i da), sta dc outa4 V

s a p p i t d to the motor, Locd CusTentHLJS trat +o though the

CiTuit

S p I : t in to two banches, oae flous throuqh the Bud inding T)

anoths turstnt flous thrugh amaturt Ta)

TLTa+Tsh
csates magnch tla due t» Ta
Dae to the Th. h I systtm
atmadur rovtsdes in magndic hud

* Argnadur Cuts magnic flu, henue emf nduteod in csmakuge .Thi

indued ems Called as batk emf CEL).

emf & applied o ages ast oppos,te.
The diection of bock

aqaintst the disectio^ of Eb This

VoJaqe V doives Ta
t7ansfoans e lectrcal enesgy in to mehaniCal enengy
oppasition
moto%

Motor not able to ps odute mechanical ous put Cthd ut back em

The Te lakionship betwttn the v Eb gven beor

V Eb +Ta Ra

Ta - Eb
Ra
The botk emf E, zNP
GA

both side df eq I
Muiply Ta on

VTa= EbTa t TaRa

Electca Pous input to the Qsmaturn

VIa =

in the Ca atuse
TRa Coppes loss
Elecrical equvale df mechanical po wes olLve loped by the
E To
imo mechani Ca losses
asmatuT, which incu des

efficienty of
DC motos is 9en by
The
the aTnaturt
uwts oevelopeod by
Mechani Co po
VTa V
to t h m o t o s
Electi cal powts input

h i g h the
vadue f EL,grtaler the effcitnty
Eb,
by the aSmcurt P Pon:E
The mechani Cal po wl deve Iope d

VTa TRa
Pn
-

dPo V- 2 Ta Ra
dTa
to be
Fos nnalimum Powen
dTa
V- 2Ta Ra O

Ta Ra
Substtute eqn i n eqn

Et
E
2

Practically E is slghtoy less than 50/ V

osque cquation
losqul sthe tuToinq m omentt about an a i s

T is he produtt of the kace the sadiuS at which tacts

Considas a
th DC motx has adiu S o mete Es
tanggntia forte F acts on
susfa ce of shaf

ATmatue tor o7 total torqu os

9mss torq CTa)
Ta F> 7 Nm
The woTk done by this forte F. in one tvolutio, is gin by

W Fose x distane Covereo in ooe Tevolutid Fx2 W-s

Power developed by the asmatut = Wosk done Secon d

F 2 x oumbes f rtvolutions pes seco nd

F 2K N

F 2AN

TaN 2T
watts.
Mechani(a pou davelope o in tor
mo =
EIa
 Eb To 2 N Ta

ZNP Ta 2 Ta

Ta = z Ta
21

Ta o159 z Ta Nm

The toqu devebad asmaturt is

in
aluways maimum The tosqu
OhithiS aulable at the Shaft s:de is ess than Ta

Shaft Tqu 7 net tsquT s Aess than Ta dut to lo5t

torqu CT)TL
ILCoopsises i mechaniCa lo6ses

TSh Ta T

nwatts : 2N N TSh
Out put of the mo t

output of motos in waHs

Ts
2N N

T outpud is hogsc p0 we CHP)

Output in HPX 746

Nm
9NN
 Typcs of DC motoss

The DC motoss a classibto accosoli nq9 to the co nncetios a

Gdd
wncding asmaeturt.

DC Shunt notos
Ta

sn

V
sh
22
A

shunt moto Keld windingS Connected acsoss the aTatust

Appl.ed voJtaae Back emt t asna tust desis ta,te loss t A RD

+ B vDD

Eb Ta Ra + BRD + B VD

ATmaturt CuTTnt l a I Ish

Shunt he0d CuTrt Ish N
=
-
Ash
TL oad Cusrtnt
Ash Shunt dhdd ssistante
in
Ha- ATmaturt tsitan (e
I n shunt moto3 V Ish

Valu of Rsh
grtattr Lhan th Ra
 Charatlevistics o DC Shun Mots

TaIa
Accosdng
Accovdn9 a3maturt torqu cqudhbo Tad La.

Whes locd inCTCasS} Lsas da incscAses to daive the loQ

ToTque
a also inCTcases Nm

Dur to TL, Th is less than Ta

1s,

ii N/Ta La in anps

N accoroing o batk tmf eq uati

Nin spm
CL zNP
GA No

N Eb
scons tant in shunt mots
when not is lo aoled charge Specd is
Jess as comparol wtL no Soaol speid Cns) Ta in amps

NTa
NinTpm
Ta o N
is Constant i s h t moty

S N/Ta s Sim las

NTa
Ta in Nm
Applications
wheT constant Sp ced is Ttquitd, thei3 Shut motos is used. enampl
athe Pumps, dans dsiling machineetc
 DC Seniess Motor
Ise YY
Rse
Ta
N
E (M)Ra

n this type of mot d d windnq is in suies t h aTmatur.

hoad CuTnt T J : SeTies hedd c u a t (Tse ) = Aonatur Cust Tay

V = EL +IRatA)+ A RD+ B VD

Rse Serics ud resistante

Chasactistics of series mor

TaTa
When loa nCs¬ases, load Tain Nm
CuTTA alsoncTtasR, I9 ntseases
thel Henle a as lo intrecases
(uPb point A in the
gsaph shown)
Ta T Tad

AAes whin get satuoded

Caerthe poin tA ngraph)
flu Ttmalns Constant Ta in Amps

Ta Ta
pt poist
Stanting torquu of Dc Sesics
tsis9 very h9h
 NTa NinPn
loac on the sesies mots
When

ncTCases T a n(stases
PceoTd.ng back ent cquah (LL)

N NL
Ta
Ta in Arnp
Tncsasihg offles, decscass Lhe Specd.
w-th out load, because unden no oao
iS motos oever stQrts
h, cohich may
Cond.tio val is minimum, N vaJu is vesj h9
CauS&S damage motor

inN Ta NinPm

Nhen oad on h mato is lesS, Ta

aso Dess, which TsuG inTas ing ofN

2
I aTa, So htn Ta is less N
S moTt

Ta in Nm
N E
Ta
As and when load in sC0 Sts Ta incs eases speed N olecstases

Appica/o ns

Whert high stantng torquis netdecd to Statshy the puspese ode mand
the dc sunes nobe1 is usto

T s useo in eSectsic san, CTanes, hosts, ConVyoss

a ComprsesSoYS etc