PASSAGE 1

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading
Passage 1 below.

Ahead of its time

A chance discovery in New Zealand has challenged the country's recorded history

One October afternoon, a young New Zealander, Sam Tobin, called his dogs and went for
a walk down to the nearby Ruamahanga River. Having been very high for days, the river
had at last fallen, and Tobin was eager to see what changes the floods had brought. The
family farm borders the river and a four-metre-high flood bank testifies to its natural
tendency to flood.

Tobin stepped out onto a broad shoulder of river sand, where he noticed what he initially
took to be a whitish rock, lit by the sun. Then, getting closer, he realised it was a bone. Such
a thing was not uncommon in these parts - he had often come across bone fragments, or
even whole skeletons, of cows and sheep. But as he scraped aside the stones he realised it
was a human bone, something quite new in his experience. As he picked it up, he saw it
was a skull, discoloured with age.

Tobin replaced the skull and hurried home to tell his mother what the river had delivered
to their doorstep. It would prove to be a spectacular find, setting in motion an investigation
by some of the country's most respected specialists, and ultimately challenging our most
firmly held assertions about the human settlement of New Zealand.

The police were immediately called, but despite a thorough search could find nothing that
might shed light on the identity of the Ruamahanga skull, or the circumstances of its sudden
appearance. The skull was then taken north to be examined by forensic pathologist Dr
Ferris, at Auckland Hospital. Despite being hampered by its damaged and incomplete
condition -the jawbone and lower left portion of the cranium were missing - Dr Ferris
determined that the skull was that of a female. He then consulted with a colleague, Dr
Koelmeyer, who believed that the deterioration of the bone placed the time of death before
living memory' and, most significantly as it would turn out, the skull appeared to be
European in origin.

Wellington-based forensic anthropologist Dr Watt also examined the skull, and suggested
it belonged to a 40-45 year-old. He believed that it could be the remains of an old farm
burial, but was not certain, and proposed the use of radiocarbon dating to make sure it wasn't
a recent death. As a result, the Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences (GNS) in Lower
Hutt was contacted, and provided with a sample of bone that had originated in the top of
the skull. In a little over three weeks the seemingly astonishing results from the GNS
laboratory came back. Cutting through the bewildering complexity of the scientific analysis
was a single line reading: conventional radiocarbon age approximately 296 years. This was
staggering, for the skull was about 200 years older than Dr Koelmeyer had believed

Of course, a skull of this age wasn't particularly unusual in New Zealand. The Maori people
have been living in the country for at least 800 years and scientists frequently come across
human remains of considerable age. The fascinating question, however, was how a skull of
this race, let alone this gender, had reached these remote islands in the South Pacific at such
a time, long before the arrival of the explorer Captain Cook in 1769, and perhaps even
before the very first European landfall — the fleeting visit of the Dutch explorer Tasman
in 1642 - neither of whom had women among their crews.

The first known European women in the Pacific came with a doomed colonising venture
which sailed from Peru in 1595 under the command of Spanish captain Mendana. However,
it is unlikely the Ruamahanga skull originated from this expedition because no evidence of
Mendana's ships has ever been found in New Zealand, while a team of archaeologists
working in the Solomon Islands in 1970 did discover the remains of European vessels
dating from the 16th century.

Two centuries were to pass before the first recorded European females arrived in New
Zealand, both having escaped from prison in Australia. Kathleen Hagerty and Charlotte
Edgar are known to have reached the country in 1806. How then do we account for the
Ruamahanga skull, which appears to be about 100 years older than that? It is impossible
to say with certainty, but the most likely explanation is that a Spanish or Portuguese
trading-hip was washed onto these wild shores as a result of a shipwreck and a woman
got ashore. Implausible, perhaps, but the Ruamahanga skull, today resting in the
Wellington Museum, could be the kind of concrete evidence that demands such a drastic
re-evaluation of history
Questions 1-4
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
1. The Ruamahanga River often floods.
2. When Tobin first found the object in the river, he mistook it for something else.
3. Tobin could not decide what part of the body the bone came from.
4. Tobin's mother was surprised that the skull caused debate among specialists.

Questions 5-9.
Complete the flow-chart below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for
each answer. Write your answers in boxes 5-9 on your answer sheet.
The events after the river flooded
Tobin found a human skull.
↓
The 5…………… were initially involved in trying to explain the presence of the skull.
↓
Dr Ferris believed the skull belonged to a female.
↓
Dr Koelmeyer suggested it was a 6…………… skull.
↓
Dr Watt recommended 7…………… to establish the skull's age.
↓
A bone 8…………… was sent to the GNS.
↓
The age of the skull was about 9…………… years.
Questions 10-13.
Complete the notes below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet.
Problem of the skull's origins
- old bones common in NZ
- Maori living there for 800 years
- Ruamahanga skull surprising because of its
- age
-10. …………………………….
- gender

Mendana expedition
- possible source of skull
- but probably did not visit NZ
- evidence of this expedition found elsewhere by 11………………….

New Zealand
- first European explorer arrived in 1642
- Hagerty and Edgar arrived in 1806 from 12……………… where they had been
imprisoned

Possible solution
- Ruamahanga skull may have reached NZ in 17th century after a 13………………
 Ahead of its time
1. True 2. True 3. False
4. Not given 5. police 6. European
7. radiocarbon 8. sample 9. 296
10. race 11. archaeologists 12. Australia
13. shipwreck
READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1
on pages 2 and 3.

The last man who knew everything

In the 21st century, it would be quite impossible for even the most learned man to know everything.
However, as recently as the 18th century, there were those whose knowledge encompassed most of the
information available at that time. This is a review of a biography of one such man

Thomas Young (1773 – 1829) contributed 63 theorised that light travels in waves, and
articles to the great British encyclopaedia, believed that, to be able to see in colour,
Encyclopaedia Britannica, including 46 there must be three receptors in the eye
biographical entries (mostly on scientists corresponding to the three ‘principal
and classical scholars), and substantial colours’ (red, green and violet) to which the
essays on ‘Bridge’ (a card game), ‘Egypt’, retina could respond. All these hypotheses
‘Languages’ and ‘Tides’. Was someone who were subsequently proved to be correct.
could write authoritatively about so many Later in his life, when he was in his forties,
subjects a genius, or a dilettante*? In an Young was instrumental in cracking the
ambitious biography, Andrew Robinson code that unlocked the unknown script on
argues that Young is a good contender to be the Rosetta Stone, a tablet found in Egypt
described as ‘the last man who knew by the Napoleonic army in 1799. The stone
everything’. Young has competition, has text in three alphabets: Greek, Egyptian
however: the phrase which Robinson uses hieroglyphs, and something originally
as the title of his biography of Young also unrecognisable. The unrecognisable script is
serves as the subtitle of two other recent now known as ‘demotic’ and, as Young
biographies: Leonard Warren’s 1998 life of deduced, is related directly to Egyptian
palaeontologist Joseph Leidy (1823 – 1891) hieroglyphs. His initial work on this
and Paula Findlen’s 2004 book on appeared in the Britannica entry ‘Egypt’. In
Athanasius Kircher (1602 — 1680). another entry, Young coined the term ‘Indo-
European’ to describe the family of
Young, of course, did more than write
languages spoken throughout most of
encyclopaedia entries. He presented his first
Europe and northern India. These works are
paper, on the human eye, to the prestigious
the landmark achievements of a man who
academic institution, the Royal Society of
was a child prodigy but who, unlike many
London** at the age of 20 and was elected a
remarkable children, did not fade into
Fellow of the Society shortly afterwards. In
obscurity as an adult.
the paper, which seeks to explain how the
eye focuses on objects at varying distances, Born in 1773 in Somerset in England,
Young hypothesised that this was achieved Young lived with his maternal grandfather
by changes in the shape of the lens. He also from an early age. He devoured books from

* **
dilettante: someone who is not serious about any Royal Society of London: the oldest scientific
one subject society in Britain
the age of two, and excelled at Latin, Greek, accomplishments impressive; others will see
mathematics and natural philosophy (the him as some historians have – as a
18th-century term for science). After leaving dilettante. Yet despite the rich material
school, he was greatly encouraged by presented in this book, readers will not end
Richard Brocklesby, a physician and Fellow up knowing Young personally. We catch
of the Royal Society. Following Brocklesby’s glimpses of a playful Young, doodling Greek
lead, Young decided to pursue a career in and Latin phrases in his notes on medical
medicine. He studied in London and then lectures and translating the verses that a
moved on to more formal education in young lady had written on the walls of a
Edinburgh, Gottingen and Cambridge. After summerhouse into Greek elegiacs. Young
completing his medical training at the was introduced into elite society, attended
University of Cambridge in 1808, Young set the theatre and learned to dance and play
up practice as a physician in London and a the flute. In addition, he was an
few years later was appointed physician at accomplished horseman. However, his
St. George’s Hospital. personal life looks pale next to his vibrant
career and studies.
Young’s skill as a physician, however, did
not equal his talent as a scholar of natural Young married Eliza Maxwell in 1804,
philosophy or linguistics. In 1801, he had and according to Robinson, ‘their marriage
been appointed to a professorship of was happy and she appreciated his work’.
natural philosophy at the Royal Institution, Almost all we know about her is that she
where he delivered as many as 60 lectures a sustained her husband through some
year. His opinions were requested by civic rancorous disputes about optics and that
and national authorities on matters such as she worried about money when his medical
the introduction of gas lighting to London career was slow to take off. Little evidence
streets and methods of ship construction. survives concerning the complexities of
From 1819, he was superintendent of the Young’s relationships with his mother and
Nautical Almanac and secretary to the father. Robinson does not credit them with
Board of Longitude. Between 1816 and shaping Young’s extraordinary mind.
1825, he contributed many entries to the Despite the lack of details concerning
Encyclopaedia Britannica, and throughout Young’s relationships, however, anyone
his career he authored numerous other interested in what it means to be a genius
essays, papers and books. should read this book.
Young is a perfect subject for a biography
– perfect, but daunting. Few men
contributed so much to so many technical
fields. Robinson’s aim is to introduce non-
scientists to Young’s work and life. He
succeeds, providing clear expositions of the
technical material (especially that on optics
and Egyptian hieroglyphs). Some readers of
this book will, like Robinson, find Young’s
Questions 1 – 7
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
1 Other people have been referred to as ‘the last man who knew everything’.
2 The fact that Young’s childhood brilliance continued into adulthood was normal.
3 Young’s talents as a doctor are described as surpassing his other skills.
4 Young’s advice was sought by several bodies responsible for local and national
matters.
5 All Young’s written works were published in the Encyclopaedia Britannica.
6 Young was interested in a range of social pastimes.
7 Young suffered from poor health in his later years.

Questions 8 – 13
Answer the questions below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each
answer.
Write your answers in boxes 8-13 on your answer sheet.
8 How many life stories did Thomas Young write for the Encyclopaedia Britannica?
9 What was the subject of Thomas Young's first academic paper?
10 What name did Young give to a group of languages?
11 Who inspired Young to enter the medical profession?
12 At which place of higher learning did Young hold a teaching position?
13 What was the improvement to London roads on which Young's ideas were sought?
1. TRUE 2. FALSE 3. FALSE 4. TRUE 5. FALSE 6. TRUE 7. NOT GIVEN 8. 46 9. The human eye 10.
Indo - European 11. Richard Broklesby 12. The Royal institution 13. Gas lighting
READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1
below.

Brunel: ‘The Practical Prophet’

A In the frontispiece of his book on Brunel, Peter Hay quotes from Nicholson’s British
Encyclopaedia of 1909 as follows: ‘Engineers are extremely necessary for these purposes;
wherefore it is requisite that, besides being ingenious, they should be brave in proportion.’ His
father, Sir Marc Isambard Brunel (1769-1849), was himself a famous engineer, of French
parents. He eventually settled in Britain and married the Sophia Kingdom, an English woman
whom he had known in France in earlier days. Their only son Isambard was born on 9 April
1806. He was sent to France at the age of 14 to study mathematics and science and was 16 when
he returned to England to work with his father. Sir Marc was then building his famous tunnel
under the River Thames. Isambard was recuperating near Bristol from injuries received in a
tunnel cave-in when he became involved with his own first major project.

The Suspension Bridge ion the Avon Gorge

B The span of Brunel’s bridge was over 700ft, longer than any existing when it was
designed, and the height above water about 245ft. The technical challenges of this engineering
project were immense, and Brunel dealt with them with his usual, thoroughness and ingenuity.
Two design competitions were held, and the great bridge designer Thomas Telford was the
committee’s expert. Brunel presented four designs. He went beyond technicalities to include
arguments based on, among other things, the grace of his tower design. Unfortunately, he only
got so far as to put up the end piers in his lifetime. The Clifton Suspension Bridge was completed
in his honor by his engineering friends in1864 and is still in use.

The Great Western Railway

C While Brunel was still in Bristol, and with the Avon Bridge project stopped or going
slowly, he became aware that the civic authorities saw the need for a railway link to London.
Railway location was controversial since private landowners and towns had to be dealt with.
Mainly, the landed gentry did not want a messy, noisy railway anywhere near them. The Duke of
Wellington (of Waterloo fame) was certainly against it. Again Brunel showed great skill in
presenting his arguments to the various committees and individuals. BruneI built his railway with
a broad gauge (7ft) instead of the standard 4ft 8½in, which had been used for lines already
installed. There is no doubt that the broad gauge gave superior ride and stability, but it was
fighting a standard.

Atmospheric railway:
D Brunel’s ready acceptance of new ideas overpowered good engineering judgment (at least
in hindsight) when he advocated the installation of an atmospheric railway in South Devon. It
had the great attraction of doing away with the locomotive and potentially could deal with
steeper gradients. Since this connecting arm had to run along the slit, it had to be opened through
a flap as the train progressed, but closed airtight behind it. Materials were not up to it, and this
arrangement was troublesome and expensive to keep in repair. After a year of frustration, the
system was abandoned. Brunel admitted his failure and took responsibility. He also took no fee
for his work, setting a good professional example.

Brunel’s ships:
E The idea of using steam to power ships to cross the ocean appealed to Brunel. When his
GWR company directors complained about the great length of their railway (it was only about
100 miles), Isambard jokingly suggested that they could even make it longer—why not go all the
way to New York and call the link the Great Western. The “Great Western” was the first
steamship to engage in transatlantic service. Brunel formed the Great Western Steamship
Company and construction started on the ship in Bristol in 1836. Built of wood and 236ft long,
the Great Western was launched in 1837 and powered by sail and paddlewheels. The first trip to
New York took just 15 days, and 14 days to return. This was a great success, a one way trip
under sail would take more than a month. The Great Western was the firsts steamship to engage
in transatlantic service and made 74 crossings to New York.

F Having done so well with the Great Western, Brunel immediately got to work on an even
bigger ship. Great Britain was made of iron and also built-in Bristol, 322ft in length. The initial
design was for the ship to be driven by paddle wheels, but Brunel had seen one of the first
propeller-driven ships to arrive in Britain, and he abandoned his plans for paddlewheel
propulsion. The ship was launched in 1843 and was the first screw-driven iron ship to cross the
Atlantic. Great Britain ran aground early in its career but was repaired, sold, and sailed for years
to Australia, and other parts of the world, setting the standard for ocean travel. In the early
1970s, the old ship was rescued from the Falklands and is now under restoration in Bristol.

G Conventional wisdom in Brunel’s day was that steamships could not carry enough coal to
make long ocean voyages. But he correctly figured out that this was a case where size mattered.
He set out to design the biggest ship ever, five times larger than any ship built up to that time.
Big enough to carry fuel to get to Australia without refueling, in addition, it would carry 4,000
passengers.
The Great Eastern was 692ft long, with a displacement of about 32,000 tons. Construction began
in 1854 on the Thames at Millwall. Brunel had chosen John Scott Russell to build the ship. He
was a well-established engineer and naval architect, but the contract did not go well. Among
other things, Scott Russell was very low in his estimates and money was soon a problem.
Construction came to a standstill in 1856 and Brunel himself had to take over the work. But
Brunel was nothing if not determined and by September 1859, after a delayed and problem -
ridden launch, the Great Eastern was ready for the maiden voyage, Brunei was too sick to go,
but it was just as well because only a few hours out there was an explosion in the engine room
which would have destroyed a lesser ship. Brunel died within a week or so of the accident. The
great ship never carried 4,000 passengers (among other things, the Suez Canal came along) and
although it made several transatlantic crossings, it was not a financial success. Shortly after the
Great Eastern began working life, the American entrepreneur Cyrus Field and his backers were
looking for a ship big enough to carry 5,000 tons of telegraphic cable, which was to be laid on
the ocean floor from Ireland to Newfoundland. Although Brunel did not have it in mind, the
Great Eastern was an excellent vessel for this work on July 27, 1866. It successfully completed
the connection and a hundred years of transatlantic communication by cable began. The ship
continued this career for several years, used for laying cables in many parts of the world.

Questions 1-6
Use the information in the passage to match the project Brunel did (listed A-G) with opinions or
deeds below.
Write the appropriate letters A-G, in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.
A River Thames Tunnel
B Clifton Suspension Bridge
C Atmospheric Railway
D Great Britain
E The Great Western
F Great Western Railway
G The Great Eastern

1 The project of construction that I.K.Brunel was not responsible for.

2 The project had stopped due to inconvenience and high maintaining cost.
3 The project was honored to yet not completed by Brunel himself.
4 The project had a budget problem although built by a famous engineer.
5 Serious problem happened and delayed repeatedly.
6 The first one to cross the Atlantic Ocean in mankind history.

Questions 7-9
The reading Passage has seven paragraphs A-G.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter A-G, in boxes 7-9 on your answer sheet
NB You may use any letter more than once.
7 There was a great ship setting the criteria for the journey of the ocean.
8 An ambitious project which seemed to be applied in an unplanned service later.
9 Brunel showed his talent of inter-personal skills with landlords and finally, the project had
been gone through.

Questions 10-13
Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage
Using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the Reading Passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet.
The Great Eastern was specially designed with a 10……………….. for carrying more fuels and
was to take a long voyage to 11………………..; However due to physical condition, Brunel
couldn’t be able to go with the maiden voyage. Actually, the Great Eastern was unprofitable and
the great ship never crossed 12……………….. But soon after there was an ironic opportunity for
the Great Eastern which was used to carry and to lay huge 13……………….. in Atlantic Ocean
floor.

Brunel: ‘The Practical Prophet’

1. A 2. C 3. B
4. G 5. G 6. E
7. F 8. G 9. C
10. the biggest/bigger/ 11. Australia 12. Suez Canal
larger (size) ship
13. telegraphic cable/
cables
READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1.
Health in the Wild
Many animals seem able to treat their illnesses themselves. Humans may have a thing or two to
learn from them.
A For the past decade Dr Engel, a lecturer in environmental sciences at Britain’s Open
University, has been collating examples of self-medicating behaviour in wild animals. She
recently published a book on the subject. In a talk at the Edinburgh Science Festival earlier this
month, she explained that the idea that animals can treat themselves has been regarded with some
scepticism by her colleagues in the past. But a growing number of animal behaviourists now
think that wild animals can and do deal with their own medical needs.
B One example of self-medication was discovered in 1987. Michael Huffman and
Mohamedi Seifu, working in the Mahale Mountains National Park in Tanzania, noticed that local
chimpanzees suffering from intestinal worms would dose themselves with the pith of a plant
called Veronia. This plant produces poisonous chemicals called terpenes. Its pith contains a
strong enough concentration to kill gut parasites, but not so strong as to kill chimps (nor people,
for that matter; locals use the pith for the same purpose). Given that the plant is known locally as
“goat-killer”, however, it seems that not all animals are as smart as chimps and humans. Some
consume it indiscriminately and succumb.
C Since the Veronia-eating chimps were discovered, more evidence has emerged
suggesting that animals often eat things for medical rather than nutritional reasons. Many
species, for example, consume dirt a behaviour known as geophagy. Historically, the preferred
explanation was that soil supplies minerals such as salt. But geophagy occurs in areas where the
earth is not a useful source of minerals, and also in places where minerals can be more easily
obtained from certain plants that are known to be rich in them. Clearly, the animals must be
getting something else out of eating earth.
D The current belief is that soil—and particularly the clay in it—helps to detoxify the
defensive poisons that some plants produce in an attempt to prevent themselves from being
eaten. Evidence for the detoxifying nature of clay came in 1999, from an experiment carried out
on macaws by James Gilardi and his colleagues at the University of California, Davis. Macaws
eat seeds containing alkaloids, a group of chemicals that has some notoriously toxic members,
such as strychnine. In the wild, the birds are frequently seen perched on eroding riverbanks
eating clay. Dr Gilardi fed one group of macaws a mixture of harmless alkaloid and clay, and a
second group just the alkaloid. Several hours later, the macaws that had eaten the clay had 60%
less alkaloid in their bloodstreams than those that had not, suggesting that the hypothesis is
correct.
E Other observations also support the idea that clay is detoxifying. Towards the tropics, the
amount of toxic compounds in plants increases-and so does the amount of earth eaten by
herbivores. Elephants lick clay from mud holes all year round, except in September when they
are bingeing on fruit which, because it has evolved to be eaten, is not toxic. And the addition of
clay to the diets of domestic cattle increases the amount of nutrients that they can absorb from
their food by 10-20%.
F A third instance of animal self-medication is the use of mechanical scours to get rid of
gut parasites, in 1972 Richard Wrangham, a researcher at the Gombe Stream Reserve in
Tanzania, noticed that chimpanzees were eating the leaves of a tree called Aspilia. The chimps
chose the leaves carefully by testing them in their mouths. Having chosen a leaf, a chimp would
fold it into a fan and swallow it. Some of the chimps were noticed wrinkling their noses as they
swallowed these leaves, suggesting the experience was unpleasant. Later, undigested leaves were
found on the forest floor.
G Dr Wrangham rightly guessed that the leaves had a medicinal purpose—this was, indeed,
one of the earliest interpretations of a behaviour pattern as self-medication. However, he guessed
wrong about what the mechanism was. His (and everybody else’s) assumption was that Aspilia
contained a drug, and this sparked more than two decades of phytochemical research to try to
find out what chemical the chimps were after. But by the 1990s, chimps across Africa had been
seen swallowing the leaves of 19 different species that seemed to have few suitable chemicals in
common. The drug hypothesis was looking more and more dubious.
H It was Dr Huffman who got to the bottom of the problem. He did so by watching what
came out of the chimps, rather than concentrating on what went in. He found that the egested
leaves were full of intestinal worms. The factor common to all 19 species of leaves swallowed by
the chimps was that they were covered with microscopic hooks. These caught the worms and
dragged them from their lodgings.
I Following that observation, Dr Engel is now particularly excited about how knowledge of
the way that animals look after themselves could be used to improve the health of livestock.
 People might also be able to learn a thing or two, and may, indeed, already have done so.
Geophagy, for example, is a common behaviour in many parts of the world. The medical stalls in
African markets frequently sell tablets made of different sorts of clays, appropriate to different
medical conditions.
J Africans brought to the Americas as slaves continued this tradition, which gave their
owners one more excuse to affect to despise them. Yet, as Dr Engel points out, Rwandan
mountain gorillas eat a type of clay rather similar to kaolinite – the main ingredient of many
patent medicines sold over the counter in the West for digestive complaints. Dirt can sometimes
be good for you, and to be “as sick as a parrot” may, after all, be a state to be desired.

Questions 1-4
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement is true
FALSE if the statement is false
NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage
1 It is for 10 years that Dr Engel has been working on animal self-medication.
2 In order to find plants for medication, animals usually need to walk a long distance.
3 Birds such as Macaw, are seen eating clay because it is a part of their natural diet.
4 According to Dr Engel, it is exciting that research into animal self-medication can be helpful
in the invention of new painkillers.

Questions 5-9
Complete the notes below using NO MORE THAN ONE WORD from the passage.
Write your answers in boxes 5-9 on your answer sheet.
Date Name Animal Food Mechanism

Michael Contained
1987 Huffman Chimpanzee 5……………… of Veronia chemicals
and named 6…………
 Mohamedi …… which can
Seifu kill parasites

James Clay
Seeds
Gilardi and can 8……………
1999 Macaw (contain 7………………)
his … the poisonous
and clay
colleagues contents in food

Such leaves can

Leaves with
Richard catch and expel
1972 Chimpanzee tiny 9……………… on
Wrangham worms from
surface
intestines

Questions 10-13
Complete the summary below using words from the box.
Write your answers, A-H, in boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet.
Though often doubted, the self-medicating behaviour of animals has been supported by an
increasing amount of evidence. One piece of evidence particularly deals
with 10………………….., a soil-consuming behaviour commonly found across animals species,
because the earth, often clay, can neutralize the 11………………….. content of their diet. Such
behaviour can also be found among humans in Africa, where people
purchase 12………………….. at market stalls as a kind of medication to their illnesses. Another
example of this is found in chimps eating leaves of often 13………………….. taste but with no
apparent medicinal value until its unique structure came into light.

A mineral B plants C unpleasant D toxic

E clay tablets F nutritional G geophagy H harmless
 Health in the Wild
1. TRUE 2. NOT GIVEN 3. FALSE
4. FALSE 5. pith 6. terpenes
7. alkaloids 8. detoxify 9. hooks
10. G 11. D 12. E
13. C
READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Question 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2

Keeping the water away

New approaches to flood control
A. Recently, winter floods on the rivers problem. Traditionally, river
of central Europe have been among engineers have tried to get rid of the
the worst for 600 to 700 years, and water quickly, draining it off the land
dams and dykes (protective sea and down to the sea in rivers re-
walls) have failed to solve the engineered as high-performance
 drains. But however high they build plain barricaded off, the waters rise.
the artificial riverbanks, the floods The result is more frequent flooding
keep coming back. And when they and greater damage. The same thing
come, they seem to be worse than has happened in the Us on the
ever. Mississippi river, which drains the
B. Engineers are now turning to a world's second largest river
different plan: to sap the water's catchment into the Guli of Mexico.
destructive strength by dispersing it Despite some $7 billion spent over
into fields, forgotten lakes and flood the last century on levees
plains. They are reviving river bends (embankments), the situation is
and marshes to curb the flow, and growing worse.
even plugging city drains to D. Special in water control now say that
encourage floodwater to use other a new approach is needed-one which
means to go underground. Back in takes the whole landscape into
the days when rivers took a winding consideration. To help keep
path to sea, floodwaters lost force London's feet dry, the UK
and volume while meandering across Environment Agency is reflooding
flood plains and island deltas, but 10 square kilometres of the ancient
today the water tends to have a direct flood plain of the River Thames
passage to the sea. This means that, outside Oxford. Nearer to London, it
when it rains in the uplands, the has spent £100 million creating new
water comes down all at once. wetlands and a relief channel across
C. Worse, when the flood plains are 16 kilometres of flood plain. Similar
closed off, the river's flow ideas are being tested in Austria, in
downstream becomes more violent one of Europe's largest river
and uncontrollable; by turning restorations to date. The engineers
complex river systems into the calculate that the restored flood plain
simple mechanics of a water pipe, of the Drava River can now store up
engineers have often created danger to 10 million cublic metres of
where they promised safety. The floodwater, and slow down storm
Rhine, Europe's most engineered surges coming out of the Alps by
river, is a good example. For a long more than an hour, protecting towns
time engineers have erased its not only in Austria, but as far
backwaters and cut it off from its downstream as Slovenia and Croatia.
flood plain. The aim was partly to E. The Dutch, for whom preventing
improve navigation, and partly to floods is a matter of survival, have
speed floodwaters out of the Alps gone furthest. This nation, built
and down to the North Sea. Now, largely on drained marshes and
when it rains hard in the Alps, the seabed, has had several severe
peak flows from several branches of shocks in the last two decades, when
the Rhine coincide where once they very large numbers of people have
arrived separately, and with four- had to be evacuated. Since that time,
fifths of the Lower Rhine's flood the Dutch have broken one of their
 most enduring national stereotypes Los Angeles. With non-porous
by allowing engineers to punch holes surfaces covering 70% of the city,
in dykes. They plan to return up to a drainage is a huge challenge. Billions
sixth of the country to its former of dollars have been spent digging
waterlogged state in order to better huge drains and concreting
protect the rest. riverbeds, but many communities
F. Water use in cities also needs to still flood regularly. Meanwhile this
change. At the moment, cities seem desert city ships water from
designed to create floods; they are hundreds of kilometres away to fill
concreted and paved so that rains its taps and swimming pools. Los
flow quickly into rivers. A new Angeles has recently launched a new
breed of 'soft engineers' wants cities scheme to utilise floodwater in the
to become porous. Berlin is one Sun Valley section of the city. The
place where this is being done. plan is to catch the rain that falls on
Tough new rules for new thousands of driveways, parking lots
developments mean that drains will and rooftops in the valley. Trees will
be prevented from becoming soak up water from parking lots;
overloaded after heavy rains. houses and public buildings will
Architects of new urban buildings capture roof water to irrigate garden
are diverting rainwater from the roof and parks, and road drains will
for use in toilets and the irrigation of empty into old gravel pits to recharge
roof gardens, while water falling the city’s underground water
onto the ground os collected in reserves. Result: less flooding and
ponds, or passes underground more water for the city. It may sound
through porous paving. One high- expensive, until we realise how
tech urban development can store a much is spent trying to drain cities
sixth of its annual rainfall, and reuse and protect areas from flooding, and
most of the rest. how little this method achieves.
G. Could this be expanded to protect a
whole city? The test case could be
Questions 14 - 19
Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs, A-G.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet.

14 how legislation has forced building designers to improve water use

15 two reasons why one river was isolated from its flood plain
16 how natural water courses in the past assisted flood control
17 an example of flood control on one river, affecting three countries
18 a country which has partly destroyed one of its most typical features in order to control
water
19 the writer's comment on the comparative cost effectiveness of traditional flood control
and newer methods

Questions 20 and 21
Choose TWO letters, A-E.
Write the correct letters in boxes 20 and 21 on your answer sheet.
According to the article, which TWO of these statements are true of the new approach to flood
control?

A It aims to slow the movement of water to the sea.

B It aims to channel water more directly into rivers.
C It will cost more than twice as much as former measures.
D It will involve the loss of some areas of land.
E It has been tested only in The Netherlands.

Questions 22 - 26
Complete the sentences below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 22-26 on your answer sheet.
22 Some of the most severe floods for many centuries have recently occurred in parts of
………………
23 The Rhine and the ……………… rivers have experienced similar problems with water
control.
24 An area near Oxford will be flooded to protect the city of ………………...
25 Planners who wish to allow water to pass more freely through city surfaces are called
………………
26 A proposal for part of the city of ………………. could show whether small-scale water
projects could apply on a large scale.
14 F
15 C
16 B
17 D
18 E
19 G
20 A
21 D
22 Europe
23 Mississippi
24 London
25 soft engineers
26 Los Angeles

PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-27, which are based on Reading
Passage 2 below.
Orientation of birds
A. For many of us, the way birds are able to orientate is both astounding and difficult
to appreciate fully. For instance, the annual migration of the golden plover of the Pacific
takes it from Alaska to Hawaii on a flight of well over 3000 kilometres, and if it were
to deviate by only one degree, it would miss the island on which it nests.

B. The first systematic studies on orientation in birds were made possible by the 'homing
instinct' exhibited by so many species. Birds are caught at a time when they show an
attachment to their territory, especially during the nesting season. They are taken to
some spot, released, and the percentage of returns is recorded. The distance can be
varied, and the direction, as well as the method of transporting them, and then the
influence of climatic and other factors on their ability to find their way home can be
studied. These experiments have shown a wide variation in ability to home, and three
types of homing behaviour have been identified.

C. In the first type, birds methodically explore the area in which they are released until
they pick up some familiar feature, and then they quickly find their way back to the
nest. Such birds possess a highly developed visual memory, as experiments with
pigeons have shown. Domestic pigeons have been trained to peck at a certain point on
an aerial photograph, with a system of rewards, and four years later the birds were still
able to respond to this training when placed on the aerial photograph. Birds' eyes have
a power of resolution two to three times greater than ours, enabling them to pick up very
fine details. If a bird uses only this type of homing behaviour,however, it can only
succeed if the point of release is not too far away. If the birds are transported 800
kilometres from their nest, it is only by good fortune that they find their way back as a
result of long exploratory flights. Usually, the area known to a bird is its feeding
territory. Released within this area, the birds soon make their return; release them
outside it and far fewer return. However, if a bird is released for a second time in the
same place, its visual memory comes into play, and the bird, no longer requiring tedious
exploratory flights, will return much more quickly.

D. The second type of homing behaviour is shown by birds that are capable of choosing
their flight direction and holding to it for the rest of their journey. How do they decide
what direction to take? They appear to choose their normal migration direction even if
they are released in a different place from their usual starting point . If, for example,
birds which normally fly to the north-east to reach latitude 45 degrees north are released
at that latitude, they will immediately start flying north-east anyway. So if they're
released further to the west, they'll maintain the correct direction, but fly west of their
destination, and so fail to arrive.

E. The third type of homing behaviour shows the highest degree of orientation. Released
at one point, the birds immediately take stock of it, compare its position with that of the
nest, decide on the direction and fly off This happens even if the birds are in country
right off their migration routes, where they have never been before. In one example, a
laysan albatross returned to its nesting area on Midway Island in the middle of the
Pacific, having flown over 5000 kilomtres from the west coast of the USA in Just over
ten days. This is a perfect example of the third type of homing, for the albatross clearly
couldn't rely on any landmarks over the vast expanse of the Pacific Ocean.

F. The percentage of successful birds varies greatly, being highest in those species with
a strong migratory behaviour. Thus the lesser black-backed gull is more migratory than
the herring gull and more often reaches ‘home’ . Great migrants such as the swift have
the highest percentage of returns. In one case, seven out of nine alpine swifts were
recaptured at their nests after being displaced some 1400 kilometres; one made the
journey in three days.

G. What part does heredity play in all this? Two research studies suggest that instinctive,
i.e. genetically inherited behaviour patterns play a part in navigation. The first was
carried out by Ernst Schuz and it is highly significant. Schuz caught first-year European
storks and released them later, after the departure of the adult storks at a time when they
normally make their south-west autumn migration to Africa. The recaptures showed
that, in spite of the fact that there were no adults to guide them, the birds unanimously
headed south-west. This was a most striking finding, for it showed that the birds had an
innate and unlearned attraction for the African wintering area that they have occupied
for thousands of years.

H. case of starlings is a little different. These birds have a great aptitude for homing in
but this behaviour differs in the different age groups. Birds that were shifted to the
south-east of their normal migration route split into two lots. The adults, in full
possession of their gift for orientation, found their wintering area by modifying their
direction by 90 degrees, whereas the juveniles sought their winter quarters to the south-
east of their real position.
Questions 14-18
Complete the summary below
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.
 Types of homing behaviour
First type:
Birds rely on their sophisticated 14 ……………. However, they are generally most
successful if they are released within their feeding territory.
Second type:
Birds select their accustomed 15 ……………., no matter where they are released. As a
result, they may miss their 16 …………….
Third type:
Birds orientate correctly, even when they are released in an unfamiliar place and have
no 17……………. to make use of. One bird with this type of skill is the 18 ……….…

Questions 19 - 22
Reading Passage 2 has eight paragraphs, A-H.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter, A-H, in boxes 19-22 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
19 the effects of distance on some birds' ability to find their nests
20 a methodology for testing the general ability of birds to find their nests
20 one aspect of physical ability in humans and birds
21 how some birds' migration was delayed for experimental purposes

Questions 23-26 Look at the following types of birds (Questions 23-26) and the list of
points which the author wishes to illustrate below
Match each bird with the point which it illustrates, A-G.
Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 23-26 on your answer sheet.
23 domestic pigeon
24 alpine swift
25 European stork
26 starling
List of points which the author wishes to illustrate
A an ability to orientate without previous training
B the speed at which birds can fly
C the ability to remember things seen previously
D the effect of age on homing ability
E the strength required to fly a great distance
F a high success rate in finding nests
G the importance of seasonal cues for migrating birds

Orientation of birds
14. visual memory 15. migration direction 16. destination
17. landmarks 18. laysan albatross 19. C
20. B 21. C 22. G
23. C 24. F 25. A
26. D
READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading
Passage 2 below.
Water Filter

A. An ingenious invention is set to bring clean water to the third world, and while the
science may be cutting edge, the materials are extremely down to earth. A handful of
clay, yesterday‘s coffee grounds and some cow manure are the ingredients that could
bring clean, safe drinking water to much of the third world.

B. The simple new technology, developed by ANU materials scientist Mr. Tony Flynn,
allows water filters to be made from commonly available materials and fired on the
ground using cow manure as the source of heat, without the need for a kiln. The filters
have been tested and shown to remove common pathogens (disease-producing
organisms) including E-coli.Unlike other water filtering devices, the filters are simple
and inexpensive to make. ―They are very simple to explain and demonstrate and can
be made by anyone, anywhere,” says Mr. Flynn. ―They don‘t require any western
technology. All you need is terracotta clay, a compliant cow and a match.”

C. The production of the filters is extremely simple. Take a handful of dry, crushed
clay, mix it with a handful of organic material, such as used tea leaves, coffee grounds
or rice hulls, add enough water to make a stiff biscuit-like mixture and form a cylindrical
pot that has one end closed, then dry it in the sun. According to Mr. Flynn, used coffee
grounds have given the best results to date. Next, surround the pots with straw; put them
in a mound of cow manure, light the straw and then top up the burning manure as
required. In less than 60 minutes the filters are finished. The walls of the finished pot
should be about as thick as an adult‘s index. The properties of cow manure are vital as
the fuel can reach a temperature of 700 degrees in half an hour and will be up to 950
degrees after another 20 to 30 minutes. The manure makes a good fuel because it is very
high in organic material that burns readily and quickly; the manure has to be dry and is
best used exactly as found in the field, there is no need to break it up or process it any
further.

D. ―A potter‘s kiln is an expensive item and can could take up to four or five hours to
get up to 800 degrees. It needs expensive or scarce fuel, such as gas or wood to heat it
and experience to run it. With no technology, no insulation and nothing other than a pile
of cow manure and a match, none of these restrictions apply, Mr. Flynn says.

E. It is also helpful that, like terracotta clay and organic material, cow dung is freely
available across the developing world. ―A cow is a natural fuel factory. My
understanding is that cow dung as a fuel would be pretty much the same wherever you
would find it.‖ Just as using manure as a fuel for domestic uses is not a new idea, the
porosity of clay is something that potters have known about for years, and something
that as a former ceramics lecturer in the ANU School of Art, Mr. Flynn is well aware
of. The difference is that rather than viewing the porous nature of the material as a
problem -after all not many people want a pot that won‘t hold water -his filters capitalize
on this property.

F. Other commercial ceramic filters do exist, but, even if available, with prices starting
at US$5 each, they are often outside the budgets of most people in the developing world.
The filtration process is simple, but effective. The basic principle is that there are
passages through the filter that are wide enough for water droplets to pass through, but
too narrow for pathogens. Tests with the deadly E-coli bacterium have seen the filters
remove 94.6 to 99.8 percent of the pathogen –well within safe level. Using only one
filter it takes two hours to filter a litre of water. The use of organic material, which burns
away leaving cavities after firing, helps produce the structure in which pathogens will
become trapped. It overcomes the potential problems of finer clays that may not let
water through and also means that cracks are soon halted. And like clay and cow dung,
it is universally available.

G. The invention was born out of a World Vision project involving the Manatuto
community in East Timor. The charity wanted to help set up a small industry
manufacturing water filters, but initial research found the local clay to be too fine - a
problem solved by the addition of organic material. While the problems of producing a
working ceramic filter in East Timor were overcome, the solution was kiln-based and
particular to that community‘s materials and couldn‘t be applied elsewhere. Manure
firing, with no requirement for a kiln, has made this zero technology approach available
anywhere it is needed. With all the components being widely available, Mr. Flynn says
there is no reason the technology couldn‘t be applied throughout the developing world,
and with no plans to patent his idea, there will be no legal obstacles to it being adopted
in any community that needs it. ―Everyone has a right to clean water, these filters have
the potential to enable anyone in the world to drink water safely, says Mr. Flynn.

Questions 14-19
Complete the flow chart, using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from
the Reading Passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet.
Guide to Making Water Filters
Step one: combination of 14 ___________ and organic material, with sufficient 15
___________ to create a thick mixture.

sun dried
Step two: pack 16 ___________ around the cylinders
Place them in 17 ___________

for firing (maximum temperature: 18 ___________)

filter being baked in under 19 ___________
Questions 20-23
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading
Passage 2?
In boxes 20-23 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement is true
FALSE if the statement is false
NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage
20 It takes half an hour for the manure to reach 950 degrees.
21 Clay was initially found to be unsuitable for filter making.
22 Coffee grounds are twice as effective as other materials.
23 E-coli is the most difficult bacteria to combat.

Questions 24-26
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write your answers in boxes 24-26 on your answer sheet.
24 When making the pot, the thickness of the wall
A is large enough to let the pathogens to pass.
B varied according to the temperature of the fuel.
C should be the same as an adult‘s finger.
D is not mentioned by Mr. Flynn.
25 What is true about the charity, it
A failed in searching the appropriate materials.
B thought a kiln is essential.
C found that the local clay are good enough.
D intended to build a filter production factory.

26 Mr. Flynn‘s design is purposely not being patented

A because he hopes it can be freely used around the world
B because he doesn‘t think the technology is perfect enough
C because there are some legal obstacles
D because the design has already been applied thoroughly

Water Filter
14. Clay 15. water 16. straw 17. cow manure
18. 95 degrees 19. 60 minutes 20. False 21. True
22. Not Given 23. Not Given 24. C 25. D
26. A
READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-27 which are based on Reading
Passage 2 below.

Questions 14-20
The Reading Passage has eight paragraphs A-H
Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A-H from the list below.
Write the correct number, i-viii, in boxes 14-20 on your answer sheet.
List of Headings
i research findings into habitats and decisions made
ii fluctuation in bittern number
iii protect the young bittern
iv international cooperation works
v Began in calculation of the number
vi importance of food
vii Research has been successful
viii research into the reedbed
ix reserve established holding bittern in winter
14 Paragraph A
15 Paragraph B
16 Paragraph C
17 Paragraph D
Example
Paragraph A vii
18 Paragraph F
19 Paragraph G
20 Paragraph H

Saving the British Bitterns

A Breeding bitterns became extinct in the UK by 1886 but, following re-
colonisation early last century, numbers rose to a peak of about 70 booming (singing)
males in the 1950s, falling to fewer than 20 by the 1990s. In the late 1980s, it was
clear that the bittern was in trouble, but there was little information on which to base
recovery actions.

B Bitterns have cryptic plumage and shy nature, usually remaining hidden within
the cover of reedbed vegetation. Our first challenge was to develop standard methods
to monitor their numbers. The boom of the male bittern is its most distinctive feature
during the breeding season, and we developed a method to count them using the sound
patterns unique to each individual. This not only allows us to be much more certain of
the number of booming males in the UK but also enables us to estimate the local
survival of males from one year to the next.

C Our first direct understanding of the habitat needs of breeding bitterns came
from comparisons of reedbed sites that had lost their booming birds with those that
retained them. This research showed that bitterns had been retained in reedbeds where
the natural process of succession, or drying out, had been slowed through
management. Based on this work, broad recommendations on how to manage and
rehabilitate reedbeds for bitterns were made, and funding was provided through the
EU LIFE Fund to manage 13 sites within the core breeding range. This project, though
led by the RSPB, involved many other organisations.
D To refine these recommendations and provide fine-scale, quantitative habitat
prescriptions on the bitterns’ preferred feeding habitat, we radio-tracked male bitterns
on the RSPB’s Minsmere and Leighton Moss reserves. This showed clear preferences
for feeding in the wetter reedbed margins, particularly within the reedbed next to
larger open pools. The average home range sizes of the male bitterns we followed
(about 20 hectares) provided a good indication of the area of reedbed needed when
managing or creating habitat for this species. Female bitterns undertake all the
incubation and care of the young, so it was important to understand their needs as
well. Over the course of our research, we located 87 bittern nests and found that
female bitterns preferred to nest in areas of continuous vegetation, well into the
reedbed, but where water was still present during the driest part of the breeding
season.

E The success of the habitat prescriptions developed from this research has been
spectacular. For instance, at Minsmere, booming bittern numbers gradually increased
from one to 10 following reedbed lowering, a management technique designed to halt
the drying out process. After a low point of 11 booming males in 1997, bittern
numbers in Britain responded to all the habitat management work and started to
increase for the first time since the 1950s.

F The final phase of the research involved understanding the diet, survival and
dispersal of bittern chicks. To do this we fitted small radio tags to young bittern chicks
in the nest, to determine their fate through to fledge and beyond. Many chicks did not
survive to fledging and starvation was found to be the most likely reason for their
demise. The fish prey fed to chicks was dominated by those species penetrating into
the reed edge. So, an important element of recent studies (including a PhD with the
University of Hull) has been the development of recommendations on habitat and
water conditions to promote healthy native fish populations.

G Once independent, radio-tagged young bitterns were found to seek out new
sites during their first winter; a proportion of these would remain on new sites to breed
if the conditions were suitable. A second EU LIFE funded project aims to provide
these suitable sites in new areas. A network of 19 sites developed through this
partnership project will secure a more sustainable UK bittern population with
successful breeding outside of the core area, less vulnerable to chance events and sea-
level rise.

H By 2004, the number of booming male bitterns in the UK had increased to 55,
with almost all of the increase being on those sites undertaking management based on
advice derived from our research. Although science has been at the core of the bittern
story, success has only been achieved through the trust, hard work and dedication of
all the managers, owners and wardens of sites that have implemented, in some cases
very drastic, management to secure the future of this wetland species in the UK. The
constructed bunds and five major sluices now control the water level over 82 ha, with
a further 50 ha coming under control in the winter of 2005/06. Reed establishment has
principally used natural regeneration or planted seedlings to provide small core areas
that will in time expand to create a bigger reed area. To date, nearly 275,000 seedlings
have been planted and reed cover is extensive. Over 3 km of new ditches have been
formed, 3.7 km of the existing ditch have been re-profiled and 2.2 km of old meander
(former estuarine features) have been cleaned out.

I Bitterns now regularly winter on the site with some indication that they are
staying longer into the spring. No breeding has yet occurred but a booming male was
present in the spring of 2004. A range of wildfowl breed, as well as a good number of
reedbed passerines including reed bunting, reed, sedge and grasshopper warblers.
Numbers of wintering shoveler have increased so that the site now holds a UK
important wintering population. Malltraeth Reserve now forms part of the UK
network of key sites for water vole (a UK priority species) and 12 monitoring
transects have been established. Otter and brown-hare occur on the sites as does the
rare plant, pillwort.

Questions 21-26
Answer the questions below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the
passage for each answer.
21 When did the bird of bitten reach its peak of number?
22 What does the author describe the bittern’s character?
23 What is the main cause for the chick bittern’s death?
24 What is the main food for chick bittern?
25 What system does it secure the stability for bittern’s population?
26 Besides bittern and rare vegetation, what mammal does the protection plan
benefit?
Question 27
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write your answers in box 27 on your answer sheet.
27 What is the main purpose of this passage?
A Main characteristic of a bird called bittern.
B Cooperation can protect an endangered species.
C The difficulty of access information of bittern’s habitat and diet.
D To save wetland and reedbed in the UK.
 Saving the British Bitterns
14. ii 15. v 16. i
17. viii 18. vi 19. iii
20. iv 21. 1950s 22. (being) shy/shyness
23. starvation 24. (native) fish 25. partnership project/
network (of sites)/
partnership project
network

26. Otter and brown-hare 27. B

READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40 which are based on Reading
Passage 3 below.
Questions 27-34
Reading Passage 3 has eight sections A-H
Choose the correct heading for each section from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number i-x in boxes 27-34 on your answer sheet.
List of Headings
i Different personality types mentioned
ii recommendation of combined styles for group
iii Historical explanation of understanding personality
iv A lively and positive attitude person depicted
v A personality likes a challenge and direct communication
vi different characters illustrated
vii Functions of understanding communication styles
viii Cautious and considerable person cited
ix Calm and Factual personality illustrated
x Self-assessment determines one’s temperament

27 Section A
28 Section B
29 Section C
30 Section D
31 Section E
32 Section F
33 Section G
34 Section H

Communicating Conflict!
Section A
As far back as Hippocrates’s time (460-370 B.C.), people have tried to understand other
people by characterizing them according to personality type or temperament.
Hippocrates believed there were four different body fluids that influenced four basic
types of temperament. His work was further developed 500 years later by Galen. These
days there is any number of self-assessment tools that relate to the basic descriptions
developed by Galen, although we no longer believe the source to be the types of body
fluid that dominate our systems.

Section B
The values in self-assessments that help determine personality style. Learning styles,
communication styles, conflict-handling styles, or other aspects of individuals is that
they help depersonalize conflict in interpersonal relationships. The depersonalization
occurs when you realize that others aren’t trying to be difficult, but they need different
or more information than you do. They’re not intending to be rude: they are so focused
on the task they forget about greeting people. They would like to work faster but not at
the risk of damaging the relationships needed to get the job done. They understand there
is a job to do. But it can only be done right with the appropriate information, which
takes time to collect. When used appropriately, understanding communication styles
can help resolve conflict on teams. Very rarely are conflicts true personality issues.
Usually, they are issues of style, information needs, or focus.

Section C
Hippocrates and later Galen determined there were four basic temperaments: sanguine,
phlegmatic, melancholic and choleric. These descriptions were developed centuries ago
and are still somewhat apt, although you could update the wording. In today’s world,
they translate into the four fairly common communication styles described below:

Section D
The sanguine person would be the expressive or spirited style of communication. These
people speak in pictures. They invest a lot of emotion and energy in their
communication and often speak quickly. Putting their whole body into it. They are
easily sidetracked onto a story that may or may not illustrate the point they are trying to
make. Because of their enthusiasm, they are great team motivators. They are concerned
about people and relationships. Their high levels of energy can come on strong at times
and their focus is usually on the bigger picture, which means they sometimes miss the
details or the proper order of things. These people find conflict or differences of opinion
invigorating and love to engage in a spirited discussion. They love change and are
constantly looking for new and exciting adventures.
Section E
Tile phlegmatic person – cool and persevering – translates into the technical or
systematic communication style. This style of communication is focused on facts and
technical details. Phlegmatic people have an orderly methodical way of approaching
tasks, and their focus is very much on the task, not on the people, emotions, or concerns
that the task may evoke. The focus is also more on the details necessary to accomplish
a task.
Sometimes the details overwhelm the big picture and focus needs to be brought back to
the context of the task. People with this style think the facts should speak for themselves,
and they are not as comfortable with conflict. They need time to adapt to change and
need to understand both the logic of it and the steps involved.

Section F
Tile melancholic person who is softhearted and oriented toward doing things for others
translates into the considerate or sympathetic communication style. A person with this
communication style is focused on people and relationships. They are good listeners
and do things for other people – sometimes to the detriment of getting things done for
themselves. They want to solicit everyone’s opinion and make sure everyone is
comfortable with whatever is required to get the job done. At times this focus on others
can distract from the task at hand. Because they are so concerned with the needs of
others and smoothing over issues, they do not like conflict. They believe that change
threatens the status quo and tends to make people feel uneasy, so people with this
communication style, like phlegmatic people, need time to consider the changes in order
to adapt to them.

Section G
The choleric temperament translates into the bold or direct style of communication.
People with this style are brief in their communication – the fewer words the better.
They are big-picture thinkers and love to be involved in many things at once. They are
focused on tasks and outcomes and often forget that the people involved in carrying out
the tasks have needs. They don’t do detail work easily and as a result, can often
underestimate how much time it takes to achieve the task. Because they are so direct,
they often seem forceful and can be very intimidating to others. They usually would
welcome someone challenging them. But most other styles are afraid to do so. They
also thrive on change, the more the better.

Section H
A well-functioning team should have all of these communications styles for true
effectiveness. All teams need to focus on the task, and they need to take care of
relationships in order to achieve those tasks. They need the big picture perspective or
the context of their work, and they need the details to be identified and taken care of for
success. We all have aspects of each style within us. Some of us can easily move from
one style to another and adapt our style to the needs of the situation at hand-whether the
focus is on tasks or relationships. For others, a dominant style is very evident, and it is
more challenging to see the situation from the perspective of another style.
The work environment can influence communication styles either by the type of work
that is required or by the predominance of one style reflected in that environment. Some
people use one style at work and another at home. The good news about communication
styles is that we have the ability to develop flexibility in our styles. The greater the
flexibility we have, the more skilled we usually are at handling possible and actual
conflicts. Usually, it has to be relevant to us to do so, either because we think it is
important or because there are incentives in our environment to encourage it. The key
is that we have to want to become flexible with our communication style. As Henry
Ford said, “Whether you think you can or you can’t, you’re right!”

Questions 35-39
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3
In boxes 35-39 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement is true
FALSE if the statement is false
NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage
35 it is believed that sanguine people do not like variety
36 Melancholic and phlegmatic people have similar characteristics
37 It is the sanguine personality that needed most in the workplace.
38 It is possible for someone to change a type of personality.
39 work surrounding can affect which communication style is the most effective.
Question 40
Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D.
Write your answers in box 40 on your answer sheet.
40 The author thinks self-assessment tools can be able to
A assist to develop one’s personality in a certain scenario.
B help to understand colleagues and resolve problems
C improve the relationship with the boss of the company
D change others behaviour and personality

Communicating Conflict!
27. iii 28. vii 29. i
30. iv 31. ix 32. viii
33. v 34. ii 35. FALSE
36. TRUE 37. NOT GIVEN 38. TRUE
39. TRUE 40. B
READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 28-40 which are based on Reading Passage
3 below.
Facial expression
A A facial expression is one or more motions or positions of the muscles in the skin.
These movements convey the emotional state of the individual to observers. Facial
expressions are a form of nonverbal communication. They are a primary means of conveying
social information among aliens, but also occur in most other mammals and some other
animal species. Facial expressions and their significance in the perceiver can, to some extent,
vary between cultures with evidence from descriptions in the works of Charles Darwin.

B Humans can adopt a facial expression to read as a voluntary action. However, because
expressions are closely tied to emotion, they are more often involuntary. It can be nearly
impossible to avoid expressions for certain emotions, even when it would be strongly
desirable to do so; a person who is trying to avoid insulting an individual he or she finds
highly unattractive might, nevertheless, show a brief expression of disgust before being able
to reassume a neutral expression. Microexpressions are one example of this phenomenon.
The close link between emotion and expression can also work in the order direction; it has
been observed that voluntarily assuming an expression can actually cause the associated
emotion.

C Some expressions can be accurately interpreted even between members of different

species – anger and extreme contentment being the primary examples. Others, however, are
difficult to interpret even in familiar individuals. For instance, disgust and fear can be tough
to tell apart. Because faces have only a limited range of movement, expressions rely upon
fairly minuscule differences in the proportion and relative position of facial features, and
reading them requires considerable sensitivity to the same. Some faces are often falsely read
as expressing some emotion, even when they are neutral because their proportions naturally
resemble those another face would temporarily assume when emoting.

D Also, a person’s eyes reveal much about hos they are feeling, or what they are
thinking. Blink rate can reveal how nervous or at ease a person maybe. Research by Boston
College professor Joe Tecce suggests that stress levels are revealed by blink rates. He
supports his data with statistics on the relation between the blink rates of presidential
candidates and their success in their races. Tecce claims that the faster blinker in the
presidential debates has lost every election since 1980. Though Tecce’s data is interesting, it
is important to recognize that non-verbal communication is multi-channelled, and focusing
on only one aspect is reckless. Nervousness can also be measured by examining each
candidates’ perspiration, eye contact and stiffness.
E As Charles Darwin noted in his book The Expression of the Emotions in Man and
Animals: the young and the old of widely different races, both with man and animals, express
the same state of mind by the same movements. Still, up to the mid-20th century,
most anthropologists believed that facial expressions were entirely learned and could,
therefore, differ among cultures. Studies conducted in the 1960s by Paul Ekman eventually
supported Darwin’s belief to a large degree.

F Ekman’s work on facial expressions had its starting point in the work of psychologist
Silvan Tomkins. Ekman showed that contrary to the belief of some anthropologists including
Margaret Mead, facial expressions of emotion are not culturally determined, but universal
across human cultures. The South Fore people of New Guinea were chosen as subjects for one
such survey. The study consisted of 189 adults and 130 children from among a very isolated
population, as well as twenty-three members of the culture who lived a less isolated lifestyle
as a control group. Participants were told a story that described one particular emotion; they
were then shown three pictures (two for children) of facial expressions and asked to match the
picture which expressed the story’s emotion.
G While the isolated South Fore people could identify emotions with the same accuracy
as the non-isolated control group, problems associated with the study include the fact that
both fear and surprise were constantly misidentified. The study concluded that certain facial
expressions correspond to particular emotions and can not be covered, regardless of cultural
background, and regardless of whether or not the culture has been isolated or exposed to the
mainstream.

H Expressions Ekman found to be universally included those indicating anger, disgust,

fear, joy, sadness, and surprise (not that none of these emotions has a definitive social
component, such as shame, pride, or schadenfreude). Findings on contempt (which is social)
are less clear, though there is at least some preliminary evidence that this emotion and its
expression are universally recognized. This may suggest that the facial expressions are
largely related to the mind and each part on the face can express specific emotion.

Questions 28-32
Summary
Complete the Summary paragraph below. In boxes 28-32 on your answer sheet, write the
correct answer with NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS
The result of Ekman’s study demonstrates that fear and surprise are
persistently 28…………………… and made a conclusion that some facial expressions have
something to do with certain 29…………………. Which is impossible covered, despite of
30………………….. and whether the culture has been 31……………………
or 32………………………. to the mainstream.

Questions 33-38
The reading Passage has seven paragraphs A-H
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter A-H, in boxes 33-38 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
33 the difficulty identifying the actual meaning of facial expressions
34 the importance of culture on facial expressions is initially described
35 collected data for the research on the relation between blink and the success in elections
36 the features on the sociality of several facial expressions
37 an indicator to reflect one’s extent of nervousness
38 the relation between emotion and facial expressions

Questions 39-40
Choose two letters from the A-E
Write your answers in boxes 39-40 on your answer sheet
Which Two of the following statements are true according to Ekman’s theory?
A No evidence shows animals have their own facial expressions.
B The potential relationship between facial expression and state of mind exists
C Facial expressions are concerning different cultures.
D Different areas on face convey a certain state of mind.
E Mind controls men’s facial expressions more obvious than women’s

Facial expression
28. misidentified 29. emotions 30. cultural background
31. isolated 32. exposed 33. C
34. A 35. D 36. H
37. D 38. B 39. B
40. D
READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage
3 below.
Global Warming in New Zealand 2
A New Zealad is expected to warm by about 3°C over the next century. The northern
polar regions will be more than 6°C warmer, while the large continents – also the largest
centres of population – will be 4°C or warmer. In contrast, the Southern Ocean, which
surrounds New Zealand, may warm by only 2°C. The sea will act as an air conditioner and in
this aspect, New Zealand’s location is comparatively fortunate.
B Any predictions are complicated by the variability of New Zealand’s climate. The
annual temperature can fluctuate as much as 1°C above or below the long-term average. The
early summer of 2006-7, for instance, was notably cool, thanks in part to the iceberg that
drifted up the east coast. A few months later, warm water from the Tasman Sea helped make
May 2007 unusually hot. These variables will continue unaffected so that, although the
general pattern will be for rising temperatures, the warming trend may not be uniform.
C The Ocean to the south of New Zealand will have one important effect. As the world
warms, the great bank of west winds that circle Antarctica will become stronger. This has
already been observed, and its impact on New Zealand is likely to be profound, stronger,
more frequent west winds will bring increased, sometimes catastrophic rainfall to the west
coast of the country and create drier conditions in some eastern regions that are already
drought-prone. At the same time, the general warming will spread south.
D Furthermore, in the drier regions, the average moisture deficit – that is, the difference
between the amount of water in soils available to plants and the amount plants need for
optimum growth – will increase. Soils could go into moisture deficit earlier in the growing
season and the deficits could last longer into autumn that at present. What we think of today
as a medium-severity drought could be an almost annual occurrence by the end of the
century. One direct consequence of warmer – and shorter – winters will be a reduction in
snow cover. The permanent snow line in the mountains will rise, while snow cover below this
will be shorter-lived. The amount of snow that falls may actually increase, however, even in
some northern centres, owing to the intensification of precipitation, Ski-field base station may
eventually have to be moved upwards to be within reach of the new snow line but there could
still be plenty of the white stuff up there.
E There will also be a marked impact on New Zealand’s glaciers. Over the last 100
years, the glaciers have been reduced by 35%, although since 1978 increase snowfall has
offset the effect of warming. The latest studies conducted by the National Institute for Water
and Atmospheric. Research (NIWA), however, suggest that by the end of the century,
warming over the Southern Alps could be significantly greater than over the rest of the
country.
F Sea levels around New Zealand have risen by 25cm since the middle of the 9th
century and by 7 cm since 1990. Predictions for the coming years cover a wide range,
however, partly because of unknown rises resulting from the melting of the ice in the Arctic,
Greenland and Antarctica. In addition, sea level at any given time is affected by many
different factors, one of which is called storm surge. When a Coincides with a high tide along
low lying coastal areas, this bulge raises the tide higher than normal, creating. Surge not
unlike a slow-motion tsunami. Not only does a rise in sea level increase the potential for his
sort damage, but it also has less immediate impacts. The one potentially grave outcome is that
groundwater systems may become contaminated with saltwater, spoiling them for the
irrigation of farmland, which in turn could diminish crop harvests. Similarly, over time,
estuaries may be enlarged by erosion as tidal influences reach further upstream, altering the
contours of whole shorelines and initiating further unforeseen consequences.
G The impacts these changes will have on New Zealand are difficult to generalize.
Human systems are better able to adapt to change than natural ecosystems because humans
can see a problem coming and plan a response. Farmers and horticulturalists have made
considerable advances, replacing crops they grow to better suit the new conditions. However,
plant breeders will need to show considerable ingenuity if they can overcome the acute water
shortages that are forecast.
H For natural ecosystems the rate of change is crucial. If it is low, the plants and animals
and fish will be able to ‘keep up’; if it is high, only the most adaptable species-those that can
survive in the widest range of ecological niches-are likely to survive. Species adapted to only
a narrow range of conditions or food sources will find adaptation much more difficult. Take
tuatara, for instance. Their sex is determined by the temperature at which the eggs are
incubated in warm (currently above 22 °C) condition become predominately male – and now
males already outnumber females by nearly two to one in some island refuges. In the
mountains, as the permanent snow line moves upwards, the tolerance zones of some alpine
plants and animals may simply disappear. It should also be remembered that global warming
is just that – a global phenomenon. ‘New Zealand’s own greenhouse emissions are tiny –
around 0.5% of the global total. Even if New Zealanders were to achieve the government’s
target of carbon neutrality, this would have no discernable impact on global climate change.
I The changes that global warming is going to bring to New Zealand during the 21st
century are going to be significant, but where the country is likely to be most vulnerable is
with respect to climate change elsewhere. New Zealand may warm more slowly than most
places, but if its major export markets undergo damaging change, the economic impact will
be severe.
Questions 27-32
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write your answers in boxes 27-32 on your answer sheet.
27 What is the main idea of the first paragraph?
A The air condition in New Zealand will maintain a high quality because of the ocean
B The Southern Ocean will remain at a constant strength
C The continents will warm more than the point
D New Zealand will not warm as much as other countries in the next century because it is
surrounded by sea.

28 What does the writer say about New Zealand’s variable weather?
A Temperature changes of 1°C will not be seem important in future
B Variable weather will continue, unchanged by global warming
C There was an unusually small amount of variation in 2006-2007
D Summer temperatures will vary but winter ones will be consistent

29 What is the predicted impact of conditions in the ocean to the south of New Zealand?
A New Zealand will be more affected by floods and droughts
B Antarctica will not be adversely affected by warming.
C The band of west winds will move further to the south.
D The usual west wind will no longer be reliable

30 The writer mentions ‘moisture deficit’ to show?

A The droughts will be shorter but more severe
B How the growing season will become longer.
C How growing conditions will deteriorate
D That farmers should alter the make-up of soils

31 What are the implications of global warming for New Zealand’s

A Skiing may move to lower the altitude in future.
B The ski season will be later in the year than at present.
C The northern ski field will have to move to the south
D Warming may provide more snow for some ski locations
32 The writer refers to NIWA’s latest studies in the 3rd paragraph to show
A how a particular place could be affected by warming
B that the warming trend has been intensifying since 1978
C that freezing levels will rise throughout the century
D how the growth of glaciers is likely to cause damage

Questions 33-35
Complete the summary below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 33-35 on your answer sheet.

Rising sea levels

The extent of future sea level rises around New Zealand is uncertain and may be determined
in the 33……………………. Another variable is sudden rises in sea level caused by bad
weather. Higher sea levels can lead to reduced 34………………………. and result in
changes to the shape of 35………………………..
A agriculture production B tropical waters C tidal waves
D polar regions E global warming F coastal land
G high tides

Questions 36-40
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?
In boxes 36-40 on your answer sheet, write
YES if the statement is true
NO if the statement is false
NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage
36 The natural world is less responsive to challenges than humans.
37 The agricultural sector is being too conservative and resistant to innovation.
38 The global warming is slow; it will affect different regions in different ways.
39 The tuatara is vulnerable to changes in climate conditions.
40 New Zealand must reduce carbon emission if global warming is to be slowed.
 Global Warming in New Zealand 2
27. D 28. B 29. A
30. C 31. D 32. A
33. D 34. A 35. F
36. YES 37. NOT GIVEN 38. NOT GIVEN
39. YES 40. NO