Sound Sound is a form of energy produced by vibrations.

sound needs medium to

propagate. Solids liquid gases

·
.
sound can be transferred
·
I
through
↑
liquid and gases But ~ ⑳
I
"
solids ,
.
S

sound can't be transferred with

·

very slowly

meanabene
solid

·
the vibration in sound particles
are
very rapidly
. are transferred because
arrange
this is because solid
- ment of the
particle are arranged less
rapidly.
L particles are far
very closely
the air par a part causing
-
ticle around
it will also a de
vibrate and send
it to the others
.
sound has different strength and
sound
pitch. The strength/loudness of

I
-
depends on the amplitude of the Wave

-
/
-
i
po
>
- hard and the pitch of the sound depends on the

-
- - are
shiny objects
good sound
frequency of the
↑
sound produced amplitude of the

Wave is like the

reflector reflection of sound maxamounte

Wave

Hig (i) i)
soft and
an echo is produced
sound
rough
When a is
surfaces
reflected from
are
good
I
a hard surface
.

absorber

Doppler effect is the effect

from the apparent changes

Fishermen

Manycarcer
Why
bymonsa
use
technology
more frequency
>
-
louder
of all
so usedtodetea - sonar
when
underwater
Different sound of sound
ambulance siren frequency
increases as it loudness Waves are produced when
approach abn
it hit different surface.
but decrease this can provide infor
as it go
-
 heifI heat is a form of

temperature is
energy
the measure of the degree of
hotness or coldness of an object
-

me + b)
heat Conduction +
metal
-
measured in Joules The from
of heat transfer
process ↓
↳
&
1 & ·
To
·
IIIIIII
amount of heat depends hotter region region
-

to cooler
particles
on the type of material Quantity that receive heat will librate and collide
, through a solid medium
.
With each other more frequently and
and the temperature
-
transfer heat .

Convection -

temperature Heat partoffraidthatreceiva

e
-
transfer through move

-
measured in Celcius (OC) -ment of fluid from hotter - of↳ -
me
rise
less dense
.

while the colder

It then will
sink.
part
or Kelvin (k) region to cooler region
. heat↳ the process of stream

rise and fall is called

-
Depends on the degree -
Radiation convection current

of movement of particle
-
Transfer heat without any medium
.
in the matter
-

heat can propagate through vacuum and empty spaces.

-

type of surface temp and surface area affect heat flow

.

Sea breeze
* heat insulator and conductor

Q- I
>
the sun heat
up Q 1) heat conductor = Allow heat to flow

i y/
-

L / the land faster.

2) heat insulator Heat Can't flow
↓ 'x
=

> the denser air from the Absorbtion and Radiation of heat
↑ - sea will flow to land.

-
② -

the ability of an object to absorb heat

nurs the land will
air in expand , depends on the type and color of its surface
.

> become less dense and rise . ·Absorb = temp4 radiate =

temp &

· Dark and dull surface are better heat condu

normal

Expansion and contraction -

CtOr

!
-

① solid move at a fixed position .

② When heated , it will vibrate more Green building concept f

and move further

volume increased which

apart
,
the

means
a dar ⑳e ·
high energy
source .
efficiency through renewable

it expanded
. · use recycled materials
cooled down

⑤ When cooled it will vibrate less and ~

closer - · has good water flow , electric circulati

is ⑳
⑳
, <

is
-

move closer. This mean it contracted

. - on and lightning
.
 and m O HIGH
Force is push or pull upon object

Force
a an

types of force

gravitational
v
force W

weight lagi berat

Elastic Force
u
,
>
- 1

3m
1991 # gravitational
gravitational Force that points toward
-
-

-
exist when a material Force .
>

the centre of the

is stretched C omp
force acting on an earth
. M
or -

-
.
ressed
Object

i
Frictional Force Normal Force
3 normale Buoyant Force

-
Resist movement between produced when an
-

Force acting on an object

2 objects that are in contact object is facing a surface . that is floating

. Buoyant 4 4 ↑ ↑
Force

Characteristic of Force Quantity Action and reaction

>
Force has direction and magnitude. For every action force , there is a reaction force

P O
. A
.
With the same magnitude but different direction
.

↑ Magnitude = ION

Force ION Direction = Shown by ①

S point of
+ + + A book is On a table & + A block floats
application . The weight of
-

the
and experience
↓ book is acting
↓ ↓
a force called
on the table
. As a
weight. As a reaction a
Force is measured by
,

in
100 g =
IN reaction
,
a normal force exist. The book buoyant force will exist

an opposite reaction
.
spring balance' and is remain on the table Magnitude
as of
1 kg =
10N The wooden blog flOatS
both forces are the same . because the magnitude of
measured in Newton (N) . ↑

buoyant force is
bigger.

changing shape changing

and size direction
[ ↑
Effects of force
X ↓
↓

moving a changing stopping a

.
speed
Stationary object. moving object
 Buoyant Force =
support the object's weight to keep it floating
. If buoyant force =
weight of object ,

it will float but if buoyant Force Weight It will submerge

.
,

Buoyant Force Actual Weight The position of

Object in the fluid depends on
weight.
= -

Apparent

Weight of object weight of object the density When object is

in air immersed in water

.
denser than water
,

then Force <weight .

Lever abar that rotates fixed Lever is a simple machine . allow us to do work easily
> on a
point. >
- -

↳ allow us to use minimal force .

·
can opener · Wheelbarrow
·
fishing rod
·
scissors · nutcracker

1st (165S lever 2nd Class lever 3rd Class lever

the force applied

Depends on
↑ perpendicular distance
Moment of force = rotate or turn object at a fixed point >
-
Depends on the .

of fulcrum to the force.

Moment of force = Force (n) x perpendicular distance (m)
Moment of force will increase if the magnitude
Example
= The Force used to open a lid of can is ION
using of the force and the distance increase .

a spoon of length 15cm

. Calculate the moment

of Force. FX distance between FX distance between

=

Fulcrum and effort Fulcrum and load

.
(ION) (0 15m) .
=
1 5 NM
.

Pressure
· Effect of force depends on the surface area
.

· Pressure is defined as force per unit area

.

*
higher pressure. that it
Force on smaller area =
skiing shoes is very thin meaning
& Smaller surface
>
-
Force On bigger area =
Lower pressure . have smaller surface area
·

mean bigger pressure.

-
(N)
Force
pressure =

Surface area (m")

 Gas Pressure

① Air pressure

-
Kinetic theory of matter stated that gas Factors affecting air pressure.

move around freely

. It collide with the .
1
Volume

wall of containers. Frequent collide >

-
in a big space the gas moves freely
. When we compress
,

will produce a force that push the wall the container ,

gas collide frequently with the container
.

of container- This made the air pressure ↑ .

.
2 Temperature

·
When we blow into

balloon
>
When
-

heated the kinetic energy of the gas increase .

gas parti
m
, ,

↑
-
cle will Push the This cause the particle to collide with the container more

wall of the balloon until it expands. frequently

. Thus ,
air pressure increases.

this is air pressure

·

& Atmospheric Pressure

① When we drink from a Packet,

--
it will compress

VICO
② This is because : when we suck

·
the drink out , the drink inside

"Partial
"

the package becomes vacuum .

I
air pressure from
a air pressure inside
/

outside will press decrease .

Onto the Package .