Introduction to Unix & Basic Commands

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Structure of a computer system

⚫Hardware-CPU,Memory,I/O devices
⚫Operating system-

⚫Application programs-word processors,browsers

⚫Users-people,machines,other computers

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Responsibilities of OS

⚫Program execution
⚫I/O operations

⚫File system manipulation

⚫Communication

⚫Error detection

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Types of OS

⚫Single User Single Tasking OS- eg : MS-DOS

⚫Single User Multitasking OS – eg: Windows

⚫Multiprogramming OS- eg : Unix

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Functions of OS

⚫Process management
⚫Memory management

⚫Storage management

⚫Device management

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 Unix-introduction

Unix was originally developed in 1969 by a group of AT&T employees Ken Thompson,
⚫

Dennis Ritchie, Douglas McIlroy, and Joe Ossanna at Bell Labs.

There are various Unix variants available in the market. Solaris Unix, AIX, HP Unix and
⚫

BSD are a few examples. Linux is also a flavor of Unix which is freely available.

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Unix Architecture

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Unix Architecture

⚫Kernel – it is a collection of programs written in C that runs directly on hardware.

It interacts with the hardware and most of the tasks like memory management,
task scheduling and file management.
⚫Shell − The shell is the utility that processes your requests. When you type in a

command at your terminal, the shell interprets the command and calls the program
that you want.

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Unix Architecture

⚫Types of shell:
⚫ Bourne Shell: executable file name: sh

⚫ C shell: csh

⚫ Korn shell:ksh

⚫ Restricted shell: restricted version of Bourne shell

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Unix File System

'/' is used to denote the separation of directories and files.

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Unix Architecture

⚫Types of shell:
⚫ Bourne Shell: executable file name: sh

⚫ C shell: csh

⚫ Korn shell:ksh

⚫ Restricted shell: restricted version of Bourne shell

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How to work in Unix

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Directory & File management
HolyAngelsSchool – Teachers, Students

Top Students details Class Teachers details Class Room details

/home/u390341/HolyAngelsSchool

Amrutha 5A Deepthi 5A 100 5A

Neethu 5B Jeena 5B 101 5B
Sara 6A David 6A 102 6A
Sarath 6B Mridula 6B 103 6B
Sandra 7A Sonam 7A 104 7A
Noorah 7B Sophia 7B 105 7B

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Pipe

Pipe is used to connect or combine two or more commands. In Pipe, the output of left

1) echo “My name is Nisha” | cat > new.txt

2) a=30
b=20
echo “$a + $b” | bc

3) echo “$a + $b” | bc | cat > new.txt

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Date/bc/cal

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Filters

cat (Concatenate File)

cat, cat >, cat>> – Viewing all records and editing files

cat -A filename – To show all

cat -b filename – To show the numbered non-blanks

cat -n filename – To show numbered display

cat -T filename – To show the tab letters

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Filters – wc/head/tail/

wc – To take the count

O/p format 1 6 27 newfile.txt

wc -l filename – To print the count of lines

wc -c/m/w filename – To print the number of bytes, chars,

head – To print the data from the top

head -n filename n = no of lines to be printed

tail – To print the data from the bottom

tail -n filename n = no of lines to be printed

Concatenate to select a particular record –>

head -3 filename | tail -1

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Filters – sort/uniq

sort – To sort and print a file with different

sort [option] filename

Sort filename

Sort -r filename

uniq – To filter only unique lines and remove the

uniq inputfile outputfile

uniq -c i/pfile – Number of repetition

uniq -d i/pfile – Repeated line
uniq -D i/pfile – Duplicate lines
uniq -i i/pfile – ignore case

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Filters – cut/paste/join

cut – To cut a particular part from the file

cut -b1 filename 1st byte

cut -b1-7 filename 1-7 byte
cut -c1 filename 1st char
cut -d ',' -f1 filename cut field wise using delimiter

paste – To merge 2 files

paste inputfile outputfile

join – To merge two files using an identical field

join file1 file2 both files should have common field

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Filters – grep

Grep – Global Regular Expression print

Used to search a string in a given file

grep <search value> filename

Eg: grep “Mumbai” places.txt

grep -e “Mumbai” places.txt
grep -i “mumbai” places.txt
grep -c “Mum” places.txt
grep -w “Mumbai” places.txt
grep “Mumbai” place*
grep -v “Mumbai” places.txt

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Filters – sed

sed – sed is used to replace searched value in a file with

sed [option] script inputfile

Eg: sed -e '/Mumbai/g places.txt Space out the line with Mumbai
sed -n '/Mumbai/p places.txt print the line with Mumbai
sed -e d places.txt delete the entire lines
sed -e 3d places.txt delete the 3rd line
sed -e '/Mumbai/d' places.txt search and delete line
sed G places.txt To insert line
sed 's/Chennai/Trichy/g' places.txt Replace Chennai with Trichy

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Filters – awk

awk – Interpreted programming language

⚫Used to analyse and process text files

⚫Pattern scanning and processing

⚫View the text files in Records and fields

⚫Conditional statements and loops

⚫Formatted reports can be created

⚫Search one or more files to see if data present

awk Blocks

BEGIN END

Declare & initialize ⚫Print the end result

⚫Execute before read ⚫Execute after read

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Filters – awk

awk – Some examples for file reading

⚫awk '{print}' places.txt print the content of file

⚫awk -F "," '{print$1, $3}' ManagerDetailsBkp Print some fields

⚫awk '/Chennai/' places.txt search & print

⚫awk '/Jackson/' ManagerDetailsBkp| awk -F "," '{print$1, $2}'

⚫awk '/Clara/' ManagerDetailsBkp| awk -F ";" '{print$1, $3}'

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Filters – Calculation & Conditions

BEGIN & END blocks are used to perform the calculation, conditions and print result.

⚫awk -F "," 'BEGIN {S=0}{S=S+$5} END {print "Total Salary per month ", S}' EmployeeD

⚫awk '/10000/ {count++} END {print " Count of Employees with salary 10K ", count}' Em

⚫awk -F "," '/10000/ {print " Name of Employees with salary 10K ", $1}' EmployeeDetail

⚫awk 'BEGIN{FS=",";OFS="$"}{print $1,$2}' EmployeeDetails.txt

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Filters – Calculation & Conditions

awk 'END{print FNR}' EmployeeDetails.txt

⚫ print total number of lines in a file

awk 'BEGIN{FS=","}{print length($1)}' EmployeeDetails.txt

⚫ Uses builtin string funct

awk 'BEGIN{s=1;while (s<102) {print s;++s}}'

⚫ print 1 to 101

awk 'BEGIN{FS=",";OFS="$"}{print $1,$2}' EmployeeDetails.txt

⚫

awk 'BEGIN{FS=OFS=","}{if($3=="Kolkota") {(gsub($5,"25000"))}} 1' EmployeeDetail

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tail -n5 input1|awk 'BEGIN{FS=","}{c=$1" "$2;print "name&age:";print c;print "loc:";pri

⚫

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Shell Scripting

Shell scripting or Shell program is a file containing a list of commands in a given seq

Benefits:

⚫Automation of repetitive task

⚫Create own tools or utilities

⚫Automation of command input

⚫Create simple application

⚫Shell script editor – vi or vim

⚫format → vi file.sh

⚫First command of shell script is → #!/bin/sh

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Shell Scripting

To execute shell script → ./file.sh, sh file.sh

To save the vi file → esc + :wq

Example:

vi list.sh
#!/bin/sh
ls

vi print.sh
#!/bin/sh
echo “Hello World”

vi calc.sh
#!/bin/sh
a=200 b=100
Echo “$a+$b” | bc

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Shell Scripting

vi listcity.sh
#!/bin/sh
grep Idukki empcity

vi calc.sh
#!/bin/sh
echo "Value 0f A = $1"
echo "Value of B = $2"
echo "$1 + $2" | bc

sh calc.sh 100 300

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Shell Scripting – File conditions

-f & -e options can be used to make sure that the file used is a existing and its a regular
-f filename ==> To make sure that the file is a regular file
-e file name ==> To make sure that the file exists.

Sample code:
#!/bin/sh
if [ -e places.txt ] then echo "File exists"
else echo "File doesn't exist"
fi
if [ -f places.txt ] then echo "File is a regular file"
else echo "File is a Dictionary"
fi
cat places.txt

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Shell Scripting

vi condition.sh

#!/bin/sh
a=355
b=353
if [ $a -eq $b ]
then
echo "a & b are equal"
else
echo "a & b are not equal"
fi

sh condition.sh

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 Thank You!!

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