"EVOLUTION" Pre IELTS

Tutor:Raxmatullo
Safarov
8,5
Lesson 10
UNCHANGED2000

ieltscenteruz

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IELTS IS TOUGH--YOU MUST BE TOUGHER

FOR THE IELTS CENTER STUDENTS’ ONLY
INFINITIVE & GERUND

INFINITIVES
Infinitiv ya’ni fe’lning noaniq shakli zamon va nisbat kategoriyasiga ko’ra quyidagicha shakllarga ega:
ACTIVE PASSIVE
PRESENT to give to be given
PRESENT CONTINUOUS to be giving -
PERFECT to have given to have been given
PERFECT CONTINUOUS to have been giving -

Infinitivning zamon va nisbat shakllari quyidagi hollarda qo’llaniladi:

1) Present Infinitive – hozirdagi yoki kelajakdagi ish-harakatga ta’luqlidir:
Example: I can’t see you now. (present) – Sandra wants to move to a new house next year. (future)
2) Present Continuous Infinitive – asosiy fe’l bilan bir paytda sodir bo’layotgan va davom etayotgan
ish-harakatga ta’luqlidir:
Example: He is believed to be hiding somewhere in the mountains.
3) Perfect Infinitive – asosiy fe’ldan oldin sodir bo’lgan ish-harakatni ifodalaydi:
Example: She claims to have met Richard Gere. (First she met him, then she claimed that.)
4) Perfect Continuous Infinitive – asosiy fe’ldan oldin sodir bo’lgan davomiy ish-
harakatni
ifodalaydi:
Example: She is tired. She claims to have been working in the garden all day.
GERUNDS
Gerund ya’ni fe’lning harakat nomi shakli zamon va nisbat kategoriyasiga ko’ra quyidagicha
shaklga
ega:
ACTIVE PASSIVE
PRESENT giving being given
PERFECT having given having been given

Gerundning zamon va nisbat shakllari quyidagi hollarda ishlatiladi:

1) Present Gerund – hozirdagi yoki kelajakdagi ish-harakatga ta’luqlidir:
Example: Swimming is a good form of exercise. (present) – Helen suggests going to the zoo
tomorrow.
(future)
2) Perfect Gerund – asosiy fe’ldan oldin sodir bo’lgan ish-harakatni ifodalaydi:
Example: Greg denied having lied to his parents. (First he lied to them, then he
denied that.)
NOTE: Ko’p hollarda Perfect Gerund o’rnida Present Gerund shakli qo’llaniladi va
bunda
ma’no farqlanmaydi:
Example: Jane refused being to the circus the day before. (= Jane refused having
been to….) USAGES OF INFINITIVES
Infinitiv asosan quyidagi hollarda ishlatiladi:
1) Maqsadni ifodalashda:
Example: Sam went to the bank to get some
money.
Ushbu holda “in order to + Infinitive” yoki “so as to + Infinitive” kabi
qurilmalardan ham
foydalaniladi (ko’pincha rasmiy nutqda):
Example: Sam went to the bank to get = in order to get = so as to get
some money.
NOTE: in order to va so as to fe’lning bo’lishsiz infinitiv shakli bilan qo’llaniladi:
 Example: I am going to leave now, in order/so as not to be late. (I’m going to leave now, not
to be late.)
Afford
agree aim beg help seem
refuse care hesitate struggle
hurry choose hope swear
decline claim intend tend
appear consent learn threate
arrange dare manage n
ask demand neglect trouble
attempt decide offer wait
(can’t) deserve plan want
bear expect prepare wish
fail pretend
happen promise
Example: He promised to help us with the
decorations.
3) Asosan quyidagi fe’llardan so’ng ot yoki olmosh kelganda (bunda asosiy fe’lning
bajaruvchisi bilan
infinitiv ifodalagan ish-harakatning bajaruvchisi bir shaxs bo’lmaydi):
advise encourage love require
allow expect mean teach
ask forbid need tell
(can’t) bear force oblige tempt
beg hate order trouble
cause hire permit urge
challenge instruct persuade want
command intend prefer warn
compel invite recommend wish
convince leave remind
dare like request
Example: Tom advised us to stay at his house.
4) Asosan sifatlardan so’ng infinitiv qo’llaniladi. Bunday sifatlarga:
a) hissiy holatni ifodalovchi happy, sad, glad, annoyed kabi sifatlardan so’ng:
Example: I was annoyed to hear that he had left.
b) xoxish-istakni ifodalovchi willing, eager, reluctant, anxious, unwilling kabi sifatlardan
so’ng:
Example: He is reluctant to help.
c) shaxsiy xususiyatlarni ifodalovchi mean, clever, stupid, wrong, certain kabi sifatlardan
so’ng:
Example: You were clever not to believe them.
d) lucky, fortunate, welcome, due, fit, able, likely, bound kabi sifatlardan son’g:
Example: It is likely to rain tomorrow. – You were lucky not to be killed.
NOTE: Infinitiv “it + be + adjective + of + noun/pronoun + Infinitive”
tarzidagi shaxssiz
qurilmalarda keladi:
Example: It was clever of you not to believe them. = You were clever not to
 believe them.
5) Bir qator otlar va something, somewhere, anyone, nothing kabi olmoshlardan so’ng
asosan biron- bir narsaning kerakligini yoki imkoniyatining mavjudligini ifodalashda
(gapda aniqlovchi vazifasini bajarganda):
Example: We have got a lot of homework to do. – Take something to drink on the
bus.
6) Asosan “it + be + adjective/noun + Infinitive” tarzidagi qurilmalarda qo’llaniladi:
Example: It is important to get there on time. – It is her ambition to open her own shop.
7) Too va enough kabi so’zlardan so’ng:
Example: She is too young to stay out so
late.
8) The first/second, the next, the last, the only va sifatning orttirma darajasidan so’ng:
Example: William was the first to arrive there. – He is the oldest athlete to win a
gold medal.
9) Ask, learn, find out, wonder, want to know, decide, explain kabi fe’llardan
so’ng who,
what,
where, when, how kabi so’roq olmoshlari kelganda:
Example: He explained how to operate the
machine.
NOTE: Ushbu holda why so’roq olmoshi kelmaydi, chunki bunda gap kelishi lozim:
Example: I don’t know why I left. (I don’t know why to leave.)
10) Infinitiv be fe’lidan so’ng ya’ni ot-kesim tarkibida keladi:
Example: Your task is to get across the river without being seen.
My ambition was to retire at thirty.

USAGES OF GERUNDS
Gerund asosan quyidagi hollarda qo’llaniladi:
1) Gapda ega o’rnida asosan gerund ishlatiladi:
Example: Cycling is a popular form of
exercise 2) Asosan quyidagi fe’llardan so’ng:
(can’t) help deny
detest imagine
(can’t) stand quit
discuss involve
admit recall
dislike keep on
anticipate recollect
endure leave off
appreciate resent
escape mention
avoid resist
excuse mind
risk
burst out face miss save
consider fancy postpone
suggest
contemplate feel like practice tolerate
delay forgive prevent undersnd
give up put off
 Example: He avoided answering my questions. 3) Predloglardan so’ng har
doim gerund ishlatiladi: Example: He was found guilty of lying in court.
4) Quyidagi preglogli fe’llardan so’ng:
be excited/worried + about,complain/dream/talk/think + about/of
apologize/blame/forgive/have an excuse/have a reason/be
responsible/thank + for
keep/prevent/prohibit/stop + from
believe/be interested/participate/succeed + in
be accused/be capable/be guilty/take advantage/take care/be tired + of
insist + on
be accustomed/be committed/be devoted/look forward/object/be opposed/be used/get round
+ to decide + against
Example: She objects to working on Saturdays.
5) “spend/waste/lose + time/money/etc + doing smth” tarzidagi gaplarda:
Example: He lost 10000$ investing in unsuccessful companies.
We wasted a lot of time trying to find a parking space.
6) “sit/stand/lie + place + doing smth” tarzidagi gaplarda:
Example: Jack was sitting in his armchair smoking
a pipe.
7) “find/catch + somebody or something + doing smth” tarzidagi gaplarda:
Example: Yesterday Helen caught her cat stealing some sausages from
the fridge.
8) Quyidagi turg’un birikmalardan so’ng:
be busy
have fun/have a good time
have trouble/difficulty/a hard time/a difficult time
it’s (no) good
it’s (not) worth
it’s no use
there is no point of (in)
what’s the use of
Example: What’s the use of waiting for an answer?
She is busy writing the wedding
invitations.
9) Gerund shuningdek go yoki come fe’llaridan keyin keladi, bunda sport, xordiq
chiqarish yoki biron
narsani yig’ish yoki to’plash bilan bog’liq bo’lgan faoliyat turlari ifodalaniladi:
Example: How often do you go swimming? – I’d like to go shopping. – Come
fishing tomorrow!
10) “Would mind” birikmasidan so’ng har doim gerund qo’llaniladi:
Example: Would you mind opening the windows for a
while?
ESSENTIAL WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS FOR SPEAKING AND
WRITING
WEATHER AND FACTS ABOUT EARTH
 to be below freezing: below zero degrees Celsius
 bitterly cold: very cold and unpleasant
 a blanket of snow: a complete covering of snow
 boiling hot: very hot (informal)
 changeable: weather that often changes
 a change in the weather: when weather conditions change
 clear blue skies: a sky without clouds
 to clear up: when clouds or rain disappear
 to come out (the sun): when the sun appears out of a cloudy sky
 a cold spell: a short period of cold weather
 to dress up warm: to wear warm clothes to protect yourself against wintry conditions
 a drop of rain: a little bit of rain
 a flash flood: a sudden and severe flood
 freezing cold: very cold (informal)
 to get caught in the rain: to be outside when it rains unexpectedly
 to get drenched: to get very wet
heatstroke: a serious condition caused by being too long in hot weather
 a heatwave: a period of very hot weather
 heavy rain: intense rainfall
 long-range forecast: the weather forecast for several days or weeks ahead
 mild climate: a climate without extreme weather conditions
 mild winter: a winter that isn’t particularly cold
 not a cloud in the sky: see ‘clear blue skies’ above
 to pour down: to rain heavily
 to be rained off: to be cancelled or postponed due to poor weather
 sunny spells: short periods of sunny weather
 thick fog: a dense fog that makes visibility very poor
 torrential rain: see ‘heavy rain’ above
 tropical storm: a storm typical of ones that you find in tropical climates
weather forecast: a TV/radio programme or section in a newspaper/magazine which
predicts weather conditions
 Earth is amazing!
Our world is a beautiful place and it has sustained everything living on it for millions of
years. Although our presence has done much damage to it, we still have a chance to change
it.
The wonderful thing that’s happening today is that people are becoming more aware of the
needs of our environment and are showing signs of willingness to make a change. When we
talk of environment, it involves everything around us, not just the weather. It includes all the
animals, plants and the human beings living in this planet.
Here are some amazing environmental facts that you need to know about.
 27,000 trees are cut down each day so we can have Toilet Paper.
 Aluminum can be recycled continuously, as in forever. Recycling 1 aluminum can
save enough energy to run our TVs for at least 3 hours. 80 trillion aluminum cans are
used by humans every year.
 American companies alone use enough Paper to encircle the Earth 3x! (It’s a good
thing that businesses are moving towards going paperless)
 We can save 75,000 trees if we recycled the paper used on the daily run of the New
York Times alone.
 When you throw plastic bags and other plastic materials in the ocean, it kills as many
as 1 million sea creatures annually.
 A glass bottle made in our time will take more than 4,000 years to decompose.
 Only 1% of our planet’s water supply can be used. 97% is ocean water and 2% is
frozen solid in the Arctic, for now.
 Our planet gains inhabitants numbering to 77 million people a year.
 An estimated 50,000 species inhabiting our tropical forests become extinct annually.
That’s an average of 137 species a day.
 Rainforests are cut down at a rate of 100 acres per minute.
 The world’s oldest trees are more than 4,600 years old.
 Landfills are composed of 35% packaging materials.
 It’s everything around you…
You can see it, feel it, hear it, touch it, eat it and interact with it. You are surrounded by Life
and Nature – you affect it and it affects you. This is your environment.
Lately, when you hear the word "environment", the word “problem” also comes to mind.
The level of interest people give to the environment varies. Some practice energy
conservation, some are concerned but feel that it’s too big a problem for them to be
concerned about and some don’t believe that it’s important.
We talk about “Saving the Environment” – but the truth is we are really trying to save
ourselves. The Earth has been around for billions of years. If we damage it or hurt it in any
way, it will just cleanse and renew itself – and how the planet will do that is not going to be
healthy for the living things that thrive on it.
Here are some interesting facts about the environment
1) Only 3% of our planet’s water is drinkable. 97% of it is salt water. More than half of the
Earth’s fresh water can be found frozen in the glaciers. The rest is underground.
2) The water in our lakes, ponds, streams, rivers, ponds and other surface water makes up
0.3% of our fresh water resource.
3) 25% of the bottled water you buy is really municipal tap water.
4) There is more water vapor in the atmosphere than all the combined rivers on the planet.
5) The Niagara Falls process 750,000 gallons of water every second!
More: Amazing Facts on Earth
6) More than 700 million people do not have access to clean water and more than 2 billion
have sanitation problems.
7) 6 to 8 million people die annually from water-borne diseases and disasters.
8) Agriculture uses up 70% of our global freshwater. It goes up to 90% in fast developing
countries.
9) We use 10 billion tons of water worldwide.
10) The Ozone Layer “Hole” which is 29 million square kilometers, is expected to be fully
healed in the next 55 years. This is due to the worldwide banning of chlorofluorocarbon and
hydro fluorocarbon.
More: Facts about Environmental Issues
11) In the last 200 years, we added 2.3 billion tons of Carbon Dioxide into our atmosphere.
Half of this was added in the last 35 to 50 years.
12) We have already destroyed 27% of our coral reefs which is home to 25% of our marine
life.
13) We have explored more of Space than our terrestrial oceans.
14) If you go to the deepest part of our ocean, the pressure can be compared to a human
being trying to hold 50 jumbo jets!
15) The Ice in Antarctica is as much as the water in the Atlantic Ocean.
More: Environmental Awareness Facts
16) If the entire world’s Ice melted, our sea levels will rise by 66 meters.
17) Our oceans have an average depth of 12,400 feet. This means that most of the living
things on our planet live in total darkness.
18) The world uses 160,000 plastic bags every second. Plastic bags are now banned from
supermarkets in most developing countries.
19) Plastic is Forever. It doesn’t bio-grade and go back to nature. It photo-degrades into
smaller pieces of itself, continually polluting the environment throughout its life cycle.
20) The US throws away enough plastic bottles in a week to encircle the Earth 5 times!
They’re only 5% of our population
VOCABULARY 11,12