DJM20053

ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY

CHAPTER 5
AC ELECTRICAL MACHINES

LECTURER:
PUAN NURHANUM BINTI OMAR
JKM, PIS
At the end of this class, student should be able to:

1. Explain AC electrical machines.

✔ Explain the operating principles of AC generators and motors.
✔ Clarify that the commutator and slip ring are the main characteristic that
differentiate between DC and AC generators.
✔ State the differences between DC and AC motors in terms of the operating principles.
✔ Define voltage generated and terminal voltage.
STUDENT
✔ Define synchronous speed, rotor speed and slip.
LEARNING
2. Solve problems related to AC machines.
OUTCOMES
AC MACHINERY FUNDAMENTALS

Generator

Mechanical Electrical
Energy Energy
Motor

• Convert AC electrical energy

to mechanical energy as
motors.

• Convert mechanical energy

to AC electrical energy as
generators.
 AC GENERATORS

• An AC generator or alternator is a device that converts mechanical

energy into electrical energy in form of alternative emf
or alternating current.
• AC generator works on the principle of ‘Electromagnetic Induction’
discovered in 1831 by Michael Faraday.
 AC GENERATORS (cont…)

• This process can be described in terms of

Faraday’s Law when you see that the rotation
of the coil continually changes the magnetic
flux through the coil and therefore generates
a voltage.
 AC GENERATORS (cont…)

PART OF AC GENERATOR
• An AC generator consists of two poles - the north pole and south
pole of a magnet so that we can have a uniform magnetic field.
• There is also a coil which is rectangular in shape that is the
armature.
• These coils are connected to the slip rings and attached to them
are carbon brushes.
• The slip rings are made of metal and are insulated from each other.
• The brushes are carbon brushes and one end of each brush
connects to the ring and other connects to the circuit.
• The rectangular coils rotate about an axis which is perpendicular to
the magnetic field. There is also a shaft which rotates rapidly.
 AC GENERATORS (cont…)

PRINCIPLE OPERATIONS
• When the armature rotates between the poles of the magnet upon
an axis perpendicular to the magnetic field, the flux which links
with the armature changes continuously.
• Due to this, an emf is induced in the armature.
• This produces an electric current through the galvanometer and
the slip rings and brushes.
• The galvanometer swings between the positive and negative values.
This indicates that there is an alternating current flowing
through the galvanometer.
 AC GENERATORS vs DC GENERATOR
• The primary difference between a simple AC and simple DC generator is the
commutator.
• DC generator – split ring
commutator is used so that the
current is always coming out in
the same direction.

• AC generator – uses a slip ring

commutator so that each end
of the coil is always attached to
the same brush.
• This means that the output
current changes direction
every 180o.
EMF EQUATION OF AN ALTERNATOR
EMF EQUATION OF AN ALTERNATOR (cont…)
EMF EQUATION OF AN ALTERNATOR (cont…)

Example 1
A 3-phase, 50 Hz star-connected alternator has 180 conductors per phase and
flux per pole is 0.0543 Wb. Find:
a) e.m.f generated per phase.
b) e.m.f between line terminals. Assume the winding to be full pitched and
distribution factor to be 0.96.

Solution:
i. Generated e.m.f / phase: ii. Line voltage:
EMF EQUATION OF AN ALTERNATOR (cont…)

Example 2
A 3-phase, 50 Hz star-connected alternator has 100 conductors per phase and
flux per pole is 0.05 Wb. Find:
a) e.m.f generated per phase.
b) e.m.f between line terminals. Assume the winding to be full pitched and
distribution factor to be 0.96.

Solution:
i. Generated e.m.f / phase: ii. Line voltage:
GENERATOR & MOTOR
AC MOTOR

• Motor is an electrical machine that

convert electrical energy to
mechanical energy.
• An AC motor is an electric motor
driven by an alternating current.
• Since the current is alternating, the
motor will run smoothly only at the
frequency of the sine wave.
 AC MOTOR (cont…)

• Motor is an electrical machine that convert electrical energy to mechanical

energy.
• An AC motor is an electric motor driven by an alternating current.
• It’s need single-phase or three-phase AC power to make them work.
• The AC motor commonly consists of two basic parts :
1. STATOR:
- Outside stationary part of the motor.
- Having coils supplied with alternating current to produce a rotating
magnetic field.
2. ROTOR:
- Inside rotating part of the motor.
- Rotor attached to the output shaft producing a second rotating
magnetic field.
 AC MOTOR (cont…)

Basic parts of the AC motor: (a) Stator (b) Rotor

AC MOTOR (cont…)
 TYPES OF AC MOTOR

1. SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
• Synchronous motor have the characteristic of constant speed between no
load and full load.
• They are capable of correcting the low power factor of an inductive load
when they are operated under certain conditions.
• They are often used to drive DC generators.
• Synchronous motors are designed in sizes up to thousands of horsepower.
• They may be designed as either single-phase or multiphase machines.
 TYPES OF AC MOTOR (cont…)

2. INDUCTION @ ASYNCHRONOUS MOTOR

• The induction motor has a rotor that is not connected to an external
source of voltage.
• The induction motor derives its name from the fact that AC voltages are
induced in the rotor circuit by the rotating magnetic field of the stator.
• Large motors and permanently mounted motors that drive loads at fairly
constant speed are often induction motors.
• Examples are found in washing machines, refrigerator compressors, bench
grinders and table saws.
 TYPES OF AC MOTOR (cont…)

• Rotor can be found in two types:

1. SQUIRREL CAGE ROTOR:
- Rotor winding is composed of copper embedded in
the rotor slots and shorted at both end by rings.
- Simple, low cost, robust, low maintenance.
2. PHASE WOUND ROTOR / SLIP RING ROTOR:
✔ Older motor designed to operate at “variable speed”. It is also
called slip ring rotor.
✔ Rotor winding is wound by wires. The winding terminals can be
connected to external circuits through slip rings and brushes.
✔ Advantages : speed control, high starting torque, low starting
current.
✔ Disadvantages : expensive, high maintenance, low efficiency.
 TYPES OF AC MOTOR (cont…)

SYNCHRONOUS SPEED
• The speed at which an induction motor will operate depends on the input
power frequency and the number of electrical magnetic poles in the motor.
• The speed of motor’s magnetic field rotates:

where Ns = synchronous speed

F = frequency
P = pole
 TYPES OF AC MOTOR (cont…)

ROTOR SPEED
• The speed rotating part of a generator or motor.
• When the rotor move at rotor speed, Nr (rps), the stator flux will circulate
the rotor conductor at a speed of (Ns – Nr) per second.

where Nr = rotor speed

Ns = synchronous speed
S = slip
 TYPES OF AC MOTOR (cont…)

SLIP
• The difference between a motor’s synchronous speed and its rotor speed
at full load.
• Percent slip is a way to measure the speed performance of an induction
motor.
• The rotor speed of an induction machine is different from the speed of
rotating magnetic field.

where Nr = rotor speed

Ns = synchronous speed
S = slip
 TYPES OF AC MOTOR (cont…)

ROTOR FREQUENCY

where fr = rotor frequency

f = frequency
S = slip
 TYPES OF AC MOTOR (cont…)

Example 3 Example 4
Determine the synchronous Determine the % slip of a four-pole, 60 Hz,
speed of the six pole motor split-phase motor with a rated speed of
operating from a 220 V, 50 Hz 1725 rev/min
source.

Solution: Solution:

i. Synchronous speed i. % slip

 TYPES OF AC MOTOR (cont…)

Example 5
The stator of a 3-phase, 4 pole induction motor is connected to a 50 Hz
supply. The rotor runs at 1455 rev/min at full load. Determine:
a) the synchronous speed
b) the slip at full load

Solution:
i. Synchronous speed ii. Slip at full load
 TYPES OF AC MOTOR (cont…)

Example 6
A 4-pole, 3 phase, 50 Hz induction motor runs at 1440 rev/min at full load.
Calculate:
a) the synchronous speed
b) the slip
c) the frequency of the rotor induced EMF’s

Solution:
i. Synchronous speed ii. Slip at full load iii. The frequency of
the rotor
 TYPES OF AC MOTOR (cont…)

Example 7
The frequency of the supply to the stator of an 8 pole induction motor is 50
Hz and the rotor frequency is 3 Hz. Determine:
a) the slip
b) the rotor speed

Solution:
i. The slip ii. The rotor speed
 AC MOTOR vs DC MOTOR

DC MOTOR AC MOTOR

• To convert electrical • To convert electrical

Similarities energy to rotational power to rotational
energy. mechanical energy.

• Absence of
commutator (use slip
• Commutator present.
rings).
• Cheap.
Differences • Expensive.
• Fixed speed.
• Variable speed.
• Requires direct current.
• Requires alternating
current
 alternator
1. AC generator is also called __________________ .
mechanical electrical
1. The generator converts ________________ energy into _______________ energy.
slip rings
1. The ends of the armature loop are called _________________ .

1. What is the difference between a rotor and a stator? Rotor – rotating part of the machine.
Stator – stationary part of the machine

1. State the difference between AC generator and DC generator. components used, output waveform

1. List the components of an elementary AC generator. pole pieces, brush, slip rings, armature loop

1. What component is used to convert an alternator to a DC generator? commutator