X. X.

Chen
P. D. Wu1
e-mail: [email protected]

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Enhanced Ductility in Sheet

McMaster University,
Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L7, Canada Metals Produced by Cladding a
D. J. Lloyd
Novelis Global Technology Centre,
Ductile Layer
945 Princess Street, The effect of cladding a ductile layer on necking and fracture in sheet metals under plane
Kingston, ON, K7L 5L9, Canada strain tension is studied numerically using the finite element method based on the Gurson
damage model. It is demonstrated that the cladding increases both the necking and
J. D. Embury fracture strains. The increase in necking strain is due to the fact that cladding a ductile
Department of Materials Science and layer enhances the overall work hardening for the layered metal sheets according to the
Engineering, rule of mixtures. Furthermore, the increase in necking strain slows down the development
McMaster University, of the triaxial tensile stress inside the neck, which delays the void nucleation and growth,
Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L7, Canada and which, in turn, contributes to enhancement in ductility. 关DOI: 10.1115/1.4000926兴

Y. Huang Keywords: fracture, necking, damage criteria, finite element, laminated

Department of Civil and Environmental
Engineering and Department of Mechanical
Engineering,
Northwestern University,
Evanston, IL 60208

1 Introduction alloys. The ingot can then be rolled into a sheet product with
different properties on the inside and outside, allowing previously
Laminated composites consist of alternating material layers that
unattainable performance for flat rolled products and creating op-
are bonded with sharp interfaces. Laminated metal sheets pro-
portunities for new, premium applications. It is therefore expected
duced by cladding different alloy combinations have been used for that more and more clad sheet metals will be used in the manu-
many years in the aerospace industry. Traditional products are facturing industry. This means that a comprehensive scientific pro-
“compromised” monolithic materials designed to meet the re- gram to understand the metallurgy and mechanics of the potential
quirements of physical, mechanical, chemical, and surface prop- clad systems and to optimize clad alloys combinations must be
erties, formability, and cost. Cladding/laminating decouples these pursued.
requirements to enable new materials to be developed using alloys The purpose of this paper is to carry out a detailed numerical
optimized for their function in the composite. Lesuer et al. 关1兴 study of the influence of cladding a ductile soft layer on fracture
comprehensively reviewed mechanical behavior of laminated in sheet metals under plane strain tension. All simulations reported
structures. In general, laminated composites can dramatically im- in the present paper are performed using ABAQUS and the me-
prove many properties including fracture toughness 关2兴, fatigue chanical behavior of the sheet metals are characterized by the
behavior 关3兴, and impact behavior 关4兴, or provide enhanced form- Gurson damage model 关11,12兴.
ability or ductility 关5–7兴.
Cladding sheets are generally produced by roll bonding 关8,9兴,
where the clad layer is bonded to the core by rolling at elevated
temperatures. This adds considerably to the cost of the sheet since 2 Constitutive Model
the clad layer is produced via scalping, preheating, rolling, and All simulations reported in the present study will be based on
trimming with an additional surface preparation step prior to the damage model originally developed by Gurson 关11兴 and later
bonding, as well as “tacking” or strapping the clad to the scalped modified by Tvergaard 关13,14兴, and Tvergaard and Needleman
core prior to preheating and rolling. There are also issues with the 关15兴. In this section, we very briefly recap the constitutive model;
alloy combinations that can be roll bonded, since some alloys for details, we refer to Ref. 关12兴.
form tenacious oxide films that are difficult to disrupt during the Assume that ␴ is the macroscopic Cauchy stress tensor and ¯␴ is
bonding process. This can result in low strength, dirty interfaces the matrix flow strength. The approximate yield function for a
that degrade the useful strength of sheet. Recently developed Nov- porous plastic solid with a randomly distributed volume fraction f
elis Fusion Technology simultaneously casts multiple alloy layers of voids is presented in the form of
into a single aluminum rolling ingot 关10兴. Novelis Fusion Tech-
nology produces a high quality ingot with a core of one aluminum
alloy, combined with one or more layers of different aluminum ␾共␴, ¯␴, f兲 =
␴ e2
¯␴ 2 冉 冊
+ 2f ⴱq1 cosh
3q2␴H
2¯␴
− 关1 + 共q2 f ⴱ兲2兴 = 0 共1兲

where ␴e and ␴H are the effective and mean stresses, respectively.

1
Corresponding author. The parameters q1 and q2 are calibration coefficients introduced
Contributed by the Applied Mechanics Division of ASME for publication in the
JOURNAL OF APPLIED MECHANICS. Manuscript received July 22, 2009; final manuscript
by Tvergaard 关13兴 to improve the agreement with numerical stud-
received October 1, 2009; published online April 16, 2010. Editor: Robert M. Mc- ies of materials containing periodically distributed circular, cylin-
Meeking. drical, or spherical voids. The function f ⴱ共f兲 was introduced by

Journal of Applied Mechanics Copyright © 2010 by ASME JULY 2010, Vol. 77 / 041015-1

Downloaded 04 May 2010 to 171.66.16.45. Redistribution subject to ASME license or copyright; see http://www.asme.org/terms/Terms_Use.cfm
 Fig. 1 Schematic representation of a tensile sheet with a ductile cladding
layer: „a… initial and „b… deformed states

Tvergaard and Needleman 关15兴 to model the loss of stress carry- 3 Problem Formulation and Method of Solution
ing capacity accompanying void coalescence, such that
Consider a metal sheet with initial length L0 and initial thick-

冦 冧
f for f ⱕ f c ness t0, as shown in Fig. 1共a兲. It is assumed that the sheet consists
of a core, with thickness t̄0, and a soft cladding layer, with thick-
fⴱ = f ⴱu − f c 共2兲
fc + 共f − f c兲 for f ⬎ f c ness 共t0 − t̄0兲. The cladding thickness ratio ⌫ is thus defined as ⌫
f f − fc
= 共t0 − t̄0兲 / t0. Based on the work reported in Ref. 关10兴, the cladding
where f c is the porosity level at which void coalescence com- layer and core are assumed to be perfectly bonded.
mences and f f is the porosity level at the final fracture. The pa- We assume that the sheet is very wide and no deformation in
rameter f ⴱu = 1 / q1 is defined so that when f = f f the material has the width direction, i.e., the sheet is under in-plane plane strain
experienced a complete loss of strength. The evolution of void tension. The boundary conditions imposed on the sheet are
volume fraction is due to the growth of existing voids and the
nucleation of new voids u̇x = − U̇, u̇y = 0, X=0
共8兲
ḟ = 共ḟ兲growth + 共ḟ兲nucleation 共3兲 u̇x = + U̇, u̇y = 0, X = L0
with the growth being a function of the plastic strain rate D p The tensile true strain is defined as ␧ = ln共1 + ⌬L / L0兲 with the dis-
placement ⌬L = 2U. Although the geometry and loading as well as
共ḟ兲growth = 共1 − f兲I:D p 共4兲
the boundary condition are all symmetric to the middle planes X
and the nucleation according to = L0 / 2 and Y = t0 / 2, we consider the full size specimen so that less
constraint will be imposed on the development of deformation
共ḟ兲nucleation = Ā␧
¯˙ p 共5兲 localization and fracture.
The overall response of the tensile sheet is presented in terms of
where ¯␧˙ p is the effective plastic strain rate, and the parameter Ā is the normalized force Fⴱ and normalized minimum cross-sectional
chosen so that nucleation follows a normal distribution, as sug- area Aⴱ
gested by Chu and Needleman 关16兴

冋 冉 冊册
F
fN 1 ¯␧ p − ␧N 2 Fⴱ =
Ā = exp − 共6兲 ␴core
y t̄0 + ␴ y 共t0 − t̄0兲
clad

sN冑2␲ 2 sN 共9兲
where ␧N is the average void nucleating strain, f N is the volume ⴱ Amin tmin
A = =
fraction of void nucleating particles, and sN is the standard devia- A0 t0
tion of void nucleating strain. The original Gurson model has been
improved significantly 关17–19兴. where F is the applied force, and ␴corey and ␴clad
y are the yield
The uniaxial true stress-true strain curve for the matrix material stresses of the core and clad materials, respectively. The ductility
is described by the following power-law form: of the sheet is measured in terms of the fracture strain

冉 冊
冦冉冊 冧
¯␴ A0
for ¯␴ ⱕ ␴y ␧ f = ln 共10兲
E Af
¯␧ = 共7兲
␴y ¯␴ n where A0 is the original cross-sectional area and A f is the final
for ¯␴ ⬎ ␴y cross-sectional area at the neck. The gain in ductility ␧ⴱf due to
E ␴y
cladding is defined as a function of the cladding thickness/volume
where ␴y is the yield stress and n is the strain hardening exponent. fraction ⌫

041015-2 / Vol. 77, JULY 2010 Transactions of the ASME

Downloaded 04 May 2010 to 171.66.16.45. Redistribution subject to ASME license or copyright; see http://www.asme.org/terms/Terms_Use.cfm
 Fig. 2 Uniaxial tension stress and strain curves of the core
and clad materials. Stresses are normalized by the yield stress Fig. 4 Predicted normalized force Fⴱ and tensile strain ε
of the core material. = ln„1 + U / L0… curve for a monolayer sheet of the core material
„⌫ = 0…

␧ f 共⌫兲 − ␧ f 共0兲
␧ⴱf 共⌫兲 = 共11兲 built up with four linear triangular elements 共CPE3 in ABAQUS/
␧ f 共0兲 EXPLICIT兲. The element aspect ratio, which is the element size in
the Y-direction to the element size in the X-direction, in the local
4 Results and Discussions refined area near the middle plane is 2. It is important to point out
that the refinement region around the middle plane is identified to
The elastic-plastic properties of the matrix material of the core fully cover the area where necking and fracture occur. Since de-
layer are specified by ␴y / E = 0.0033, ␯ = 0.3, and n = 10. We as- formation localization and fracture depend sensitively on not only
sume that there are no initial voids, and the parameters q1 = 1.0 the number of elements but also the element aspect ratio 关20兴,
and q2 = 1.5 are used in the yield function 共1兲. The void nucleation mesh B, with 110⫻ 60 quadrilateral elements and with the ele-
is assumed to be plastic strain controlled, with volume fraction ment aspect ratio being 2.5, is designed. A much finer mesh 共mesh
f N = 0.04 of void nucleating particles, mean strain for nucleation C兲, consisting of 140⫻ 80 quadrilateral elements with element
␧N = 0.3, and corresponding standard deviation sN = 0.1. The final aspect ratio in the local refinement being 2.5, is also used.
failure is taken to be characterized by the parameters f c = 0.15 and We first consider an extreme case: a metal sheet without clad-
f f = 0.25. These values of mechanical properties for the core ma- ding 共⌫ = 0% or t̄0 = t0兲. Figures 4 and 5 present the normalized
terial are taken from Ref. 关15兴. The values of the material param- tensile force Fⴱ and minimum cross-sectional area Aⴱ as functions
eters for the soft cladding layer are assumed to be the same as of the tensile true strain ␧ = ln共1 + U / L0兲, for the tensile sheet with
those for the core except ␴y / E = 0.0020, n = 5, and ␧N = 0.5. This is
core layer only 共⌫ = 0%兲. It is found that the force increases lin-
motivated by the fact that comparing to a core material, a clad
early with the imposed straining when the deformation is very
material has relatively lower yielding stress but higher hardening
small and the material is essentially in the elastic state. With con-
and higher resistance to void nucleation. Figure 2 shows the true
tinued straining, the force gradually reaches its maximum at
stress and true strain curves of the core and clad materials under
homogeneous uniaxial tension. It is noted that the flow stresses around ␧ = 0.1 and then gradually decreases due to both the reduc-
plotted in Fig. 2 are normalized by the yield stress of the core
material. In the present paper, we consider a rather stubby speci-
men with L0 / t0 = 3, since we are only interested in the neck re-
gion. The applied velocity U̇ is assumed to be U̇ / L0 = 3.33
⫻ 10−4 s−1.
Figure 3 shows a mesh 共mesh A兲 with local refinement around
the middle plane X = L0 / 2, and with a total of 90⫻ 60 quadrilateral
elements 共90 in the X-direction and 60 in the Y-direction兲, each

Fig. 3 Mesh A with 90Ã 60 quadrilateral elements „90 in the Fig. 5 Predicted normalized minimum cross-sectional area Aⴱ
X-direction and 60 in the Y-direction…, each built up with four and tensile strain ε = ln„1 + U / L0… curve for the monolayer sheet
linear triangular elements „CPE3 in ABAQUS/EXPLICIT… of the core material „⌫ = 0…

Journal of Applied Mechanics JULY 2010, Vol. 77 / 041015-3

Downloaded 04 May 2010 to 171.66.16.45. Redistribution subject to ASME license or copyright; see http://www.asme.org/terms/Terms_Use.cfm
 Fig. 6 Predicted distributions of void volume fracture f at various deformation stages for the mono-
layer of the core material „⌫ = 0… based on mesh A

tion in the cross-sectional area and the softening effect resulting crack as it dissipates less energy. The selection of the single crack
from void nucleation and growth. Further straining results in a is, however, due to numerical round-off errors, which are sensitive
sharp “knee” on the Fⴱ and ␧ curve, which is associated with to the mesh used.
reaching the critical value of the void volume fraction 共f c = 0.15兲 Significant mesh sensitivity is often expected in a numerical
in the center of the neck. Immediately after the sharp knee, the simulation involving fracture. Figure 7 presents the predicted frac-
burst of void nucleation and growth leads to a rapid drop in the ture modes based on different meshes. It is important to be noted
true stress, which, in turn, results in a rapid loss of load carry that the crack patterns shown in Fig. 7 are planar. This planar type
capacity for the tensile sheet. From Fig. 4, it is clear that all the
meshes predict quite similar necking and fracture processes. The
development of failure process can be more evidently presented in
terms of the minimum cross section area Amin versus tensile strain
␧ 共Fig. 5兲. It is interesting to note that when fracture occurs, neck
development essentially stops 共tmin is almost a constant兲. This im-
plies that the reduction in the area at fracture is a representative
measure of the onset of macroscopic fracture in the tensile test
共see also Ref. 关15兴兲. It is interesting to note that necking and
failure based on the crude mesh 共mesh A兲 occur earlier than those
in the finer meshes 共meshes B and C兲, which is opposite to what
one could usually expect. This implies that the element aspect
ratio in the critical deformation region is very important in a nu-
merical simulation involved deformation localization and fracture.
Figure 6 shows the predicted distributions of the void volume
fraction f at various deformation stages under plane strain tension
of the tensile sheet without cladding. It is found that two crossed
shear bands, symmetric to the middle plane X = L0 / 2, are devel-
oped after onset of necking at ␧ = 0.1. Fracture initiates at the
center of the neck, where the two shear bands cross each other,
and where the maximum stress triaxiality 共T = ␴H / ␴e兲 is expected
to occur. Due to the initial symmetry, it is expected that cracks
will be developed and propagated toward to the top Y = +t0 / 2 and
bottom Y = −t0 / 2 surfaces along the crossed shear bands. How- Fig. 7 Predicted fracture modes for monolayer sheets of the
ever, the initial geometric symmetry cannot be retained. Instead, core material „⌫ = 0… and clad material „⌫ = 100%… based on the
the simulations result in a nonsymmetric solution with a single different meshes

041015-4 / Vol. 77, JULY 2010 Transactions of the ASME

Downloaded 04 May 2010 to 171.66.16.45. Redistribution subject to ASME license or copyright; see http://www.asme.org/terms/Terms_Use.cfm
 Fig. 10 Predicted normalized force Fⴱ and tensile strain ε
Fig. 8 Predicted normalized force Fⴱ and tensile strain ε = ln„1 + U / L0… curves for tensile sheets with various cladding
= ln„1 + U / L0… curve for a monolayer sheet of the clad material thickness ratio ⌫. Open triangles indicate the initiation of
„⌫ = 100%… cracking.

of fracture surface is identical in appearance to that of the cone predict very close overall tensile responses in terms of the applied
portion of the cup-cone fracture of ductile tensile test specimens force and minimum cross-sectional area. The predicted fracture
of circular cross section 关21兴. This fracture mechanism corre- surfaces are again planar 共Fig. 7兲. Since the typical crack patterns,
sponds to the void-sheet mechanism of the shear fracture. It is also observed experimentally in monolayer metal sheets under tension,
important to be noted that the double-cup fracture mode is more can be numerically reproduced by either mesh A or mesh C, both
commonly observed in ductile sheet metal tensile samples 关21,22兴. meshes will be used in the rest of the present paper. Meshes A and
However, in the plane strain tension considered in the present C together should be sufficient to assess the effects of cladding on
study, the process of void nucleation and growth occurs much fracture although they are still crude in relation to the crack tip
earlier than in uniaxial tension. Since by definition the formation field. However, some figures are presented by using the numerical
of a shear band requires conditions of plane strain, the plane strain results based on mesh A only if the difference in the numerical
samples favor the conditions for void-sheet mechanism of the results between meshes A and C is small enough.
shear fracture to occur more readily. We proceed by studying the effects of cladding on fracture in
We now consider another extreme: a tensile sheet made entirely sheet metals under plane strain tension. Figures 10 and 11 show
of the clad material 共⌫ = 100% or t̄0 = 0兲. As mentioned previously, the normalized force Fⴱ and the minimum cross-sectional, area Aⴱ
comparing to the core material, the clad material has relatively versus the tensile strain ␧ curves, respectively. It is observed that
lower yielding stress but higher hardening 共Fig. 2兲. It is expected cladding a ductile soft layer increases the strain at which the ap-
that the process of necking and cracking in the tensile sheet of the plied force reaches its maximum. This implies that cladding in-
clad material will be noticeably delayed compared with that in the creases the strain to necking. It is also found from Figs. 10 and 11
tensile sheet made of the core material. Figures 8 and 9 show the that cladding delays cracking 共open triangles indicate the initiation
normalized tensile force Fⴱ and minimum cross-sectional area Aⴱ of cracking兲. Furthermore, from Fig. 11, the maximum reduction
as functions of the tensile true strain ␧ = ln共1 + U / L0兲, for the in area, indicated by the constant Aⴱ lines, increases with increas-
monolayer sheet 共⌫ = 100%兲. It is observed that all the meshes

Fig. 11 Predicted normalized minimum cross-sectional area

Fig. 9 Predicted normalized minimum cross-sectional area Aⴱ Aⴱ and tensile strain ε = ln„1 + U / L0… curves for tensile sheets
and tensile strain ε = ln„1 + U / L0… curve for the monolayer sheet with various cladding thickness ratio ⌫. Open triangles indicate
of the clad material „⌫ = 100%… the initiation of cracking.

Journal of Applied Mechanics JULY 2010, Vol. 77 / 041015-5

Downloaded 04 May 2010 to 171.66.16.45. Redistribution subject to ASME license or copyright; see http://www.asme.org/terms/Terms_Use.cfm
 Fig. 12 Predicted strain to necking εu for tensile sheets with
various cladding thickness percentages ⌫

ing cladding. This means that the ductility is enhanced by clad-

ding.
The predicted effect of cladding on necking is more clearly
shown in Fig. 12. Numerical results indicate that the predicted
necking strain is not sensitive to the meshes used. Figure 12 also
includes the necking strains based on the Considère-type criterion
d¯␴a / d␧
¯ = ¯␴a. Here, the averaged flow stress ¯␴a for the laminated
sheet is calculated from the mixture rule ¯␴a = 共1 − ⌫兲¯␴core + ⌫¯␴clad,
where ¯␴core and ¯␴clad are the flow stresses for the core and clad- Fig. 13 Predicted fracture processes for tensile sheets with
ding layer, respectively 关1兴. The excellent agreement between the various cladding thickness percentages ⌫ based on mesh A
theoretical prediction and numerical simulations indicates that the
overall hardening behavior of a layered structure can be described
well with the rule of mixtures, and that significant void growth has
not occurred prior to necking. However, it has been generally
accepted that fracture in layered structures does not follow the
mixture rule 关23,1兴.
Figures 13 and 14 show the predicted fracture processes in
tensile sheets with various cladding thickness ratio ⌫ based on
meshes A and C, respectively. It is found that in monolayer sheets
共⌫ = 0%, 100%兲, crack initiates at the center of the specimen and
propagates toward both top and bottom surfaces along the domi-
nated shear band. In bilayer sheets with ⌫ ⱕ 50%, crack occurs in
the core material close to the interface. The initiated crack first
propagates in two directions along the dominated shear band until
it goes through the whole core layer and then further runs into the
clad layer until the specimen is fully fractured. When the cladding
layer is noticeably thicker than the core, for example ⌫ = 80%,
crack initiates either in the clad nearby the center of the specimen
or in the core. However, the initiated crack always first runs
through the whole core layer and then propagates through the clad
layer.
Figure 15 presents the predicted gain in fracture strain ␧ⴱf , de-
fined in Eq. 共11兲, in sheet metals with various cladding volume
fractions ⌫. It is observed that the increase in fracture strain is a
nonlinear function of the cladding volume fraction ⌫.
Finally, we would like to emphasize that the numerical results
depend sensitively on the mechanical properties of both core and
clad materials. Our parametrical study has indicated that, though
not reported in the present paper, increasing hardening 1 / n, mean
strain for nucleation ␧N, and void volume fractions at coalescence
f c and at fracture f f delays necking and enhances ductility. Nu-
merical results are also sensitive to the clad ratio ⌫ and the dif-
ference in the mechanical properties between the core and clad
layer. In the present paper, the selection of the values of the ma-
terial parameters has been motivated by the fact that comparing to Fig. 14 Predicted fracture processes for tensile sheets with
a core material, a clad material has relatively lower yielding stress various cladding thickness percentages ⌫ based on mesh C

041015-6 / Vol. 77, JULY 2010 Transactions of the ASME

Downloaded 04 May 2010 to 171.66.16.45. Redistribution subject to ASME license or copyright; see http://www.asme.org/terms/Terms_Use.cfm
 References
关1兴 Lesuer, D. R., Syn, C. K., Sherby, O. D., Wadsworth, J., Lewandowski, J. J.,
and Hunt, W. H., Jr., 1996, “Mechanical Behaviour of Laminated Metal Com-
posites,” Int. Mater. Rev., 41, pp. 169–197.
关2兴 Manoharan, M., Ellis, L., and Lewandowski, J. J., 1990, “Laminated Compos-
ites With Improved Toughness,” Scr. Metall. Mater., 24, pp. 1515–1519.
关3兴 Ritchie, R. O., 1988, “Mechanisms of Fatigue Crack-Propagation in Metals,
Ceramics and Composites—Role of Crack Tip Shielding,” Mater. Sci. Eng., A,
103, pp. 15–28.
关4兴 Kum, D. W., Oyama, T., Wadsworth, J., and Sherby, O. D., 1983, “The Impact
Properties of Laminated Composites Containing Ultrahigh Carbon 共UHC兲
Steels,” J. Mech. Phys. Solids, 31, pp. 173–186.
关5兴 Kim, K. J., Kim, D., Choi, S. H., Chung, K., Shin, K. S., Barlat, F., Oh, K. H.,
and Youn, J. R., 2003, “Formability of AA5182/Polypropylene/AA5182 Sand-
wich Sheets,” J. Mater. Process. Technol., 139, pp. 1–7.
关6兴 Li, T., and Suo, Z., 2006, “Deformability of Thin Metal Films on Elastomer
Substrates,” Int. J. Solids Struct., 43, pp. 2351–2363.
关7兴 Xue, Z., and Hutchinson, J. W., 2007, “Neck Retardation and Enhanced En-
ergy Absorption in Metal-Elastomer Bilayers,” Mech. Mater., 39, pp. 473–
487.
关8兴 Semiatin, S. L., and Piehler, H. R., 1979, “Formability of Sandwich Sheet
Materials in Plane Strain Compression and Rolling,” Metall. Trans. A, 10A,
Fig. 15 Predicted normalized fracture strain εfⴱ in tensile pp. 97–107.
sheets with various cladding thickness ratios ⌫ 关9兴 Chen, A. Y., Zhang, J. B., Lu, J., Lun, W., and Song, H. W., 2007, “Necking
Propagated Deformation Behaviour of Layer-Structured Steel Prepared by Co-
Warm Rolled Surface Nanocrystallized 304 Stainless Steel,” Mater. Lett., 61,
pp. 5191–5193.
but higher hardening and higher resistance to void nucleation. 关10兴 Wagstaff, R. B., Lloyd, D. J., and Bischoff, T. F., 2006, “Direct Chill Casting
This assumption seems to be appropriate in view of practical ap- of CLAD Ingot,” Mater. Sci. Forum, 519–521, pp. 1809–1814.
plications. 关11兴 Gurson, A. L., 1977, “Continuum Theory of Ductile Rupture by Void Nucle-
ation and Growth. Part I—Yield Criteria and Flow Rules for Porous Ductile
5 Conclusions Media,” ASME J. Eng. Mater. Technol., 99, pp. 2–15.
关12兴 Tvergaard, V., 1989, “Material Failure by Void Growth to Coalescence,” Adv.
We have carried out a finite element analysis of effects of clad- Appl. Mech., 27, pp. 83–151.
ding on necking and fracture in tensile sheet metals. It has been 关13兴 Tvergaard, V., 1981, “Influence of Voids on Shear Band Instabilities Under
demonstrated that cladding a ductile soft layer increases both the Plane Strain Conditions,” Int. J. Fract., 17, pp. 389–407.
关14兴 Tvergaard, V., 1982, “On Localization in Ductile Materials Containing Spheri-
necking strain 共Fig. 12兲 and fracture strain 共Fig. 15兲. The increase cal Voids,” Int. J. Fract., 18, pp. 237–252.
in the necking strain has been found to be due to the fact that 关15兴 Tvergaard, V., and Needleman, A., 1984, “Analysis of the Cup-Cone Fracture
cladding a ductile layer enhances the overall work hardening for in a Round Tensile Bar,” Acta Metall., 32, pp. 157–169.
the layered metal sheets according to the rule of mixtures. Fur- 关16兴 Chu, C. C., and Needleman, A., 1980, “Void Nucleation Effects in Biaxially
thermore, the increase in the necking strain slows down the de- Stretched Sheets,” ASME J. Eng. Mater. Technol., 102, pp. 249–256.
关17兴 Mear, M. E., and Hutchinson, J. W., 1985, “Influence of Yield Surface Curva-
velopment of the triaxial tensile stress inside the neck, which de- ture on Flow Localization in Dilatants Plasticity,” Mech. Mater., 4, pp. 395–
lays the void nucleation and growth, and which, in turn, 407.
contributes to enhancement in ductility. It should be pointed out 关18兴 Chen, B., Huang, Y., Liu, C., Wu, P. D., and MacEwen, S. R., 2004, “A
that the calculated subtle change in the appearance of the fracture Dilatational Plasticity Theory for Viscoplastic Materials,” Mech. Mater., 36,
surface due to cladding is very sensitive to the mesh used 共Figs. pp. 679–689.
关19兴 Nahshon, K., and Hutchinson, J. W., 2008, “Modification of the Gurson Model
13 and 14兲. for Shear Failure,” Eur. J. Mech. A/Solids, 27, pp. 1–17.
While we have studied the effect of cladding on fracture in 关20兴 Besson, J., Steglich, D., and Brocks, W., 2001, “Modeling of Crack Growth in
sheet metals under stretching, experimental work has shown that Round Bars and Plane Strain Specimens,” Int. J. Solids Struct., 38, pp. 8259–
cladding significantly increases the bendability in sheet metals 8284.
关10兴. Numerical simulations of the effect of cladding on bendabil- 关21兴 Weinrich, P. F., and French, I. E., 1976, “The Influence of Hydrostatic Pressure
on the Fracture Mechanisms of Sheet Tensile Specimens of Copper and
ity are in progress and will be reported elsewhere. Brass,” Acta Metall., 24, pp. 317–322.
关22兴 Gimple, J. L., Wilkinson, D. S., Embury, J. D., and Lewandowski, J. J., 2001,
Acknowledgment “Effect of Superimposed Pressure on the Fracture Behaviour of Aluminum
Automotive Alloys,” Proceedings of the TMS Aluminum 2001, S. K. Das, J. G.
This work is supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineer- Kaufman, and T. J. Lienert, eds., TMS, Indianapolis, IN, pp. 17–29.
ing Research Council of Canada 共NSERC兲, Ontario Centre of Ex- 关23兴 Semiatin, S. L., and Piehler, H. R., 1979, “Deformation of Sandwich Sheet
cellence 共OCE兲, and Novelis Global Technology Centre. Materials in Uniaxial Tension,” Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 10, pp. 85–96.

Journal of Applied Mechanics JULY 2010, Vol. 77 / 041015-7

Downloaded 04 May 2010 to 171.66.16.45. Redistribution subject to ASME license or copyright; see http://www.asme.org/terms/Terms_Use.cfm