BINARY, OCTAL AND HEXADECIMAL

1. Convert the following binary numbers to decimal numbers:

(a) 110 (b) 1011 (c) 1110 (d) 1001

(a) 1102 = 1× 22 + 1× 21 + 0 × 20
= 4 + 2 + 0 = 610

(b) 10112 = 1× 23 + 0 × 22 + 1× 21 + 1× 20
= 8 + 0 + 2 + 1 = 1110

(c) 11102 = 1× 23 + 1× 22 + 1× 21 + 0 × 20
= 8 + 4 + 2 + 0 = 1410

(d) 10012 =1× 23 + 0 × 22 + 0 × 21 + 1× 20

= 8 + 0 + 0 + 1 = 910

2. Convert the following binary numbers to decimal numbers:

(a) 10101 (b) 11001 (c) 101101 (d) 110011

(a) 101012 = 1× 24 + 0 × 23 + 1× 22 + 0 × 21 + 1× 20
= 16 + 0 + 4 + 0 + 1 = 2110

(b) 110012 = 1× 24 + 1× 23 + 0 × 22 + 0 × 21 + 1× 20
= 16 + 8 + 0 + 0 + 1 = 2510

(c) 1011012 = 1× 25 + 0 × 24 + 1× 23 + 1× 22 + 0 × 21 + 1× 20
= 32 + 0 + 8 + 4 + 0 + 1 = 4510

(d) 1100112 = 1× 25 + 1× 24 + 0 × 23 + 0 × 22 + 1× 21 + 1× 20
= 32 + 16 + 0 + 0 + 2 + 1 = 5110
3. Convert the following binary numbers to decimal numbers:

(a) 101010 (b) 111000 (c) 1000001 (d) 10111000

(a) 1010102 =1× 25 + 0 × 24 + 1× 23 + 0 × 22 + 1× 21 + 0 × 20

= 32 + 0 + 8 + 0 + 2 + 0 = 4210

(b) 1110002 =1× 25 + 1× 24 + 1× 23 + 0 × 22 + 0 × 21 + 0 × 20

= 32 + 16 + 8 + 0 + 0 + 0 = 5610

(c) 10000012 =1× 26 + 0 × 25 + 0 × 24 + 0 × 23 + 0 × 22 + 0 × 21 + 1× 20

= 64 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + + 0 + 1 = 6510

(d) 101110002 =1× 27 + 0 × 26 + 1× 25 + 1× 24 + 1× 23 + 0 × 22 + 0 × 21 + 0 × 20

= 128 + 0 + 32 + 16 + 8 + 0 + 0 + 0 = 18410

4. Convert the following binary numbers to decimal numbers:

(a) 0.1101 (b) 0.11001 (c) 0.00111 (d) 0.01011

(a) 0.1101 2 = 1 × 2–1 + 1 × 2–2 + 0 × 2–3 + 1 × 2–4

1 1 1 1
=1× +1× +0× +1×
2 22 23 24
1 1 1
= + +
2 4 16
= 0.5 + 0.25 + 0.0625

= 0.8125 10

(b) 0.11001 2 = 1 × 2–1 + 1 × 2–2 + 0 × 2–3 + 0 × 2–4 + 1 × 2–5

1 1 1 1 1
=1× +1× +0× +0× +1×
2 22 23 24 25
1 1 1
= + +
2 4 32
= 0.5 + 0.25 + 0.03125

= 0.7812510

(c) 0.00111 2 = 0 × 2–1 + 0 × 2–2 + 1 × 2–3 + 1 × 2–4 + 1 × 2–5

312
 1 1 1 1 1
=0× +0× +1× +1× +1×
2 2 2 2 3 2 4 25
1 1 1
= + +
8 16 32
= 0.125 + 0.0625 + 0.03125

= 0.2187510

(d) 0.01011 2 = 0 × 2–1 + 1 × 2–2 + 0 × 2–3 + 1 × 2–4 + 1 × 2–5

1 1 1 1 1
=0× +1× +0× +1× +1×
2 22 23 24 25
1 1 1
= + +
4 16 32
= 0.25 + 0.0625 + 0.03125

= 0.3437510

5. Convert the following binary numbers to decimal numbers:

(a) 11010.11 (b) 10111.011 (c) 110101.0111 (d) 11010101.10111

(a) 11010.112 = 1× 24 + 1× 23 + 0 × 22 + 1× 21 + 0 × 20 + 1× 2−1 + 1× 2−2

1 1
= 16 + 8 + 0 + 2 + 0 + + = 26.7510
2 4

(b) 10111.0112 = 1× 24 + 0 × 23 + 1× 22 + 1× 21 + 1× 20 + 0 × 2−1 + 1× 2−2 + 1× 2−3

1 1
= 16 + 0 + 4 + 2 + 1 + + = 23.37510
4 8

(c) 110101.01112 = 1× 25 + 1× 24 + 0 × 23 + 1× 22 + 0 × 21 + 1× 20 + 0 × 2−1 + 1× 2−2 + 1× 2−3 + 1× 2−4

1 1 1
= 32 + 16 + 0 + 4 + 0 + 1 + + + = 53.437510
4 8 16

(d) 11010101.101112 = 1× 27 + 1× 26 + 0 × 25 + 1× 24 + 0 × 23 + 1× 22 + 0 × 21 + 1× 20 + 1× 2−1 + 0 × 2−2

+ 1× 2−3 + 1× 2−4 + 1× 2−5
1 1 1 1
= 128 + 64 + 16 + 4 + 1 + + + + = 213.7187510
2 8 16 32

313 © 2014, John Bird

EXERCISE 85 Page 179

1. Convert the following decimal numbers to binary numbers:

(a) 5 (b) 15 (c) 19 (d) 29

(a) 2 5 Remainder

2 2 1

2 1 0

2 0 1

(most significant bit) → 1 0 1 ← (least significant bit)

Thus, 5 10 = 101 2

(b) 2 15 Remainder

2 7 1

2 3 1

2 1 1

2 0 1

1 1 1 1

Thus, 1510 = 1111 2

(c) 2 19 Remainder

2 9 1

2 4 1

2 2 0

2 1 0

2 0 1

1 0 0 1 1

314 © 2014, John Bird

 Thus, 19 10 = 100112

(d) 2 29 Remainder

2 14 1

2 7 0

2 3 1

2 1 1

2 0 1

1 1 1 0 1

Thus, 29 10 = 111012

2. Convert the following decimal numbers to binary numbers:

(a) 31 (b) 42 (c) 57 (d) 63

(a) 2 31 Remainder

2 15 1

2 7 1

2 3 1

2 1 1

0 1

(most significant bit) → 1 1 1 1 1 ← (least significant bit)

Thus, 3110 = 111112

315 © 2014, John Bird

(b) 2 42 Remainder

2 21 0

2 10 1

2 5 0

2 2 1

2 1 0

0 1

1 0 1 0 1 0

Thus, 4210 = 101010 2

(c) 2 57 Remainder

2 28 1

2 14 0

2 7 0

2 3 1

2 1 1

0 1

1 1 1 0 0 1

Thus, 57 10 = 111001 2

(d) 2 63 Remainder

2 31 1

2 15 1

2 7 1

2 3 1

2 1 1

0 1

1 1 1 1 1 1

316 © 2014, John Bird

 Thus, 63 10 = 1111112

3. Convert the following decimal numbers to binary numbers:

(a) 47 (b) 60 (c) 73 (d) 84

(a) 2 47 Remainder

2 23 1

2 11 1

2 5 1

2 2 1

2 1 0

0 1

1 0 1 1 1 1

Thus, 4710 = 101111 2

(b) 2 60 Remainder

2 30 0

2 15 0

2 7 1

2 3 1

2 1 1

0 1

1 1 1 1 0 0

Thus, 6010 = 111100 2

317 © 2014, John Bird

(c) 2 73 Remainder

2 36 1

2 18 0

2 9 0

2 4 1

2 2 0

2 1 0

0 1

1 0 0 1 0 0 1

Thus, 7310 = 1001001 2

(d) 2 84 Remainder

2 42 0

2 21 0

2 10 1

2 5 0

2 2 1

2 1 0

0 1

1 0 1 0 1 0 0

Thus, 8410 = 1010100 2

4. Convert the following decimal numbers to binary numbers:

(a) 0.25 (b) 0.21875 (c) 0.28125 (d) 0.59375

318 © 2014, John Bird

(a) 0.25 × 2 = 0. 50

0.50 × 2 = 1. 00

(most significant bit) . 0 1 (least significant bit)

Hence, 0.2510 = 0.01 2

(b) 0.21875 × 2 = 0. 4375

0.4375 × 2 = 0. 875

0.875 ×2= 1. 75

0.75 × 2= 1. 50

0.50 × 2= 1.00

. 0 0 1 1 1

i.e. 0.21875 10 = 0.00111 2

(c) 0.28125 × 2 = 0. 5625

0.5625 × 2 = 1. 125

0.125 ×2= 0. 25

0.25 × 2= 0. 50

0.50 × 2= 1.00

. 0 1 0 0 1

i.e. 0.28125 10 = 0.01001 2

(d) 0.59375 × 2 = 1. 1875

0.1875 × 2 = 0. 375

0.375 ×2= 0. 75

0.75 × 2= 1. 50

0.50 × 2= 1.00

. 1 0 0 1 1

i.e. 0.59375 10 = 0.10011 2

319 © 2014, John Bird

5. Convert the following decimal numbers to binary numbers:

(a) 47.40625 (b) 30.8125 (c) 53.90625 (d) 61.65625

(a) 2 47 Remainder

2 23 1

2 11 1

2 5 1

2 2 1

2 1 0

0 1

1 0 1 1 1 1

0.40625 × 2 = 0. 8175

0.8175 × 2 = 1. 625

0.625 ×2= 1. 25

0.25 × 2= 0. 50

0.50 × 2= 1.00

. 0 1 1 0 1

Thus, 47.4062510 = 101111.011012

(a) 2 30 Remainder

2 15 0

2 7 1

2 3 1

2 1 1

2 0 1

1 1 1 1 0
320 © 2014, John Bird
 0.8125 × 2 = 1. 625

0.625 × 2 = 1. 25

0.25 ×2= 0. 50

0.50 × 2 = 1. 00

. 1 1 0 1

Thus, 30.812510 = 11110.11012

(c) 2 53 Remainder

2 26 1

2 13 0

2 6 1

2 3 0

2 1 1

0 1

1 1 0 1 0 1

0.90625 × 2 = 1. 8125

0.8125 × 2 = 1. 625

0.625 ×2= 1. 25

0.25 × 2= 0. 50

0.50 × 2= 1.00

. 1 1 1 0 1

Thus, 53.9062510 = 110101.111012

321 © 2014, John Bird

(d) 2 61 Remainder

2 30 1

2 15 0

2 7 1

2 3 1

2 1 1

0 1

1 1 1 1 0 1

0.65625 × 2 = 1. 3125

0.3125 × 2 = 0. 625

0.625 ×2= 1. 25

0.25 × 2= 0. 50

0.50 × 2= 1.00

. 1 0 1 0 1

Thus, 61.6562510 = 111101.101012

322 © 2014, John Bird

EXERCISE 86 Page 180

1. Determine in binary form: 10 + 11

10
+ 11
sum 101
carry 1

2. Determine in binary form: 101 + 110

101
+ 110
sum 1011
carry 1

3. Determine in binary form: 1101 + 111

1101
+ 111
sum 10100
carry 1111

4. Determine in binary form: 1111 + 11101

1111
+ 11101
sum 101100
carry 1 1 1 1 1

5. Determine in binary form: 110111 + 10001

110111
+ 10001
sum 1001000
carry 1 1 1 1 1

6. Determine in binary form: 10000101 + 10000101

323 © 2014, John Bird

 10000101
+ 10000101
sum 100001010
carry 1 1 1

7. Determine in binary form: 11101100 + 111001011

11101100
+ 111001011
sum 1010110111
carry 1 1 1 1

8. Determine in binary form: 110011010 + 11100011

110011010
+ 11100011
sum 1001111101
carry 11 1

9. Determine in binary form: 10110 + 1011 + 11011

10110
1011
+ 11011
sum 111100
carry 111 1

10. Determine in binary form: 111 + 10101 + 11011

111
10101
+ 11011
sum 110111
carry 11111

11. Determine in binary form: 1101 + 1001 + 11101

1101
1001
+ 11101
sum 110011
carry 1 111

324 © 2014, John Bird

12. Determine in binary form: 100011 + 11101 + 101110

100011
11101
+ 101110
sum 1101110
carry 111111

325 © 2014, John Bird

EXERCISE 87 Page 182

1. Convert the following decimal numbers to binary numbers, via octal:

(a) 343 (b) 572 (c) 1265

(a) 8 343 Remainder

8 42 7

8 5 2

8 0 5

5 2 7

From Table 20.1, 5278 = 101 010 111 2

i.e. 34310 = 101010111 2

(b) 8 572 Remainder

8 71 4

8 8 7

8 1 0

0 1

1 0 7 4

From Table 20.1, 10748 = 001 000 111 100 2

i.e. 572 10 = 1000111100 2

(c) 8 1265 Remainder

8 158 1

8 19 6

8 2 3

0 2

2 3 6 1
326 © 2014, John Bird
From Table 20.1, 12658 = 010 011 110 001 2

i.e. 572 10 = 10011110001 2

2. Convert the following decimal numbers to binary numbers, via octal:

(a) 0.46875 (b) 0.6875 (c) 0.71875

(a) Multiplying repeatedly by 8, and noting the integer values, gives:

0.46875 × 8 = 3.75

0.75 ×8= 6.00

. 3 6

Thus, 0.46875 10 = 0.36 8

From Table 20.1, 0.36 8 = 0.011 1102

i.e. 0.46875 10 = 0.01111 2

(b) Multiplying repeatedly by 8, and noting the integer values, gives:

0.6875 × 8 = 5.50

0.50 ×8= 4.00

. 5 4

Thus, 0.6875 10 = 0.548

From Table 20.1, 0.54 8 = 0.101 1002

i.e. 0.6875 10 = 0.1011 2

(c) Multiplying repeatedly by 8, and noting the integer values, gives:

0.71875 × 8 = 5.75

0.75 ×8= 6.00

. 5 6

Thus, 0.71875 10 = 0.56 8

From Table 20.1, 0.56 8 = 0.101 1102

i.e. 0.71875 10 = 0.10111 2

327 © 2014, John Bird

3. Convert the following decimal numbers to binary numbers, via octal:

(a) 247.09375 (b) 514.4375 (c) 1716.78125

(a) 8 247 Remainder

8 30 7

8 3 6

8 0 3

3 6 7

From Table 20.1, 367 8 = 011 110 111 2

i.e. 367 10 = 11110111 2

0.09375 × 8 = 0.75

0.75 ×8= 6.00

. 0 6

Thus, 0.09375 10 = 0.06 8

From Table 20.1, 0.06 8 = 0.000 110 2

i.e. 0.09375 10 = 0.00011 2

Hence, =
247.0937510 =
367.068 11110111.000112

(b) 8 514 Remainder

8 64 2

8 8 0

8 1 0

0 1

1 0 0 2

From Table 20.1, 514 8 = 001 000 000 010 2

328 © 2014, John Bird

 i.e. 514 10 = 10000000102

0.4375 × 8 = 3.50

0.50 ×8= 4.00

. 3 4

Thus, 0.437510 = 0.34 8

From Table 20.1, 0.34 8 = 0.011 100 2

i.e. 0.4375 10 = 0.0111 2

=
Hence, 514.437510 =
1002.348 1000000 010.01112

(c) 8 1716 Remainder

8 214 4

8 26 6

8 3 2

0 3

3 2 6 4

From Table 20.1, 1716 8 = 011 010 110 100 2

i.e. 1716 10 = 110101101002

0.78125 × 8 = 6.25

0.25 ×8= 2.00

. 6 2

Thus, 0.78125 10 = 0.62 8

From Table 20.1, 0.628 = 0.110 010 2

i.e. 0.7812510 = 0.110012

=
Hence, 1716.7812510 =
3264.628 11010110100.110 012

329 © 2014, John Bird

4. Convert the following binary numbers to decimal numbers via octal:

(a) 111.011 1 (b) 101 001.01 (c) 1 110 011 011 010.001 1

(a) 111.0111 = 111.011 100 2

3 4
= 7 . 3 48 = 7 × 80 + 3 × 8−1 + 4 × 8−2 = 7 + + = 7.437510
8 82

(b) 101001.01 = 101 001.010 2

2
= 5 1 . 28 = 5 × 81 + 1× 80 + 2 × 8−1 = 40 + 1 + = 41.2510
8

(c) 1110011011010.0011 = 001 110 011 011 010.001 100 2

= 1 6 3 3 2 . 1 48
= 1× 84 + 6 × 83 + 3 × 82 + 3 × 81 + 2 × 80 + 1× 8−1 + 4 × 8−2

1 4
= 4096 + 3072 + 192 + 24 + 2 + + = 7386.187510
8 64

330 © 2014, John Bird

EXERCISE 88 Page 184

1. Convert E7 16 into its decimal equivalent.

E 716 = E×161 + 7×160 = 14×16 + 7×1 = 224 + 7 = 23110

2. Convert 2C 16 into its decimal equivalent.

2 C16 = 2×161 + C×160 = 32 +12 = 4410

3. Convert 98 16 into its decimal equivalent.

9816 = 9 ×161 + 8 ×160 = 9 ×16 + 8 ×1 = 144 + 8 = 15210

4. Convert 2F1 16 into its decimal equivalent.

2 F116 = 2×162 + F×161 +1×160 = 2×162 +15×161 +1×160

= 512 + 240 + 1 = 75310

5. Convert 54 10 into its hexadecimal equivalent.

16 54 Remainder

16 3 6 ≡ 6 16

0 3 ≡ 3 16

most significant bit → 3 6 ← least significant bit

Hence, 54 10 = 36 16

6. Convert 200 10 into its hexadecimal equivalent.

331 © 2014, John Bird

 16 200 Remainder

16 12 8 ≡ 8 16

0 12 ≡ C 16

C 8

Hence, 20010 = C816

7. Convert 91 10 into its hexadecimal equivalent.

16 91 Remainder

16 5 11 ≡ B 16

0 5 ≡ 5 16

5 B

Hence, 91 10 = 5B 16

8. Convert 238 10 into its hexadecimal equivalent.

16 238 Remainder

16 14 14 ≡ B 16

0 14 ≡ E 16

E E

Hence, 23810 = EE16

332 © 2014, John Bird

EXERCISE 89 Page 185

1. Convert 11010111 2 into its hexadecimal equivalent.

110101112 = 1101 0111 grouping in 4s

= D 7 16 from Table 20.2
i.e. 110101112 = D 716

2. Convert 11101010 2 into its hexadecimal equivalent.

111010102 = 1110 1010 grouping in 4s

= E A 16 from Table 20.2
i.e. 111010102 = EA16

3. Convert 10001011 2 into its hexadecimal equivalent.

100010112 = 1000 1011 grouping in 4s

= 8 B 16 from Table 20.2
i.e. 100010112 = 8B16

4. Convert 10100101 2 into its hexadecimal equivalent.

101001012 = 1010 0101 grouping in 4s

= A 5 16 from Table 20.2
i.e. 101001012 = A 516

5. Convert 37 16 into its binary equivalent.

3716 = 0011 0111 2 = 110111 2 from Table 20.2

6. Convert ED 16 into its binary equivalent.

ED16 = 1110 1101 2 from Table 20.2

333 © 2014, John Bird

7. Convert 9F 16 into its binary equivalent.

9F16 = 1001 1111 2 from Table 20.2

8. Convert A21 16 into its binary equivalent

A2116 = 1010 0010 0001 2 from Table 20.2

334 © 2014, John Bird