PERSEUS

Acrisius, an ancient king of Argos, had been warned

by an oracle that he would perish by the hand of his
grandson. On discovering, therefore, that his daughter
Danae had given birth to a son, Acrisius endeavored to
escape his fate by setting both mother and child adrift
on the sea. They were saved, however, by the help of
Jupiter; and Perseus, the child, grew up at the court of
Polydectes, king of Seriphos, an island in the Aegean
Sea. When he reached manhood, Perseus was sent by
Polydectes to fetch the head of Medusa, one of the
Gorgons. This dangerous task he accomplished with the
help of Apollo and Minerva, and on his way home he
rescued Andromeda, and lived some time in the country
of Cepheus. At length he returned to Seriphos, and
turned Polydectes to stone by showing him the
Gorgon’s head. He then went to the court of Acrisius,
who fled in terror at the news of his grandson’s return.
The oracle was duly fulfilled; for Acrisius was
accidentally killed by a discus thrown by Perseus.
 1. THE ARK
Haec ā poētīs dē Perseō nārrantur. Perseus fīlius erat Iovis, maximī deōrum; avus eius
Acrisius appellābātur. Acrisius volēbat Perseum nepōtem suum necāre; nam propter ōrāculum
puerum timēbat. Perseum etiam tum īnfantem comprehendit, et cum mātre in arcā ligneā
inclūsit. Tum arcam ipsam in mare coniēcit. Danaē, Perseī māter, magnopere territa est;
tempestās enim magna mare turbābat. Perseus autem in sinū mātris dormiēbat.
ā/ab prep. with abl., by, (away) from. in, prep. with abl., in, on, among; with acc., into, necō, necāre, necāvī, necātus, put to death, slay,
Acrisius, -ī, m., Acrisius. onto, against, at. kill.
appellō, appellāre, appellāvī, appellātus, inclūdo, includere, inclūsī, inclūsum, shut up nepōs, nepōtis, m. grandson.
name, call. in, inclose, imprison. ōrāculum, ōrāculī [ōrō], n., oracle.
arca, arcae, f. chest, box, arc. īnfāns, īnfantis [in + partic. of for, speak], m. Perseus, Perseī, m. Perseus.
autem, conj., moreover; but, however; now. and f., infant, babe. poēta, poētae, m., poet.
avus, avī, m., grandfather. ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pron., -self, propter, prep. with acc., on account of, because
comprehendō, comprehendere, -prehendī, - (himself); very. of, for.
prehēnsum, seize; catch. is, ea, id, dem. pron., this, that; he, she, it, they. puer, puerī, m., boy.
coniciō, conicere, coniēcī, coniectum, throw, Iuppiter, Iovis, m., Jupiter or Jove. sinus, sinūs, m., bosom, lap.
cast, hurl. ligneus, lignea, ligneum [ligna], of wood, sum, esse, fuī, futūrus, be.
cum, prep. with abl., with. wooden. suus, sua, suum [suī], his, her, its or their own.
Danaē, Danaēs, acc., Danaēn, f., Danae. magnopere, adv., greatly, very much, tempestās, tempestātis, f., weather, storm,
dē prep. with abl., down from, from, out of; exceedingly. tempest.
about. magnus, magna, magnum, large, big, great, terreō, terrēre, terruī, territum, frighten,
deus, deī, m., god. mighty; loud. terrify.
dormiō, dormīre, dormīvī, dormītum sleep. mare, maris, n., sea. timeō, timēre, timuī, fear.
enim, conj., for, in fact, indeed. māter, mātris, f. mother. tum, adv., then, at that time; etiam tum, even
et, conj., and; et ... et, both ... and. maximus, maxima, maximum, biggest, largest, then, still.
etiam [et + iam], adv., and now, also, too, even. greatest. turbō, turbāre, turbāvī confuse, throw into
fīlius, fīliī, m. son. nam, conj.,for. disorder, disturb, trouble.
hic, haec, hoc dem. pron., this; he, she, it, they. nārrō, nārrāre, nārrāvī, nārrātus, tell, relate, volō, velle, voluī, want, be willing, wish.
narrate.

ā poētīs, ablative of agent A&G §405 with the passive voice verb. in arcā ligneā, ablative of place where A&G §426,3.
dē Perseō, use of prepositions A&G §221,10, b. inclūsit. Perseum is the direct object of this verb, as well as of com-
Perseus fīlius erat, copulative use of sum A&G §272. prehendit, but in English we must insert the object "him."
avus eius Acrisius appellābātur, A&G §284 and §393, a. Danaē. Many proper nouns in this book are Greek, and have forms not
volēbat . . . necāre, complementary infinitive A&G §457 and §563,b. given in the regular Latin declensions. It will not be necessary
ōrāculum. It was believed in antiquity that the will of the gods and the to learn the inflection of these words.
course of future events might be learned at certain shrines. enim cannot stand first in a clause or sentence. It is usually in the second
Both the prophecy and the shrine were called ōrāculum. place. postpositive conjunction A&G §324, j.
etiam tum infantem literally “even then an infant,” could be rendered turbābat is in the past (imperfect) tense, to describe what was going on
by a relative clause, “who was at that time an infant.” at the past time indicated by territa est.
predicate accusative A&G §392-393. autem has the same peculiarity of position as enim. A&G §324, j.
cum mātre, ablative of accompaniment A&G §413. in sinū, ablative of place where A&G §429, 3.

1st & 2nd Declension Nouns

arca, arcae, f. poēta, poētae, m. deus, deī, m. puer, puerī, m. ager, agrī, m. ōrāculum, ōrāculī, n.
N. arca N. poēta N. avus N. puer N. ager N. ōrāculum
G. arcae G. poētae G. avī G. puerī G. agrī G. ōrāculī
D. arcae D. poētae D. avō D. puerō D. agrō D. ōrāculō
A. arcam A. poētam A. avum A. puerum A. agrum A. ōrāculum
A. arcā A. poētā A. avō A. puerō A. agrō A. ōrāculō

N. arcae N. poētae N. avī N. puerī N. agrī N. ōrācula

G. arcārum G. poētārum G. avōrum G. puerōrum G. agrōrum G. ōrāculōrum
D. arcīs D. poētīs D. avīs D. puerīs D. agrīs D. ōrāculīs
A. arcās A. poētās A. avōs A. puerōs A. agrōs A. ōrācula
A. arcīs A. poētīs A. avīs A. puerīs A. agrīs A. ōrāculīs
 2. JUPITER SAVES HIS SON
Iuppiter tamen haec omnia vīdit, et fīlium suum servāre cōnstituit. Itaque tranquillum
mare fēcit, et arcam ad īnsulam Serīphum perdūxit. Huius īnsulae Polydectēs tum rēx erat.
Postquam arca ad lītus appulsa est, Danaē in harēnā quiētem capiēbat. Brevī tempore ā
piscātōre quōdam reperta est, et ad domum rēgis Polydectis adducta est. Ille mātrem et puerum
benignē excēpit, et iīs sēdem tūtam in fīnibus suīs dedit. Danaē hoc dōnum libenter accēpit, et
prō tantō beneficiō rēgī grātiās ēgit.
ā/ab prep. with abl., by, (away) from. faciō, facere, fēcī, factum, make, do. prō, prep. with abl., before, in front of; for, on
accipiō, accipere, accēpī, acceptum, receive, fīlius, fīliī, m., son. behalf of.
accept. fīnis, fīnis, m. end, boundary; pl., borders, puer, puerī, m. boy.
ad, prep. with acc., to, toward, at near, for. territory. quīdam, quaedam, quoddam, indef. pron., (a)
addūcō, addūcere, addūxī, adductum, lead to, gratia, gratiae, f., favor, gratitude, thanks; pl., certain.
bring, take; influence. thanks; with agere to give thanks. quiēs, quiētis, f., rest, repose.
agō, agere ēgī, actum, drive; do; pass; lead; harēna, harēnae, f., sand; shore. reperiō, reperīre, repperī, repertum, find,
grātiās agere to give thanks. hic, haec, hoc dem. pron., this; he, she, it, they. discover.
appellō, appellere, appulī, appulsum, drive to, ille, illa, illud, dem. pron., that; he, she, it, they. rēx, rēgis, m., king.
bring to. in, prep. with abl., in, on, among; with acc., into, sēdēs, sēdis, f., seat, abode.
arca, arcae, f. chest, box, arc. onto, against, at. Serīphus, Serīphī, m., Seriphos.
beneficium, beneficiī, n., well-doing, kindness, īnsula, īnsulae, f., island. servō, servāre, servāvī, servātum, save,
service, benefit. is, ea, id, dem. pron., this, that; he, she, it, they. preserve.
benignē, adv., kindly. itaque, conj., and so, accordingly, therefore. sum, esse, fuī, futūrus, be.
brevis, breve, short. Iuppiter, Iovis, m., Jupiter. suus, sua, suum [suī], his, her, its or their own.
capiō, capere, cēpī, captum, take, catch, seize. libenter, adv., willingly, gladly. tamen, conj., however, yet, nevertheless.
cōnstituō, cōnstituere, cōnstituī, cōnstitūtum, lītus, lītoris, n., shore. tantus, tanta, tantum, so great or much.
decide, determine. mare, maris, n., sea. tempus, temporis, n., time, season.
Danaē, Danaēs, acc., Danaēn, f., Danae. māter, mātris, f. mother. tranquillus, tranquilla, tranquillum, calm.
dō, dare, dedī, datum, give; put. omnis, omne, all, every. tum, adv., then, at that time; etiam tum, even
domus, domūs, f., house, home. perdūcō, perdūcere, perdūxī, perductum, lead then, still.
dōnum, dōnī, n., gift. or bring (through). tūtus, tūta, tūtum, safe.
et, conj., and; et ... et, both ... and. piscātor, piscātōris, m., fisherman. videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum, see; pass., seem.
excipiō, excipere, excēpī, exceptum, take out or Polydectēs, Polydectis, m., Polydectes.
up, receive, welcome. postquam, conj., after, when; later than.

tamen like enim is a postpositive conjunction A&G §324, j. Ille is often used when the new subject is a person or thing mentioned
servāre cōnstituit, complementary infinitive A&G §457. in the preceding sentence. In this use it is to be translated
ad īnsulam, accusative of place to which A&G §426, 2. by an emphasized personal pronoun ( in this case, "he").
Serīphum is in apposition (A&G §282) to īnsulam, but we say in iīs, dative of the indirect object. A&G §361-362.
English "the island of Seriphos." in fīnibus suīs, ablative of place where A&G §426, 3.
Polydectēs tum rēx erat copulative use of sum A&G §272. prō tantō beneficiō, A&G §379, N. beneficiō is derived from bene +
ad lītus, accusative of place to which A&G §426, 2. faciō. The meaning of a word may often be seen most clearly
appulsa est. The perfect indicative is regularly used with postquam, but and remembered most surely by noticing its derivation.
it is often best translated by the English past (plu-) perfect. rēgī, dative of the indirect object. A&G §361-362.
in harēnā, ablative of place where A&G §426,3. rēgī grātiās ēgit, literally “she gave thanks to the king;” idiomatically
Brevī tempore, ablative of time when, A&G §399 and §423, 1. “she thanked the king.” agō has a whole range of idiomatic
ā piscātōre, ablative of agent A&G §405. meanings, like (excluding the ones in the glossary)“give,”
ad domum, accusative of place to which A&G §427, 2. “pass,” “go,” “behave," "live.”

3rd declension Nouns (masculine and feminine consonant and -i stems; neuter consonant and -i stem)
pavor, pavoris, m. virgō, virginis, f. fīnis, fīnis, m. urbs, urbis, f. lītus, lītoris, n. mare, maris, n.
N. pavor N. virgō N. fīnis N. urbs N. lītus N. mare
G. pavoris G. virginis G. fīnis G. urbis G. lītoris G. maris
D. pavorī D. virginī D. fīnī D. urbī D. lītorī D. marī
A. pavorem A. virginem A. fīnem A. urbem A. lītus A. mare
A. pavore A. virgine A. fīne A. urbe A. lītore A. marī

N. pavorēs N. virginēs N. fīnēs N. urbēs N. lītora N. maria

G. pavorum G. virginum G. fīnium G. urbium G. lītorum G. marium
D. pavoribus D. virginibus D. fīnibus D. urbibus D. lītoribus D. maribus
A. pavorēs A. virginēs A. fīnēs A. urbēs A. lītora A. maria
A. pavoribus A. virginibus A. fīnibus A. urbibus A. lītoribus A. maribus
 3. PERSEUS IS SENT ON HIS TRAVELS
Perseus igitur multōs annōs ibi habitābat, et cum mātre suā vītam beātam agēbat. At
Polydectēs Danaēn magnopere amābat, atque eam in mātrimōnium dūcere volēbat. Hoc tamen
cōnsilium Perseō minimē grātum erat. Itaque Polydectēs Perseum dīmittere cōnstituit. Tum
iuvenem ad sē vocāvit et haec dīxit: “Turpe est hanc ignāvam vītam agere; iam diū tū
adulēscēns es. Quō ūsque hīc manēbis? Tempus est arma capere et virtūtem praestāre. Hinc abī,
et caput Medūsae ad mē refer.”
abeō, abīre, abiī, abitum, go away, depart. ego, meī, mihi, mē, mē, 1st sg. pers. pron., I, me. Perseus, Perseī, m. Perseus.
ad, prep. with acc., to, toward, at, near, for. et, conj., and; et ... et, both ... and. Polydectēs, Polydectis, m., Polydectes.
adulēscēns, adulēscentis, m., youth, young man. grātus, grāta, grātum, pleasing, grateful. praestō, praestāre praestetī, praestatum,
agō, agere, ēgī, āctum, drive; do; pass; lead. habitō (1) habitāvī, habitātum, dwell, live. surpass, excel; show.
amō, amāre, amāvī, amātum, love, (fall in) hīc, adv., here, hereupon. quō, adv., to what or which place? whither?
love. hic, haec, hoc dem. pron., this; he, she, it, they. refero, referre, rettulī, relātum, bring or carry
annus, annī, m., year. hinc, adv., from this place, hence. back.
arma, armōrum, n. pl., arms, weapons. iam, adv., already, now. --, suī, sibi, sē, sē reflexive pronoun him-, her-, it,
at, conj., but. ibi, adv., in that place, there. them- selves.
atque, conj., and. igitur, conj., therefore. sum, esse, fuī, futūrus, be.
beātus, beāta, beātum, happy, blessed. ignāvus, ignāva, ignāvum, lazy, cowardly. suus, sua, suum [suī], his, her, its or their own.
capiō, capere, cēpī, captum, take, catch, seize. in, prep. with abl., in, on, among; with acc., into, tamen, conj., however, yet, nevertheless.
caput, capitis, n., head. onto, against, at. tempus, temporis, n., time, season.
cōnsilium, cōnsiliī, n., advice; plan, design, is, ea, id, dem. pron., this, that; he, she, it, they. tū, tuī, tibi, tē, tē, 2nd person singular personal
purpose. itaque, conj., and so, accordingly, therefore. pronoun, you.
cōnstituō, cōnstituere, cōnstituī, cōnstitūtum, iuvenis, iuvenis, m., young man, youth. tum, adv., then, at that time; etiam tum, even
decide, determine. magnopere, adv., greatly, exceedinly. then, still.
cum, prep. with abl., with. maneō, manēre, mansī, mansūrum, remain. turpis, turpe, disgraceful.
Danaē, Danaēs, acc., Danaēn, f., Danae. māter, mātris, f. mother. ūsque, adv., all the way; with quo, how long?
dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictus, say, speak; diem ~, to mātrimōnium, mātrimōnii, n., marriage, in ~ virtūs, virtūtis, f., manliness, courage, bravery.
appoint or set a day. dūcere, marry. vīta, vītae, f., life; with agō, to lead a life.
dīmittō, dīmittere, dīmīsī, dīmissum, send Medūsa, Medūsae, f., Medusa. vocō, vocāre, vocāvī, vocātum, call, summon.
away, dismiss. minimē, superl. adv., least, very little; by no volō, velle, voluī, want, be willing, wish.
diū, adv., for a long time, a long time or while. means, not at all.
dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, ductum, lead, draw, bring.. multus, multa, multum, much, great; pl., many.

igitur, like enim and autem, postpositive conjunction A&G §324, j. and turpe as predicate complement. A&G §272 and A&G
multōs annōs. Compare brevi tempore in Chapter 2. The accusative 452, 1.
is used to express duration of time, the ablative to express the es, "have been." With iam diu and similar expressions of time, the Latin
time at or within which a thing is done. The accusative tells present indicative may be rendered by the English perfect.
how long A&G §423, 2.; the ablative tells when. hīc. The quantity of the i shows that this is not the pronoun.
cum mātre suā, ablative of accompaniment A&G §413. Tempus est, copulative use of sum with the infinitives capere and
vītam beātam agēbat, here agō means “to lead.” This idiomatic praestāre as subject and tempus as predicate noun. A&G
phrase means “was leading a happy life.” §272 and A&G §452, 1.
in mātrimōnium dūcere, an idiomatic phrase meaning “to marry.” Hinc, with hīc, and hūc, represent the adverbs formed from the demon-
dūcere volēbat, complementary infinitive A&G §457 and §563,b. strative pronoun / adjective hic, haec, hoc. Hinc means “from
tamen, postpositive conjunction A&G §324, j. here, or “from this point or place;” “hence.” Hīc“here” or
Perseō, dative with adjectives A&G §383-384 and footnote. “in this place.” And hūc “to this place” or “to here.”
cōnsilium . . . grātum erat, copulative use of sum A&G §272. abī, singular present imperative, “go away.” A&G §203ff.
dīmittere cōnstituit complementary infinitive A&G §457. refer. Dīcō, dūcō, faciō, and ferō have the imperative forms dīc,
Turpe est, copulative use of sum with the infinitive agere as subject dūc, fac, and fer, from which the final e has been dropped.

4th & 5th Declension Nouns

gradus, gradūs, m. manus, manūs, f cornū, cornūs, n. diēs, diēī, m. rēs, reī, f. speciēs, speciēī, f.
N. gradus N. manus N. cornū N. diēs N. rēs N. speciēs
G. gradūs G. manūs G. cornūs G. diēī G. reī G. speciēī
D. graduī D. manuī D. cornuī/cornū D. diēī D. reī D. speciēī
A. gradum A. manum A. cornū A. diem A. rem A. speciem
A. gradū A. manū A. cornū A. diē A. rē A. speciē

N. gradūs N. manūs N. cornua N. diēs N. rēs N. speciēs

G. graduum G. manuum G. cornuum G. diērum G. rērum G. speciērum
D. gradibus D. manibus D. cornibus D. diēbus D. rēbus D. speciēbus
A. gradūs A. manūs A. cornua A. diēs A. rēs A. speciēs
A. gradibus A. manibus A. cornibus A. diēbus A. rēbus A. speciēbus
 4. PERSEUS GETS HIS OUTFIT
Perseus ubi haec audīvit, ex īnsulā discessit; et postquam ad continentem vēnit, Medūsam
quaesīvit. Diū frūstrā quaerēbat; namque nātūram locī ignōrābat. Tandem Apollō et Minerva
viam dēmonstrāvērunt. Prīmum ad Graeās, sorōrēs Medūsae, pervēnit. Ab hīs tālāria et galeam
magicam accēpit. Apollō autem et Minerva eī falcem et speculum dedērunt. Tum, postquam
tālāria pedibus induit, in āera ascendit. Diū per āera volāvit; tandem tamen ad eum locum vēnit
ubi Medūsa cum cēterīs Gorgonibus habitābat. Gorgonēs autem mōnstra erant speciē horribilī;
capita enim eārum anguibus omnīnō contēcta erant. Manūs etiam ex aere factae erant.
ā/ab prep. with abl., by; (away) from. et, conj., and; et ... et, both ... and. nātūra, nātūrae, f., nature, character.
accipiō, accipere, accēpī, acceptum, receive, etiam [et + iam], adv., and now, also, too, even; omnīnō, adv., altogether, wholly, entirely, at all.
accept; hear. faciō, facere, fēcī, factum, make, do. per, prep. with acc., through, by means of,
ad, prep. with acc., to, toward, at, near, for. falx, falcis, f., sickle; curved sword, falchion. throughout.
āēr, āeris, n., air. frūstrā, adv., in vain. Perseus, Perseī, m. Perseus.
aes, aeris, m., copper, bronze. galea, galeae, f., helmet. perveniō, pervenīre, pervēnī, perventum,
anguis, anguis, m. and f., serpent, snake. Gorgōn, Gorgonis, f., Gorgon. arrive, reach, come to.
Apollō, Apollinis, m., Apollo. Graeae, Graeārum, f. pl., the Graeae. pēs, pedis, m., foot.
ascendō, ascendere, ascendī, ascensum, climb habitō, habitāre, habitāvī, habitātum, dwell, postquam, conj., after, when; later than.
to, ascend,mount. live. prīmum, adv., first, in the first place.
audiō, audīre, audīvī, audītum, hear, listen or hic, haec, hoc dem. pron., this; he, she, it, they. quaerō, quaerere, quasīvī, quaesītum, seek;
attend to. horribilis, horribile, dreadful, terrible, horrible. ask, inquire, look for.
autem, conj., moreover; but, however; now. ignorō, ignorāre, ignorāvī, ignorātum be soror, sorōris, f., sister.
caput, capitis, n., head. ignorant of, not know. speciēs, speciēī, f., sight, appearance, shape.
cēterī, cēterae, cēterae, pl. adj., the remaining, in, prep. with abl., in, on, among; with acc., into, speculum, speculi, n., mirror, looking glass.
the rest. onto, against, at. sum, esse, fuī, futūrum, be.
contegō, contegere, contēxī, contēctus, cover. induō, induere, induī, indūtum, put on, clothe. tālāria, tālārium, n. pl., winged sandals, winged
continēns, continentis, f., mainland, continent. īnsula, īnsulae, f., island. shoes.
cum, prep. with abl., with. is, ea, id, dem. pron., this, that; he, she, it, they. tamen, conj., however, yet, nevertheless.
dēmonstrō, dēmonstrāre, dēmonstrāvī, point locus, locī, m., (pl. loca, locōrum, n.), place, tandem, adv., at length or at last, finally.
out, show; make known. situation. tegō, tegere, tēxī, tectum, cover.
discēdo, discēdere, discessi, go apart, withdraw, magicus, magica, magicum, magic, of magic. tum, adv., then, at that time; etiam tum, even
depart. manus, manūs, f., hand. then, still.
diū, adv., for a long time, a long time or while. Medūsa, Medūsae, f., Medusa. ubi, adv., where; conj., when.
dō, dare, dedī, datum, give; put. Minerva, Minervae, f., Minerva. veniō, venire, vēnī, ventum, come.
ē/ex, prep. with abl., out of, from; of. mōnstrum, mōnstri, n., wonder, monster. via, viae, f., road, street, way.
enim, conj., for, in fact, indeed. namque, conj., for. volō, volāre, volāvī, volātum, fly.

Perseus ubi, "when Perseus." If a Latin sentence begins with a pedibus, dative of the indirect object, "on his feet." There is nothing
subordinate clause whose subject is also the subject of the corresponding to "his" in Latin. Where no ambiguity will
principal clause, this word is usually put first. result, the possessive adjectives may be omitted. A&G §361.
ex īnsulā, ablative of place from which A&G§426, 1. āera. Greek accusative singular, it has three syllables. A&G §81, 2.
ad continentem, accusative of place to which A&G §426, 2. cum cēterīs Gorgonibus, ablative of accompaniment A&G §413.
vēnit. Is this present or perfect? How do you know? speciē horribilī. "of dreadful appearance," descriptive ablative
Graeās. Three old women, who had one eye and one tooth in common (ablative of quality). A&G §415.
and took turns in using these. The story is that Perseus seized anguibus, ablative of material? description? means? A&G §403;-15; -09
the eye and the tooth, and so compelled the Graeae to tell him contecta is here used as a predicate adjective, and not to form the past
how to obtain help for his enterprise. perfect (pluperfect) passive with erant. Translate “were
sorōrēs, in apposition to Graeās. A&G §282. covered” not “had been covered.”
galeam, this rendered its wearer invisible, hence magicam. ex aere, ablative of material A&G §403. Compare āēr, āeris, n.

1st & 2nd Declension Adjectives (-us, -a, -um; -er, -a, -um; -er, -ra, -rum)
beātus, beāta, beatum miser, misera, miserum sacer, sacra, sacrum
M sg. F N M sg. F N M sg. F N
N. beātus N. beāta N. beātum N. miser N. misera N. miserum N. sacer N. sacra N. sacrum
G. beatī G. beātae G. beātī G. miserī G. miserae G. miserī G. sacrī G. sacrae G. sacrī
D. beātō D. beātae D. beātō D. miserō D. miserae D. miserō D. sacrō D. sacrae D. sacrō
A. beātum A. beātam A. beātum A. miserum A. miseram A. miserum A. sacrum A. sacram A. sacrum
A. beātō A. beātā A. beātō A. miserō A. miserā A. miserō A. sacrō A. sacrā A. sacrō
M pl. F N M pl. F N M pl. F N
N. beātī N. beātae N. beāta N. miserī N. miserae N. misera N. sacrī N. sacrae N. sacra
G. beātōrum G. beātārum G. beātōrum G. miserōrum G. miserārum G. miserōrum G. sacrōrum G. sacrōrum G. sacrōrum
D. beātīs D. beātīs D. beātīs D. miserīs D. miserīs D. miserīs D. sacrīs D. sacrīs D. sacrīs
A. beātōs A. beātās A. beāta A. miserōs A. miserās A. misera A. sacrōs A. sacrās A. sacra
A. beātīs A. beātīs A. beātīs A. miserīs A. miserīs A. miserīs A. sacrīs A. sacrīs A. sacrīs
 5. THE GORGON’S HEAD
Rēs difficillima erat caput Gorgonis abscīdere; eius enim cōnspectū hominēs in saxum
vertēbantur. Propter hanc causam Minerva speculum Perseō dederat. Ille igitur tergum vertit et
in speculum īnspiciēbat; hōc modō ad locum vēnit ubi Medūsa dormiēbat. Tum falce suā caput
eius ūnō ictū abscīdit. Cēterae Gorgonēs statim ē somnō excitātae sunt; et ubi rem vīdērunt, īrā
commōtae sunt. Arma cēpērunt; nam Perseum occīdere volēbant. Ille autem dum fugit, galeam
magicam induit; et ubi hoc fēcit, statim ē cōnspectū eārum ēvāsit.
abscīdō, abscīdere, abscīdī, abscīsum, cut excitō, excitāre, excitāvī, excitātum, call out, modus, modī, m., way, manner.
away or off. rouse, arouse; wake up. nam, conj.,for.
ad, prep. with acc., to, toward, at, near, for. faciō, facere, fēcī, factum, make, do. occīdō, ocidere, occīdī, occīsum, cut down, kill.
arma, armōrum, n. pl., arms, weapons. falx, falcis, f., sickle; curved sword, falchion. Perseus, Perseī, m. Perseus.
autem, conj., moreover; but, however; now. fugiō, fugere, fūgī, fugitūrus, flee, run away. propter, prep. with acc., on account of, because
capiō, capere, cēpī, captum, take, catch, seize. galea, galeae, f., helmet. of, for.
caput, capitis, n., head. Gorgōn, Gorgonis, f., Gorgon. rēs, rēī, f., thing, matter, affair, circumstance,
causa, causae, f., cause, reason. hic, haec, hoc dem. pron., this; he, she, it, they. situation.
cēterī, cēterae, cēterae, pl. adj., the remaining, homō, hominis, m. and f., man, human being. saxum, saxī, n., rock, stone.
the rest. ictus, ictūs, m., blow, strike, hit. somnus, somnī, sleep, drowsiness.
commoveō, commovēre, commōvī, igitur, conj., therefore. speculum, speculi, n., mirror, looking glass.
commōtum, move, rouse, disturb. ille, illa, illud, dem. pron., that; he, she, it, they. statim, adv., immediately, on the spot, at once.
cōnspectus, cōnspectūs, m., sight, view. in, prep. with abl., in, on, among; with acc., into, sum, esse, fuī, futūrus, be.
difficilis, difficile, difficult; (superl. onto, against, at. suus, sua, suum [suī], his, her, its or their own.
difficillimus). induō, induere, induī, indūtum, put on, clothe. tergum, tergī, n., back.
dō, dare, dedī, datum, give; put. inspiciō, inspicere, inspexī, inspectum, look tum, adv., then, at that time; etiam tum, even
dormiō, dormīre, dormīvī, dormītum, sleep. into or upon. then, still.
dum, conj., while, as; as long as; until. īra, īrae, f., anger, wrath. ubi, adv., where; conj., when.
ē/ex, prep. with abl., out of, from; of. is, ea, id, dem. pron., this, that; he, she, it, they. ūnus, ūna, ūnum, one; only one, only, alone.
enim, conj., for, in fact, indeed. locus, locī, m., plur. loca, locōrum, n., place, veniō, venire, vēnī, ventum, come.
et, conj., and; et ... et, both ... and. situation. vertō, vertere, vertī, versum, turn.
evādō, evādere ēvāsī, ēvāsum, go forth, get magicus, magica, magicum, magic, of magic. video, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum, see; pass., seem.
away, escape. Medūsa, Medūsae, f., Medusa. volō, velle, voluī, want, be willing, wish.
Minerva, Minervae, f., Minerva.

Rēs difficillima erat, copulative use of sum with abscīdere as subject. falce suā, ablative of means (or instrument) A&G §409.
A&G §272; see also §283-284. suā, eius. Distinguish carefully between these words. The former is
cōnspectū, ablative of cause A&G §404. Why not means? A&G §409. used of that which belongs to the subject, the latter of that
vertēbantur, the past (imperfect) tense here represents the action as which belongs to some other person or thing just mentioned.
habitual, one of its regular uses. A&G §470-471. ūnō ictū, ablative of manner A&G §412.
propter, A&G §221, 20. ē somnō, ablative of separation A&G §400-401.
Perseō, dative of the indirect object A&G §361-362. īrā, ablative of specification A&G §418.
in speculum īnspiciēbat. Here the past (imperfect) represents the action occīdere volēbat, complementary infinitive A&G §457 and §563,b.
as repeated, another of its regular uses ("kept looking’). fugit. The present indicative is used with dum, “while,” “as,” even
Although in is the prefix of the verb, the construction requires when a past action is represented.
that it be used with speculum also. fēcit. The perfect indicative is regularly used with ubi, “when,” as
hōc modō, “in this way,” ablative of manner A&G §412, b. with postquam, where English often would use the past
vēnit, dormiēbat. The perfect states the past action as a fact; the perfect (pluperfect).
imperfect describes the situation at the time of that action. ē cōnspectū, ablative of separation A&G §400-401.

Irregular 1st & 2nd Declension Adjectives (declined in the plural like beātus, beāta, beātum; compare demonstrative pronouns / adjectives below)
sōlus, sōla, sōlum uter, utra, utrum
M F N M F N
N. sōlus N. sōla N. sōlum N. uter N. utra N. utrum
G. sōlīus G. sōlīus G. sōlīus G. utrīus G. utrīus G. utrīus
D. sōlī D. sōlī D. sōlī D. utrī D. utrī D. utrī
A. sōum A. sōlam A. sōlum A. utrum A. utram A. utrum
A. sōlō A. sōlā A. sōlō A. utrō A. utrā A. utrō

alter, altera, alterum alius, alia, aliud

N. alter A. altera N. alterum N. alius N. alia N. aliud
G. alterīus G. alterīus G. alterīus G. alterīus / alīus G. alterīus / alīus G. alterīus / alīus
D. alterī D. alterī D. alterī D. aliī D. aliī D. aliī
A. alterum A. alteram A. alterum A. alium A. aliam A. aliud
A. alterō A. alterā A. alterō A. aliō A. aliā A. aliō
 6. THE SEA-SERPENT
Posteā Perseus in fīnēs Aethiopum vēnit. Ibi Cēpheus quīdam illō tempore rēgnābat. Hic
Neptūnum, maris deum, quondam offenderat. Neptūnus autem ad illum mōnstrum saevissimum
mīserat. Hoc cotīdie ē marī veniēbat et hominēs dēvorābat. Ob hanc causam pavor animōs
omnium occupāverat. Itaque Cēpheus ōrāculum deī Hammōnis cōnsuluit, atque ā deō iussus est
fīliam mōnstrō trādere. Eius autem fīlia, nōmine Andromeda, virgō fōrmōsissima erat. Cēpheus
ubi haec audīvit, magnum dolōrem cēpit. Volēbat tamen cīvēs suōs ē tantō perīculō extrahere,
atque ob eam causam iussa Hammōnis facere cōnstituit.
ā/ab prep. with abl., by, (away) from. extrahō, extrahere, extrāxī, extractum, release, offendō, offendere, offendī, offēnsum, offend.
ad, prep. with acc., to, toward, at, near, for. rescue; free. omnis, omne, all every.
Aethiopēs, -ium, m. pl., Ethiopians. faciō, facere, fēcī, factum, make, do. ōrāculum, ōrāculī, n., oracle.
Andromeda, -ae, f., Andromeda. filia, fīliae, f., daughter. pavor, pavōris, m., terror, panic.
animus, animī, m., mind, ; heart; spirit, fīnis, fīnis, m. end, boundary; pl., borders, perīculum, perīculī, n., danger, peril, risk.
courage. territory. Perseus, Perseī, m. Perseus.
atque, conj., and. fōrmōsus, -a, -um, beautiful; superlative posteā, adv., after this, afterwards.
audio, audīre, audīvī, audītum, hear, listen to. fōrmōsissimus, -a, -um. quīdam, quaedam, quoddam, indef. pron., (a)
autem, conj., moreover; but, however; now. Hammon, Hammōnis, m., Ammon. certain.
capiō, capere, cēpī, captum, take, catch, seize. homō, hominis, m. and f., man, human being. quondam, adv., once upon a time, formerly,
causa, causae, f., cause, reason; abl., for the ibi, adv., in that place, there. once.
sake of. ille, illa, illud, dem. pron., that; he, she, it, they. saevus, saeva, saevum, fierce, savage; superl.
Cēpheus, Cēphei, m., Cepheus. itaque, conj., and so, accordingly, therefore. saevissimus, -a, -um.
cīvis, cīvis, m. and f., citizen, fellow-citizen, iubeō, iubēre, iussī, iussum, bid, order, sum, esse, fuī, futūrum, be.
subject. command. suus, sua, suum [suī], his, her, its or their own.
cōnstituō, cōnstituere, cōnstituī, cōnstitūtum, iussum, iussī, n., order, command. tamen, conj., however, yet, nevertheless.
decide, determine. magnus, magna, magnum, large, big, great, tantus, tanta, tantum, such great, so great or
cōnsulō, cōnsulere, cōnsuluī, cōnsultum, mighty; loud. much.
consult. mare, maris, n., sea. tempus, temporis, n., time, season.
cotīdiē, adv., daily, every day. mittō, mittere, mīsī, missum, send. trādō, tradere, trādidī, trāditum, give across,
deus, deī, m., god. mōnstrum, mōnstri, n., wonder, monster. over; hand over.
dēvorō, dēvorāre, dēvorāvī, dēvorātum Neptunus, Neptunī, m., Neptune (the sea-god). ubi, adv., where; conj., when.
swallow down, swallow, devour. nōmen, nōminis, n., name. veniō, venire, vēnī, ventum, come.
dolor, dolōris, m., pain, grief; grievance. ob, prep. with acc., on account of, for; against. virgō, virginis, f., maiden.
ē/ex, prep. with abl., out of, from; of. occupō, (1) occupāvī, occupātum seize; fill. volō, velle, voluī, want, be willing, wish.

in fines, accusative of place to which A&G §426, 2. that the second rendering "of all" shows the same usage in
illō tempore, ablative of time when A&G §423, 1. English. partitive genitive A&G §346.
rēgnābat. Observe the force of the tense, "was ruling," and try to find Hammōnis, an Egyptian god, often represented with the horns of a ram.
the reason for each change of tense in this section. In apposition to deī. A&G §281 and §282.
Hic, the demonstrative pronoun used when the subject is the same as omnium, partitive genitive A&G §346.
before. Ille is used when there is a change of subject. ā deō, ablative of agent A&G §405.
saevissimum, ‘most fierce’ or ‘very fierce,’ not ‘fiercest.’ The super- iussus est . . . tradere, A&G §563, a.
lative is often used to denote merely a very high degree. mōnstrō, dative of the indirect object A&G §361-362.
ē marī, ablative of place from which A&G§426, 1. nōmine, ‘by name,’ ablative of respect (specification) A&G §418.
Ob hanc causam, compare propter hanc causam in Chapter 5. A&G Volēbat . . . extrahere, complementary infinitive A&G §457.
§221, 15. ē tantō perīculō, ablative of separation A&G §400-401.
omnium, ‘of all men’ or ‘of all.’ The masculine plural of an adjective is iussa, this is a noun derived from the fourth principle part of the verb.
often used as a substantive (that is, as a noun), and may then Don’t confuse it for the verb.
be translated with the word "man" or "men". Notice, however, facere, complementary infinitive A&G §457 and A&G §563, d.

3rd Declension Adjectives (two ending; three ending; one ending)

omnis, omne ācer, ācris, ācre ingens, ingentis
M&F N M & F N M&F N
N. omnis N. omne N. ācer N. ācris N. ācre N. ingens N. ingens
G. omnis G. omnis G. ācris G. ācris G. ingentis G. ingentis
D. omnī D. omnī D. ācrī D. ācrī D. ingentī D. ingentī
A. omnem A. omne A. ācrem A. ācrem A. ingentem A. ingens
A. omnī A. omnī A. ācrī A. ācrī A. ingentī A. ingentī

N. omnēs A. omnia N. ācrēs N. ācria N. ingentēs N. ingentia

G. omnium G. omnium G. ācrium G. ācrium G. ingentium G. ingentium
D. omnibus D. omnibus D. ācribus D. ācribus D. ingentibus D. ingentibus
A. omnēs A. omnia A. ācrēs A. ācria A. ingentēs A. ingentia
A. omnibus A. omnibus A. ācribus A. ācribus A. ingentibus A. ingentibus
 7. A HUMAN SACRIFICE
Tum rēx diem certam dīxit et omnia parāvit. Ubi ea diēs vēnit, Andromeda ad lītus
dēducta est, et in cōnspectū omnium ad rūpem adligāta est. Omnēs fātum eius dēplōrābant, nec
lacrimās tenēbant. At subitō, dum mōnstrum exspectant, Perseus accurrit; et ubi lacrimās vīdit,
causam dolōris quaerit. Illī rem tōtam expōnunt et puellam dēmōnstrant. Dum haec geruntur,
fremitus terribilis audītur; simul mōnstrum horribilī speciē procul cōnspicitur. Eius cōnspectus
timōrem maximum omnibus iniēcit. Mōnstrum magnā celeritāte ad lītus contendit, iamque locō
appropinquābat ubi puella stābat.
accurrō, accurrere, accurrī, accursum [ad + dīcere, to appoint or set a day/date. nec, neque, conj., and not, nor.
currō], run to, come up. diēs, diēī, m. and f., day; date. omnis, omne, all every.
adligō, adligāre, adligāvī, adlīgātum bind to, dolor, dolōris, m., pain, grief; grievance. parō, (1), make ready, prepare.
bind. dum, conj., while, as; as long as; until. Perseus, Perseī, m. Perseus.
Andromeda, Andromedae, f., Andromeda. expōnō, expōnere, exposui, expositum, put out, procul, adv., at or from a distance, far.
appropinquō (1), approach to, approach. set forth; explain. puella, puellae, f., girl, maiden.
at, conj., but. exspectō, exspectāre, exspectāvī, exspectātum, quaerō, quaerere, quasīvī, quaesītum, look for,
audio, audīre, audīvī, audītum, hear, listen or look out for, wait for, expect; wait. seek; ask, inquire.
attend to. fātum, fāti, n., destiny, fate. rēs, rēī, f., thing, matter, affair, circumstance,
causa, causae, f., cause, reason; abl., for the fremitus, fremitūs, m., roaring, roar. situation.
sake of. gerō, gerere, gessī, gestum, carry, wear; do. rēx, rēgis, m., king.
celeritās, celeritātis, f., swiftness, quickness, horribilis, horribile, dreadful, terrible, horrible. rūpēs, rūpis, f., rock, cliff.
speed. iamque, adv., and now, and already. simul, adv., at the same time.
certus, certa, certum, determined, fixed, ille, illa, illud, dem. pron., that; he, she, it, they. speciēs, speciēī, f., sight, appearance, shape.
definite, certain. in, prep. with abl., in, on, among; with acc., into, stō, stāre, stetī, statum, stand.
cōnspectus, cōnspectūs, m., sight, view. onto, against, at. subitō [subitus, unexpected], adv., unexpectedly,
cōnspiciō, cōnspicere, cōnspexī, cōnspectum, iniciō, inicere, iniēcī, iniectum, throw in; suddenly.
behold, perceive, see. inspire; cause. teneō, tenēre, tenuī, tentus, hold, keep; hold
contendō, contendere, contendī, -tentum, exert, lacrima, lacrimae, f., tear. back, restrain, stop.
hasten, march, walk. locus, locī, m., plur. loca, locōrum, n., place, terribilis, terribile, terrible, dreadful.
dēdūcō, dēdūcere, dēdūxī, dēductum, lead situation. timor, timōris, m., fear.
down or away, bring. lītus, lītoris, n., shore. tōtus, tōta, tōtum, all the, the whole or entire.
dēmōnstrō, dēmōnstrāre, dēmōnstrāvī, magnus, magna, magnum large, big. tum, adv., then, at that time;
dēmōnstrātus, point out, show; make known. maximus, -a, -um, largest, biggest, greatest; ubi, adv., where; conj., when.
deplorō, (1), lament. superl. of magnus-a-um. veniō, venire, vēnī, ventum, come.
dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictus, say, speak; diem mōnstrum, mōnstri, n., wonder, monster. video, vidēre vīdī, vīsum, see; pass., seem.

certam. Compare quidam in Chapter 6. Certus means "certain" in the is used of a past action, to represent the action vividly, as if it
sense of "definite" or "sure"; quīdam is used of a person or were going on now. In this use it is called the historical
thing not fully described. Notice the gender of certam. When present. The past tense should generally be used in translating
dies denotes an appointed day, it is feminine. A&G §97, a. it. A&G §469.
certam diem dīxit. Literally, “he said a certain day;” i.e, “he fixed horribilī specie, descriptive ablative (ablative of quality). A&G §415.
the date,” or, “set the date.” omnibus, dative of the indirect object governed by the compound verb
omnia, "all things," "everything," or "all." The neuter plural of an iniēcit.A&G §370. Translate “inspired in all,” but the literal
adjective is often used as a substantive, and may then be meaning is "threw into all." Not all compound verbs govern
generally translated with "things." A&G §288. However we the dative, nor even all verbs compounded with any one
also say just "all" in English preposition. Compare in speculum īnspiciēbat in Chapter 5.
ad lītus, accusative of place to which A&G §426, 2. magnā celeritāte, ablative of manner A&G §412.
ad rūpem, accusative of place to which A&G §426, 2. locō, certain verbs implying motion (here appropinqō) sometimes
quaerit. More frequently in Latin than in English. The present tense take a dative of the indirect object. A&G §363.

demonstrative pronouns / adjectives

hic, haec, hoc ille, illa, illud
M F N M F N
N. hic N. haec N. hoc N. ille N. illa N. illud
G. huius G. huius G. huius G. illius G. illius G. illius
D. huic D. huic D. huic D. illī D. illī D. illī
A. hunc A. hanc A. hoc A. illum A. illam A. illud
A. hōc A. hāc A. hōc A. illō A. illā A. illō

N. hī A. hae N. haec N. illī N. illae N. illa

G. hōrum G. hārum G. hōrum G. illōrum G. illārum G. illōrum
D. hīs D. hīs D. hīs D. illīs D. illīs D. illīs
A. hōs A. hās A. haec A. illōs A. illās A. illa
A. hīs A. hīs A. hīs A. illīs A. illīs A. illīs
 8. THE RESCUE
At Perseus ubi haec vīdit, gladium suum ēdūxit; et postquam tālāria induit, in āera
sublātus est. Tum dēsuper in mōnstrum impetum subitō fēcit, et gladiō suō collum eius graviter
vulnerāvit. Mōnstrum ubi sēnsit vulnus, fremitum horribilem ēdidit, et sine morā tōtum corpus
in aquam mersit. Perseus dum circum lītus volat, reditum eius exspectābat. Mare autem intereā
undique sanguine īnficitur. Post bēlua rūrsus caput sustulit; brevī tempore tamen ā Perseō ictū
graviōre vulnerāta est. Tum iterum sē in undās mersit, neque posteā vīsa est.
ā / ab prep. with abl., by, (away) from. ictus, ictūs, m., blow, strike, hit. sentiō, sentīre, sēnsī, sēnsum, perceive, feel.
āēr, āeris, n., air. impetus, impetūs, m., attack; impetum facere sine, prep. with abl., without.
aqua, aquae, f., water. make an attack. subitō [subitus, unexpected], adv., unexpectedly,
at, conj., but. induō, induere, induī, indūtum, put on, clothe. suddenly.
autem, conj., moreover; but, however; now. īnficiō, īnficere, īnfēcī, īnfectum, stain, dye. ----, suī, sibi, sē, sē, reflex. pron., him-, her-, it-,
bēlua, bēluae, f., beast, monster. intereā, adv., in the meantime, meanwhile. themselves.
brevis, breve, short. iterum, adv., a second time, again. suus, sua, suum [suī], his, her, its or their own.
caput, capitis, n., head. lītus, lītoris, n., shore. tālāria, tālārium, n. pl., winged sandals.
circum, prep. with acc., about, around, round. mare, maris, n., sea. tamen, conj., however, yet, nevertheless.
collum, colli, n., neck. mergō, merger, mersī, mersum, dip, plunge, tempus, temporis, n., time, season.
corpus, corporis, n., body. sink. tollō, tollere, sustulī, sublātum, lift, raise.
dēsuper, adv., down from above. mōnstrum, mōnstri, n., wonder, monster. tōtus, tōta, tōtum, all the, the whole or entire.
dum, conj., while, as; as long as; until. mora, morae, f., delay. tum, adv., then, at that time; etiam tum, even
ēdō, ēdere, ēdidī, ēditum, put forth, give out. neque or nec [ne-, not + -que], conj., and not, then, still.
ēdūcō, ēdūcere, ēdūxī, ēductum, lead out, draw. nor; ubi, adv., where; conj., when.
exspectō (1), look out for, wait for, wait, expect. post, adv., later; afterwards; prep. w. acc., unda, undae, f., wave.
faciō, facere, fēcī, factum, make, do. after. undique, adv., from or on all sides.
fremitus, fremitūs, m., roaring, roar. posteā, adv., after this, afterwards. video, vidēre vīdī, vīsum, see; pass., seem.
gladius, gladiī, m., sword. postquam, conj., later than, after, when. volō, volāre, volāvī, volātum, fly.
gravis, grave, heavy, serious; compar., gravior. reditus, reditūs, m., return. vulnerō, vulnerāre, vulnerāvī, vulnerātum
graviter, adv., severely, seriously. rūrsus, adv., again. wound.
horribilis, horribile, dreadful, terrible, horrible. sanguis, sanguinis, m., blood. vulnus, vulneris, n., wound.

gladiō suō, ablative of means (or instrument) A&G §409. ā Perseō, ablative of agent A&G §405.
dum volat, may be translated “flying.” ictū graviōre, ablative of means (or instrument)? A&G §409.
sanguine, ablative of means A&G §409. in undās, accusative of place to which A&G §426, 2.

personal / demonstrative pronoun / adjective relative pronoun / interrogative adjective

is, ea, id quī, quae, quod
M F N M F N
N. is N. ea N. id N. quī N. quae N. quod
G. eius G. eius G. eius G. cuius G. cuius G. cuius
D. eī D. eī D. eī D. cui D. cui D. cui
A. eum A. eam A. id A. quem A. quam A. quod
A. eō A. eā A. eō A. quō A. quā A. quō

N. eī (iī) A. eae N. ea N. quī N. quae N. quae

G. eōrum G. eārum G. eōrum G. quōrum G. quārum G. quōrum
D. eīs (iīs) D. eīs (iīs) D. eīs (iīs) D. quibus D. quibus D. quibus
A. eōs A. eās A. ea A. quōs A. quās A. quae
A. eīs (iīs) A. eīs (iīs) A. eīs (iīs) A. quibus A. quibus A. quibus

More Irregular 1st & 2nd Declension Adjectives (compare the Genitive and Dative singular endings to the pronouns above)
nūllus, nūlla, nūllum tōtus, tōta, tōtum
N. nūllus A. nūlla N. nūllum N. tōtus N. tōta N. tōtum
G. nūllīus G. nūllīus G. nullīus G. tōtīus G. tōtīus G. tōtīus
D. nūllī D. nūllī D. nūllī D. tōtī D. tōtī D. tōtī
A. nūllum A. nūllam A. nūllum A. tōtum A. tōtam A. tōtum
A. nūllō A. nūllā A. nūllō A. tōtō A. tōtā A. tōtō
 9. THE REWARD OF VALOR
Perseus postquam ad lītus dēscendit, prīmum tālāria exuit; tum ad rūpem vēnit ad quam
Andromeda adligāta erat. Ea autem omnem spem salūtis dēposuerat; et ubi Perseus adiit, terrōre
paene exanimāta erat. Ille vincula statim solvit, et puellam patrī reddidit. Cēpheus ob hanc rem
maximō gaudiō adfectus est. Perseō meritās gratiās prō tantō beneficiō ēgit; praetereā
Andromedam ipsam eī in mātrimōnium dedit. Ille libenter hoc dōnum accēpit et puellam dūxit.
Paucōs annōs cum uxōre suā in eā regiōne habitābat, et in magnō honōre erat apud omnēs
Aethiopēs. Magnopere tamen mātrem suam rūrsus vidēre cupiēbat. Tandem cum uxōre suā ē
regnō Cēpheī discessit.
accipiō, accipere, accēpī, acceptum, receive, put out of breath; faint; tire; kill. prō, prep. with abl., before, in front of; for, on
accept; hear. exuō, exuere, exuī, exūtum, put or take off. behalf of.
adeō, adīre, adiī, aditum, go to, approach. gaudium, gaudiī, n., gladness, joy. puella, puellae, f., girl, maiden.
adficiō, adficere, adfēcī, adfectum, do to, move, gratia, gratiae, f., favor, gratitude, thanks; pl., quī, quae, quod, relat. pron., who, which, that.
affect; afflict. thanks; with agere to give thanks. reddō, reddere, reddidī, redditum, give back,
adligō, adligāre, adligāvī, adlīgātum bind to, habitō, habitāre, habitāvī, habitātum, dwell, return, restore.
bind. live. regiō, regiōnis, f., direction; country, region,
Aethiopēs, Aethiopium, m. pl., Ethiopians. honor, honōris, m., honor. area.
agō, agere, ēgī, āctum, drive; do; pass; lead. ille, illa, illud, dem. pron., that; he, she, it, they. regnum, regnī, n., royal power, rule, throne;
Andromeda, -ae, f., Andromeda. in, prep. with abl., in, on, among; with acc., into, kingdom.
annus, annī, m., year. onto, against, at. rēs, rēī, f., thing, matter, affair, circumstance,
apud, prep. with acc., among, with. ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pron., self, himself, situation.
autem, conj., moreover; but, however; now. etc.; very. rūpēs, rupis, f., rock, cliff.
benefīcium, benefīciī [bene + faciō], n., well- libenter, adv., willingly, gladly. rūrsus, adv., again.
doing, kindness, service. magnopere, adv., greatly, exceedingly. salūs, salūtis, f., safety, deliverance, escape.
Cēpheus, Cēphei, m., Cepheus. magnus, magna, magnum large, big. solvō, solvere, solvī, solūtum, loosen, unbind,
cum, prep. with abl., with. māter, mātris, f. mother. release;open.
cupiō, cupere, cupīvī, cupitum, desire, long for, mātrimōnium, mātrimōnii, n., marriage, in ~ spēs, spēī, f., hope.
wish, want. dūcere, marry. statim, adv., immediately, on the spot, at once.
dēponō, dēpōnere, dēposuī, dēpositum, put maximus, -a,-um, largest, biggest, greatest; sum, esse, fuī, futūrum, be.
down, deposit; lay down, give up. superl. of magnus-a-um. suus, sua, suum [suī], his, her, its or their own.
dēscendō, dēscendere, dēscendī, dēscēnsum, meritus, merita, meritum, deserved, due, just. tandem, adv., at length or at last, finally.
climb down, descend. ob, prep. with acc., on account of, for; against. tantus, tanta, tantum, so great or much.
discēdō, discēdere, discessī, discessus, go apart, omnis, omne, all every. terror, terrōris, m., terror, dread, fright; fear.
withdraw, depart. paene, adv., almost, nearly. ubi, adv., where; conj., when.
dō, dare, dedī, datum, give; put. pater, patris, m., father. uxor, uxōris, f., wife.
dōnum, dōnī, n., gift. paucī, paucae, pauca, pl. adj., few, a few. veniō, venire, vēnī, ventum, come.
dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, ductum, lead, draw, bring. postquam, conj., later than, after, when. video, vidēre vīdī, vīsum, see; pass., seem.
ē / ex, prep. with abl., out of, from; of. praetereā, adv., moreover, besides, besides this. vinculum, vinculī, n., bond, chain.
exanimō, exanimāre, exanimāvī, exanimātum,

exuit. Compare induit, 8, 2. eī, dative of the indirect object. A&G §361-362.
salūtis, objective genitive A&G §347-348. in mātrimōnium dūcere, an idiomatic phrase meaning “to marry.”
terrōre, ablative of cause A&G §404. dūxit, "married." The Roman bridegroom "led" his wife to his own
exanimāta, predicate adjective A&G §272; see also §283-284. home in a wedding (i. e. mātrimōnium) procession.
patrī, dative of the indirect object A&G §361-362. Paucōs annōs, accusative of time how long A&G §423, 2.
ob hanc rem, compare Ob hanc causam in Chapter 6 and propter cum uxōre, ablative of accompaniment A&G §413.
hanc causam in Chapter 5. in eā regiōne, ablative of place where A&G §426,3.
maximō gaudiō, ablative of manner A&G §412. in magnō honōre, ’ ablative of respect (specification) A&G §418.
ipsam. Don’t confuse the intensive pronoun ipse with the reflexive pro- vidēre cupiēbat, complementary infinitive A&G §457.
noun suī. They translate the same way, but denote different ē regnō, ablative of place from which A&G§426, 1.
things. Cēpheī, possessive genitive A&G §343

principle parts: principle parts: principle parts: principle parts: principle parts: principle parts:
1st conjugation 2nd conjugation 3rd conjugation 3rd -iō conjugation 4th conjugation Irregular Conjugation
nēgō, doceō, pōnō iaciō, audiō, ferō,
nēgāre, docēre, pōnere, iacere, audīre, ferre,
nēgāvī docuī posuī iēcī, audīvī, tulī,
nēgātus doctus positus iactus audītus lātus
 10. POLYDECTES IS TURNED TO STONE
Postquam Perseus ad īnsulam nāvem appulit, sē ad locum cōntulit ubi māter quondam
habitāverat, sed domum invēnit vacuam et omnīnō dēsertam. Trēs diēs per tōtam īnsulam
mātrem quaerēbat; tandem quārtō diē ad templum Diānae pervēnit. Hūc Danaē refūgerat, quod
Polydectem timēbat. Perseus ubi haec cognōvit, īrā magnā commōtus est, atque ad rēgiam
Polydectis sine morā contendit. Ubi eō vēnit, statim in ātrium inrūpit. Polydectēs magnō timōre
adfectus est et effugere volēbat. Dum tamen ille fugit, Perseus caput Medūsae ostendit; ille
autem simul atque hoc vīdit, in saxum versus est.
adficiō, adficere, adfēcī, adfectum, do to, move, habitō, habitāre, habitāvī, habitātum, live, quod, conj., that, in that, because.
affect; afflict. dwell. quondam, adv., once upon a time, formerly,
appellō, appellere, appulī, appulsum, drive to, hūc, adv., hither, to this place. once.
bring to. inrumpō, inrupere, inrūpī, inruptum, burst refugiō, refugere refūgī, flee back, run away,
atque, conj., and. into or in. retreat.
ātrium, ātriī, n., hall. īnsula, īnsulae, f., island. rēgia, rēgiae, f., palace.
autem, conj., moreover; but, however; now. inveniō, invenīre, invēnī, inventum, come upon, saxum, saxī, n., rock, stone.
caput, capitis, n., head. find. sed, conjunction, but.
cognōscō, cognōscere, cognōvī, cognitum, find īra, īrae, f., anger, wrath. simul, adv., at the same time; simul atque or ac,
out,, learn; perf., know. locus, locī, m., plur. loca, locōrum, n., place, as soon as.
commoveō, commovēre, commōvī, commōtum, situation. sine, prep. with abl., without.
move, rouse, disturb. magnus, magna, magnum large, big. statim, adv., immediately, on the spot, at once.
cōnferō, cōnferre, cōntulī, cōllātum, grant; māter, mātris, f. mother. ----, suī, sibi, sē, sē, reflex. pron., him-, her-, it-,
with sē, to betake oneself. Medūsa, Medūsae, f., Medusa. themselves.
contendō, contendere, contendī, contentum, mora, morae, f., delay. templum, templi, n. sanctuary, temple.
stretch, hasten, march. nāvis, nāvis, f., ship. timeō, timēre, timuī, fear.
Danaē, Danaēs, acc., Danaēn, f., Danae. omnīnō, adv., altogether, wholly, entirely, at all. timor, timōris, m., fear.
dēsertus, dēserta, dēsertum, deserted. ostendō , ostendere, ostendī, ostentum, stretch tōtus, tōta, tōtum, all the, the whole or entire.
Diāna, Diānae, f. Diana (a goddess). out before, show,explain. trēs, tria, pl. adj., three.
diēs, diēī, m. and f., day. per, prep. with acc., through, by means of. ubi, adv., where; conj., when.
domus, domūs, f., home, house. perveniō, pervenīre, pervēnī, perventum, vacuus, vacua, vacuum, empty.
dum, conj., while, as; as long as; until. arrive, reach, come to. veniō, venire, vēnī, ventum, come.
effugiō, effugere, effūgī, flee out or away, Polydectēs, Polydectis, m., Polydectes. vertō, vertere, vertī, versus, turn.
escape. postquam, conj., after, when; later than. video, vidēre vīdī, vīsum, see; pass., seem.
eō, adv., to that place, thither. quaerō, quaerere, quasīvī, quaesītum, look for, volō, velle, voluī, want, be willing, wish.
fugiō, fugere, fūgī, fugitūrus [fuga], flee, run seek; ask, inquire.
away. quārtus, quārta, quārtum, fourth.

ad īnsulam, accusative of place to which A&G §426, 2. quod, not the relative pronoun, but the conjunction.
Trēs dies, accusative of time how long A&G §423, 2. eō, another adverb of place, more general than hūc, formed from the
quārtō diē, ablative of time when A&G §423, 1. pronoun is, ea, id.
Hūc, see note in Chapter 3 on hinc, hīc and hūc. They are all adverbs *Take note of the three verbs in this Chapter that derive from fugiō.
of place (A&G §217) formed from the pronoun hic, haec, hoc.

pres. act. indic. pres. act. indic. pres. act. indic. pres. act. indic. pres. act. indic. pres. act. indic.
1st servō 1st videō 1st agō 1st faciō 1st veniō 1st ferō
2nd servās 2nd vidēs 2nd agis 2nd facis 2nd venīs 2nd fers
3rd servat 3rd videt 3rd agit 3rd facit 3rd venit 3rd fert

1st servāmus 1st vidēmus 1st agimus 1st facimus 1st venīmus 1st ferimus
2nd servātis 2nd vidētis 2nd agitis 2nd facitis 2nd venītis 2nd fertis
3rd servant 3rd vident 3rd agunt 3rd faciunt 3rd veniunt 3rd ferunt

imperf. act. indic. imperf. act. indic. imperf. act. indic. imperf. act. indic. imperf. act. indic. imperf. act. indic.
1st dābam 1st sedēbam 1st ēvādēbam 1st fugiēbam 1st dormiēbam 1st ferēbam
2nd dābās 2nd sedēbās 2nd ēvādēbās 2nd fugiēbās 2nd dormiēbās 2nd ferēbās
3rd dābat 3rd sedēbat 3rd ēvādēbat 3rd fugiēbat 3rd dormiēbat 3rd ferēbat

1st dābāmus 1st sedēbāmus 1st ēvādēbāmus 1st fugiēbāmus 1st dormiēbāmus 1st ferēbamus
2nd dābātis 2nd sedēbātis 2nd ēvādēbātis 2nd fugiēbātis 2nd dormiēbātis 2nd ferēbātis
3rd dābant 3rd sedēbant 3rd ēvādēbant 3rd fugiēbant 3rd dormiēbant 3rd ferēbant
 11. THE ORACLE IS FULFILLED
Posteā Perseus cum uxōre suā ad urbem Acrisī rediit. Ille autem ubi Perseum vīdit,
magnō terrōre adfectus est; nam propter ōrāculum istud nepōtem suum timēbat. Itaque in
Thessaliam ad urbem Lārīsam statim refūgit, frūstrā tamen; neque enim fātum suum vītāvit.
Post paucōs annōs rēx Lārīsae lūdōs magnōs fēcit; nuntiōs in omnēs partēs dīmīserat et diem
dīxerat. Multī ex omnibus urbibus Graeciae ad lūdōs convēnērunt. Ipse Perseus certāmen discī
iniit. At dum discum conicit, avum suum cāsū occīdit; Acrisius enim inter spectātōrēs eius
certāminis forte stābat.
Acrisius, Acrisiī, m., Acrisius. Graecia, Graeciae, f., Greece. post, adv., later; afterwards; preposition w. acc.,
adficiō, adficere, adfēcī, adfectum, do to, move, ineō, inīre, iniī, initum, go into, enter; adopt. after.
affect; afflict. inter, prep. with acc., between; among. posteā, adv., after this, afterwards.
annus, annī, m., year. ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pron., self, himself, propter, prep. with acc., on account of, because
at, conj., but. etc.; very. of, for.
avus, avī, m., grandfather. iste, ista, istud, dem. pron., that of yours, that. redeō, redīre, rediī, reditum, go back, return.
cāsus, cāsūs, m., fall; chance, accident. itaque, conj., and so, accordingly, therefore. refugiō, refugere, refūgī, flee back, run away,
certāmen, certāminis, n., struggle, contest. Lārīsa, Lārisae, f., Larissa. retreat.
coniciō, conicere, coniēcī, coniectum, throw, lūdus, lūdī, m., game, sport. rēx, rēgis, m., king.
cast, hurl. magnus, magna, magnum large, big. spectātor, spectātōris, m., spectator, looker-on.
conveniō, convenīre, convēnī, conventum, nam or namque, conj., for. statim, adv., immediately, on the spot, at once.
come together, assemble. nepōs, nepōtis, m. grandson. stō, stāre, stetī, statum, stand.
cum, prep. with abl., with. neque or nec [ne-, not + -que], conj., and not, suus, sua, suum [suī], his, her, its or their own.
dīmittō, dīmittere, dīmīsī, dīmissum, send nor; neque ... neque, neither ... terror, terrōris [terreō], m., terror, fright.
away, dismiss. nor; neque enim, for ... not. Thessalia, Thessaliae, f., Thessaly (a country).
discus, discī, m., discus. nuntius, nuntiī. m., messenger; message. timeō, timēre, timuī, fear.
dum, conj., while, as; as long as; until. occīdō, occīdere, occīdī, occīsum, cut down, kill. ubi, adv., where; conj., when.
enim, conj., for. omnis, omne, all every. urbs, urbis, f., city.
faciō, facere, fēcī, factum, make, do. ōrāculum, ōrāculī [ōrō], n., oracle. uxor, uxōris, f., wife.
fātum, fāti, n., destiny, fate. pars, partis, f., part, side, direction. video, vidēre vīdī, vīsum, see; pass., seem.
forte, adv., by chance, accidentally. paucī, paucae, pauca, pl. adj., few, a few. vītō, vītāre, vītāvī, vītātum, avoid, escape.
frūstrā, adv., in vain.

cum uxōre, ablative of accompaniment A&G §413. diem dīxerat. “Literally, “he had said a certain day;” i.e, he had
ad urbem accusative of place to which A&G §426, 2. "fixed the date," or, "set the date."
magnō terrōre, ablative of manner A&G §412. discī, a round, flat piece of stone or metal. As now, the athlete who
ōrāculum, the one mentioned in Chapter 1. threw it the farthest won the contest.
Lārīsam. See the note in Chapter 2, on Seriphum. cāsū, one of the words that are used without cum or a modifying
neque enim, "for . . . not," as if it were non enim. adjective in the ablative of manner A&G §412.
Post paucōs annōs accusative of time how long A&G §423, 2. stābat. Bring out the force of the tense in your translation. A&G
in omnēs partēs accusative of place to which A&G §426, 2. §470-471.

fut. act. indic. fut. act. indic. fut. act. indic. fut. act. indic. fut. act. indic. fut. act. indic.
1st vulnerābō 1st timēbō 1st mergam 1st capiam 1st sentiam 1st feram
2nd vulnerābis 2nd timēbis 2nd mergēs 2nd capiēs 2nd sentiēs 2nd ferēs
3rd vulnerābit 3rd timēbit 3rd merget 3rd capiet 3rd sentiet 3rd feret

1st vulnerābimus 1st timēbimus 1st mergēmus 1st capiēmus 1st sentiēmus 1st ferēmus
2nd vulnerābitis 2nd timēbitis 2nd mergētis 2nd capiētis 2nd sentiētis 2nd ferētis
3rd vulnerābunt 3rd timēbunt 3rd mergent 3rd capient 3rd sentient 3rd ferent

pres. pass. indic. pres. pass. indic. pres. pass. indic. pres. pass. indic. pres. pass. indic. pres. pass. indic.
1st necor 1st moveor 1st agor 1st rapior 1st mūnior 1st feror
2nd necāris 2nd movēris 2nd ageris 2nd raperis 2nd mūnīris 2nd ferris
3rd necātur 3rd movētur 3rd agitur 3rd rapitur 3rd mūnitur 3rd fertur

1st necāmur 1st movēmur 1st agimur 1st rapimur 1st mūnīmur 1st ferimur
2nd necāminī 2nd movēminī 2nd agiminī 2nd rapiminī 2nd mūnīminī 2nd feriminī
3rd necantur 3rd moventur 3rd aguntur 3rd rapiuntur 3rd mūniuntur 3rd feruntur
 HERCULES
Hercules, a Greek hero celebrated for his great strength,
was pursued throughout his life by the hatred of Juno. While
yet an infant, he strangled the serpents sent by the goddess
to destroy him. During his boyhood and youth he did various
marvelous feats, and on reaching manhood succeeded in
delivering the Thebans from the oppression of the Minyae. In
a fit of madness sent upon him by Juno, he slew his own
children. When he inquired of the Delphic oracle how he
should cleanse himself from this crime, he was ordered to
submit himself for twelve years to Eurystheus, king of Tiryns,
and to perform whatever tasks were appointed him. Hercules
obeyed the oracle, and during the twelve years of his
servitude accomplished twelve extraordinary feats known as
the Labors of Hercules. His death was caused
unintentionally by his wife Dejanira. Hercules had shot with
a poisoned arrow a centaur named Nessus, who, before he
died, gave some of his blood to Dejanira, and told her it
would act as a charm to secure her husband’s love. Some
time after, wishing to try the charm, Dejanira soaked one of
her husband’s garments in the blood, not knowing that it was
poisoned. Hercules put on the robe, and after suffering
terrible torments died, or was carried off by his father
Jupiter.
 12. THE HATRED OF JUNO
Herculēs, Alcmēnae fīlius, quondam in Graeciā habitābat. Hic omnium hominum
validissimus fuisse dīcitur. At Iūnō, rēgīna deōrum, Alcmēnam ōderat et Herculem etiam tum
īnfantem necāre voluit. Itaque duās serpentēs saevissimās mīsit; hae mediā nocte in cubiculum
Alcmēnae vēnērunt, ubi Herculēs cum frātre suō dormiēbat. Nec tamen in cūnīs, sed in scūtō
magnō cubābant. Serpentēs iam appropinquāverant et scūtum movēbant; ita puerī ē somnō
excitātī sunt.
Alcmēna, Alcmēnae, f., Alcmena. frāter, frātris, m., brother. necō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, put to death, slay, kill.
cubiculum, cubiculī, n., bedroom. Graecia, Graeciae, f., IGreece ōdī, ōdisse, ōsūrus, hate.
cubō, cubāre, cubuī, cubitum, lie down, lie, Herculēs, Herculis, m., Hercules. rēgīna, -ae, f., queen.
recline. īnfāns, -fantis [in-, not + present participle of saevus, -a, -um, fierce, savage.
cūnae, cūnārum, f. pl., cradle(s), crib(s). for, speak], m. and f., infant, babe. scūtum, -ī, n., shield.
duo, duae, duo, pl. adj., two. Iūnō, Iūnōnis, f., Juno. serpēns, serpentis, f., serpent; snake.
excitō (1), call out, rouse, arouse. moveō, movēre, mōvī, mōtum, move. validus, -a, -um, strong; superl., validissimus.

omnium hominum, partitive genitive A&G §346. "at midnight." Some Latin adjectives can be used to denote
ōderat, ‘hated.’ ōdī is perfect in form, but present in meaning; so the a part. A&G §293; ablative of time when A&G §423, 1.
past perfect (pluperfect) has the force of a past (imperfect). cum fratre, ablative of accompaniment A&G §413.
Also, it is what we call a defective verb A&G §205. It is in cūnīs and in scūtō, ablative of place where A&G §426,3. Note the
only perfect in form, hence the principle parts. different ways in is translated in the two expressions.
etiam tum īnfantem, literally “even then an infant,”could be rendered movēbant. Contrast this tense with appropinquāverant and excitātī
by a relative clause, “who was at that time an infant.” sunt. A&G §470-471.
mediā nocte, "in the middle of the night," "in the dead of night," or ē somnō, ablative of separation A&G §400-401.

imperf. pass. indic. imperf. pass. indic. imperf. pass. indic. imperf. pass. indic. imperf. pass. indic. fut. act. indic.
1st necābar 1st movēbar 1st agēbar 1st rapiēbar 1st mūniēbar 1st ferēbar
2nd necābāris 2nd movēbāris 2nd agēbāris 2nd rapiēbāris 2nd mūniēbāris 2nd ferēbāris
3rd necābātur 3rd movēbātur 3rd agēbātur 3rd rapiēbātur 3rd mūniēbātur 3rd ferēbātur

1st necābāmur 1st movēbāmur 1st agēbāmur 1st rapiēbāmur 1st mūniēbāmur 1st ferēbāmur
2nd necābāminī 2nd movēbāminī 2nd agēbāminī 2nd rapiēbāminī 2nd mūniēbāminī 2nd ferēbāminī
3rd necābantur 3rd movēbantur 3rd agēbantur 3rd rapiēbantur 3rd mūniēbantur 3rd ferēbāntur

fut. pass. indic. fut. pass. indic. fut. pass. indic. fut. pass. indic. fut. pass. indic. fut. pass. indic.
1st necābor 1st movēbor 1st agar 1st rapiar 1st mūniar 1st ferar
2nd necāberis 2nd movēberis 2nd agēris 2nd rapiēris 2nd mūniēris 2nd ferēris
3rd necābitur 3rd movēbitur 3rd agētur 3rd rapietur 3rd mūniētur 3rd ferētur

1st necābimur 1st movēbimur 1st agēmur 1st rapiēmur 1st mūniēmur 1st ferēmur
2nd necābiminī 2nd movēbiminī 2nd agēminī 2nd rapiēminī 2nd mūniēminī 2nd ferēminī
3rd necābuntur 3rd movēbuntur 3rd agentur 3rd rapientur 3rd mūnientur 3rd ferentur

perf. act. indic. perf. act. indic. perf. act. indic. perf. act. indic. perf. act. indic. perf. act. indic.
1st excitāvī 1st rīsī 1st accendī 1st interfēcī 1st audīvī 1st tulī
2nd excitāvistī 2nd rīsistī 2nd accendistī 2nd interfēcistī 2nd audīvistī 2nd tulistī
3rd excitāvit 3rd rīsit 3rd accendit 3rd interfēcit 3rd audīvit 3rd tulit

1st excitāvimus 1st rīsimus 1st accendimus 1st interfēcimus 1st audīvimus 1st tulimus
2nd excitāvistis 2nd rīsistis 2nd accendistis 2nd interfēcistis 2nd audīvistis 2nd tulistis
3rd excitāvērunt 3rd rīsērunt 3rd accendērunt 3rd interfēcērunt 3rd audīvērunt 3rd tulērunt

pluperf. act. indic. pluperf. act. indic. pluperf. act. indic. pluperf. act. indic. pluperf. act. indic. pluperf. act. indic.
1st excitāveram 1st rīseram 1st accenderam 1st interfēceram 1st audīveram 1st tuleram
2nd excitāverās 2nd rīserās 2nd accenderās 2nd interfēcerās 2nd audīverās 2nd tulerās
3rd excitāverat 3rd rīserat 3rd accenderat 3rd interfēcerat 3rd audīverat 3rd tulerat

1st excitāverāmus 1st rīserāmus 1st accenderāmus 1st interfēcerāmus 1st audīverāmus 1st tulerāmus
2nd excitāverātis 2nd rīserātis 2nd accenderātis 2nd interfēcerātis 2nd audīverātis 2nd tulerātis
3rd excitāverant 3rd rīserant 3rd accenderant 3rd interfēcerant 3rd audīverant 3rd tulerant
 13. HERCULES AND THE SERPENTS
Īphiclēs, frāter Herculis, magnā vōce exclāmāvit; sed Herculēs ipse, fortissimus puer,
nūllō modō territus est. Parvīs manibus serpentēs statim prehendit, et colla eārum magnā vī
compressit. Tālī modō serpentēs ā puerō interfectae sunt. Alcmēna autem, māter puerōrum,
clāmōrem audīverat et marītum suum ē somnō excitāverat. Ille lūmen accendit et gladium suum
arripuit; tum ad puerōs properāvit. Sed ubi ad locum vēnit, rem mīram vīdit; Herculēs enim
rīdēbat et serpentēs mortuās dēmōnstrābat.
accendō (3), -cendī, -censum, kindle, light. frāter, frātris, m., brother. mortuus, mortua, mortuum, [participle of
Alcmēna, -ae, f., Alcmena. gladius, gladiī, m., sword. morior] dead.
arripiō (M), -ripuī, -reptum, snatch up, Herculēs, Herculis, m., Hercules. prehendō (3), -hendī, -hensum, seize, grab,
seize; grab. interficiō (M), -fēcī, fectum, put out of the apprehend.
autem, conj., moreover; but, however; now. way, kill. properō (1), hasten, hurry.
clāmor, clāmōris, m., noise, shout, clamor. Īphiclēs, Īphiclis, m., Iphicles, Hercules' rīdeō (2), rīsī, rīsum, laugh.
collum, colli, n., neck. brother. serpēns, serpentis, f., serpent; snake.
comprīmō (3), -pressī, -pressum, squeeze, lūmen, lūminis, n., light. statim [stō], adv., on the spot, forthwith, at
press together. marītus, marītī, m., husband. once, immediately.
excitō (1), call out, rouse, arouse. mīrus, mīra, mīrum, wonderful, strange terreō (2) –uī, -itum, frighten, terrify.
exclāmō (1), shout or cry out, exclaim. modus, modī, m., way, manner. vōx, vōcis, f., voice.
fortis, forte, brave; superl., fortissimus.

magnā vōce , ablative of manner A&G §412. ē somnō, ablative of separation A&G §400-401.
nūllō modō, “in no way,” ablative of manner A&G §412, b. ad puerōs, even though puerōs is not strictly a place, the construction is
manibus, ablative of means (or instrument)? A&G §409. still used because of the motion towards the place where they
magnā vī, ablative of manner A&G §412. are. accusative of place to which A&G §426, 2.
Tālī modō is here equivalent to hōc modō; ablative of manner A&G ad locum, accusative of place to which A&G §426, 2.
§412, b. rīdēbat and dēmōnstrābat, compare the action of these imperfects
ā puerō, ablative of agent A&G §405. with the action of the five perfect tense verbs preceding.

fut. perf. act. indic. fut. perf. act. indic. fut. perf. act. indic. fut. perf. act. indic. fut. perf. act. indic. fut. perf. act. indic.
1st excitāverō 1st rīserō 1st accenderō 1st interfēcerō 1st audīverō 1st tulerō
2nd excitāveris 2nd rīseris 2nd accenderis 2nd interfēceris 2nd audīveris 2nd tuleris
3rd excitāverit 3rd rīserit 3rd accenderit 3rd interfēcerit 3rd audīverit 3rd tulerit

1st excitāverimus 1st rīserimus 1st accenderimus 1st interfēcerimus 1st audīverimus 1st tulerimus
2nd excitāveritis 2nd rīseritis 2nd accenderitis 2nd interfēceritis 2nd audīveritis 2nd tuleritis
3rd excitāverint 3rd rīserint 3rd accenderint 3rd interfēcerint 3rd audīverint 3rd tulerint

perf. pass. indic. perf. pass. indic. perf. pass. indic. perf. pass. indic. perf. pass. indic. perf. pass. indic.
1st superātus sum 1st habitus sum 1st pensus sum 1st iactus sum 1st punītus sum 1st lātus sum
2nd superātus es 2nd habitus es 2nd pensus es 2nd iactus es 2nd punītus es 2nd lātus es
3rd superātus est 3rd habitus est 3rd pensus est 3rd iactus est 3rd punītus est 3rd lātus est

1st superātī sumus 1st habitī sumus 1st pensī sumus 1st iactī sumus 1st punītī sumus 1st lātī sumus
2nd superātī estis 2nd habitī estis 2nd pensī estis 2nd iactī estis 2nd punītī estis 2nd lātī estis
3rd superātī sunt 3rd habitī sunt 3rd pensī sunt 3rd iactī sunt 3rd punītī sunt 3rd lātī sunt

pluperf. pass. indic. pluperf. pass. indic. pluperf. pass. indic. pluperf. pass. indic. pluperf. pass. indic. pluperf. pass. indic.
1st creātus eram 1st tentus eram 1st strūctus eram 1st cupītus eram 1st sensus eram 1st lātus eram
2nd creātus erās 2nd tentus erās 2nd strūctus erās 2nd cupītus erās 2nd sensus erās 2nd lātus erās
3rd creātus est 3rd tentus erat 3rd strūctus erat 3rd cupītus erat 3rd sensus erat 3rd lātus erat

1st creātī erāmus 1st tentī erāmus 1st strūctī erāmus 1st cupītī erāmus 1st sensī erāmus 1st lātī erāmus
2nd creātī erātis 2nd tentī erātis 2nd strūctī erātis 2nd cupītī erātis 2nd sensī erātis 2nd lātī erātis
3rd creātī erant 3rd tentī erant 3rd strūctī erant 3rd cupītī erant 3rd sensī erant 3rd lātī erant

fut. perf. pass. indic. fut. perf. pass. indic. fut. perf. pass. indic. fut. perf. pass. indic. fut. perf. pass. indic. fut. perf. pass. indic.
1st creātus erō 1st tentus erō 1st strūctus erō 1st cupītus erō 1st sensus erō 1st lātus erō
2nd creātus eris 2nd tentus eris 2nd strūctus eris 2nd cupītus eris 2nd sensus eris 2nd lātus eris
3rd creātus erit 3rd tentus erit 3rd strūctus erit 3rd cupītus erit 3rd sensus erit 3rd lātus erit

1st creātī erimus 1st tentī erimus 1st strūctī erimus 1st cupītī erimus 1st sensī erimus 1st lātī erimus
2nd creātī eritis 2nd tentī eritis 2nd strūctī eritis 2nd cupītī eritis 2nd sensī eritis 2nd lātī eritis
3rd creātī erunt 3rd tentī erunt 3rd strūctī erunt 3rd cupītī erunt 3rd sensī erunt 3rd lātī erunt
 14. THE MUSIC LESSON
Herculēs ā puerō corpus suum dīligenter exercēbat; magnam partem diēī in palaestrā
cōnsūmēbat. Didicit etiam arcum intendere et tēla conicere. Hīs exercitātiōnibus vīrēs eius
cōnfīrmātae sunt. In mūsicā etiam ā Linō quōdam ērudiēbātur; huic tamen artī minus dīligenter
studēbat. Linus Herculem quondam obiūrgābat, quod nōn studiōsus erat; puer īrātus citharam
subitō arripuit, et omnibus vīribus caput magistrī īnfelīcis percussit. Ille ictū prōstrātus est, et
paulō post ē vītā excessit; neque quisquam posteā id officium suscipere voluit.
arcus, arcūs, m., bow. Herculēs, Herculis, m., Hercules. paulum, -ī, n., a little; paulō, by a little,
arripiō (M), -ripuī, -reptum, snatch up, īctus, īctūs [īcō, strike], m., blow. somewhat.
seize; grab. īnfēlix, īnfēlicis, adj., unhappy, unfortunate, percutiō (M), -cussī, -cussum, strike through,
ars, artis, f., art. ill-starred. strike.
cithara, citharae, f., cithara, lyre. intendō (3), -tendī, -tentum, stretch (out), prōsternō (3), -strāvī, -strātum, lay low,
cōnfīrmō (1), strengthen, establish; declare, draw, aim. knock down.
assert. īrātus, īrāta, īrātum, angered, enraged, quis-quam, quicquam, indef. pron., any one,
consūmō (3), -sūmpsī, sūmptum, use up, angry, furious. anything.
spend, consume. Linus, Linī, m., Linus. quod [quī], conj., that, in that, because.
dīligenter, adv., hard, carefully, diligently. magister, magistrī, m., master; teacher. studeō (2), studuī, be eager, apply oneself,
discō (3), didicī, learn. minus, adv., less. give attention.
ērudiō (4), ērudīvī, ērudītum, instruct.. mūsica, mūsicae, f., music. studiōsus, -a, -um, eager, diligent, studious.
excēdō (3), -cessī, cessum, go out or forth, obiūrgō (1), -iūrgāvī, -iūrgātum, chide, suscipiō (3), -cēpī, ceptum, undertake.
depart. scold, reproach. tēlum, tēlī, n., weapon, missile, spear.
exerceō (2), exercui, exercitum, exercise. officium, officiī, n., service; duty.
exercitātiō, exercitātiōnis, f., exercise. palaestra, -ae, f., palaestra, wrestling-place.

ā puerō, literally “from a boy,” i.e., “from (when he was) a boy;” so “with all his strength.” ablative of manner A&G §412.
figurativally “from boyhood.” magistrī, genitive of possession A&G §343.
exercēbat, the past (imperfect) tense here represents the action as ictū, ablative of means or instrument A&G §409.
habitual, one of its regular uses. A&G §470-471. paulō post, “a little later,” literally “later by a little.” Paulō is the
diēī, partitive genitive A&G §346. ablative of degree of difference A&G §414, a construction
in palaestrā, ablative of place where A&G §426,3. used with comparatives and certain other words denoting
intendere et . . . conicere, complementary infinitives A&G §456. difference, to tell how much the difference is.
Hīs exercitātiōnibus, ablative of cause A&G §404. ē vītā, ablative of separation A&G §400-401.
In mūsicā, ablative of specification A&G §418. neque quisquam, "and no one," literally "and not any one."
ā Linō, ablative of agent A&G §405. Quisquam is used in expressing a negative idea. A&G
artī. Certain intransitive verbs govern the dative and studeō is one of §311-312.
them. dative with intransitive verbs A&G §368, 3. suscipere, complementary infinitives A&G §456.
omnibus vīribus. Here the phrase means “with all his might” or

pres. act. subjunct. pres. act. subjunct. pres. act. subjunct. pres. act. subjunct. pres. act. subjunct. pres. act. subjunct.
1st stem 1st doceam 1st regam 1st fugiam 1st serviam 1st feram
2nd stēs 2nd doceās 2nd regās 2nd fugiās 2nd serviās 2nd ferās
3rd stet 3rd doceat 3rd regat 3rd fugiat 3rd serviat 3rd ferat

1st stēmus 1st doceāmus 1st regāmus 1st fugiāmus 1st serviāmus 1st ferāmus
2nd stētis 2nd doceātis 2nd regātis 2nd fugiātis 2nd serviātis 2nd ferātis
3rd stent 3rd doceant 3rd regant 3rd fugiant 3rd serviant 3rd ferant

imperf. act. subjunct. imperf. act. subjunct. imperf. act. subjunct. imperf. act. subjunct. imperf. act. subjunct. imperf. act. subjunct.
1st stārem 1st docērem 1st regerem 1st fugerem 1st servīrem 1st ferrem
2nd stārēs 2nd docērēs 2nd regerēs 2nd fugerēs 2nd servīrēs 2nd ferrēs
3rd stāret 3rd docēret 3rd regeret 3rd fugeret 3rd servīret 3rd ferret

1st stārēmus 1st docērēmus 1st regerēmus 1st fugerēmus 1st servīrēmus 1st ferrēmus
2nd stārētis 2nd docērētis 2nd regerētis 2nd fugerētis 2nd servīrētis 2nd ferrētis
3rd stārent 3rd docērent 3rd regerent 3rd fugerent 3rd servīrent 3rd ferrent

Pres. Act. & Pass. Subj. Imperfect Act. & Pass. Subj. Perf. Act. (only) Subj. Pluperf. Act. (only) Subj.
1st 2nd 3rd 3rd –iō 4th present active infinitive + perfect active stem + perfect active infinitive +
We beat a friar liar personal endings -eri- + act. personal endings active personal endings
Perf. Pass. (only) Subj. Pluperf. Pass. (only) Subj.
perfect passive participle perfect passive participle
+ pres. subjunctive of esse + imprf. subjunctive of esse
 15. HERCULES ESCAPES SACRIFICE
Dē Hercule haec etiam nārrantur. Quondam dum iter facit, in finēs Aegyptiōrum vēnit.
Ibi rēx quīdam nōmine Būsīris, illō tempore rēgnābat; hic autem vir crūdēlissimus hominēs
immolāre cōnsuēverat. Herculem igitur corripuit et in vincula coniēcit. Tum nūntiōs dīmīsit et
diem sacrificiō dīxit. Iam ea diēs appetēbat, et omnia rīte parāta sunt. Manūs Herculis catēnīs
ferreīs vīnctae sunt, et mola salsa in caput eius imposita est. Mōs enim erat apud antīquōs salem
et far in caput victimārum impōnere. Iam victima ad āram stābat; iam sacerdōs cultrum
sūmpserat. Subitō tamen Herculēs magnō cōnātū vincula perrūpit. Tum ūnō ictū sacerdōtem
prōstrāvit; alterō rēgem ipsum occīdit.
Aegyptiī,Aegyptiōrum, m. pl., Egyptians. crūdēlis, crūdēle, cruel. perrumpō (3), -rūpī, ruptum, burst or break
alter, altera, alterum, one or the other (of culter, cultrī, m., knife. through.
two); another, second. dī-mittō, -mittere, -mīsī, -missus, send prōsternō (3), -strāvī, -strātum, lay low,
antīquus, antīqua, antīquum old, ancient; as different ways, send forth or knock down.
substantive in the plural, the away, despatch; let slip, lose. rēgnō (1), rēgnāvī, rēgnātum, reign, rule
ancients. far, farris, n., spelt, wheat; meal. rīte, adv., duly, fitly.
appetō (3), -petīvī, petītum, draw near. ferreus, ferrea, ferreum, of iron, iron. sacerdōs, sacerdōtis, m. and f., priest,
apud, prep, with acc., among, with. Herculēs, Herculis, m., Hercules. priestess.
āra, ārae, f., altar. īctus, īctūs [īcō, strike], m., blow. sacrificium, sacrificiī, n., sacrifice.
Būsīris, Būsīridis, m., Busiris. immolō (1), -āvī, -ātum, sacrifice. sāl, salis, m., salt.
catēna, catēnae, f., chain. impōnō (3), -posuī, -positum, place or lay salsus, salsa, salsum, salted, salt.
conātus, conātūs, m., try, attempt, effort. upon, impose. sūmō (3), sūmpsī, sūmptum, take up, take.
cōnsuēscō (3), -suēvī, -suētum, become iter, itineris, n., a going, journey, march; iter victima, -ae, f., victim.
accustomed. facere to make a journey. vinciō (4), vīnxī, vīnctum, bind.
corripiō (M), -ripuī,-reptum, snatch up, mola, molae, f., meal; food. vinculum, vinculī [vinciō], n., bond, chain.
seize. mōs, mōris, m., way, manner, habit, custom.

nōmine, "by name," ablative of respect (specification) A&G §418. impōnere as subject and mōs as predicate noun. A&G §272.
hominēs here means "human beings," both men and women. Vir iam, the omission of the conjunction, which would normally connect
denotes a man as distinguished from a woman. this clause with the one preceding, and the emphatic repetition
cōnsuēverat, "was accustomed," literally "had become accustomed." of iam, which serves to connect the two clauses, reflect the
A&G §476-477. imminence of danger; and the tenses of the verbs contribute to
sacrificiō, "for the sacrifice," dative of purpose A&G §382, 2. the vividness of the picture. We see Hercules standing at the
ea, notice the gender of ea. When dies denotes an appointed day, it is altar and the priest with the knife in his hand.
usually feminine. A&G §97, a. magnō cōnātū, ablative of manner A&G §412.
Mōs . . . erat . . . impōnere, copulative use of sum with the infinitive ūnō ictū and alterō, ablatives of means (or instrument)? A&G §409.

perf. act. subjunct. perf. act. subjunct. perf. act. subjunct. perf. act. subjunct. perf. act. subjunct. perf. act. subjunct.
1st steterim 1st docuerim 1st rēxerim 1st fūgerim 1st servīverim 1st tulerim
2nd steteris 2nd docueris 2nd rēxeris 2nd fūgeris 2nd servīveris 2nd tuleris
3rd steterit 3rd docuerit 3rd rēxerit 3rd fūgerit 3rd servīverit 3rd tulerit

1st steterimus 1st docuerimus 1st rēxerimus 1st fūgerimus 1st servīverimus 1st tulerimus
2nd steteritis 2nd docueritis 2nd rēxeritis 2nd fūgeritis 2nd servīveritis 2nd tuleritis
3rd steterint 3rd docuerint 3rd rēxerint 3rd fūgerint 3rd servīverint 3rd tulerint

pluperf. act. subjunc. pluperf. act. subjunc. pluperf. act. subjunc. pluperf. act. subjunc. pluperf. act. subjunc. pluperf. act. subjunc.
1st stetissem 1st docuissem 1st rēxissem 1st fūgissem 1st servīvissem 1st tulissem
2nd stetissēs 2nd docuissēs 2nd rēxissēs 2nd fūgissēs 2nd servīvissēs 2nd tulissēs
3rd stetisset 3rd docuisset 3rd rēxisset 3rd fūgisset 3rd servīvisset 3rd tulisset

1st stetissēmus 1st docuissēmus 1st rēxissēmus 1st fūgissēmus 1st servīvissēmus 1st tulissēmus
2nd stetissētis 2nd docuissētis 2nd rēxissētis 2nd fūgissētis 2nd servīvissētis 2nd tulissētis
3rd stetissent 3rd docuissent 3rd rēxissent 3rd fūgissent 3rd servīvissent 3rd tulissent
 16. A CRUEL DEED
Herculēs iam adulēscēns Thēbīs habitābat. Rēx Thēbārum, vir ignāvus, Creōn
appellābātur. Minyae, gēns bellicōsissima, Thēbānīs fīnitimī erant. Lēgātī autem ā Minyīs ad
Thēbānōs quotannīs mittēbantur; hī Thēbās veniēbant et centum bovēs postulābant. Thēbānī
enim, quoniam ā Minyīs superātī erant, tribūtum rēgī Minyārum quotannīs pendēbant. At
Herculēs cīvēs suōs hōc tribūtō līberāre cōnstituit; itaque lēgātōs comprehendit atque aurēs
eōrum abscīdit. Lēgātī autem apud omnēs gentēs sānctī habentur.
abscīdō (3) -cīdī, -cīsum, cut away or off. Creōn, Creontis, m., Creon. release.
adulēscēns, -entis, m., youth, young man. enim, conjunction, for, in fact, indeed. Minyae, -ārum, m. pl., Minyae.
apud, prep, with acc., among, with. fīnitimus, -a, -um, neighboring, adjoining, pendō (3), pependī, pēnsum, weigh out, pay.
auris, auris, f., ear. adjacent. postulō (1), -āvī, -ātum, ask, request, demand.
autem, conj., moreover; but, however; now. gēns, gēntis, f., race, kind; people, family, quoniam, conj., since.
bellicōsus, bellicōsa, bellicōsum, warlike. nation. quotannīs, adv., every year, yearly, annually.
bōs, bovis, gen. pl. boum, dat. and abl. pl. Herculēs, Herculis, m., Hercules. sānctus, sāncta, sānctum, consecrated,
būbus, m. and f., ox, bull, cow. īgnāvus, -a, -um [in-, not + gnāvus, active], sacred.
centum, indecl. adj., one hundred. lazy, cowardly. superō (1), -āvī, -ātum, overcome, defeat,
cīvis, cīvis, m. and f., citizen, fellow-citizen, īrātus, -a, -um [part, of īrāscor], angered, conquer.
subject. enraged, angry, furious. Thēbae, -ārum, f. pl., Thebes.
com-prehendō, -prehendere, -prehendī, - lēgātus, lēgātī, m., ambassador, envoy. Thēbānī, -ōrum, m. pl., Thebans.
prehēnsus, seize, catch. līberō (1), -āvī, ātum, set free, free, liberate, tribūtum, ī, n., contribution, tribute.

Thēbīs, "at Thebes," the locative case A&G §427, 3. Some Latin pendēbant. From pendō, we get words like "suspend," and "depend"
names of towns are plural in form. that denote the idea of "hanging" or "weighing" (in the
Thēbānīs fīnitimī, "neighbors of the Thebans," more literally, balance). Payment in ancient times was made by using a scale
"adjacent to the Thebans." Certain adjectives take the dative and weighing out some measure of payment.
A&G §383-384 and footnote. hōc tribūtō, ablative of separation A&G §400-401. Līberō usually
Thēbās. The accusative of names of cities, towns, small islands, takes the ablative without a preposition.
domus and rūs, etc., is used without a preposition to express līberāre constituit, complementary infinitive A&G §457 and A&G
place to which A&G §427, 2. §563, d.

pres. pass. subjunct. pres. pass. subjunct. pres. pass. subjunct. pres. pass. subjunct. pres. pass. subjunct. pres. pass. subjunct.
1st postuler 1st habear 1st trādar 1st īnspiciar 1st aperiar 1st ferar
2nd postulēris 2nd habeāris 2nd trādāris 2nd īnspiciāris 2nd aperiāris 2nd ferāris
3rd postulētur 3rd habeatur 3rd trādatur 3rd īnspiciatur 3rd aperiatur 3rd feratur

1st postulēmur 1st habeāmur 1st trādāmur 1st īnspiciāmur 1st aperiāmur 1st ferāmur
2nd postulēminī 2nd habeāminī 2nd trādāminī 2nd īnspiciāminī 2nd aperiāminī 2nd ferāminī
3rd postulentur 3rd habeantur 3rd trādantur 3rd īnspiciantur 3rd aperiantur 3rd ferantur

imprf. pass. subjunc. imprf. pass. subjunc. imprf. pass. subjunc. imprf. pass. subjunc. imprf. pass. subjunc. imprf. pass. subjunc.
1st postulārer 1st habērer 1st trāderer 1st īnspicerer 1st aperīrer 1st ferrer
2nd postulārēris 2nd habērēris 2nd trāderēris 2nd īnspicerēris 2nd aperīrēris 2nd ferrēris
3rd postulārētur 3rd habērētur 3rd trāderētur 3rd īnspicerētur 3rd aperīrētur 3rd ferrētur

1st postulārēmur 1st habērēmur 1st trāderēmur 1st īnspicerēmur 1st aperīrēmur 1st ferrēmur
2nd postulārētinī 2nd habērēminī 2nd trāderēminī 2nd īnspicerēminī 2nd aperīrēminī 2nd ferrēminī
3rd postulārentur 3rd habērentur 3rd trāderentur 3rd īnspicerentur 3rd aperīrentur 3rd ferrentur
 17. THE DEFEAT OF THE MINYAE
Ergīnus, rēx Minyārum, ob haec vehementer īrātus statim cum omnibus cōpiīs in fīnēs
Thēbānōrum contendit. Creōn adventum eius per explōrātōrēs cognōvit. Ipse tamen pugnāre
nōluit; nam magnō timōre adfectus erat. Itaque Thēbānī Herculem imperātōrem creāvērunt. Ille
nūntiōs in omnēs partēs dīmīsit et copiās coēgit; tum proximō diē cum magnō exercitū profectus
est. Locum idōneum dēlēgit et aciem īnstrūxit. Tum Thēbānī ē superiōre locō impetum in hostēs
fēcērunt. Illī autem impetum sustinēre nōn potuērunt; ita aciēs hostium pulsa atque in fugam
conversa est.
aciēs, aciēī, f., line of battle. different ways, send forth or away, nōlō, nōlle, nōluī, not wish, be unwilling, not
adventus, adventūs, m., approach, arrival. despatch; let slip, lose. want.
cōgō, cōgere, coēgi, coāctum, collect, compel; Ergīnus, Erginī, m., Erginus. nōn adv., not.
force. exercitus, exercitūs, m., army. pellō, pellere, pepulī, pulsum, drive (away),
cōgnōscō, -gnōscere, -gnōvī, -gnitus [com- + explōrātor, explōrātōris, m., explorer, scout, beat, rout.
(g)nōscō, come to know], find out, spy. possum, posse, potuī be able, can.
learn; in tenses of completed action, fuga, fugae, f., flight, a fleeing; escape. proficīscor, -ficīscī, -fectus sum, set out,
have found out, know. hostis, hostis, m., enemy, foe. depart, start.
convertō (3), -vertī, versum, turn around, idonēus, -a, -um, suitable, fit; favorable. proximus, -a, -um, nearest, next.
turn, change. imperātor, imperātōris, m., commander, pugnō (1), -āvī, -ātum, fight.
cōpia, -ae, f., supply, abundance; pl., forces, general. superior, -ius [comp. of superus, upper], adj.,
troops. impetus, -ūs [in + petō], m., attack; impetum higher; former, previous, preceding.
creō, creāre, creāvī, creātum, elect, appoint. facere, to charge. sustineō (2), -tinuī, -tentum, sustain,
Creōn, Creontis, m., Creon. īnstruō (3), -strūxī, -strūctum, build in or withstand.
dēlīgō, dēligere, dēlēgī, dēlēctum, choose into; draw up. Thēbānī, -ōrum, m. pl., Thebans.
(out), select. īrātus, -a, -um [part, of īrāscor], angered, vehementer, adv., violently, vehemently,
dī-mittō, -mittere, -mīsī, -missus, send enraged, angry, furious. greatly.
Minyae, -ārum, m. pl., Minyae.

cum omnibus cōpiīs, ablative of accompaniment A&G §413. proximō diē, ablative of time when A&G §423, 1.
in fines, place to which A&G §427, 2. cum magnō exercitū, ablative of accompaniment A&G §413.
Thēbānōrum, genitive of possession A&G §343. ē superiōre loco, ablative of place from which A&G§426, 1.
pugnāre nōluit, complementary infinitive A&G §457. sustinēre nōn potuērunt, complementary infinitive A&G §457.
magnō timōre, ablative of manner A&G §412. pulsa, perfect indicative. The est goes with pulsa as well as
imperātōrem, predicate accusative A&G §393. [Link] gender, number and case are pulsa and
in omnēs partēs, accusative of place to which A&G §427, 2. conversa and why?

perf. pass. subjunc. perf. pass. subjunc. perf. pass. subjunc. perf. pass. subjunc. perf. pass. subjunc. perf. pass. subjunc.
1st postulātus sim 1st habitus sim 1st trāditus sim 1st īnspectus sim 1st apertus sim 1st lātus sim
2nd postulātus sīs 2nd habitus sīs 2nd trāditus sīs 2nd īnspectus sīs 2nd apertus sīs 2nd lātus sīs
3rd postulātus sit 3rd habitus sit 3rd trāditus sit 3rd īnspectus sit 3rd apertus sit 3rd lātus sit

1st postulātī sīmus 1st habitī sīmus 1st trāditī sīmus 1st īnspectī sīmus 1st apertī sīmus 1st lātī sīmus
2nd postulātī sītis 2nd habitī sītis 2nd trāditī sītis 2nd īnspectī sītis 2nd apertī sītis 2nd lātī sītis
3rd postulātī sint 3rd habitī sint 3rd trāditī sint 3rd īnspectī sint 3rd apertī sint 3rd lātī sint

pluperf. pass. subjun. pluperf. pass. subjun. pluperf. pass. subjun. pluperf. pass. subjun. pluperf. pass. subjun. pluperf. pass. subjun.
1st postulātus essem 1st habitus esssem 1st trāditus essem 1st īnspectus essem 1st apertus essem 1st lātus essem
2nd postulātus essēs 2nd habitus essēs 2nd trāditus essēs 2nd īnspectus essēs 2nd apertus essēs 2nd lātus essēs
3rd postulātus esset 3rd habitus esset 3rd trāditus esset 3rd īnspectus esset 3rd apertus esset 3rd lātus esset

1st postulātī essēmus 1st habitī essēmus 1st trāditī essēmus 1st īnspectī essēmus 1st apertī essēmus 1st lātī essēmus
2nd postulātī essētis 2nd habitī essētis 2nd trāditī essētis 2nd īnspectī essētis 2nd apertī essētis 2nd lātī essētis
3rd postulātī essent 3rd habitī essent 3rd trāditī essent 3rd īnspectī essent 3rd apertī essent 3rd lātī essent

pres. act. imper. pres. act. imper. pres. act. imper. pres. act. imper. pres. act. imper. pres. act. imper.
sg. vocā sg. manē sg. inclūde sg. fuge sg. dormī sg. fer
pl. vocāte pl. manēte pl. inclūdite pl. fugite pl. dormīte pl. ferte
pres. pass. imper. pres. pass. imper. pres. pass. imper. pres. pass. imper. pres. pass. imper. pres. pass. imper.
sg. vocāre sg. manēre sg. inclūdere sg. fugere sg. dormīre sg. ferre
pl. vocāminī pl. manēminī pl. inclūdiminī pl. fugiminī pl. dormīminī pl. feriminī
 18. MADNESS AND MURDER
Post hoc proelium Herculēs cōpiās suās ad urbem redūxit. Omnēs Thēbānī hāc victōria
maximē gaudēbant; Creōn autem magnīs honōribus Herculem decorāvit, atque eī fīliam suam
in mātrimōnium dedit. Herculēs cum uxōre suā beātam vītam agēbat; sed subitō in furōrem
incidit, atque līberōs suōs ipse suā manū occīdit. Paulō post ad sānitātem reductus est, et
propter hoc facinus magnō dolōre adfectus est. Brevī tempore ex urbe fūgit et in silvās sē
recēpit; cīvēs enim sermōnem cum eō habēre nōlēbant.
beātus, -a, -um, happy, blessed. mātrimōnium, -ī [māter], n., marriage. oneself, withdraw, retreat.
cōpia, -ae, f., supply, abundance; pl., forces, maximē, adv., very greatly, exceedingly, redūcō (3), -dūxī, -ductum, lead or bring
troops. especially. back, restore.
Creōn, Creontis, m., Creon. nōlō, nōlle, nōluī, not wish, be unwilling, not sānitās, sānitātis, f., soundness; right reason,
decorō (1), -āvī, -ātum, adorn, distinguish. want. sanity.
facinus, facinoris, n., deed, crime. paulō [paulus, little], adv., by a little, a little, sermō, sermōnis, m., conversation, talk,
furor, furōris, m., rage, fury, frenzy, madness. somewhat. speech.
Herculēs, Herculis, m., Hercules. proelium, -ī, n., battle, combat. silva, silvae, f., forest, wood.
incidō (3), -cidī, fall into or upon. recipiō (M), -cēpī, -ceptum, take or get back, Thēbānī, -ōrum, m. pl., Thebans.
līberī, -ōrum, m. pl., children. recover; sē recipere, to betake victōria, victōriae, f., victory.

ad urbem, accusative of place to which A&G §427, 2. these words repeating the same idea. The position of suā
hāc victōria, ablative of cause or reason A&G §404. before manū is itself emphatic, "his own." ablative of means
magnīs honōribus, ablative of specification A&G §418. or instrument A&G §409.
eī, dative of the indirect object. A&G §361-362. paulō post, “a little later,” literally “later by a little.” Paulō
cum uxōre suā, ablative of accompaniment A&G §413. ablative of degree of difference A&G §414).
beātam vītam agēbat, agō is a very common Latin verb with a whole magnō dolōre, ablative of means or instrument A&G §409.
range of idiomatic meanings, like (excluding the ones in the Brevī tempore, ablative of time when A&G §423, 1.
glossary)“give,” “pass,” “go,” “behave.” With vītam it ex urbe, ablative of place from which A&G§426, 1.
means “to live a life.” in silvās, accusative of place to which A&G §427, 2.
suōs ipse suā. The enormity of the crime is emphasized by the use of cum eō, ablative of accompaniment A&G §413.

pres. act. infin. pres. act. infin. pres. act. infin. pres. act. infin. pres. act. infin. pres. act. infin.
mandāre possidēre cogere suscipere convenīre ferre
pres. pass. infin. pres. pass. infin. pres. pass. infin. pres. pass. infin. pres. pass. infin. pres. pass. infin.
mandārī possidērī cogī suscipī convenīrī ferrī
perf. act. infin. perf. act. infin. perf. act. infin. perf. act. infin. perf. act. infin. perf. act. infin.
mandāvisse possēdisse coēgisse suscēpisse convēnisse tulisse
perf. pass. infin. perf. pass. infin. perf. pass. infin. perf. pass. infin. perf. pass. infin. perf. pass. infin.
mandātum esse possessum esse coāctum esse susceptum esse conventum esse lātum esse
fut. act. infin. fut. act. infin. fut. act. infin. fut. act. infin. fut. act. infin. fut. act. infin.
mandātūrum esse possessūrum esse coāctūrum esse susceptūrum esse conventūrum esse lātūrum esse
fut. pass. infin. fut. pass. infin. fut. pass. infin. fut. pass. infin. fut. pass. infin. fut. pass. infin.
mandātum īrī possessum īrī coāctum īrī susceptum īrī conventum īrī lātum īrī

pres. act. partic. pres. act. partic. pres. act. partic. pres. act. partic. pres. act. partic. pres. act. partic.
negāns, negantis docēns, docentis expōnēns, expōnentis iaciēns, iaciēntis audiēns, audientis ferēns, ferentis
perf. pass. partic. perf. pass. partic. perf. pass. partic. perf. pass. partic. perf. pass. partic. perf. pass. partic.
negātus, -a, -um doctus, -a, -um expositus, -a, -um iactus, -a, -um audītus, -a, -um lātus, -a, -um
fut. act. partic. fut. act. partic. fut. act. partic. fut. act. partic. fut. act. partic. fut. act. partic.
negātūrus, -a, -um doctūrus, -a, -um expositūrus, -a, -um iactūrus, -a, -um audītūrus, -a, -um lātūrus, -a, -um
gerundive gerundive gerundive gerundive gerundive gerundive
negandus, -a, -um docendus, -a, -um exponendus, -a, -um iaciendus, -a, -um audiendus, -a, -um ferendus, -a, -um

gerund gerund gerund gerund gerund gerund

N. ---------- N. ---------- N. ---------- N. ---------- N. ---------- N. ----------
G. spērandī G. tenendī G. cadendī G. iaciendī G. veniendī G. ferendī
D. spērandō D. tenendō D. cadendō D. iaciendō D. veniendō D. ferendō
A. spērandum A. tenendum A. cadendum A. iaciendum A. veniendum A. ferendum
A. spērandō A. tenendō A. cadendō A. iaciendō A. veniendō A. ferendō

supine supine supine supine supine supine

A. spēratum A. tentum A. cāsum A. iactum A. ventum A. lātum
A. spēratū A. tentū A. cāsū A. iactū A. ventū A. lātū
 19. HERCULES CONSULTS THE ORACLE
Herculēs tantum scelus expiāre magnopere cupiēbat atque ad ōrāculum Delphicum īre
cōnstituit; hoc enim erat omnium ōrāculōrum nōtissimum. Ibi templum erat Apollinis plūrimīs
dōnīs ōrnātum. Hōc in templō sedēbat fēmina quaedam, nōmine Pythiā, et cōnsilium dabat iīs
quī ad ōrāculum vēnerant. Haec autem fēmina ab ipsō Apolline docēbātur, et voluntātem deī
hominibus ēnūntiābat. Herculēs igitur, quī Apollinem praecipuē colēbat, hūc vēnit. Tum rem
tōtam exposuit, neque scelus cēlāvit.
Apollo, -inis, m., Apollo. announce, make well known. ōrnō (1), -āre, -āvī, -ātum, adorn, equip,
cēlō (1), cēlāvī, cēlātum, hide, conceal. expiō (1), -piāvī, -piātum, expiate, atone for. decorate.
colō, colere, coluī, cultum, till, cultivate; ex-pōnō, -pōnere, -posuī, -positus, put out, plūrimus, -a, -um, very many; superl. of
worship; worship. set forth; put on land; explain. multus.
cupiō, -ere, -īvī, -ītus, desire, long for, wish. fēmina, fēminae, f., woman. praecipuē, adv., especially.
Delphicus, -a, -um, of Delphi, Delphic, Herculēs, Herculis, m., Hercules. Pythia, -ae, f., Pythia.
Delphian. hūc, adv., to this place, to here, hither. scelus, sceleris, n., crime, wickedness.
doceō (2), docuī, doctum, teach, explain. nōtus, nōta, nōtum, known, well-known, sedeō (2), sēdī, sessum, sit.
dōnum, dōnī, n., gift. famous. templum, -ī, n., sanctuary, temple.
ēnūntiō (1), -nūntiāvī, -nūntiātum, speak out, ōrāculum, ōrāculī [ōrō], n., oracle. voluntās, voluntātis, f., wish, will.

expiāre, complementary infinitive A&G §457 and A&G §563, d. iīs, dative of the indirect object A&G §362; also, the antecedent of
ad ōrāculum, accusative of place to which A&G §427, 2. quī.
īre, complementary infinitive A&G §457 and A&G §563, d. quī. The relative pronoun agrees with its antecedent in gender and
omnium ōrāculōrum, partitive genitive A&G §346. number, but its case depends on the the construction in the
Apollinis, genitive of possession A&G §343. clause in which it is used. A&G §305.
plūrimīs dōnīs, ablative of quality A&G §415. ab ipsō Apolline, ablative of agent after passive voice verbs, A&G
Hōc in templō. Monosyllabic prepositions often stand between an §405.
adjective and the noun which it modifies. A&G §599, d; hominibus, dative of the indirect object A&G §362.
ablative of place where A&G §426,3. colēbat. Why is this singular, and vēnerant above plural?
nōmine, ablative of respect (specification) A&G §418.

principle parts: principle parts: principle parts: principle parts: principle parts: principle parts:
Deponent Verbs Deponent Verbs Deponent Verbs Deponent Verb Deponent Verbs LinkingVerb
1st conjugation 2ndconjugation 3rd conjugation 3rd -iō conjugation 4th conjugation Irregular Conjugation
cōnor, polliceor, loquor, gradior, orior, sum
cōnārī, pollicērī, loquī, gradī, orīrī, esse
cōnātus sum pollicitus sum locūtus sum gressus sum ortus sum fuī

pres. dep. indic. pres. dep. indic. pres. dep. indic. pres. dep. indic. pres. dep. indic. pres. indic.
1st cōnor 1st polliceor 1st loquor 1st gradior 1st orior 1st sum
2nd cōnāris 2nd pollicēris 2nd loqueris 2nd graderis 2nd orīris 2nd es
3rd cōnātur 3rd pollicētur 3rd loquitur 3rd graditur 3rd orītur 3rd est

1st cōnāmur 1st pollicēmur 1st loquimur 1st gradimur 1st orīmur 1st sumus
2nd cōnāminī 2nd pollicēminī 2nd loquiminī 2nd gradiminī 2nd orīminī 2nd estis
3rd cōnantur 3rd pollicentur 3rd loquuntur 3rd gradiuntur 3rd oriuntur 3rd sunt

imperf. dep. indic. imperf. dep. indic. imperf. dep. indic. imperf. dep. indic. imperf. dep. indic. imperf. indic.
1st cōnābar 1st pollicēbar 1st loquēbar 1st gradiēbar 1st oriēbam 1st eram
2nd cōnābāris 2nd pollicēbāris 2nd loquēbāris 2nd gradiēbāris 2nd oriēbāris 2nd erās
3rd cōnābātur 3rd pollicēbātur 3rd accenderat 3rd gradiēbātur 3rd oriēbātur 3rd erat

1st cōnābāmur 1st pollicēbāmur 1st loquēbāmur 1st gradiēbāmur 1st oriēbāmur 1st erāmus
2nd cōnābāminī 2nd pollicēbāminī 2nd loqēbāminī 2nd gradiēbāminī 2nd oriēbāminī 2nd erātis
3rd cōnābantur 3rd pollicēbantur 3rd loquēbantur 3rd gradiēbantur 3rd oriēbantur 3rd erant

fut. dep. indic. fut. dep. indic. fut. dep. indic. fut. dep. indic. fut. dep. indic. fut. indic.
1st cōnābor 1st pollicēbor 1st loquar 1st gradiar 1st oriar 1st erō
2nd cōnāberis 2nd pollicēberis 2nd loquēris 2nd gradiēris 2nd oriēris 2nd eris
3rd cōnābitur 3rd pollicēbitur 3rd loquētur 3rd gradiētur 3rd oriētur 3rd erit

1st cōnābimur 1st pollicēbimur 1st loquēmur 1st gradiēmur 1st oriēmur 1st erimus
2nd cōnābiminī 2nd pollicēbiminī 2nd loquēminī 2nd gradiēminī 2nd oriēminī 2nd eritis
3rd cōnābuntur 3rd pollicēbuntur 3rd loquentur 3rd gradientur 3rd orientur 3rd erunt
 20. THE ORACLE’S REPLY
Ubi Herculēs fīnem dīcendī fēcit, Pythia prīmō tacēbat; tandem tamen iussit eum ad
urbem Tīryntha īre, et Eurystheī rēgis omnia iussa facere. Herculēs ubi haec audīvit, ad urbem
illam contendit, et Eurystheō rēgī sē in servitūtem trādidit. Duodecim annōs crūdēlissimō
Eurystheō servīvit, et duodecim labōrēs, quōs ille imperāverat, cōnfēcit; hōc enim ūnō modō
tantum scelus expiārī potuit. Dē hīs labōribus plūrima ā poētīs scrīpta sunt. Multa tamen quae
poētae nārrant crēdibilia nōn sunt.
annus, annī, m., year. imperō (1), command, order, enjoin. scrībō (3), scrīpsi, scrīptum, write.
cōnficiō, -ficere, -fēcī, -fectus [com- + faciō], iussum, -ī, n., order, command. serviō (4), servīvī, servītum, serve, be subject
make or do completely, complete, labor, labōris, m., labor, toil; hardship. to.
finish, accomplish, make; wear out. plūrimus, -a, -um, very many. servitūs, servitūtis, f., slavery, servitude,
crēdibilis, crēdibile, believable, credible. poēta, -ae, m., poet. service.
crūdēlis, crūdēle, cruel; superl. crūdelissimus. possum, posse, potuī to be able w/ infinitive. taceō (2), tacui, tacitum, be silent.
duodecim, indecl. adj., twelve. prīmō, adv., at first. Tīryns, Tīrynthis, f., Tiryns.
Eurystheus, ī, m., Eurystheus. Pythia, -ae, f., Pythia. trādō (3) -didī, -ditum, give across, over;
expiō (1), expiate; atone for. scelus, sceleris, n., wickedness, crime. hand over.

dīcendī, "of speaking," the genitive of the gerund. The gerund is a corresponds more closely to the Latin construction. Keep a list
form of the verb, but it has the construction of a noun. In of intransitive verbs that you find governing a dative. A&G
English the gerund ends in –ing, and so is identical in form §367.
with the present participle. A&G §501, 502 and 504. hōc ūnō modō, What kind of ablative is this?
Tīryntha, is borrowed from Greek, and keeps this Greek form tantum scelus, in what case is this phrase?
for the accusative singular. Compare āera in Chapter 4. expiārī, what tense, voice and mood is this word?
Eurystheō servīvit. In "served Eurystheus" the verb is transitive, and Dē hīs labōribus, what kind of ablative is this phrase?
"Eurystheus" is its direct object; but serviō is intransitive, and ā poētīs, what kind of ablative is this phrase?
governs the dative. The rendering "was subject to Eurystheus" quae, What is its case?

perf. dep. indic. perf. dep. indic. perf. dep. indic. perf. dep. indic. perf. dep. indic. perf. indic.
1st cōnātus sum 1st pollicitus sum 1st locūtus sum 1st gressus sum 1st ortus sum 1st fuī
2nd cōnātus es 2nd pollicitus es 2nd locūtus es 2nd gressus es 2nd ortus es 2nd fuistī
3rd cōnātus est 3rd pollicitus est 3rd locūtus est 3rd gressus est 3rd ortus est 3rd fuit

1st cōnātī sumus 1st pollicitī sumus 1st locūtī sumus 1st gressī sumus 1st ortī sumus 1st fuimus
2nd cōnātī estis 2nd pollicitī estis 2nd locūtī estis 2nd gressī estis 2nd ortī estis 2nd fuistis
3rd cōnātī sunt 3rd pollicitī sunt 3rd locūtī sunt 3rd gressī sunt 3rd ortī sunt 3rd fuērunt

pluperf. dep. indic. pluperf. dep. indic. pluperf. dep. indic. pluperf. dep. indic. pluperf. dep. indic. pluperf. indic.
1st cōnātus eram 1st pollicitus eram 1st locūtus eram 1st gressus eram 1st ortus eram 1st fueram
2nd cōnātus erās 2nd pollicitus erās 2nd locūtus erās 2nd gressus erās 2nd ortus erās 2nd fuerās
3rd cōnātus erat 3rd pollicitus erat 3rd locūtus erat 3rd gressus erat 3rd ortus erat 3rd fuerat

1st cōnātī erāmus 1st pollicitī erāmus 1st locūtī erāmus 1st gressī erāmus 1st ortī erāmus 1st fuerāmus
2nd cōnātī erātis 2nd pollicitī erātis 2nd locūtī erātis 2nd gressī erātis 2nd ortī erātis 2nd fuerātis
3rd cōnātī erant 3rd pollicitī erant 3rd locūtī erant 3rd gressī erant 3rd ortī erant 3rd fuerant

fut. perf. dep. indic. fut. perf. dep. indic. fut. perf. dep. indic. fut. perf. dep. indic. fut. perf. dep. indic. fut. perf. indic.
1st cōnātus erō 1st pollicitus erō 1st locūtus erō 1st gressus erō 1st ortus erō 1st fuerō
2nd cōnātus eris 2nd pollicitus eris 2nd locūtus eris 2nd gressus eris 2nd ortus eris 2nd fueris
3rd cōnātus erit 3rd pollicitus erit 3rd locūtus erit 3rd gressus erit 3rd ortus erit 3rd fuerit

1st cōnātī erimus 1st pollicitī erimus 1st locūtī erimus 1st gressī erimus 1st ortī erimus 1st fuerimus
2nd cōnātī eritis 2nd pollicitī eritis 2nd locūtī eritis 2nd gressī eritis 2nd ortī eritis 2nd fueritis
3rd cōnātī erunt 3rd pollicitī erunt 3rd locūtī erunt 3rd gressī erunt 3rd ortī erunt 3rd fuerint
 21. FIRST LABOR: THE NEMEAN LION
Prīmum ab Eurystheō iussus est Herculēs leōnem interficere quī illō tempore vallem
Nemeaeam reddēbat īnfestam. Itaque in silvās in quibus leō habitābat statim sē contulit. Ubi
feram vīdit, arcum quem sēcum attulerat intendit; eius tamen pellem, quae dēnsissima erat,
trāicere nōn potuit. Tum clāvā magnā quam semper gerēbat leōnem frūstrā percussit; neque
enim hōc modō eum interficere potuit. Tum dēmum collum mōnstrī bracchiīs suīs complexus
est, et faucēs eius omnibus vīribus compressit. Hōc modō leō brevī tempore exanimātus est;
nūlla enim respīrandī facultās eī dabātur. Tum Herculēs cadāver ad oppidum umerīs rettulit; et
pellem, quam dētrāxerat, posteā prō veste gerēbat. Omnēs autem quī eam regiōnem incolēbant,
ubi fāma dē morte leōnis ad aurēs eōrum pervēnit, vehementer gaudēbant et Herculem magnō
in honōre habēbant.
adferō, adferre, attulī, adlātum, bear to, dēnsus, dēnsa, dēnsum, thick; superlative, Nemeaeus, -a, -um, Nemean, of Nemea.
bring. dēnsissimus. oppidum, oppidī, n., town.
arcus, arcūs, m., bow. dētrahō (3), -trāxī, tractum, draw or pull off. pellis, pellis, f., hide, skin, pelt.
auris, auris, f., ear. Eurystheus, ī, m., Eurystheus. percutiō, -cutere, -cussī, -cussus [per +
bracchium, bracchiī, n., arm. ex-animō, -animāre, -animāvī, -animātus, quatiō], strike through, strike.
cadāver, cadāveris, n., dead body, corpse, put out of breath, exhaust; kill. possum, posse, potuī to be able w/ infinitive.
carcass. facultās, facultātis, f., possibility, opportunity, prō, prep. with abl., before, in front of; for.
clāva, clāvae, f., stick,club. chance, means. reddō, -dere, -didī, -ditus [re- + dō], give
collum, collī, n., neck. fāma, fāmae, f., report, rumor; fame. back, return, restore; render.
complector (3), complexus sum, embrace, faucēs, faucium, f. pl., throat; jaws, mouth. regiō, -ōnis [regō, direct], f., direction;
grasp. fera, ferae, f., wild animal, beast. country, region.
comprimō, -primere, -pressī, -pressus [com- frūstrā, adv., in vain. respīrō (1), breathe back or out, breathe.
+ premō], press together, squeeze, Herculēs, Herculis, m., Hercules. silva, silvae, f., forest, wood(s).
compress. incolō (3), -coluī, inhabit. trāiciō (M), trāiēcī, trāiectum, throw across;
cōn-ferō, cōnferre, contulī, conlātus, bring īnfestus, -a, um, unsafe, dangerous. strike through, pierce.
together; grant, confer; sē in-tendō, -tendere, -tendī, -tentus, stretch umerus, umerī, m., shoulder.
cōnferre, to betake oneself, make out; stretch, draw, aim. vallis, vallis, f., valley.
one's way. interficiō, -ficere, -fēcī, -fectus [inter + vehementer [vehemēns, violent], adv.,
dēmum, adv., at last. faciō], put out of the way, kill. violently, exceedingly, greatly.
leō, leōnis, m., lion. vestis, vestis, f., clothing.

ab Eurystheō, what kind of ablative is this phrase? omnibus vīribus, what kind of ablative is this phrase?
illō tempore, what kind of ablative is this phrase? Hōc modō, what kind of ablative is this phrase?
in quibus, what kind of ablative is this phrase? brevī tempore, what kind of ablative is this phrase?
sēcum is to be translated as if it were cum sē. The preposition cum respīrandī, "of breathing," the genitive of the gerund. The gerund is a
follows and is joined to a personal, reflexive, or relative form of the verb, but it has the construction of a noun. In
pronoun. A&G §144, Note 1; and A&G §143, f. English the gerund ends in –ing, and so is identical in form
clāvā magnā, what kind of ablative is this phrase? with the present participle. A&G §501, 502 and 504.
hōc modō, what kind of ablative is this phrase? umerīs, "on his shoulders," but it is an ablative of means.
interficere. Interficiō is the most general of the verbs meaning ‘kill’; prō veste, what kind of ablative is this phrase?
necō implies wickedness and cruelty; occīdō commonly dē morte, what kind of ablative is this phrase?
denotes the cutting down of an enemy in battle. magnō in honōre, what kind of ablative is this phrase?
bracchiīs suīs, what kind of ablative is this phrase?

pres. dep. subjunc. pres. dep. subjunc. pres. dep. subjunc. pres. dep. subjunc. pres. dep. subjunc. pres. subjunc.
1st cōner 1st pollicear 1st loquar 1st gradiar 1st oriar 1st sim
2nd cōnēris 2nd polliceāris 2nd loquāris 2nd gradiāris 2nd oriāris 2nd sīs
3rd cōnētur 3rd polliceātur 3rd loquātur 3rd gradiātur 3rd oriātur 3rd sit

1st cōnēmur 1st polliceāmur 1st loquāmur 1st gradiāmur 1st oriāmur 1st sīmus
2nd cōnēminī 2nd polliceāminī 2nd loquāminī 2nd gradiāminī 2nd oriāminī 2nd sītis
3rd cōnentur 3rd polliceantur 3rd loquantur 3rd gradiantur 3rd oriantur 3rd sint

imperf. dep. subjunc. imperf. dep. subjunc. imperf. dep. subjunc. imperf. dep. subjunc. imperf. dep. subjunc. imperf. subjunc.
1st cōnārer 1st pollicērer 1st loquerer 1st graderer 1st orīrer 1st essem
2nd cōnārēris 2nd pollicērēris 2nd loquerēris 2nd graderēris 2nd orīrēris 2nd essēs
3rd cōnārētur 3rd pollicērētur 3rd loquerētur 3rd graderētur 3rd orīrētur 3rd esset

1st cōnārēmur 1st pollicērēmur 1st loquerēmur 1st graderēmur 1st orīrēmur 1st essēmus
2nd cōnārēminī 2nd pollicērēminī 2nd loquerēminī 2nd graderēminī 2nd orīrēminī 2nd essētis
3rd cōnārentur 3rd pollicērentur 3rd loquerentur 3rd graderentur 3rd orīrentur 3rd essent
 22. SECOND LABOR: THE LERNEAN HYDRA
Paulō post ab Eurystheō Hydram interficere iussus est. Hoc autem erat mōnstrum cui
novem erant capita. Herculēs igitur cum amīcō Iolāō profectus est ad palūdem Lernaeam, in
quā Hydra habitābat. Brevī tempore mōnstrum invēnit; et quamquam rēs erat magnī perīculī, id
sinistrā prehendit. Tum dextrā capita novem abscīdere coepit; quotiēns tamen hoc fēcerat, nova
capita exoriēbantur. Diū frūstrā labōrābat; tandem hōc cōnātū dēstitit. Deinde arborēs succīdere
et ignem accendere cōnstituit. Hoc celeriter fēcit; et postquam ligna ignem comprēhendērunt,
face ārdente colla adussit, unde capita exoriēbantur. Nec tamen sine magnō labōre haec fēcit;
cancer enim ingēns auxiliō Hydrae vēnit, quī dum Herculēs capita abscīdit, crūra eius mordēbat.
Postquam mōnstrum tālī modō interfēcit, sagittās suās sanguine eius imbuit, itaque mortiferās
reddidit.
abscīdō, -cīdere, -cīdī, -cīsus [abs = ab + dexter, dextra, dextrum, right; dextra, -ae, mortifer, mortifera, mortiferum, death-
caedō], cut away or off. f., right hand. bringing, deadly.
accendō, accendere, accendī, accensus set on Eurystheus, -ī, m., Eurystheus. novem, indecl. adj. nine.
(fire), light. exorior, -orīrī, -ortus sum, arise from, spring novus, nova, novum, new; novissimus, last.
adūrō (3), -ussī, -ustum, set fire to, burn, up, rise. palūs, palūdis, f., swamp, marsh.
scorch, sear. fax, facis, f., torch, firebrand. paulō [paulus, little], adv., by a little, a little.
amīcus, amīcī, m., friend. Hydra, -ae, f., the Hydra. prehendō, -hendere, -hendī, -hēnsus, seize.
arbor, arboris, f., tree. ignis, ignis, m., fire. proficīscor, -ficīscī, -fectus [prōficiō, make
ārdeō (2), ārsī, ārsūrus, be on fire, burn. imbuō (3), imbuī, imbūtum, wet, soak, dip; progress], set out, depart, start,
auxilium, -ī, n., help, aid. imbue. march.
cancer, cancrī, m., crab. ingēns, ingentis, adj., huge, vast. quamquam, conj., although.
celeriter, adv., quickly, swiftly. interficiō, -ficere, -fēcī, -fectus [inter + quotiēns, adv., as often as.
coepī, coepisse, coeptus have begun, began. faciō], put out of the way, kill. reddō, -dere, -didī, -ditus [re- + dō], give
collum, collī, n., neck. in-veniō, -venīre, -vēnī, -ventus, come upon, back, return, restore; render.
com-prehendō, -prehendere, -prehendī, - find. sagitta, sagittae, f., arrow.
prehēnsus, seize, catch. Iolāus, -ī, m., Iolaus. sanguis, sanguinis, m., blood.
cōnātus, -ūs [cōnor], m., attempt, effort. labor, labōris, m., labor, toil; hardship. sinister, sinistra, sinistrum, left; sinistra, -ae,
crūs, crūris, n., leg. labōrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [labor], labor, toil. f., left hand.
deinde adv., then, next. Lernaeus, -a, -um, Lernean, of Lerna. succīdō, -cīdere, -cīdī, -cīsum, cut below or
dēsistō, -sistere, -stitī, -stitum, leave off, ligna, -ōrum, n. pl., wood. down, fell.
cease, stop. mordeō (2), momordī, morsum, bite. unde relat. adverb, whence, from where.

Paulō, what kind of ablative is this word? idiom is "one of great danger."
ab Eurystheō, what kind of ablative is this phrase? sinistrā and dextrā, what kind of ablatives are these?
Hoc agrees with mōnstrum, not Hydram. A demonstrative or relative hōc cōnātū, what kind of ablative is this phrase?
pronoun is commonly attracted into the gender of a predicate face ārdente, what kind of ablative is this phrase? What form of the verb
noun. ārdeō is used?
cui erant, "which had," literally "to which were." This construction, unde is here equivalent to ex quibus.
called the dative of possession A&G §373, is used with sum. auxiliō Hydrae, "to the aid of the Hydra," literally "for aid to the Hydra."
The thing possessed is the subject. This is the so-called double dative construction, which consists of a dative
cum amīcō Iolāō, what kind of ablative is this phrase? of purpose (A&G §382, note 1) or tendency and a dative of reference
in quā, what kind of ablative is this phrase? A&G §376, denoting the person concerned.
Brevī tempore, what kind of ablative is this phrase? mordēbat, the past (imperfect) of repeated action, ‘kept biting.’
rēs, "undertaking." In rendering this word, choose always with great tālī modō, what kind of ablative is this phrase?
freedom the most suitable English word. sanguine, what kind of ablative is this phrase?
magnī perīculī is a descriptive genitive (genitive of quality A&G §345.) itaque, "and thus." It is not the conjunction itaque, but the adverb ita with
modifying rēs. It may also be called a predicate genitive, the enclitic conjunction –que.
inasmuch as it forms part of what is said about rēs. The English

perf. dep. subjunc. perf. dep. subjunc. perf. dep. subjunc. perf. dep. subjunc. perf. dep. subjunc. perf. subjunc.
1st hortātus sim 1st veritus sim 1st lāpsus sim 1st mortuus sim 1st expertus sim 1st fuerim
2nd hortātus sīs 2nd veritus sīs 2nd lāpsus sīs 2nd mortuus sīs 2nd expertus sīs 2nd fueris
3rd hortātus sit 3rd veritus sit 3rd lāpsus sit 3rd mortuus sit 3rd expertus sit 3rd fuerit

1st hortātī sīmus 1st veritī sīmus 1st lāpsī sīmus 1st mortuī sīmus 1st expertī sīmus 1st fuerimus
2nd hortātī sītis 2nd veritī sītis 2nd lāpsī sītis 2nd mortuī sītis 2nd expertī sītis 2nd fueritis
3rd hortātī sint 3rd veritī sint 3rd lāpsī sint 3rd mortuī sint 3rd expertī sint 3rd fuerint
 23. THIRD LABOR: THE CERYNEAN STAG
Postquam Eurystheō caedēs Hydrae nūntiāta est, magnus timor animum eius occupāvit.
Igitur Herculem cervum quendam ad sē referre iussit; enim virum tantae audāciae in urbe
retinēre nōlēbat. Hic autem cervus, cuius cornua aurea fuisse traduntur, incrēdibilī fuit celeritāte.
Herculēs igitur prīmō vestīgiīs eum in silvā persequēbātur; deinde ubi cervum ipsum vīdit,
omnibus vīribus currere coepit. Ūsque ad vesperum currēbat, neque nocturnum tempus sibi ad
quiētem relinquēbat. Frūstrā tamen tantum labōrem suscēpit; nūllō enim modō cervum cōnsequī
poterat. Tandem, postquam tōtum annum cucurrit (ita trāditur), cervum cursū exanimātum cēpit,
et vīvum ad Eurystheum rettulit.
annus, annī, m., year. Eurystheus, Eurystheī, m., Eurystheus. quiēs, quiētis, f., rest, repose.
audācia, audāciae, f., boldness, audacity. ex-animō, -animāre, -animāvī, -animātus, relinquō (3), -līquī, -lictum, leave behind,
aureus, aurea, aureum, of gold, put out of breath, exhaust; kill. leave.
[Link]ēs, caedis, f., cutting down, frūstrā, adv., in vain. retineō, -tinēre, -tinuī, -tentus [re- + teneō],
killing, slaughter. Hydra, Hydrae, f., the Hydra. hold or keep back, keep, restrain.
celeriter, adv., quickly, swiftly. incrēdibilis, incrēdibile, incredible. silva, silvae, f., forest, wood(s).
cervus, cervī, m., stag. labor, labōris, m., labor, toil; hardship. suscipiō, -cipere, -cēpī, -ceptus [sub +
coepī, coepisse, coeptus (used in tenses of nocturnus, -a, -um, of night, nocturnal. capiō], undertake.
completed action), have begun, nōlō, nōlle, nōluí [ne-, not + volō], not wish, trādō, -dere, -didī, -ditus [trans + do], give
began. be unwilling. across, over, or up, deliver; hand
cōnsequor, -sequī, -secūtus sum, follow (up), nūntiō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [nūntius], report, down, relate, report.
overtake. announce. ūsque, adv., all the time; ūsque ad, as far as,
cornū, cornūs, n., horn. persequor, -sequī, -secūtus sum, folow up, until.
currō (3), cucurrī, cursum, run. pursue. vesper, vesperī, m., evening.
cursus, cursūs, m., course, running. possum, posse, potuī to be able w/ infinitive. vestigium, -ī, n., footprint.
deinde adv., then, next. prīmō [prīmus], adv., at first. vīvus, -a, -um, alive, living.

Eurystheō, dative of the indirect object A&G §365. sibi, dative of the indirect object A&G §365, or dative of reference
eius, genitive of possession A&G §343. A&G §376. Look them both up and you decide.
tantae audāciae, genitive of quality A&G §345. ad quiētem, "for rest." Purpose is frequently expressed by the
in urbe, what kind of ablative is this phrase? accusative with ad.
cūius, genitive of possession A&G §343. nūllō modō, what kind of ablative is this phrase?
incrēdibilī celeritāte, what kind of ablative is this phrase? tōtum annum, accusative of duration of time ( or time how long)
vestīgiīs, what kind of ablative is this phrase? A&G §423, 2.
in silvā, what kind of ablative is this phrase? cursū, what kind of ablative is this word?
ipsum contrasts cervum with vestīgiīs. Up to this time Hercules had exanimātum. Translate as if it were quī exanimātus erat. A
only seen the stag’s tracks. participle is often equivalent to a relative clause.
nocturnus tempus means "night time" or "time of night." vīvum, predicate adjective.

pluperf. dep. subjun. pluperf. dep. subjun. pluperf. dep. subjun. pluperf. dep. subjun. pluperf. dep. subjun. pluperf. subjunc.
1st hortātus sim 1st veritus essem 1st lāpsus essem 1st mortuus essem 1st expertus essem 1st fuissem
2nd hortātus sīs 2nd veritus essēs 2nd lāpsus essēs 2nd mortuus essēs 2nd expertus essēs 2nd fuissēs
3rd hortātus sit 3rd veritus esset 3rd lāpsus esset 3rd mortuus esset 3rd expertus esset 3rd fuisset

1st hortātī essēmus 1st veritī essēmus 1st lāpsī essēmus 1st mortuī essēmus 1st expertī essēmus 1st fuissēmus
2nd hortātī essētis 2nd veritī essētis 2nd lāpsī essētis 2nd mortuī essētis 2nd expertī essētis 2nd fuissētis
3rd hortātī essent 3rd veritī essent 3rd lāpsī essent 3rd mortuī essent 3rd expertī essent 3rd fuissent

pres. dep. imper. pres. dep. imper. pres. dep. imper. pres. dep. imper. pres. dep. imper. pres. imper.
sg. morāre sg. fatēre sg. sequere sg. patere sg. mentīre sg. es, estō
pl. morāminī pl. fatēminī pl. sequiminī pl. patiminī pl. mentīminī pl. este

pres. dep. infin. pres. dep. infin. pres. dep. infin. pres. dep. infin. pres. dep. infin. pres. infin.
morārī fatērī sequī patī mentīrī esse
perf. dep. infin. perf. dep. infin. perf. dep. infin. perf. dep. infin. perf. dep. infin. perf. infin.
morātum esse fassum esse secūtum esse passum esse mentītum esse fuisse
fut. dep. infin. fut. dep. infin. fut. dep. infin. fut. dep. infin. fut. dep. infin. fut. infin.
morātūrum esse fassūrum esse secūtūrum esse passūrum esse mentītūrum esse futūrum esse (fore)
 24. FOURTH LABOR: THE ERYMANTHIAN BOAR
Tum vērō iūssus est Herculēs aprum quendam capere quī illō tempore agrōs Erymanthiōs
vāstābat, et incolās huius regiōnis māgnopere terrēbat. Herculēs rem suscēpit, et in Arcadiam
profectus est. Postquam in silvam paulum prōgressus est, aprō occurrit. Ille autem simul atque
Herculem vīdit, statim refūgit; et timōre perterritus in altam fossam sē prōiēcit. Herculēs aprō
laqueum quem attulerat iniēcit, et summā cum difficultāte eum ē fossā extrāxit. Ille etsī fortiter
repūgnābat, tamen nūllō modō sē līberāre potuit, atque ab Hercule ad Eurystheum vīvus relātus
est.
ad-ferō, adferre, attulī, adlātus, bear to, bring. iniciō, -icere, -iēcī, -iectus [in +iaciō], throw in progress], set out, depart, start,
ager, agrī, m., field, land. or upon; cause, inspire. march.
altus, alta, altum, high; deep. laqueus, laqueī, m., noose. re-fugiō, -fugere, -fūgī, flee back, run away,
aper, aprī, m., wild boar. līberō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [līber, free], set free, retreat.
Arcadia, -ae, f., Arcadia (a country). free, liberate, release. regiō, -ōnis [regō, direct], f., direction; country,
difficultās, -tātis, f., difficulty. occurrō (3), occurrī, occursum, run against, region.
Erymanthius, -a, -um, Erymanthian, of meet. repugnō (1), -āvī, -ātum, fight against,
Erymanthus. paulum [paulus, little], adv., a little, somewhat. struggle, resist.
etsī, conj., even if, although. perterreō (2), -terruī, -territum, frighten silva, silvae, f., forest, wood(s).
Eurystheus, ī, m., Eurystheus. thoroughly. suscipiō, -cipere, -cēpī, -ceptus [sub + capiō],
ex-trahō, -trahere, -trāxī, -trāctus, draw or possum, posse, potuī to be able w/ infinitive. undertake.
drag out, release, rescue. prōgredior, -gredī, -gressus sum, go forward, summus, -a, -um [superl. of superus, upper],
fortiter, adv., bravely. advance. uppermost, highest, greatest.
fossa, fossae, f., ditch, trench. prōiciō (M), -iēcī, -iectum, throw forth or vastō (1), -āvī, -ātum, lay waste.
Herculēs, Herculis, m., Hercules. down, throw. vērō, adv., in truth, indeed; however.
incola, incolae, m and f., inhabitant. proficīscor, -ficīscī, -fectus [prōficiō, make vīvus, vīva, vīvum, alive, living.

Compare the related verbs in this chapter alone: capere and suscipiō; timōre, what kind of ablative is this word?
ad-ferō and re-ferō; and iniciō and prōiciō. Discern both the aprō, dative governed by the compound verb iniēcit. A&G §370.
differences and the similarities between related verbs when summā cum difficultāte, what kind of ablative is this phrase?
you can. ē fossā, what kind of ablative is this phrase?
illō tempore, what kind of ablative is this phrase? nūllō modō, what kind of ablative is this phrase?
huius regiōnis, possessive genitive A&G §343. ab Hercule, what kind of ablative is this phrase?
aprō, dative governed by the compound verb occurrit. A&G §370. ad Eurystheum. We are told that Eurystheus was so frightened that
Keep a list of the compound verbs that you find governing a he hid in a large jar.
dative. vīvus. Why is the nominative used here, and the accusative in
simul atque, an idiom meaning “as soon as.” Chapter 23?

pres. dep. partic. pres. dep. partic. pres. dep. partic. pres. dep. partic. pres. dep. partic. pres. partic.
morāns, morantis fatēns, fatentis sequēns, sequentis patiēns, patientis mentiēns, mentientis ----------
perf. dep. partic. perf. dep. partic. perf. dep. partic. perf. dep. partic. perf. dep. partic. perf. partic.
morātus, -a, -um fassus, -a, -um secūtus, -a, -um passus, -a, -um mentītus, -a, -um ----------
fut. dep. partic. fut. dep. partic. fut. dep. partic. fut. dep. partic. fut. dep. partic. fut. partic.
morātūrus, -a, -um fassūrus, -a, -um secūtūrus, -a, -um passūrus, -a, -um mentītūrus, -a, -um futūrus, -a, -um
dep. gerundive dep. gerundive dep. gerundive dep. gerundive dep. gerundive gerundive
morandus, -a, -um fatendus, -a, -um sequendus, -a, -um patiendus, -a, -um mentiendus, -a, -um ----------

dep. gerund dep. gerund dep. gerund dep. gerund dep. gerund gerund
N. ---------- N. ---------- N. ---------- N. ---------- N. ---------- N. ----------
G. morandī G. fatendī G. sequendī G. patiendī G. mentiendī G. ----------
D. morandō D. fatendō D. sequendō D. patiendō D. mentiendō D. ----------
A. morandum A. fatendum A. sequendum A. patiendum A. mentiendum A. ----------
A. morandō A. fatendō A. sequendō A. patiendō A. mentiendō A. ----------

dep. supine dep. supine dep. supine dep. supine dep. supine supine
acc. morātum acc. fassum acc. secūtum acc. passum acc. mentītum ----------
abl. morātū abl. fassū abl. secūtū abl. passū abl. mentītū ----------

Deponent Verbs have participles of both voices: -- sequēns following; secūtus having followed; secūturus about to follow; sequendus to be followed.
 25. HERCULES AT THE CENTAUR'S CAVE
Dē quartō labōre, quem suprā nārrāvimus, haec etiam trāduntur. Herculēs dum iter in
Arcadiam facit, ad eam regiōnem vēnit quam centaurī incolēbant, quī erant equī, sed hominis
caput habēbant. Cum nox iam appeteret, ad spēluncam dēvertit in quā centaurus quīdam,
nōmine Pholus, habitābat. Ille Herculem benignē excēpit et cēnam parāvit. At Herculēs
postquam cēnāvit, vīnum ā Pholō postulāvit. Erat autem in spēluncā magna amphora vīnī
optimī plēna, quam centaurī ibi dēposuerant. Pholus id dare nōlēbat, quod reliquōs centaurōs
timēbat; nūllum tamen vīnum praeter hōc in spēluncā habēbat. "Hoc vīnum," inquit, "mihi
commissum est. Sī id dabō, centaurī mē interficient." Herculēs tamen eum inrīsit, et ipse
pōculum vīnī ex amphorā hausit.
amphora, amphorae, f., jar, bottle amphora. in-colō, -colere, -coluī, inhabit. postulō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, ask, request, demand.
appetō, -petere, -petīvī, -petītus [ad + petō], īnrideō (2), -rīsī, -rīsum, laugh at, mock. praeter, prep. with acc., past, by; besides,
draw near. inquam, inquis, inquit, defective verb, I say, except; beyond.
Arcadia,Arcadiae, f., Arcadia. you say, he says. quartus, -a, -um [quattuor], fourth.
benīgnē [benīgnus, kind], adv., kindly. interficiō, -ficere, -fēcī, -fectus [inter + faciō], regiō, regiōnis [regō, direct], f., direction;
cēna, cēnae, f., dinner. put out of the way, kill. country, region.
cēnō (1), -āvī, -ātum, dine. iter, itineris [eō], n., a going, journey, march; reliquus, reliqua, reliquum, the remaining, the
centaurus, centaurī, m., centaur. iter facere, to journey, march. other.
committō (3), -mīsī, -missum, commit, intrust; labor, labōris, m., labor, toil; hardship. spēlunca, -ae, f., cave, cavern.
expose. nōlō, nōlle, nōluí [ne-, not + volō], not wish, be suprā, adv. and prep. with acc., above, before.
dē-pōnō, -pōnere, -posuī, -positus, put down, unwilling. trādō, -dere, -didī, -ditus [trans + do], give
deposit; lay aside. optimus, -a, -um, best; superlative of bonus. across, over, or up, deliver; hand
dēvertō (3), -vertī, -versum, turn away or Pholus, Pholī, m., Pholus. down, relate, report.
aside. plēnus, plēna, plēnum, full (of), w/ genitive or vīnum, vīnī, n., wine.
equus, equī, m., horse. ablative.
hauriō (4), hausī, haustum, draw; pour; drain. pōculum, pōculī, n., cup.

Dē quartō labōre, what kind of ablative is this phrase? in spēluncā, what kind of ablative is this phrase?
nārrāvimus. In Latin, as in English, a writer sometimes uses the first vīnī. Certain adjectives take the genitive. Plēnus is one of them.
person plural in speaking of himself, instead of the first person A&G §549.
singular. reliquōs centaurōs, "the rest of the centaurs," "the other centaurs."
Cum . . . appeteret. A clause introduced by cum may express the Some Latin adjectives can be used to denote a part. See
cause of the action represented by the principal verb of the Chapter 12 on mediā nocte. A&G §293.
sentence. It is then called a causal cum-clause. The verb of inquit, historical present. This verb is used with direct quotations, and
such a clause is in the subjunctive. A&G §549. follows one or more words of the quotation. A&G §469.
in quā, what kind of ablative is this phrase? dabō, ‘I give.’ When both the principal and the subordinate verb
nōmine, what kind of ablative is this word? represent future actions, English regularly uses the present in
ā Pholō, what kind of ablative is this phrase? the subordinate clause, but Latin requires the more exact
Erat. Sum in the sense of “exist” makes a complete predicate future or future perfect. future more vivid conditional sentence
without a predicate noun or adjective. It is then called the A&G §516, a.
substantive verb. A&G §284, b. ex amphorā, what kind of ablative is this phrase?

More than half of all Deponent Verbs are of the 1st Conjugation, and all of these are regular. The following Deponent Verbs are irregular: --
adsentior, adsentīrī, asdēnsus gradior, gradī, gressus step oblīvīscor, oblīvīscī, oblītus forget reor, rērī, ratus think
assent īrāscor, īrāscī, īrātus be angry opperior, opperīrī, oppertus await revertor, revertī, reversus return
apīscor, apīscī, aptus get lābor, lābī, lāpsus fall, slip ōrdior, ōrdīrī, ōrsus begin ringor, ringī, rictus snarl
dēfetīscor, dēfetīscī, dēfessus faint loquor, loquī, locūtus speak orior, orīrī, ortus rise sequor, sequī, secūtus follow
expergīscor, expergīscī, mētior, mētīrī, mēnsus measure pacīscor, pacīscī, pactus bargain tueor, tuēor, tuitus (tūtus) protect
experrēctus rouse minīscor, minīscī, mentus think patior, patī, passus suffer ulcīscor, ulcīscī, ultus avenge
experior, experīrī, expertus try morior, morī, mortuus die plector, plectī, plexus clasp ūtor, ūtī, ūsus use, employ
fateor, fatērī, fassus confess nancīscor, nancīscī, nactus find proficīscor, proficīscī, profectus
fruor, fruī, frūctus enjoy nāscor, nāscī, nātus be born set out
fungor, fungī, fūnctus fulfill nītor, nītī, nīsus strive queror, querī, questus complain

The following Deponent Verbs have no Supine stem: --

dēvertor, dēvertī turn aside fatīscor, fatīscī gape medeor, medērī heal vescor, vescī feed upon
difitteor, diffitērī deny līquor, līquī melt reminīscor, reminīscī remember

Semi-Deponents: a few verbs having no perfect stem are regular in the present but appear as Deponent Verbs in the tenses of completed action: --
audeō, audēre, ausus dare fiō, fierī, factus become fīdō, fīdere, fīsus trust gaudeō, gaudēre, gāvīsus rejoice soleō, solēre, solitus be wont
 26. THE FIGHT WITH THE CENTAURS
Simul atque amphora aperta est, odor iūcundissimus undique diffūsus est; vīnum enim
suāvissimum erat. Centaurī nōtum odōrem sēnsērunt atque omnēs ad locum convēnērunt. Ubi
ad spēluncam pervēnērunt, magnopere īrātī erant, quod Herculem bibentem vīdērunt, ac
Pholum interficere volēbant. Herculēs tamen in aditū spēluncae cōnstitit et impetum eōrum
fortissimē sustinēbat. Facēs ārdentēs in eōs coniēcit; multōs etiam sagittīs suīs vulnerāvit. Hae
autem sagittae eaedem erant quae sanguine Hydrae imbūtae erant. Omnēs igitur quōs ille
sagittīs vulnerāverat venēnō statim absūmptī sunt; reliquī autem ubi hoc vīdērunt, terga
vertērunt et fugā salūtem petiērunt.
absūmō (3), -sūmpsī, sūmptum, take away, fuga, fugae, f., flight. Pholus, Pholī, m., Pholus.
destroy. īdem, eadem, idem, dem. pron., the same; reliquus, -a, -um [relinquō], left, the
aditus, aditūs, m., entrance, approach. likewise,also. remaining, the other, the rest of.
amphora, -ae, f., jar, bottle, amphora. imbuō, -buere, -buī, -būtus, wet, soak, dip. sagitta, sagittae, f., arrow.
aperiō (4), aperuī, apertum, open. impetus, -ūs [in + petō], m., attack; impetum f salūs, salūtis [salvus, safe], f., safety,
ārdeō (2), ārsī, ārsūrus, be on fire, burn. acere, to charge. deliverance, escape.
bibō (3), bibī, drink. interficiō, -ficere, -fēcī, -fectus [inter + faciō], sanguis, sanguinis, m., blood.
centaurus, -ī, m., centaur. put out of the way, kill. spēlunca, -ae, f., cave, cavern.
cōn-sistō (3), -stitī, -stitus, station oneself, take īrātus, -a, -um [part, of īrāscor], angered, suāvis, suāve, sweet, pleasant; superl.
a stand; consist; stop. enraged, angry, furious. suāvissimus, -a, -um.
con-veniō, -venīre, -vēnī, -ventus, come iūcundus, -a, -um, pleasant, sweet; superl. sustineō, -tinēre, -tinuī, -tentus [sub + teneō],
together, assemble. iūcundissimus, -a, -um. hold or bear up, sustain, withstand.
diffundō (3), -fūdī, -fūsum, pour forth, spread, nōtus, -a, -um [part. of nōscō, come to know], tergum, tergī, n., back.
diffuse. known, well-known. famous. undique [unde + -que], adv., from or on all
fax, facis, f., torch, firebrand. odor, odōris, m., smell, odor. sides.
fortissimē superlative adverb [fortis] most petō, petere, petiī (īvī), petītus, seek, ask; venēnum, venēnī, n., poison.
bravely, very bravely. attack. vīnum, vīnī, n., wine.

simul atque, an idiom meaning “as soon as.” sagittīs suīs, what kind of ablative is this phrase?
bibentem, what form is this? sanguine, what kind of ablative is this word?
in aditū, what kind of ablative is this phrase? sagittīs, what kind of ablative is this word?
spēluncae possessive genitive A&G §343, but it may be translated venēnō, what kind of ablative is this word?
‘to the cave.’ fugā, what kind of ablative is this word? It may be translated “in
cōnstitit is the perfect of cōnsistō, not cōnstō. flight.”

Some Irregular Verbs and their compounds -- in these compounds the phonetic changes in the preposition are especially to be noted:
sum, esse, fuī, futūrus eō, īre, iī (īvī), itus ferō, ferre, tulī, lātus volō, velle, voluī
absum, abesse, afuī abeō, abīre, abiī, abitus adferō, adferre, attulī, allātus nōlō, nōlle, nōluī
adsum, adesse, adfuī adeō, adīre, adiī, aditus auferō, auferre, abstulī, ablātus mālō, mālle, māluī
dēsum, dēesse, dēfuī exeō, exīre, exiī, exitus cōnferō, cōnferre, contulī, collātus
insum, inesse, infuī ineō, inīre, iniī, initus differō, differre, distulī, dīlātus
intersum, interesse, interfuī intereō, interīre, interiī, efferō, efferre, extulī, ēlātus
obsum, obesse, obfuī interitus inferō, inferre, intulī, illātus
possum, posse, potuī pereō, perīre, periī, peritus offerō, offerre, obtulī, oblātus
praesum, praeesse, praefuī redeō, redīre, rediī, reditus referō, referre, rettulī, relātus
prōsum, prōdesse, prōfuī subeō, subīre, subiī, subitus sufferō, sufferre, sustulī, sublātus
subsum, subesse, subfuī trānseō, trānsīre, trānsiī,
supersum, superesse, superfuī trānsitus
 27. THE FATE OF PHOLUS
Postquam reliquī fūgērunt, Pholus ex spēluncā ēgressus est, et corpora spectābat eōrum
quī sagittīs interfectī erant. Magnopere autem mīrābātur quod tam levī vulnere exanimātī erant,
et causam eius reī quaerēbat. Itaque adiit locum ubi cadāver cuiusdam centaurī iacēbat, ac
sagittam ē vulnere extrāxit. Haec tamen, sīve cāsū sīve cōnsiliō deōrum dē manibus eius ēlapsa
est, et pedem leviter vulnerāvit. Ille statim dolōrem gravem sēnsit, et brevī tempore vī venēnī
exanimātus est. Mox Herculēs, quī reliquōs centaurōs secūtus erat, ad spēluncam rediit, et
māgnō cum dolōre Pholum mortuum vīdit. Multīs cum lacrimīs corpus amīcī sepelīvit; tum,
postquam alterum pōculum vīnī exhausit, somnō sē dedit.
ad-eō, -īre, -iī, -itus, go to, approach. ex-trahō, -trahere, -trāxī, -trāctus, draw or pōculum, pōculī [pōtō, drink], n., cup.
alter, altera, alterum, one or the other (of drag out, release, rescue. reliquus, -a, -um [relinquō], left, the remaining,
two); another, second. gravis, grave, heavy; severe, grievous, serious. the other, the rest of.
amīcus, amīcī, m., friend. iaceō (2), iacuī, lie, be prostrate. sagitta, sagittae, f., arrow.
cadāver, -eris, n., dead body, corpse, carcass, interficiō, -ficere, -fēcī, -fectus [inter + faciō], sepeliō (4) sepelīvī, sepultum, bury.
cadaver. put out of the way, kill. sequor, sequī, secūtus sum, follow.
cāsū [abl. of cāsus], adv., by chance. lacrima, lacrimae, f., tear. sīve or seu, conj., or if; sīve . . . sīve, whether . . .
ēgredior, ēgredī, ēgressus sum, go out or forth. levis, leve, light, slight. or.
ēlabor, ēlabī, ēlapsus sum, slip out, slip. leviter, adv., lightly, slightly. spectō (1) –āvī, -ātum, look at or on, watch.
ex-animō, (1), put out of breath, tire; kill. mīror, mīrārī, mīrātus sum, wonder, wonder at. spēlunca, speluncae, f., cave, cavern.
ex-hauriō, -haurīre, -hausī, -haustus, drink mortuus, -a, -um [part. of morior], dead. tam, adv., so.
up or off, drain. mox, adv., soon. venēnum, venēnī, n., poison.

Continue identifying all the ablative phrases in this section! cāsū. one of the words that are used without cum or a modifying
locum is the direct object of adiit, which is here transitive, and may adjective in the ablative of manner A&G §412.
be rendered "approached." somnō, what is the case and why?

The Active (1st) Periphrastic Conjugation combines the Future Active Participle with forms of sum to denote a future or intended action
Indicative Indicative Indicative Indicative Indicative
amātūrus sum monitūrus sum tectūrus sum captūrus sum audītūrus sum
amātūrus eram monitūrus eram tectūrus eram captūrus eram audītūrus eram
amātūrus erō monitūrus erō tectūrus erō captūrus erō audītūrus erō
amātūrus fuī monitūrus fuī tectūrus fuī captūrus fuī audītūrus fuī
amātūrus fueram monitūrus fueram tectūrus fueram captūrus fueram audītūrus fueram
amātūrus fuerō monitūrus fuerō tectūrus fuerō captūrus fuerō audītūrus fuerō

Subjunctive Subjunctive Subjunctive Subjunctive Subjunctive

amātūrus sim monitūrus sim tectūrus sim captūrus sim audītūrus sim
amātūrus essem monitūrus essem tectūrus essem captūrus essem audītūrus essem
amātūrus fuerim monitūrus fuerim tectūrus fuerim captūrus fuerim audītūrus fuerim
amātūrus fuissem monitūrus fuissem tectūrus fuissem captūrus fuissem audītūrus fuissem

Infinitive Infinitive Infinitive Infinitive Infinitive

amātūrus esse monitūrus esse tectūrus esse captūrus esse audītūrus esse
amātūrus fuisse monitūrus fuisse tectūrus fuisse captūrus fuisse audītūrus fuisse

The Passive (2nd) Periphrastic Conjugation combines the Gerundive with the forms of sum to denote obligation, necessity or propriety
Indicative Indicative Indicative Indicative Indicative
amandus sum monendus sum tegendus sum capiendus sum audiendus sum
amandus eram monendus eram tegendus eram capiendus eram audiendus eram
amandus erō monendus erō tegendus erō capiendus erō audiendus erō
amandus fuī monendus fuī tegendus fuī capiendus fuī audiendus fuī
amandus fueram monendus fueram tegendus fueram capiendus fueram audiendus fueram
amandus fuerō monendus fuerō tegendus fuerō capiendus fuerō audiendus fuerō

Subjunctive Subjunctive Subjunctive Subjunctive Subjunctive

amandus sim monendus sim tegendus sim capiendus sim audiendus sim
amandus essem monendus essem tegendus essem capiendus essem audiendus essem
amandus fuerim monendus fuerim tegendus fuerim capiendus fuerim audiendus fuerim
amandus fuissem monendus fuissem tegendus fuissem capiendus fuissem audiendus fuissem

Infinitive Infinitive Infinitive Infinitive Infinitive

amandus esse monendus esse tegendus esse capiendus esse audiendus esse
amandus fuisse monendus fuisse tegendus fuisse capiendus fuisse audiendus fuisse
 28. FIFTH LABOR: THE AUGEAN STABLES
Deinde Eurystheus Herculī hunc labōrem graviōrem imposuit. Augēās quīdam, quī illō
tempore rēgnum in Ēlide obtinēbat, tria mīlia boum habēbat. Hī in stabulō ingentis
magnitūdinis inclūsī erant. Stabulum autem squālōre erat obsitum; neque enim ad id tempus
umquam pūrgātum erat. Hoc Herculēs ūnō diē pūrgāre iūssus est. Ille, etsī rēs erat multae
operae, negōtium suscēpit. Prīmum magnō labōre fossam duodēvīgintī pedum dūxit, per quam
flūminis aquam dē montibus ad mūrum stabulī dūxit. Tum, postquam mūrum perrūpit, aquam in
stabulum immīsit et tālī modō contrā opīniōnem omnium opus cōnfēcit.
aqua, aquae, f., water. immittō (3) –mīsī, -missum, send or let in. opīniō, opīniōnis, f., opinion, expectation;
Augēās, Augēae, m., Augeas. impōnō, -pōnere, -posuī, -positus [in + pōnō], reputation.
bōs, bovis, gen. plur. boum, dat. and abl. plur. place or lay upon, impose; embark. opus, operis, n., work, task.
bōbus, m. and f., ox, bull, cow. inclūdō, -clūdere, -clūsī, -clūsus [in + claudō, per-rumpō, -rumpere, -rūpī, -ruptus, break or
cōnficiō (M) –fēcī, -fectum, finish, complete, shut], shut up in, inclose, imprison. burst through, break.
accomplish. ingēns, ingentis, adj., huge, vast. pūrgō (1) –āvī, -ātum, clean, make clean,
contrā, prep. with acc., against, contrary to. labor, labōris, m., labor, toil. cleanse.
deinde, adv., then, next. māgnitūdō, -tūdinis [māgnus], f., greatness, rēgnum, -ī [rēx], n., royal power, rule, throne;
duodēvīgintī, indecl. adj., eighteen. size. kingdom, realm.
Ēlis, Ēlidis, f., Elis. mīlia, -ium, n. pl., thousands. squālor, squālōris, m., dirt, filth, squalor.
et-sī, conj., even if, although. mōns, montis, m., mountain. stabulum, -ī, n., stable, stall, standing place.
Eurystheus, Eurystheī, m., Eurystheus. mūrus, mūrī, m., wall. suscipiō, -cipere, -cēpī, -ceptus [sub + capiō],
flūmen, flūminis, n., river. negōtium, negotiī, n., business, matter; task, undertake.
fossa, fossae [participle of fodiō, dig], f., ditch, trouble. tālis, tāle, such, of such a kind.
trench. obserō (3) –sēvī, -situm, sow, plant; cover, fill. trēs, tria, plur. adj., three.
gravis, grave, heavy; severe, grievous, serious. obtineō (2) –tinuī, -tentum, hold, hold against. umquam, adv., ever.
Herculēs, Herculis, m., Hercules. opera, operae, f., work, effort, labor.

Herculī, why dative? A&G §370. multae operae. is a descriptive genitive (genitive of quality A&G
tria mīlia boum, "three thousand oxen," literally "three thousands of §345.) Compare magnī perīculī in Chapter 22.
oxen." The singular mīlle is commonly used as an adjective, duodēvīgintī pedum, i.e. in width, "eighteen feet wide." genitive of
like English "thousand"; but the plural mīlia is used as a quality A&G §345, b.
substantive, and is modified by a genitive, usually a partitive dūxit, "dug." The word is used with reference to the progress of work
genitive A&G §346. on a wall or ditch, from one end to the other.
ingentis magnitūdinis, genitive of quality A&G §345, b. See also opus. Compare this word with operae and labōre above. Labor is
A&G §417, Note. used of heavy or exhausting labor, opera of voluntary exertion
neque enim umquam, "for . . . never." or effort, and opus of that upon which one works or the
ūnō diē, what kind of ablative phrase is this? completed work.

Impersonal Verbs: used in the 3rd person singular:

expressing operations of verbs of feeling verbs with phrase or vidētur it seems passive intransitives
nature and time of day miseret it grieves clause for a subject decet it is becoming ventum est it was come
vesperāscit it grows late piget it disgusts accidit it happens dēlectat it delights pūgnātur it is fought
lūcīscit it is getting light taedet it wearies contingit it happens iuvat it helps ītur it is gone
grandinat it hails paenitet it repents ēvenit it happens oportet it is fitting parcitur it is spared
pluit it rains pudet it shames obtingit it happens necesse est it is necessary
ningit it snows obvenit it happens praestat it is better
fulgerat it lightens fit it happens interest it concerns
tonat it thunders libet it pleases rēfert it concerns
rōrat the dew falls licet it is permitted vacat there is leisure
certum est it is resolved restat it remains
cōnstat it is clear superest it remains
placet it seems good

Defective Verbs (missing parts)

used only in the perfect used only in the present nequeō use only imperatives
coepī, coepisse, coeptus äiō quaesō salvē
ōdī, ōdisse, ōsus inquam ovāre avē
meminī, meminisse for, fārī, fātus
queō
 29. SIXTH LABOR: THE STYMPHALIAN BIRDS
Post paucōs diēs Herculēs ad oppidum Stymphālum iter fēcit; imperāverat enim eī
Eurystheus ut avēs Stymphālidēs interficeret. Hae avēs rōstra aēnea habēbant, et carne
hominum vēscēbantur. Ille postquam ad locum pervēnit, lacum vīdit; in hōc autem lacū, quī nōn
procul erat ab oppidō, avēs habitābant. Nūlla tamen appropinquandī facultās dabātur; lacus
enim nōn ex aquā, sed ē līmō cōnstitit. Herculēs igitur neque pedibus neque lintre prōgredī
potuit. Cum magnam partem diēī frūstrā cōnsūmpsisset, hōc cōnātū dēstitit et ad Minervam sē
contulit, ut auxilium ab eā peteret. Illa eī crotala dedit quae ipse Volcānus (quī ab fabrīs
māximē colēbātur) ex aere fēcerat. Hīs Herculēs tam ācrem crepitum fēcit ut avēs perterritae
āvolārent. Ille autem, dum āvolant, magnum numerum eārum sagittīs trānsfīxit.
ācer, ācris, ācre, sharp, shrill. dē-sistō, -sistere, -stitī, -stitus, set down; leave numerus, numerī, m., number.
aēneus, -a, -um, of copper or bronze. off, desist, cease, stop. per-terreō, -terrēre, -terruī, -territus,
aes, aeris, n., copper, bronze. Eurystheus, Eurystheī, m., Eurystheus. thoroughly frighten, terrify.
appropinquō, -propinquāre, -propinquāvī, - faber, fabrī, m., smith, craftsman. petō, petere, petiī (īvī), petītus, seek, ask;
propinquātus [ad + propinquō], facultās, -tātis [facilis, easy], f., possibility, attack.
approach to, approach. opportunity, chance, means. possum, posse, potuī to be able w/ infinitive.
aqua, aquae, f., water. frūstrā, adv., in vain. prōgredior, -gredī, -gressus [prō + gradior],
auxilium, -ī, n., help, aid. Herculēs, Herculis, m., Hercules. go forward, advance.
avis, avis, f., bird. imperō, -perāre, -perāvī, -perātus, command, rōstrum, rōstrī, n., beak.
āvolō (1) –āvī, -ātum, fly away. order, enjoin. sagitta, sagittae, f., arrow.
carō, carnis, f., flesh. interficiō, -ficere, -fēcī, -fectus [inter + faciō], Stymphālis, Stymphālidis, of Stymphalus,
colō, colere, coluī, cultus, till, cultivate; put out of the way, kill. Stymphalian.
inhabit; worship. iter, itineris [eō], n., a going, journey, march; Stymphālus, -ī, f., Stymphalus (a town).
cōnātus, cōnātūs [cōnor], m., attempt, effort. iter facere, to journey, tam, adv., so.
cōn-stō, -stāre, -stitī, -stātūrus, stand together, march. trāns-fīgō, -fīgere, -fīxī, -fīxus, thrust or pierce
agree; consist; cōnstat, it is agreed, is lacus, lacūs, m., lake. through, transfix.
well known. līmus, līmī, m., mud. ut, conj., as; when; that; ita ut, as.
cōn-sūmō, -sūmere, -sūmpsī, -sūmptus, take linter, lintris, f., barge, skiff. vescor, vescī, feed on, eat.
completely, use up, consume, spend. māximē [māximus], adv., very greatly, Volcānus, Volcanī, m., Vulcan.
crepitus, -ūs, m., rattle, clatter, noise. exceedingly, especially.
crotalum, crotalī, n., clapper, rattle. Minerva, Minervae, f., Minerva.

eī. Imperō is one of the intransitive verbs that govern the dative. pedibus, ablative of means, but to be rendered "on foot." A&G §409.
A&G §367 (especially footnote 1 on page 228.) cōnsūmpsisset. The imperfect and pluperfect subjunctive are used
ut . . . interficeret, "that he should kill" or "to kill," A clause which is with cum, "when," in clauses describing the situation at the
used as the subject or object of a verb is called a substantive time of the action represented by the principal verb. temporal
clause. There are four kinds of these clauses. See A&G §562. cum-clause A&G §546. Compare cum . . . appeteret in
The ones with the subjunctive are three sub-groups. The Chapter 25.
clause here is yet another sub-group of one these three. For ut peteret, "in order that he might ask," "that he might ask," or "to
our purposes it is called an indirect command, which is a kind ask." The subjunctive is used with ut in adverbial clauses
of purpose clause A&G §563. Read §§562-574 in the expressing purpose. Clauses of purpose and substantive
grammar to get a better idea of these kinds of clauses. clauses of volition are generally best translated with the
carne. The deponent verb vescor is intransitive and governs the English infinitive. A&G §563ff.
ablative; but "eat" in English is transitive. A&G §410. āvolārent, "flew away," This is not subjunctive of purpose, but of
appropinquandī. genitive of the gerund. A&G §501, 502 and 504. result, as is indicated by tam. Notice that the subjunctive of
cōnstitit, from cōnstō. Compare the similar word in Chapter 26. result is translated by the English indicative. A&G §567ff.
 30. SEVENTH LABOR: THE CRETAN BULL
Tum Eurystheus Herculī imperāvit ut taurum quendam ferōcissimum ex īnsulā Crētā
vīvum referret. Ille igitur nāvem cōnscendit, et cum ventus idōneus esset, statim solvit. Cum
tamen īnsulae iam appropinquāret, tanta tempestās subitō coorta est ut nāvis cursum tenēre nōn
posset. Tantus autem timor animōs nautārum occupāvit ut paene omnem spem salūtis
dēpōnerent. Herculēs etsī nāvigandī imperītus erat, tamen nūllō modō territus est. Paulō post
summa tranquillitās cōnsecūta est, et nautae, quī sē ex timōre iam recēperant, nāvem incolumem
ad terram appulērunt. Herculēs ē nāvī ēgressus est; et cum ad rēgem Crētae vēnisset, causam
veniendī docuit. Deinde, postquam omnia parāta sunt, ad eam regiōnem contendit quam taurus
vāstābat. Brevī tempore taurum vīdit; et quamquam rēs erat magnī perīculī, cornua eius
prehendit. Tum, cum mōnstrum ad nāvem ingentī labōre trāxisset, cum praedā in Graeciam
rediit.
appellō, -pellere, -pulī, -pulsus [ad + pellō], ēgredior, -gredī, -gressus [ē + gradior], go quam-quam, conj., however much, although.
drive to, bring to; with or without out or forth, go ashore, disembark. recipiō, -cipere, -cēpī, -ceptus [re- + capiō],
nāvem, put in. etsī, conj., even if, although. take or get back, recover; sē
cōn-sequor, -sequī, -secūtus, follow up, ferōx, -ōcis [ferus, wild], adj., fierce, savage. recipere, to betake oneself; to
follow; overtake. idōneus, -a, -um, suitable, fit; favorable. collect oneself, recover.
cōnscendō (3) –scendī, -scēnsum, climb; with imperītus, -a, -um, inexperienced, unskilled, regiō, regiōnis [regō, direct], f., direction;
or without nāvem, to climb the ship, ignorant. country, region.
go on board, embark. imperō, -perāre, -perāvī, -perātus, salūs, salūtis [salvus, safe], f., safety,
coörior, coörīrī, cooörtus sum, arise. command, order, enjoin. deliverance, escape.
cornū, cornūs, n., horn. incolumis, incolume, unhurt, safe. taurus, taurī, m., bull.
Crēta, -ae, f., Crete. ignis, ignis, m., fire. trahō, trahere, trāxī, tractus to draw or drag.
cursus, cursūs, m., course, a running. labor, labōris, m., labor, toil; hardship. tranquillitās, tranquillitātis, f., calm;
deinde adv., then, next. nauta, nautae, m., sailor. tranquillity.
dē-pōnō, -pōnere, -posuī, -positus, put down, nāvigō (1) –āvī, -ātum, sail. ut conjunc., introducing purpose, result and
deposit; lay aside, give up; ē paulō [paulus, little], adv., by a little, a little. indirect command clauses.
memoriā dēpōnere, to forget. possum, posse, potuī to be able w/ infinitive. vāstō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [vāstus], lay waste.
doceō, -ēre, -uī, -tus, teach, explain. praeda, -ae, f., booty, spoil, plunder. ventus, ventī, m., wind.
prehendō, -hendere, -hendī, -hēnsus, seize. vīvus, -a, -um [vīvō], alive, living.

ut . . . referret, an indirect command A&G §563. the principal clause a word that is translated with "so."
ex. Comprae with ab, in Chapter 29, and dē, in Chapter 28. We may tempestās is nominative.
translate all three "from," but the strict meanings are: "out ut . . . posset, result clause A&G §567ff.
from" (ē/ex); "away from" (ā/ab); and, "down from" (dē). ut . . . dēpōnerent, result clause A&G §567ff.
cum . . . esset, temporal cum-clause A&G §546. nāvigandī imperītus, "inexperienced in sailing." genitive of the
idōneus, means "suitable" or "favorable" and is a predicate adjective gerund. A&G §501, 502 and 504. Certain adjectives take the
describing ventus. genitive Imperītus is one of them. A&G §549.
solvit. The verb solvō, solvere, solvī, solūtum, with or without cum . . . vēnisset, temporal cum-clause A&G §546.
nāvem can mean "cast off." veniendī, genitive of the gerund. A&G §501, 502 and 504.
Cum . . . appropinquāret, temporal cum-clause A&G §546. vāstābat. A derivative of this word is devastate. Here it means
īnsulae, here is a dative of direction. something like "lays waste to."
tanta. A sentence which contains a clause of result commonly has in cum . . . trāxisset, temporal cum-clause A&G §546.

personal personal personal personal personal personal personal personal personal personal
pronouns pronouns pronouns pronouns pronouns pronouns pronouns pronouns pronouns pronouns
N. ego N. tū N. is N. ea N. id N. nōs N. vōs N. eī (iī) N. eae N. ea
G. meī G. tuī G. eius G. eius G. eius G. nostrī/-um G. vestrī/-um G. eōrum G. eārum G. eōrum
D. mihi D. tibi D. eī D. eī D. eī D. nōbīs D. vōbīs D. eīs (iīs) D. eīs (iīs) D. eīs (iīs)
A. mē A. tē A. eum A. eam A. id A. nōs A. vōs A. eōs A. eās A. ea
A. mē A. tē A. eō A. eā A. eō A. nōbīs A. vōbīs A. eīs (iīs) A. eīs (iīs) A. eīs (iīs)

reflexive reflexive reflexive reflexive reflexive reflexive reflexive reflexive reflexive reflexive
pronouns pronouns pronouns pronouns pronouns pronouns pronouns pronouns pronouns pronouns
N. -------- N. -------- N. -------- N. -------- N. -------- N. -------- N. -------- N. -------- N. -------- N. --------
G. meī G. tuī G. suī G. suī G. suī G. nostrī G. vestrī G. suī G. suī G. suī
D. mihi D. tibi D. sibi D. sibi D. sibi D. nōbīs D. vōbīs D. sibi D. sibi D. sibi
A. mē A. tē A. sē (sēsē) A. sē (sēsē) A. sē (sēsē) A. nōs A. vōs A. sē (sēsē) A. sē (sēsē) A. sē (sēsē)
A. mē A. tē A. sē (sēsē) A. sē (sēsē) A. sē (sēsē) A. nōbīs A. vōbīs A. sē (sēsē) A. sē (sēsē) A. sē (sēsē)
 31. EIGHTH LABOR: THE MAN-EATING HORSES OF DIOMEDES
Postquam ex īnsulā Crētā rediit, Herculēs ab Eurystheō in Thrāciam missus est, ut equōs
Diomēdis redūceret. Hī equī carne hominum vescēbantur; Diomēdēs autem, vir crūdēlissimus,
iīs obiciēbat peregrīnōs omnēs quī in eam regiōnem vēnerant. Herculēs igitur magnā celeritāte
in Thrāciam contendit, et ab Diomēde postulāvit ut equī sibi trāderentur. Cum tamen rēx hoc
facere nōllet, Herculēs īrā commōtus eum interfēcit et cadāver eius equīs obicī iussit. Ita mīra
rērum commūtātiō facta est; is enim quī anteā multōs cum cruciātū necāverat ipse eōdem
suppliciō necātus est. Cum haec nūntiāta essent, omnēs quī eam regiōnem incolēbant māximā
laetitiā adfectī sunt, et Herculī meritam grātiam rettulērunt. Nōn modo maximīs honōribus et
praemiīs eum decorāvērunt sed etiam ōrābant ut rēgnum ipse susciperet. Ille tamen hoc facere
nōlēbat, et cum ad mare rediisset, nāvem occupāvit. Ubi omnia ad nāvigandum parāta sunt,
equōs in nāvī conlocāvit; deinde, cum idōneam tempestātem nactus esset, sine morā ē portū
solvit, et paulō post equōs in lītus Argolicum exposuit.
anteā, adv., before this, before. idōneus, -a, -um, suitable, fit; favorable. ōrō (1) –āvī, -ātum, speak; beg, pray (to).
Argolicus, -a, -um, of Argolis, Argolic. in-colō, -colere, -coluī, inhabit. peregrīnus, -ī, m., stranger, foreigner.
cadāver, -eris, n., dead body, corpse, carcass, īra, īrae, f., anger. portus, -ūs, m., harbor, haven, port.
cadaver. laetitia, -ae, f., joy; happiness. postulō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, ask, request, demand.
carō, carnis, f., flesh. meritus, -a, -um [part. of mereō], deserved, praemium, -ī, n., reward.
celeritās, -tātis [celer, swift], f., swiftness, due, just. re-dūcō, -dūcere, -dūxī, -ductus, lead or bring
quickness, speed. mīrus, -a, -um, wonderful, strange. back; restore.
commūtātiō, -tātiōnis, f., change. modo, adv., only; just now, lately. regiō, -ōnis [regō, direct], f., direction; country,
conlocō (1) –āvī, -ātum, put, place; locate. mora, -ae, f., delay. region.
Crēta, -ae, f., Crete. nancīscor, nancīscī, nactus sum, get, obtain, regnum, regnī, n., kingdom.
cruciātus, -ūs, m., torture. find. supplicium, -ī, n., punishment, torture.
crūdēlis, -e, cruel; superlative, crūdēlissimus. nāvigō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [nāvis + agō], sail. suscipiō, -cipere, -cēpī, -ceptus [sub + capiō],
decorō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [decus, adornment], necō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, put to death, slay, kill. undertake.
adorn, distinguish. nōlō, nōlle, nōluí [ne-, not + volō], not wish, be Thrācia, -ae, f., Thrace (a country).
deinde adv., then, next. unwilling. trādō, -dere, -didī, -ditus [trans + do], give
Diomēdēs, Diomēdis, m., Diomedes. nūntiō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [nūntius], report, across, over, or up, deliver; hand
equus, equī, m., horse. announce. down, relate, report.
ex-pōnō, -pōnere, -posuī, -positus, put out, set obiciō (M) –iēcī, -iectum, throw in the way or vēscor, vescī, feed on, eat.
forth; put on shore, land; explain. throw to.

ut . . . redūceret, purpose clause A&G §563. cadāver. The subject of an infinitive is in the accusative case. A&G
iīs, dative of the indirect object, with obiciēbat. A&G §362. §563a.
ut . . . trāderentur. Notice that postulō, like imperō, takes an mīra rērum commūtātiō. When an adjective and a genitive modify
indirect command clauseA&G §563. the same noun, the words are often in this order.
sibi. Notice that this does not refer to equī, the subject of trāderentur, necāverat. Interficiō is the most general of the verbs meaning "kill;"
but to Herculēs, the subject of postulāvit. The reflexive in a necō implies wickedness and cruelty; occīdō commonly
subordinate clause may refer to the subject of the principal denotes the cutting down of an enemy in battle.
clause, if the subordinate clause expresses the thought of that Cum . . . essent, causal cum-clause A&G §549.
subject. It is then called the indirect reflexive. When it refers modo is the adverb, not a case of modus, the dative and ablative
to the subject of its own clause, it is called the direct reflexive. singular of which are modō. Make it your practice to observe
A&G §300. the quantity of vowels.
Cum . . . nōllet, causal cum-clause A&G §549. ut . . . susciperet, purpose clause A&G §563.
īrā commōtus eum interfēcit, "was moved with anger and killed cum ad mare rediisset, temporal cum-clause A&G §546.
him," literally "moved with anger he killed him." The perfect ad nāvigandum, accusative of the gerund A&G §506.
participle is often best rendered by the form of the verb that cum . . . nactus esset, temporal cum-clause A&G §546.
can be connected by "and" with the main verb of the clause. Argolicum. Tiryns was in Argolis.
A&G §496, Note 2.
 32. NINTH LABOR: THE GIRDLE OF HIPPOLYTE
Gēns Amāzonum omnīnō ex mulieribus cōnstitisse dīcitur. Hae summam scientiam reī
mīlitāris habēbant, et tantam virtūtem adhibēbant ut cum virīs proelium committere audērent.
Hippolytē, Amāzonum rēgīna, balteum habuit nōtissimum, quem Mārs eī dederat. Admētē
autem, Eurystheī fīlia, dē hōc balteō audīverat, et eum possidēre vehementer cupiēbat.
Eurystheus igitur Herculī mandāvit ut cōpiās cōgeret et bellum Amāzonibus īnferret. Ille
nūntiōs in omnēs partēs dīmīsit; et cum magna multitūdō convēnisset, eōs dēlēgit quī maximum
ūsum in rē mīlitārī habēbant.
adhibeō (2) –hibuī, -hibitum, hold to, together, assemble. Mārs, Mārtis, m., Mars (a god).
employ, show. cōpia, -ae, f., supply, abundance; plur., forces, mīlitāris, mīlitāre, military, warlike.
Admētē, Admētēs, f., Admete. troops. mulier, mulieris, f., woman.
Amāzōnēs, -um, f. pl., Amazons. dēligō, -ligere, -lēgí, -lēctus [dē + legō], multitūdō, multitūdinis, f., multitude.
audeō (2) ausus sum, dare. choose out, choose, select. nōtus, -a, -um [part. of nōscō, come to know],
balteus, balteī, m., belt, girdle. dī-mittō, -mittere, -mīsī, -missus, send known, well-known. famous.
cōgō, cōgere, coēgī, coāctus [co- + agō], drive different ways, send forth or away, possideō (2) –sēdī, -sessum, hold, possess.
together, collect; compel. despatch; let slip, lose. proelium, -ī, n., battle, combat; proelium
com-mittō, -mittere, -mīsī, -missus, send gēns, gentis, f., race, nation. committere, to join battle.
together; commit, intrust; expose; Hippolytē, Hippolytēs, f., Hippolyte. scientia, scientiae, f., knowledge, skill.
proelium committere, to join battle. īnferō, -ferre, -tulī, -lātum, bring in or ūsus, ūsūs, m., use; experience.
cōn-sistō, -sistere, -stitī, -stitus, station against; inflict. vehementer [vehemēns, violent], adv.,
oneself, take a stand; consist. mandō (1) –-āvī, -ātum, put into one’s hands, violently, vehemently; earnestly;
con-veniō, -venīre, -vēnī, -ventus, come intrust, commit; charge, command. exceedingly, greatly.

dīcitur. Notice that the Latin construction is personal, "the race is the art of war" or "had the greatest skill in warfare" etc.
said to have consisted." English often has the impersonal objective genitive A&G §347 & 348.
construction, "it is said that the race consisted." ut . . . audērent, result clause A&G §567ff.
reī mīlitāris. rēs with mīlitāris means something like "art of war" or ut . . . cōgeret et . . . īnferret, indirect command clauseA&G §563.
"warfare." So the Amazons "had a very great knowledge of cum . . . convēnisset, temporal cum-clause A&G §546.

1st person singular 2nd person singular 3rd person singular

possessive / reflexive adjective possessive / reflexive adjective possessive / reflexive adjective

M F N M F N M F N
N. meus N. mea N. meum N. tuus N. tua N. tuum N. suus N. sua N. suum
G. meī G. meae G. meī G. tuī G. tuae G. tuī G. suī G. suae G. suī
D. meō D. meae D. meō D. tuō D. tuae D. tuō D. suō D. suae D. suō
A. meum A. meam A. meum A. tuum A. tuam A. tuum A. suum A. suam A. suum
A. meō A. meā A. meō A. tuō A. tuā A. tuō A. suō A. suā A. suō

N. meī N. meae N. mea N. tuī N. tuae N. tua N. suī N. suae N. sua

G. meōrum G. meārum G. meōrum G. tuōrum G. tuārum G. tuōrum G. suōrum G. suārum G. suārum
D. meīs D. meīs D. meīs D. tuīs D. tuīs D. tuīs D. suīs D. suīs D. suīs
A. meōs A. meās A. mea A. tuōs A. tuās A. tua A. suōs A. suās A. sua
A. meīs A. meīs A. meīs A. tuīs A. tuīs A. tuīs A. suīs A. suīs A. suīs

1st person plural 2nd person plural 3rd person plural

possessive / reflexive adjective possessive / reflexive adjective possessive / reflexive adjective

M F N M F N M F N
N. noster N. nostra N. nostrum N. vester N. vestra N. vestrum N. suus N. sua N. suum
G. nostrī G. nostrae G. nostrī G. vestrī G. vestrae G. vestrī G. suī G. suae G. suī
D. nostrō D. nostrae D. nostrō D. vestrō D. vestrae D. vestrō D. suō D. suae D. suō
A. nostrum A. nostram A. nostrum A. vestrum A. vestram A. vestrum A. suum A. suam A. suum
A. nostrō A. nostrā A. nostrō A. vestrō A. vestrā A. vestrō A. suō A. suā A. suō

N. nostrī N. nostrae N. nostra N. vestrī N. vestrae N. vestra N. suī N. suae N. sua

G. nostrōrum G. nostrārum G. nostrōrum G. vestrōrum G. vestrārum G. vestrōrum G. suōrum G. suārum G. suārum
D. nostrīs D. nostrīs D. nostrīs D. vestrīs D. vestrīs D. vestrīs D. suīs D. suīs D. suīs
A. nostrōs A. nostrās A. nostra A. vestrōs A. vestrās A. vestra A. suōs A. suās A. sua
A. nostrīs A. nostrīs A. nostrīs A. vestrīs A. vestrīs A. vestrīs A. suīs A. suīs A. suīs
 33. THE GIRDLE IS REFUSED
Herculēs postquam causam itineris exposuit, fortissimīs virīs persuāsit ut sēcum iter
facerent. Tum cum iīs quibus persuāserat nāvem cōnscendit; et paucīs post diēbus, cum ventus
idōneus esset, ad ōstium flūminis Thermōdontis appulit. Postquam in fīnēs Amāzonum vēnit,
nūntium ad Hippolytēn mīsit, quī causam veniendī docēret et balteum posceret. Ipsa Hippolytē
balteum trādere volēbat, quod fāma dē Herculis virtūte ad eam adlāta erat; reliquae tamen
Amāzonēs eī persuāsērunt ut negāret. At Herculēs, cum haec nūntiāta essent, bellī fortūnam
temptāre cōnstituit. Proximō diē cum cōpiās ēdūxisset, locum idōneum dēlēgit atque hostēs ad
pugnam ēvocāvit. Amāzonēs quoque cōpiās suās ex castrīs ēdūxērunt, et nōn magnō intervāllō
ab Hercule aciem īnstrūxērunt.
aciēs, aciēī, f., line of battle. doceō, -ēre, -uī, -tus, teach, explain. nūntiō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [nūntius], report,
ad-ferō, adferre, attulī, adlātus, bear to, bring. ē-dūcō, -dūcere, -dūxī, -ductus, lead out, announce. .
Amāzōnēs, -um, f. pl., Amazons. draw. ōstium, -ī, n., mouth, doorway, door.
appellō, -pellere, -pulī, -pulsus [ad + pellō], ex-pōnō, -pōnere, -posuī, -positus, put out, set per-suādeō, -suādēre, -suāsī, -suāsus,
drive to, bring to; with or without forth; put on shore, land; explain. persuade, prevail upon, induce.
nāvem, put in. ēvocō (1) –āvī, -ātum, call out, challenge. poscō (3) poposcī, ask, demand.
balteus, balteī, m., belt, girdle. flūmen, -minis [fluō, flow], n., river. proximus, -a, -um, superl. from prope, nearest,
bellum, bellī, n., war. fortis, forte, brave; superlative fortissimus. next.
castra, castrōrum, n. pl., camp. fortūna, fortūnae [fors, chance], f., fortune. pūgna, -ae, f., fighting, battle, combat.
cōnscendō, -scendere, -scendī, -scēnsus [com- Herculēs, Herculis, m., Hercules. quoque [quī + -que], adv., also.
+ scandō, climb],climb; nāvem Hippolytē, Hippolytēs, f., Hippolyte. reliquus, -a, -um [relinquō], left, the
cōnscendere, to climb the ship, go on idōneus, -a, -um, suitable, fit; favorable. remaining, the other, the rest of.
board, embark. īn-struō, -struere, -strūxī, -strūctus, build in temptō (1) –āvī, -ātum, try, attempt.
cōnstituō, -stituere, -stituī, -stitūtus [com- + or into; draw up; equip, furnish. Thermōdōn, Thermōdontis, m., Thermodon.
statuō], set together or up; appoint; intervāllum, -ī, n., interval, space, distance. trādō, -dere, -didī, -ditus [trans + do], give
determine. iter, itineris [eō], n., a going, journey, march; across, over, or up, deliver; hand
cōpia, -ae, f., supply, abundance; plur., forces, iter facere, to journey, march. down, relate, report.
troops. negō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, say no or not, deny, ut, conj., as; when; that; ita ut, as.
dēligō, -ligere, -lēgī, -lēctus [dē + legō], choose refuse. ventus, ventī, m., wind.
out, choose, select.

virīs, dative governed by the intransitive verb persuāsit. A&G §367. and the sustantive clause of volition (purpose), is generally
ut . . . facerent, indirect command A&G §563. best translated with the English infinitive. purpose clause
paucīs post diēbus. See the note on paulō post in Chapter 14, and A&G §563.
compare post paucōs diēs in Chapter 29. With the ablative, veniendī, genitive of the gerund. A&G §501, 502 and 504.
post is an adverb; with the accusative, it is a preposition. ut negāret, indirect command clauseA&G §563.
cum ventus idōneus esset, causal cum-clause A&G §549. cum haec nūntiāta essent, temporal cum-clause A&G §546.
quī . . .docēret, "who was to explain," "to explain." A clause of cum cōpiās ēdūxisset, temporal cum-clause A&G §546.
purpose is frequently introduced by a relative pronoun. The nōn magnō intervāllō, ablative of degree of difference A&G §414.
relative clause of purpose, like the adverbial clause of purpose

demonstrative pronoun / adjective demonstrative pronoun / adjective intensive pronoun / adjective

M F N M F N M F N
N. iste N. ista N. istud N. īdem N. eadem N. idem N. ipse N. ipsa N. ipsum
G. istius G. istius G. istius G. eiusdem G. eiusdem G. eiusdem G. ipsius G. ipsius G. ipsius
D. istī D. istī D. istī D. eīdem D. eīdem D. eīdem D. ipsī D. ipsī D. ipsī
A. istum A. istam A. istud A. eundem A. eandem A. idem A. ipsum A. ipsam A. ipsum
A. istō A. istā A. istō A. eōdem A. eādem A. eōdem A. ipsō A. ipsā A. ipsō

N. istī N. istae N. ista N. iīdem (eī-) N. eaedem N. eadem N. ipsī N. ipsae N. ipsa
G. istōrum G. istārum G. istōrum G. eōrundem G. eārundem G. eōrundem G. ipsōrum G. ipsārum G. ipsārum
D. istīs D. istīs D. istīs D. eīsdem (iīs-) D. eīsdem (iīs-) D. eīsdem (iīs-) D. ipsīs D. ipsīs D. ipsīs
A. istōs A. istās A. ista A. eōsdem A. eōsdem A. eadem A. ipsōs A. ipsās A. ipsa
A. istīs A. istīs A. istīs A. eīsdem (iīs-) A. eīsdem (iīs-) A. eīsdem (iīs-) A. ipsīs A. ipsīs A. ipsīs
 34. THE BATTLE
Palūs erat nōn magna inter duōs exercitūs; neutrī tamen initium trānseundī facere
volēbant. Tandem Herculēs signum dedit; et ubi palūdem trānsiit, proelium commīsit.
Amāzonēs impetum virōrum fortissimē sustinuērunt, et contrā omnium opīniōnem tantam
virtūtem praestitērunt ut multōs eōrum occīderent, multōs etiam in fugam conicerent. Virī enim
novō genere pugnae perturbābantur nec magnam virtūtem praestābant. Herculēs autem cum
haec vidēret, dē suīs fortūnīs dēspērāre coepit. Itaque mīlitēs vehementer cohortātus est ut
prīstinae virtūtis memoriam retinērent, neu tantum dēdecus admitterent, hostiumque impetum
fortiter sustinērent. Quibus verbīs animōs omnium ita cōnfirmāvit ut multī etiam quī vulneribus
cōnfectī essent proelium sine morā redintegrārent.
admittō (3) –mīsī, -missum, send to, admit; exercitus, exercitūs, m., army. disturb.
allow. fortissimē superlative adverb [fortis] most prae-stō, -stāre, -stitī, -stitus, stand in front;
Amāzōnēs, -um, f. pl., Amazons. bravely, very bravely. show.
coepī, coepisse, coeptus (used in tenses of fortiter [fortis], adv., bravely. prīstinus, prīstina, prīstinum, former.
completed action), have begun, fuga, fugae, f., flight. proelium, -ī, n., battle, combat; proelium
began. gēns, gentis, f., race, nation. committere, to join battle.
cohortor (1) –hortātus sum, encourage, hostis, hostis, m. and f., enemy, foe. pūgna, pugnae, f., fighting, battle, combat.
exhort. impetus, -ūs [in + petō], m., attack; impetum redintegrō (1) –āvī, -ātum, make whole again,
com-mittō, -mittere, -mīsī, -missus, send facere, to charge. renew.
together; commit, intrust; expose; initium, initiī, n., beginning. retineō, -tinēre, -tinuī, -tentus [re- + teneō],
proelium committere, to join battle. memoria, memoriae, f., memory. hold or keep back, keep, restrain; hold
cōnficiō, -ficere, -fēcī, -fectus [com- + faciō], mīles, mīlitis, m., soldier. fast.
make or do completely, complete, neuter, neutra, neutrum, neither. sīgnum, signī, n., sign, signal.
finish, accomplish, make; wear out. nēve or neu, conj., or not, and that not, and not, sustineō, -tinēre, -tinuī, -tentus [sub + teneō],
cōn-fírmō, -fírmāre, -fírmāvī, -fírmātus, nor. hold or bear up, sustain, withstand.
strengthen, establish;declare, assert. novus, nova, novum, new; novissimus, last. trāns-eō, -īre, -iī, -itum, go across or over,
coniciō, -icere, -iēcí, -iectus [com- + iaciō], occīdō, -cīdere, -cīdī, -cīsus [ob + caedō, cut], cross.
throw together; throw, cast, hurl. cut down, kill. ut, conj., as; when; that; ita ut, as.
contrā, prep, with acc., against, contrary to. opīniō, opiniōnis [opīnor, think], f., opinion, vehementer [vehemēns, violent], adv.,
dēdecus, dēdecoris, n., dishonor, disgrace. expectation; reputation. violently, vehemently; earnestly;
dēspērō (1) –āvī, -ātum, despair. palūs, palūdis, f., swamp, marsh. exceedingly, greatly.
duo, duae, duo, plur. adj., two. perturbō (1) –āvī, -ātum, confuse thoroughly, verbum, verbī, n., word.

nōn magna. The effect of the position of these words may be Latin to connect a new sentence with the one preceding. When
reproduced by translating ‘but not a large one.’ so used, it is to be rendered by a demonstrative or personal
neutrī, "neither side." The plural of this word is used in speaking of pronoun. To bring out the connective force, "and" or "but"
two parties, the singular in speaking of two individuals. may be added. connecting relative A&G §308, f.
trānseundī, is the genitive of the gerund A&G §501, 502 and 504. cōnfectī essent, subjunctive by attraction to the mood of
ut . . . occīderent, result clause A&G §567ff. redintegrārent. The subjunctive by attraction occurs in
cum haec vidēret, causal cum-clause A&G §549. clauses which depend upon another clause with a subjunctive
neu. Nēve or neu is used for "and not" in a purpose clause A&G verb, and which are essential to the expression of the thought.
§563. A clause whose verb is in the subjunctive by attraction cannot
ut . . . retinērent, neu . . . admitterent, -que . . . sustinērent, be omitted without spoiling the meaning. A&G §593.
indirect commands A&G §563. ut . . . redintegrārent, result clause A&G §567ff.
Quibus verbīs, "and by these words." The relative is much used in

interrogative pronoun indefinite pronoun

M F N M F N
N. quis? N. quis? N. quid? N. aliquis (aliquī) N. aliqua N. aliquid (aliquod)
G. cuius? G. cuius? G. cuius? G. alicuius G. alicuius G. alicuius
D. cui? D. cui? D. cui? D. alicui D. alicui D. alicui
A. quem? A. quam? A. quid? A. aliquem A. aliquem A. aliquid (aliquod)
A. quō? A. quā? A. quō? A. aliquō A. aliquā A. aliquō

N. quī? N. quae? N. quae? N. aliquī N. aliquae N. aliqua

G. quōrum? G. quārum? G. quōrum? G. aliquōrum G. aliquārum G. aliquōrum
D. quibus? D. quibus? D. quibus? D. aliquibus D. aliquibus D. aliquibus
A. quōs? A. quās? A. quae? A. aliquōs A. aliquās A. aliqua
A. quibus? A. quibus? A. quibus? A. aliquibus A. aliquibus A. aliquibus
 35. THE DEFEAT OF THE AMAZONS
Diū et ācriter pugnātum est; tandem tamen ad sōlis occāsum tanta commūtātiō rērum
facta est ut mulierēs terga verterent et fugā salūtem peterent. Multae autem vulneribus dēfessae
dum fugiunt captae sunt, in quō numerō ipsa erat Hippolytē. Herculēs summam clēmentiam
praestitit; et postquam balteum accēpit, lībertātem omnibus captīvīs dedit. Tum vērō sociōs ad
mare redūxit; et quod nōn multum aestātis supererat, in Graeciam proficīscī mātūrāvit. Itaque
nāvem cōnscendit, et tempestātem idōneam nactus statim solvit. Priusquam tamen in Graeciam
pervēnit, ad urbem Trōiam nāvem appellere cōnstituit; frūmentum enim quod sēcum habēbat
iam dēficere coeperat.
ācriter, adv., sharply, fiercely. dēficiō (M) –fēcī, -fectum, fail; be deficient. proficīscor, -ficīscī, -fectus [prōficiō, make
aestās, aestātis, f., summer. frūmentum, frūmentī, n., grain. progress], set out, depart, start.
appellō, -pellere, -pulī, -pulsus [ad + pellō], Graecia, Graeciae [Graecus], f., Greece. pūgnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [pūgna], fight.
drive to, bring to; with or without Herculēs, Herculis, m., Hercules. re-dūcō, -dūcere, -dūxī, -ductus, lead or
nāvem, put in. Hippolytē, Hippolytēs, f., Hippolyte. bring back; restore.
balteus, balteī, m., belt, girdle. idōneus, -a, -um, suitable, fit; favorable. salūs, salūtis [salvus, safe], f., safety,
captīva, captīvae, f., captive, prisoner. lībertās, lībertātis, f., freedom, liberty. deliverance, escape.
clēmentia, -ae, f., mercy, kindness; clemency. mātūrō (1) –āvī, -ātum, hasten; hurry. socius, sociī, m., companion, comrade, ally.
coepī, coepisse, coeptus (used in tenses of mulier, mulieris, f., woman. sōl, sōlis, m., sun; the sun-god.
completed action), have begun, nancīscor, nancīscī, nactus sum, get, obtain. summus, -a, -um [superl. of superus, upper],
began. numerus, numerī, m., number. uppermost, highest, greatest.
com-mūtātiō, -tiōnis, f., change. occāsus, occāsūs, m., setting. super-sum, -esse, -fuī, be over or left, remain.
cōnscendō, -scendere, -scendī, -scēnsus petō, petere, petiī (īvī), petītus, seek, ask; tergum, -ī, n., back.
[com- + scandō, climb], climb; attack. Trōia, -ae, f., Troy.
nāvem cōnscendere, to go on prae-stō, -stāre, -stitī, -stitus, stand in front; ut, conj., as; when; that; ita ut, as.
board, embark. show. vērō [vērus], adv., in truth, truly, indeed.
dēfessus, -a, -um, worn out, exhausted. priusquam, conj., before (than), sooner than.

pugnātum est, "they fought" or "the battle raged," literally "it was aestātis, partitive genitive, or genitive of the whole A&G §[Link]
fought." Intransitive verbs are often used impersonally in the names are applied to the genitive when it denotes the whole to
passive. A&G §207 and 208, d. which the part that is mentioned belongs. Notice that multum
ut . . . verterent et . . . peterent, result clauses A&G §567ff. is used here as a substantive. A&G §288.
dēfessae, the perfect participle is often best rendered by the form of nactus, "finding," literally "having found." The perfect participle of
the verb that can be connected by "and" with the main verb of deponent verbs is often best rendered by a present participle.
the clause. A&G §496, Note 2. A&G §491.
vērō, postpositive conjunction A&G §324, j.

Many pronouns, pronoun/adjectives and adverbs have corresponding demonstrative, relative, interrogative and indefinite forms called Correlatives:
Demonstratives Relatives Interrogatives Indefinite Relatives Indefinites
is, ille, iste quī quis? quī? quisquis aliquis
that who who? whoever someone
tantus quantus quantus? quantuscumque aliquantus
so great how (as) great how great? however great some
tālis quālis quālis? quāliscumque aliquālis
such as of what kind? of whatever kind some kind
ibi, illīc, istīc ubi ubi? ubiubi alicubi
there where where? wherever somewhere
eō, illō quō quō quōquō aliquō
thither whither whither? whithersoever (to) somewhere
eā quā quā quāquā aliquā
that way which way which way? whithersoever somewhere
inde unde unde? undecumque alicunde
thence whence whence? whencesoever from somewhere
tum cum quandō? quandōcumque aliquandō
then when when? whenever at some time
tot quot quot? quotquot aliquot
so many as (many) how many? however many some, several
totiēns quotiēns quotiēns? quotiēnscumque aliquotiēns
so often as (often) how often? however often at several times
alter uter uter? utercumque ----------
one or the other of two the one (of two) which which of two? whichever of the two ----------
tam quam quam? ---------- ----------
so as how? ---------- ----------
 36. LAOMEDON AND THE SEA-MONSTER
Lāomedōn quīdam illō tempore rēgnum Trōiae obtinēbat. Ad hunc Neptūnus et Apollō
superiōre annō vēnerant, et cum Trōia nōndum moenia habēret, ad hoc opus auxilium
obtulerant. Postquam tamen eōrum auxiliō moenia cōnfecta sunt, Lāomedōn praemium quod
prōposuerat persolvere nōlēbat. Neptūnus et Apollō ob hanc causam īrātī mōnstrum quoddam
mīsērunt speciē horribilī, quod cotīdiē ē marī veniēbat atque hominēs pecudēsque vorābat.
Trōiānī autem timōre perterritī in urbe continēbantur, et pecora omnia ex agrīs intrā mūrōs
compulerant. Lāomedōn hīs rēbus commōtus ōrāculum cōnsuluit, ac deus eī praecēpit ut fīliam
Hēsionēn mōnstrō obiceret.
ager, agrī, m., field, land. moenia, moenium, n. pl., walls, city-walls. persolvō (3) solvī, solūtum, pay completely,
annus, annī, m., year. mūrus, mūrī, m., wall. pay.
Apollo, Apollinis, m., Apollo. Neptūnus, Neptūnī, m., Neptune. per-terreō, -terrēre, -terruī, -territus,
compellō (3) –pulī, -pulsum, drive together, nōlō, nōlle, nōluí [ne-, not + volō], not wish, be thoroughly frighten, terrify.
drive. unwilling. praecipiō (M) –cēpī, -ceptum, anticipate;
cōnficiō, -ficere, -fēcī, -fectus [com- + faciō], nōndum, adv., not yet. direct, order.
make or do completely, complete, obiciō, -icere, -iēcī, -iectus [ob + iaciō], throw praemium, praemiī, n., reward.
finish, accomplish, make; wear out. in the way or to. prōpōnō (3) –posuī, positum, put or set before,
cōnsulō (3) –suluī, -sultum, consult. obtineō, -tinēre, -tinuī, -tentus [ob + teneō], offer, propose; set forth, say.
contineō (2) –tinuī, tentum, hold together, hold. superior, -ius [comp. of superus, upper], adj.,
keep within, shut up; bound. offerō, offerre, obtulī, oblātus [ob + ferō], higher; former, previous, preceding.
cotīdiē, adv., daily, every day. bear to, proffer, offer. Trōia, Trōiae, f., Troy.
Hēsionē, Hēsionēs, f., Hesione. ōrāculum, ōrāculī [ōrō], n., oracle. Trōiānī, -ōrum, m. pl., Trojans.
intrā [inter], prep. with acc., within. pecus, pecoris, n., cattle, herd, flock. ut, conj., as; when; that; ita ut, as.
īrātus, -a, -um [part, of īrāscor], angered, pecus, pecudis, f., head of cattle, beast; sheep; vorō (1) –āvī, -ātum, swallow whole, devour.
enraged, angry, furious. goat.
Lāomedōn, Lāomedōntis. m., Laomedon.

superiōre, here means "previous." the verb that can be connected by "and" with the main verb of
cum Trōia . . . habēret, causal cum-clause A&G §549. the clause. A&G §496, Note 2.
speciē horribilī, every time there is a monster in these stories it seems it pecora is used of herds of cattle, pecudēs of individual animals,
is described with these words. You should be familiar with the especially sheep.
construction and therefore able to translate it accordingly. commōtus, the perfect participle like perterritī.
perterritī, the perfect participle is often best rendered by the form of ut . . . obiceret, indirect commands A&G §563.

Prepositions
w/ accusative w/ ablative
ad to(wards), into per through ā / ab by, (away) from
ante in front of post after, behind cum with
apud at the house of prope near dē about, concerning, (down) from
circum around propter because of ē / ex (out) from, out of
contrā against *sub close to, just about *in in, on
*in into, onto, to, against super over, above prō for, on behalf of
inter between, among suprā over, above sine without
intrā within trāns across *sub under
ob on account of, for; against

Conjunctions
antequam autem et nam neque priusquam quīn sī -ve
at cum etsī namque nēve or neu quamquam quod tamen vel
atque dum igitur nē nisi -que quoniam ut vērō
aut enim itaque nec postquam quia sed utī

Adverbs
aliquandō dēnique hinc ita nōn post quam rīte subitō unde
aliter diū hūc itaque numquam posteā quandō rursus suprā undique
anteā eō iam iterum ōlim postrīdiē quidem semper tandem ūsque
benignē etiam iamque libenter omnīnō praecipuē quō sīc tam vērō
cotīdiē forte ibi modo paene prīmō quondam sīcut totiēns
cūr frūstrā illinc mox paulisper prīmum quotannīs simul tum
dēmum hīc illūc noctū paulō procul quotiēns statim umquam
 37. THE RESCUE OF HESIONE
Lāomedōn, cum hoc respōnsum renūntiātum esset, magnum dolōrem percēpit; sed tamen,
ut cīvēs suōs tantō perīculō līberāret, ōrāculō pārēre cōnstituit et diem sacrificiō dīxit. Sed sīve
cāsū sīve cōnsiliō deōrum Herculēs tempore opportūnissimō Trōiam attigit; ipsō enim temporis
punctō quō puella catēnīs vincta ad lītus dēdūcēbātur nāvem appulit. Ē nāve ēgressus dē iīs
rēbus quae gerēbantur certior factus est; tum īrā commōtus ad rēgem sē contulit atque auxilium
suum obtulit. Cum rēx libenter eī concessisset ut, sī posset, puellam līberāret, Herculēs
mōnstrum interfēcit; et puellam, quae iam omnem spem salūtis dēposuerat, incolumem ad
patrem redūxit. Lāomedōn magnō cum gaudiō fīliam suam accēpit, et Herculī prō tantō
beneficiō meritam grātiam rettulit.
appellō, -pellere, -pulī, -pulsus [ad + pellō], memoriā dēpōnere, to forget. pareō (2) paruī, obey.
drive to, bring to; with or without ēgredior, ēgredī, ēgressus sum, go out or forth. percipiō (M) –cēpī, -ceptum, feel.
nāvem, put in. gaudium, gaudiī [gaudeō], n., gladness, joy. possum, posse, potuī [potis, able + sum], be
attingō (3) –tigī, -tāctum, touch at, arrrive at, Herculēs, Herculis, m., Hercules. able, have power, can.
reach. incolumis, incolume, unhurt, safe. pūnctum, pūnctī, n., point, instant, moment.
auxilium, auxiliī, n., help, aid. interficiō, -ficere, -fēcī, -fectus [inter + faciō], re-dūcō, -dūcere, -dūxī, -ductus, lead or bring
benefīcium, -ī [bene + faciō], n., well-doing, put out of the way, kill. back; restore.
kindness, service, benefit. Lāomedōn, Lāomedōntis. m., Laomedon. renūntiō (1) –āvī, -ātum, bring back word,
cāsū [abl. of cāsus], adv., by chance. libenter [libēns, willing], adv., willingly, report.
catēna, -ae, f., chain. gladly. respōnsum, -ī, n., reply, answer, response.
certus, -a, -um [part. of cernō], determined, līberō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [līber, free], set free, sacrificium, -ī [sacrificō], n., sacrifice.
fixed, certain; certiōrem facere, to free, liberate, release. salūs, salūtis [salvus, safe], f., safety,
make more certain, inform. meritus, -a, -um [part. of mereō], deserved, deliverance, escape.
concēdō (3) –cessī, cessum, grant, yield. due, just. sī, conj., if.
dē-dūcō, -dūcere, -dūxī, -ductus, lead down or offerō, offerre, obtulī, oblātum, bear to, sīve or seu, conj., or if; sīve . . . sīve, whether . .
away, bring; nāvem dēdūcere, to proffer, offer. . or.
draw down or launch a ship. opportūnus, -a, -um, suitable, seasonable, spēs, speī, f., hope.
dē-pōnō, -pōnere, -posuī, -positus, put down, convenient. ut, conj., as; when; that; ita ut, as.
deposit; lay aside, give up; ē ōrāculum, ōrāculī [ōrō], n., oracle. vinciō, vincīre, vinxī, vinctus, bind.

cum . . . renūntiātum esset, causal cum-clause A&G §549. literally "he was made more certain about those things which
ut . . . līberāret. purpose clause A&G §563. were being done."
ōrāculō, dative governed by the intransitive verb parēre, A&G §367. Cum . . . concessisset, causal cum-clause A&G §549.
sacrificiō, "for the sacrifice," dative of purpose A&G §382, 2. ut . . . līberāret, indirect command A&G §563.
ipsō temporis pūnctō quō, "at the very moment when." posset, subjunctive in an indirect subordinate clause. A&G §[Link]
dē iīs rēbus . . . factus est, "he was informed of the state of affairs," king said sī potes.

Comparison of Adjectives
positive comparative superlative
longus, longa, longum longior, longius longissimus, longissima, longissimum
īrātus, īrāta, īrātum īrātior, īrātius īrātissimus, īrātissima, īrātissimum
tener, tenera, tenerum tenerior, tenerius tenerrimus, tenerrima, tenerrimum
sacer, sacra, sacrum sacrior, sacrius sacerrimus, sacerrima, sacerrimum
dulcis, dulce dulcior, dulcius dulcissimus, dulcissima, dulcissimum
brevis, breve brevior, breve brevissimus, brevissima, brevissimum
prudēns, prudentis prudentior, prudentius prudentissimus, prudentissima, prudentissimum
audax, audācis audacior, audacius audacissimus, audacissima, audacissimum
celer, celeris, celere celerior, celerius celerrimus, celerrima, celerrimum
acer, acris, acre acrior, acrius acerrimus, acerrima, acerrimum
facilis, facile facilior, facilius facillimus, facillima, facillimum
similis, simile similior, similius simillimus, simillima, simillimum
gracilis, gracile gracilior, gracilior gracillimus, gracillima, gracillimum
humilis, humile humilior, humilius humillimus, humillima, humillimum
nōbilis, nōbile nōbilior, nōbilius nōbilissimus, nōbilissima, nōbilissimum
amābilis, amābile amābilior, amāblius amābilissimus, amābilissima, amābilissimum
 38. TENTH LABOR: THE OXEN OF GERYON
Tum vērō missus est Herculēs ad īnsulam Erythēam, ut bovēs Gēryonis arcesseret. Rēs
erat summae difficultātis, quod bovēs ā quōdam Eurytiōne et ā cane bicipite custōdiēbantur.
Ipse autem Gēryōn speciem horribilem praebēbat; tria enim corpora inter sē coniūncta habēbat.
Herculēs tamen etsī intellegēbat quantum perīculum esset, negōtium suscēpit. Postquam per
multās terrās iter fēcit, ad eam partem Āfricae pervēnit quae Eurōpae proxima est. Ibi in
utrōque lītore fretī quod Eurōpam ab Āfricā dīvidit columnās cōnstituit, quae posteā Herculis
Columnae appellābantur.
Āfrica, -ae, f., Africa. Eurytiōn, Eurytiōnis, m., Eurytion. proximus, -a, -um, superl. from prope, nearest,
arcessō, -ere, -īvī, -ītus, call, summon, fetch. frētum, -ī, n., strait. next.
biceps, bicipitis, adj., two-headed. Gēryōn, Gēryonis, m., Geryon. quantus, -a, -um, how great or how much?
bōs, bovis, gen. plur. boum, dat. and abl. plur. Herculēs, Herculis, m., Hercules. summus, -a, -um [superl. of superus, upper],
bōbus, m. and f., ox, bull, cow. intellegō (3) –lēxī, -lēctum, perceive, uppermost, highest,
canis, canis, m. and f., dog. understand. greatest.
columna, -ae, f., column, pillar. iter, itineris [eō], n., a going, journey, march; suscipiō, -cipere, -cēpī, -ceptus [sub + capiō],
coniungō (3) –iūnxī, -iūnctum, join together, iter facere, to journey, march. undertake.
join. negōtium, -ī [nec + ōtium, leisure], n., trēs, tria, plur. adj., three.
custōdiō (4) –īvī, -ītum, guard. business, matter; task, trouble, ut, conj., as; when; that; ita ut, as.
difficultās, -tātis [difficilis], f., difficulty. difficulty. uterque, utraque, utrumque, each (of two),
dīvidō (3) –vīsī, -vīsum, divide, separate. pars, partis, f., part, side, direction. either, both.
Erythēa, -ae, f., Erythea. praebeō (2) –buī, -bitum, supply, furnish; vērō [vērus], adv., in truth, truly, indeed;
et-sī, conj., even if, although. show, present. however.
Eurōpa, -ae, f., Europe.

vērō, postpositive conjunction A&G §324, j. perīculum est? ("How great is the danger?") An indirect
ut bovēs Gēryonis arcesseret, purpose clause A&G §563. question is a substantive clause introduced by an interrogative
Ipse frequently, as here, distinguishes a person, a) from that which word. Here the clause is the object of intellegēbat.
belongs to him; or, b) from his subordinates. Eurōpae. Proximus is one of the adjectives which take the dative.
inter sē, "to one another" or "together." Literally "between or among A&G §383-384.
themselves." utrōque lītore, "each shore" or "both shores."
esset, subjunctive in an indirect question A&G §330, 2 and 331; also columnās. The rock of Gibralter was said to be the pillar set up by
A&G §573-574. The direct form would be Quantum Hercules on the European side of the strait.

Comparison of Adjectives (cont'd)

positive comparative superlative
tūtus, tūta, tūtum tūtior, tūtius tūtissimus, tūtissima, tūtissimum
nōtus, nōta, nōtum nōtior, nōtius nōtissimus, nōtissima, nōtissimum
āter, ātra, ātrum ātrior, ātrius āterrimus, āterrima, āterrimum
līber, lībera, līberum līberior, līberius līberrimus, līberrima, līberrimum
gravis, grave gravior, grave gravissimus, gravissima, gravissimum
lēvis, lēve lēvior, lēvius lēvissimus, lēvissima, lēvissimum
ingēns, ingentis ingentior, ingentius ingentissimus, ingentissima, ingentissimum
ferōx, ferōcis ferōcior, ferōcius ferōcissimus, ferōcissima, ferōcissimum

Irregularly Compared Adjectives

positive comparative superlative
bonus, bona, bonum melior, melius optimus, optima, optimum
malus, mala, malum peior, peius pessimus, pessima, pessimum
magnus, magna, magnum maior, maius maximus, maxima, maximum
parvus, parva, parvum minor, minus minimus, minima, minimum
multus, multa, multum -------, plus plurimus, plurima, plurimum
 39. THE GOLDEN BOAT
Herculēs dum hīc morātur, magnum incommodum ex calōre sōlis accipiēbat; tandem īrā
commōtus arcum suum intendit et sōlem sagittīs petiit. Sōl tamen audāciam virī tantum
admīrātus est ut eī lintrem auream daret. Herculēs hoc dōnum libentissimē accēpit; nūllam enim
nāvem in hīs regiōnibus invenīre potuerat. Tum lintrem dēdūxit, et ventum nactus idōneum
paucīs post diēbus ad īnsulam pervēnit. Ubi ex incolīs cōgnōvit quō in locō bovēs essent, in
eam partem statim profectus est, atque ā rēge Gēryone postulāvit ut bovēs sibi trāderentur. Cum
tamen ille hōc facere nōllet, Herculēs et rēgem ipsum et Eurytiōnem, quī erat ingentī
magnitūdine corporis, interfēcit.
admīror (1) admīrātus sum, wonder at, Gēryōn, Gēryonis, m., Geryon. nancīscor, nancīscī, nactus sum, get, obtain,
admire. Herculēs, Herculis, m., Hercules. find.
arcus, arcūs, m., bow. hīc [hic], adv., here; hereupon. nōlō, nōlle, nōluí [ne-, not + volō], not wish, be
audācia, -ae [audāx, bold], f., boldness, idōneus, idōnea, idōneum, suitable, fit; unwilling.
audacity. favorable. pars, partis, f., part, side, direction.
aureus, -a, -um [aurum], of gold, golden. incola, -ae [incolō], m. and f., inhabitant. petō, petere, petiī (īvī), petītus, seek, ask;
bōs, bovis, gen. plur. boum, dat. and abl. plur. incommodum, -ī, n., inconvenience, harm. attack.
bōbus, m. and f., ox, bull, cow. ingēns, -gentis, adj., huge, vast. proficīscor, -ficīscī, -fectus [prōficiō, make
calor, calōris, m., heat. in-tendō, -tendere, -tendī, -tentus, stretch out; progress], set out, depart,start,
cōgnōscō, -gnōscere, -gnōvī, -gnitus [com- + stretch, draw, aim. march.
(g)nōscō, come to know], find out, interficiō, -ficere, -fēcī, -fectus [inter + faciō], postulō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, ask, request, demand.
learn; in tenses of completed action, put out of the way, kill. sagitta, sagittae, f., arrow.
have found out, know. libenter [libēns, willing], adv., willingly, sōl, sōlis, m., sun.
dē-dūcō, -dūcere, -dūxī, -ductus, lead down or gladly. trādō, -dere, -didī, -ditus [trans + do], give
away, bring; nāvem dēdūcere, to linter, lintris, f., boat, skiff. across, over, or up, deliver; hand
draw down or launch a ship. māgnitūdō, -tūdinis [māgnus], f., greatness, down, relate, report.
dōnum, dōnī [dō], n., gift. size. ut, conj., as; when; that; ita ut, as.
Eurytiōn, Eurytiōnis, m., Eurytion. moror (1) morātus sum, delay, linger, stay. ventus, ventī, m., wind.

petiit, alternate form for the 3rd sg. perf. act. indic. instead of petīvit. deponent verbs is often best rendered by a present participle.
The letter v was a very weak consonant in the 1st century BC, A&G §491.
and is frequently dropped between two i’s. quō . . . essent, indirect question A&G §330, 2 and 331; also A&G
tantum is here the adverb. §573-574.
ut . . . daret, result clause A&G §567ff. ut . . . trāderentur, indirect command A&G §563.
libentissimē is here the superlative form of the adverb libenter. Cum . . . nōllet, causal cum-clause A&G §549.
nactus, "finding," literally "having found." The perfect participle of et . . . et. The Romans used two conjunctions where English would use
only one. "both . . . and . . . ."
Formation and Comparison of Adverbs
adjective adverbs comparative adverb superlative adverb
longus, longa, longum longē longius longissimē
īrātus, īrāta, īrātum īrātē īrātius īrātissimē
miser, misera, miserum miserē miserius miserrimē
sacer, sacra, sacrum sacrē sacrius sacerrimē
tristis, triste tristiter tristius tristissimē
celer, celeris, celere celeriter celeries celerrimē
audāx, audācis audacter audacius audacissimē
ferox, ferōcis ferōciter ferōcius feōcissimē
prūdēns, prūdentis prūdenter prūdentius prūdentissimē
facilis, facile facile fortius fortissimē
gracilis, gracile graciliter gracilius gracillimē
dissimilis, dissimile dissimiliter dissimilius dissimilimē
amābilis, amābile amābiliter amābilius amābilissimē

bonus, bona, bonum bene melius optimē

malus, mala, malum male peius pessimē
magnus, magna, magnum magnopere maius maximē
parvus, parva, parvum paulum minus minimē
multus, multa, multum multum plus plurimē
 40. A MIRACULOUS HAIL-STORM
Tum Herculēs bovēs per Hispāniam et Liguriam compellere cōnstituit. Postquam omnia
parāta sunt, bovēs ex īnsulā ad continentem trānsportāvit. Ligurēs autem, gēns bellicōsissima,
dum ille per fīnēs eōrum iter facit, magnās cōpiās coēgērunt atque eum longius prōgredī
prohibēbant. Haec rēs Herculī magnam difficultātem attulit; barbarī enim in locīs superiōribus
cōnstiterant et saxa tēlaque in eum coniciēbant. Ille quidem paene omnem spem salūtis
dēposuerat, sed tempore opportūnissimō Iuppiter imbrem lapidum ingentium ē caelō dēmīsit.
Hī tantā vī cecidērunt ut magnus numerus Ligurum interficerētur; ipse tamen Herculēs (ut in
tālibus rēbus accidere cōnsuēvit) nihil incommodī accēpit.
accidō (3) –cidī, fall to or upon; befall, happen. cōpia, cōpae, f., supply, abundance; plur., longus, longa, longum, long; tedious.
ad-ferō, adferre, attulī, adlātus, bear to, bring. forces, troops. nihil, n., indecl., nothing.
barbarus, -ī, m., barbarian; foreigner. dēmittō (3), -mīsī, -missum, send down, let numerus, numerī, m., number.
bellicōsus, -a, -um [bellum], war-like. fall. opportūnus, -a, -um, suitable, seasonable,
bōs, bovis, gen. plur. boum, dat. and abl. plur. dē-pōnō, -pōnere, -posuī, -positus, put down, convenient, opportune.
bōbus, m. and f., ox, bull, cow. deposit; lay aside, give up; ē prōgredior, -gredī, -gressus [prō + gradior],
cadō (3) cecidī, cāsūrus, fall. memoriā dēpōnere, to forget. go forward, advance.
caelum, caelī, n., sky, heaven. difficultās, -tātis [difficilis], f., difficulty. prohibeō (2) –hibuī, -hibitum, hold back,
cōgō, cōgere, coēgī, coāctus [co- + agō], drive gēns, gentis, f., race, nation. prevent, hinder.
together, collect; compel. Herculēs, Herculis, m., Hercules. quidem, adv., in fact, indeed, certainly; nē ...
com-pellō, -pellere, -pulī, -pulsus, drive Hispānia, Hispāniae, f., Spain. quidem, not ... even.
together, drive. imber, imbris, m., rain, shower. salūs, salūtis [salvus, safe], f., safety,
coniciō, -icere, -iēcí, -iectus [com- + iaciō], in-commodum, -ī, n., inconvenience, harm. deliverance, escape.
throw together; throw, cast, hurl. ingēns, -gentis, adj., huge, vast. superior, -ius [comp. of superus, upper], adj.,
cōn-sistō, -sistere, -stitī, -stitus, station oneself, interficiō, -ficere, -fēcī, -fectus [inter + faciō], higher; former, previous, preceding.
take a stand; consist. put out of the way, kill. tēlum, tēlī, n., missile, spear, weapon.
cōn-suēscō, -suēscere, -suēvī, -suētus, become iter, itineris [eō], n., a going, journey, march; tālis, tāle, such.
accustomed; in tenses of completed iter facere, to journey, march. trānsportō (1), -āvī, -ātum, carry across or
action, have become accustomed, be Iuppiter, Iovis, m., Jupiter or Jove. over,transport.
accustomed or wont. lapis, lapidis, m., stone. ut, conj., as; when; that; ita ut, as.
continēns, -entis [contineō], f., mainland, Ligurēs, Ligurum, m. pl., Ligurians.
continent. Liguria, Liguriae, f., Liguria.

prōgredī, "from advancing." regularly adds somthing of greater importance than that which precedes
prohibēbant, "tried to prevent," past (imperfect) of attempted action it. A&G §324, a and b.
(conative imperfect A&G §471, c.). The use of the imperfect ut . . . interficerētur, result clause A&G §567ff.
to represent habitual, repeated, and attempted action follows ut, (the second ut),"as." Ut means "as" with the indicative mood.
naturally from its use to describe a past action as going on or cōnsuēvit, the completed tenses of some verbs are equivalent to the
in progress (progressive imperfect). incomplete tenses of verbs of kindred meaning. Here "is
barbarī. The Greeks called all other peoples "barbarians," and the accustomed." A&G §476. Also used impersonally here.
Romans so characterized all but the Greeks and themselves. incommodī, partitive genitive (genitive of the whole) A&G §346.;
et, -que, atque. Et is the simplest and commonest of the words "no harm," literally "nothing of harm."
translated "and;" –que indicates a close connection; atque,

Uses of the Indicative Uses of the Subjunctive

Main Clauses Dependent Clauses Main Clauses Dependent Clauses
1. statements of fact 1. definite relative clauses 1. jussive clauses 1. purpose clauses
2. direct questions 2. factual causal clauses 2. deliberative clauses 2. indirect commands
3. temporal clauses 3. optative (wish) clauses 3. result clauses
4. simple conditions 4. volitive clauses 4. indirect questions
5. future more vivid conditions 5. potential clauses 5. future less vivid conditions
6. contrary to fact conditions
 41. THE PASSAGE OF THE ALPS
Postquam Ligurēs hōc modō superātī sunt, Herculēs quam celerrimē prōgressus est et
brevī tempore ad Alpēs pervēnit. Necesse erat hās trānsīre, ut in Ītaliam bovēs ageret; rēs
tamen summae erat difficultātis. Hī enim montēs, quī Galliam ab Ītaliā dīvidunt, nive perennī
sunt tēctī; quam ob causam neque frūmentum neque pābulum in hīs regiōnibus invenīrī potest.
Herculēs igitur priusquam ascendere coepit, magnam cōpiam frūmentī pābulīque comparāvit et
hōc commeātū bovēs onerāvit. Postquam in hīs rēbus trēs diēs cōnsūmpserat, quartō diē
profectus est, et contrā omnium opīniōnem bovēs incolumēs in Ītaliam trādūxit.
Alpēs, -ium, f. pl., the Alps. Gallia, Galliae, f., Gaul. prōgredior, -gredī, -gressus [prō + gradior],
ascendō, -scendere, -scendī, -scēnsus [ad + Herculēs, Herculis, m., Hercules. go forward, advance.
scandō], climb to, ascend, mount. incolumis, incolume, unhurt, safe. proficīscor, -ficīscī, -fectus [prōficiō, make
bōs, bovis, gen. plur. boum, dat. and abl. plur. in-veniō, -venīre, -vēnī, -ventus, come upon, progress], set out, depart, start,
bōbus, m. and f., ox, bull, cow. find. march.
celeriter [celer, swift], adv., swiftly, quickly; Ītalia, Ītaliae, f., Italy. quam, adv., how? as; than; with superlative, as
superlative celerrimē. Ligurēs, -um, m. pl., Ligurians. . . . as possible.
coepī, coepisse, coeptus (used in tenses of mōns, montis, m., mountain. quartus, -a, -um [quattuor], fourth.
completed action), have begun, necesse, indecl. adj., necessary. regiō, -ōnis [regō, direct], f., direction; country,
began. nix, nivis, f., snow. region.
commeātus, -ūs, m., supplies, provisions. onerō (1) –āvī, -ātum, load, burden. summus, -a, -um [superl. of superus, upper],
com-parō, -parāre, -parāví, -parātus, opīniō, -ōnis [opīnor, think], f., opinion, uppermost, highest, greatest.
prepare, collect. expectation; reputation. superō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [superus, upper],
cōn-sūmō, -sūmere, -sūmpsī, -sūmptus, take pābulum, pābulī, n., food, fodder. overcome, defeat, conquer.
completely, use up, consume, spend. perennis, perenne, lasting throughout the year, tegō, tegere, tēxī, tēctus, cover.
contrā, prep, with acc., against, contrary to. perennial. trādūcō, -dūcere, -dūxī, -ductus [trāns +
cōpia, cōpiae, f., supply, abundance; plur., possum, posse, potuī [potis, able + sum], be dūcō], lead across.
forces, troops. able, have power, can. trāns-eō, -īre, -iī, -itus, go across or over,
difficultās, -tātis [difficilis], f., difficulty. priusquam, conj., before than, sooner than, cross.
dīvidō, -videre, -vīsī, -vīsus, divide, separate. before. ut, conj., as; when; that; ita ut, as.
frūmentum, frūmentī, n., grain.

quam celerrimē, "as swiftly as possible." quam with the superlative tēctī is used here as a predicate adjective not as a verb form with
indicates the highest possible degree. result clause A&G sunt. A&G §285, 2.
§291, c. cōpiam. Notice carefully the meaning of this word. In what sense
Necesse, predicate nominative. The subject of erat is hās trānsīre, have we found the plural cōpiae used?
so literally "to cross these was necessary." A&G §283-284. rēbus, "preparations." In rendering this word, choose always with
ut . . . ageret, result clause A&G §569, 2. great freedom the most suitable English word.

Nominative: subject, predicate nominative, w/ factitive verbs, apposition

Genitive: possession, subjective and objective, w/ adjectives, w/ verbs of remembering and forgetting, w/ special verbs
Dative: indirect object, reference, possession, w/ adjectives, w/ compound verbs
Accusative: direct object, duration of time, extent of space, place to which, predicate accusative, subject of infinitive; exclamatory
Ablative: instrument, means, manner, respect, accompaniment, cause, agent, description, w/ adjectives, w/ special verbs
 42. CACUS STEALS THE OXEN
Brevī tempore ad flūmen Tiberim vēnit. Tum tamen nūlla erat urbs in eō locō; Rōma
enim nōndum condita erat. Herculēs itinere fessus cōnstituit ibi paucōs diēs morārī, ut sē ex
labōre reficeret. Nōn procul ā valle ubi bovēs pāscēbat spēlunca erat, in quā Cācus, horribile
mōnstrum, tum habitābat. Hic speciem terribilem praebēbat, nōn modo quod ingentī
magnitūdine corporis erat, sed quod īgnem ex ōre efflābat. Cācus autem, quī dē adventū
Herculis fāmam audīverat, noctū vēnit, et dum Herculēs dormit, quattuor pulcherrimōs bovēs
abripuit. Hōs caudīs in spēluncam trāxit, nē Herculēs ē vestīgiīs cognōscere posset quō in locō
abditī essent.
abdō (3) –didī, -ditum, put away, hide, fessus, fessa, fessum tired. pascō (3) pāvī, pāstum, feed.
conceal. flūmen, flūminis [fluō, flow], n., river. possum, posse, potuī to be able w/ infinitive.
abripiō (M) –ripuī, -reptum, snatch away, Herculēs, Herculis, m., Hercules. praebeō, praebēre, praebuī, praebitus show,
carry off. ingēns, ingentis huge. offer (up), exhibit.
adventus, -ūs [adveniō], m., approach, arrival. īgnis, īgnis, m., fire. pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum, beautiful.
bōs, bovis, gen. plur. boum, dat. and abl. plur. iter, itineris [eō], n., a going, journey, march; quattuor, indecl. adj., four.
bōbus, m. and f., ox, bull, cow. iter facere, to journey, march. reficiō (M) –fēcī, -fectum, make again, renew;
Cācus, Cācī, m., Cacus. labor, labōris, m., work, hardship, suffering refresh.
cauda, caudae, f., tail. māgnitūdō, -tūdinis [māgnus], f., greatness, Rōma, Rōmae, f., Rome.
cōgnōscō, -gnōscere, -gnōvī, -gnitus [com- + size. spēlunca, spēluncae, f., cave, cavern.
(g)nōscō, come to know], find out, modo [modus], adv., only. terribilis, terribile [terreō], dreadful, terrible.
learn; in tenses of completed action, moror, -ārī, -ātus [mora], delay, linger, stay. Tiberis, -is, m., Tiber (the Tiber river).
have found out, know. nē, adv., not; conj., that not, lest; nē ... quidem, trahō, trahere, trāxī, tractus to draw or drag.
condo (3) –didī, -ditum, found, build; store not ... even. ut, conj., as; when; that; ita ut, as.
away. noctū, adv., at or by night. vallis, vallis, f., valley.
efflō (1) –āvī, -ātum, breathe out. nōn-dum, adv., not yet. vestīgium, -ī [vestīgō, track], n., track, foot-
fāma, fāmae, f., fame, report, reputation. ōs, ōris, n., mouth. print.

Tiberim. A few nouns of the third declension have this form in the translating participles (verbal adjectives) A&G 496, but work
accusative singular. A&G §75, a, 1. fine for simple adjectives also, when the sense would be
itinere fessus, literally,"weary from the journey," may be rendered improved.
by a relative clause, a concessive clause, a causal clause, etc., ut . . . reficeret, purpose clause A&G §563.
e.g.,"who was weary from his journey" or "since he was weary nē Herculēs . . . posset, "that Hercules might not be able." A negative
from his journey." These alternatives are regularly used when clause of purpose is introduced by nē.

DECLENSIONAL ENDINGS BY CASE

1st declension 2nd declension 3rd declension 4th declension 5th declension
Nominative. sg. -a -us, -er, (vir) -_____ -us -ēs
Nominative. pl. -ae -ī -ēs -ūs -ēs
Neuter Nom. sg. -um -_____ -ū
Neuter Nom. pl -a -(i)a -ua
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Accusative sg. -am -um -em -um -em
Accusative. pl. -ās -ōs -ēs -ūs -ēs
Neuter Acc. sg. -um -_____ -ū
Neuter Acc. Pl -a -(i)a -ua
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Genitive. sg. -ae -ī -is -ūs -ēī
Genitive. pl. -ārum -ōrum -(i)um -uum -ērum
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ablative. sg. -ā -ō -e, -ī -ū -ē
Ablative. pl. -īs -īs -ibus -ibus -ibus
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dative. sg. -ae -ō -ī -uī -ēī
Dative. pl. -īs -īs -ibus -ibus -ēbus
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Vocative sg. -e, -ī
 43. HERCULES DISCOVERS THE THEFT
Posterō diē simul atque ē somnō excitātus est, Herculēs fūrtum animadvertit, et bovēs
āmissōs omnibus locīs quaerēbat. Hōs tamen nūsquam reperīre poterat, nōn modo quod locī
nātūram īgnōrābat, sed quod vestīgiīs falsīs dēceptus est. Tandem, cum magnam partem diēī
frūstrā cōnsūmpsisset, cum reliquīs būbus prōgredī cōnstituit. At dum proficīscī parat, ūnus ē
būbus quōs sēcum habuit mūgīre coepit. Subitō iī quī in spēluncā inclūsī erant mūgītum
reddidērunt, et hōc modō Herculēs cognōvit quō in locō abditī essent. Ille vehementer īrātus ad
spēluncam quam celerrimē sē contulit, ut praedam reciperet. At Cācus saxum ingēns ita
dēiēcerat ut aditus spēluncae omnīnō obstruerētur.
abdō (3) –didī, -ditum, put away, hide, falsus, -a, -um, feigned, pretended, false; praeda, praedae, f., booty, spoil, plunder.
conceal. deceiving. proficīscor, -ficīscī, -fectus [prōficiō, make
aditus, -ūs [adeō], m., approach, entrance. frūstrā, adv., in vain. progress], set out, depart, start,
āmittō (3) –mīsī, -missum, send away, lose. fūrtum, -ī, n., theft. march.
animadvertō (3) –vertī, -versum, turn the Herculēs, Herculis, m., Hercules. prōgredior, -gredī, -gressus [prō + gradior],
mind to, observe, notice. īgnōrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, be ignorant of, not go forward, advance.
bōs, bovis, gen. plur. boum, dat. and abl. plur. know. quam, adv., how? as; than; with superlative, as
bōbus, m. and f., ox, bull, cow. inclūdō, -clūdere, -clūsī, -clūsus [in + claudō, . . . as possible.
Cācus, Cācī, m., Cacus. shut], shut up in, inclose, imprison. recipiō, -cipere, -cēpī, -ceptus [re- + capiō],
celeriter [celer, swift], adv., swiftly, quickly; ingēns, ingentis huge. take or get back, recover; sē recipere,
superlative celerrimē. īrātus, -a, -um [part, of īrāscor], angered, to betake oneself, withdraw; to collect
coepī, coepisse, coeptus (used in tenses of enraged, angry, furious. oneself, recover.
completed action), have begun, modo [modus], adv., only. reddō, -dere, -didī, -ditus [re- + dō], give
began. mūgiō (4) –īvī, low, bellow; moo. back, return, restore; render.
cōgnōscō, -gnōscere, -gnōvī, -gnitus [com- + mūgītus, -ūs, m., lowing, bellowing; mooing. reliquus, -a, -um [relinquō], left, the
(g)nōscō, come to know], find out, nātūra, -ae [nāscor, be born], f., nature, remaining, the other, the rest of.
learn; in tenses of completed action, character. reperiō, reperīre, repperī, repertus, find,
have found out, know. nusquam, adv., nowhere. discover.
cōn-sūmō, -sūmere, -sūmpsī, -sūmptus, take obstruō (3) –strūxī, -strūctum, build against, spēlunca, spēluncae, f., cave, cavern.
completely, use up, consume, spend. block up. ut, conj., as; when; that; ita ut, as.
dēcipiō (M) –cēpī, -ceptum, catch, deceive. omnīnō [omnis], adv., altogether, wholly, vehementer [vehemēns, violent], adv.,
deiciō (M) –iēcī, -iectum, throw down. entirely. violently, vehemently; earnestly;
ex-citō, -citāre, -citāvī, -citātus, call out, pars, partis, f., part, side, direction. exceedingly, greatly.
rouse. possum, posse, potuī to be able w/ infinitive. vestīgium, -ī [vestīgō, track], n., track, foot-
posterus, -a, -um [post], following, next. print.

omnibus locīs, "everywhere." Locus is often used in the ablative of the partitive genitive (genitive of the whole).
place where without the preposition in. quō in locō abditī essent, indirect question A&G §330, 2 and 331;
nusquam. We say "could not find anywhere," but Latin prefers to also A&G §573-574.
combine the negative with another word. quam celerrimē, "as swiftly as possible." Quam with the superlative
būbus, both bōbus and būbus are forms found in the dative and indicates the highest possible degree.
ablative plural of bōs, bovis, m. and f. ut praedam reciperet, purpose clause A&G §563.
ē būbus. This construction is commonly used with ūnus, instead of ut . . . obstruerētur, result clause A&G §537.
 44. HERCULES AND CACUS
Herculēs cum nūllum alium introitum reperīre posset, hoc saxum āmovēre cōnātus est,
sed propter eius magnitūdinem rēs erat difficillima. Diū frūstrā labōrābat neque quicquam
efficere poterat; tandem tamen magnō cōnātū saxum āmōvit et spēluncam patefēcit. Ibi āmissōs
bovēs magnō cum gaudiō cōnspexit; sed Cācum ipsum vix cernere potuit, quod spēlunca plēna
erat fūmō, quem ille mōre suō efflābat. Herculēs inūsitātā speciē turbātus paulisper haesitābat;
post tamen in spēluncam inrūpit, et collum mōnstrī bracchiīs complexus est. Ille etsī multum
repūgnāvit, nūllō modō sē līberāre potuit; et cum nūlla facultās respīrandī darētur, brevī
tempore exanimātus est.
alius, alia, aliud, another, other; aliī ... aliī, ex-animō, -animāre, -animāvī, -animātus, put patefaciō (M) –fēcī, -fectum, throw or lay
some ... others. out of breath, fatigue, tire, exhaust; open, open.
āmittō (3) –mīsī, -missum, send away, lose. stupefy; kill. paulisper [paulus, little], adv., for a little while.
āmoveō (2) –mōvī, -mōtum, move away. facultās, -tātis [facilis, easy], f., possibility, plēnus, plēna, plēnum w. abl. full (of).
bōs, bovis, gen. plur. boum, dat. and abl. plur. opportunity, chance, means. possum, posse, potuī to be able w/ infinitive.
bōbus, m. and f., ox, bull, cow. frūstrā, adv., in vain. quis-quam, quicquam, indef. pron., any one,
bracchium, bracchiī, n., arm. fūmus, fūmī, m., smoke. anything.
Cācus, Cācī, m., Cacus. gaudium, -ī [gaudeō], n., gladness, joy. reperiō, reperīre, repperī, repertus, find,
cernō (3) crēvī, crētum, discern, perceive, haesitō (1) –āvī, -ātum, hesitate. discover.
make out. Herculēs, Herculis, m., Hercules. re-pūgnō, -pūgnāre, -pūgnāvī, -pūgnātus,
collum, collī, n., neck. in-rumpō, -rumpere, -rūpī, -ruptus, burst into fight against, struggle, resist.
complector, -plectī, -plexus, embrace. or in. re-spīrō, -spīrāre, -spīrāvī, -spīrātus, breathe
cōnātus, -ūs [cōnor], m., attempt, effort. introitus, -ūs [introeō, go within], m., back or out, breathe.
cōnor (1) cōnātus sum, try, attempt. entrance. spēlunca, spēluncae, f., cave, cavern.
cōnspiciō, -spicere, -spēxī, -spectus [com- + inūsitātus, -a, -um, unusual, extraordinary. turbō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [turba, confusion],
speciō, look], behold, perceive, see. labōrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [labor], labor, toil. confuse, throw into disorder, disturb,
difficultās, -tātis [difficilis], f., difficulty. līberō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [līber, free], set free, trouble.
efficiō (M) –fēcī, -fectum, accomplish, effect. free, liberate, release. vix, adv., with difficulty, scarcely, hardly,
efflō, -flāre, -flāvī, -flātus [ex + flō], breathe māgnitūdō, -tūdinis [māgnus], f., greatness, barely.
out. size.
et-sī, conj., even if, although. mōs, mōris, m., way, manner, habit, custom.

cum . . . posset, causal cum-clause A&G §549. "was confused . . . and." Keep in mind these three ways of
neque quicquam. "and nothing," literally "and not any thing." rendering a perfect participle: 1) by an adjectival (relative)
Quicquam is used in expressing a negative idea. A&G clause; 2) by an adverbial clause; and, 3) by a coordinate verb.
§311-312. cum . . . darētur, causal cum-clause A&G §549.
mōre suō, "according to his custom." respīrandī, the genitive of the gerund A&G §501, 502 and 504.
turbātus, "who had been confused," "since he had been confused," or

1a) Purpose Clause: ut / nē + subjunctive when something is done so something else may or may not happen.
1b) Relative Purpose Clause: like the above, but instead of ut / nē, a relative pronoun is used with the subjunctive.
2) Indirect Command: ut / nē + subjunctive (after verbs of asking, commanding, persuading, advising, encouraging, etc.)
3) Result Clause: ut / ut nōn + subjunctive (usually following main clause words as tot, tantus, totiēns, tam, sīc, ita, adeō, etc.)
4) Indirect Question: question word + subjunctive
5a) Cum-Temporal Clause: cum with imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive denoting a sense of time (when, after)
5b) Cum-Causal Clause: cum with imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive denoting a sense of cause (because, since)
5c) Cum-Concessive Clause: cum with imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive denoting a sense of concession (although, even though)
6) Indirect Statement: subject accusative . . . verb infinitive (after verbs of saying, knowing, thinking, believing, perceiving, etc.)
7) Ablative Absolute: noun (adjective, pronoun) in the ablative + participle (adjective, noun, pronoun) in the ablative
8a) Gerund: present stem with ending -ndī, -ndō, or -ndum used by itself in the construction of a noun.
8b) Gerundive: gerund with an object, both in the case of the gerund, but gender and number of the object used as an adjective.
8c) Passive Periphrastic: gerundive with a form of esse expressing obligation, propriety or necessity w/ or w/o the dative of agent.
9a) Simple Condition in Present Time: sī with present tense indicatives in protasis and apodosis.
9b) Simple Condition in Past Time: sī with past tense indicatives in protasis and apodosis.
9c) Future More Vivid Condition: sī with future tense indicatives in protasis and apodosis.
9d) Future Less Vivid Condition: sī with present tense subjnctives in protasis and apodosis.
9e) Contrary-to-Fact Condition in Present Time: sī with imperfect subjunctives in protasis and apodosis.
9f) Contrary-to-Fact Condition in Past Time: sī with pluperfect subjunctives in protasis and apodosis.
 45. ELEVENTH LABOR: THE GOLDEN APPLES OF THE HESPERIDES
Eurystheus postquam bovēs Gēryonis accēpit, labōrem ūndecimum Herculī imposuit,
graviōrem quam quōs suprā nārrāvimus. Mandāvit enim eī ut aurea māla ex hortō Hesperidum
auferret. Hesperidēs autem nymphae erant quaedam fōrmā praestantissimā, quae in terrā
longinquā habitābant, quibusque aurea quaedam māla ā Iūnōne commissa erant. Multī hominēs
aurī cupiditāte inductī haec māla auferre iam anteā cōnātī erant. Rēs tamen difficillima erat,
namque hortus in quō māla erant mūrō ingentī undique circumdatus erat; praetereā dracō
quīdam cui centum erant capita portam hortī dīligenter custōdiēbat. Opus igitur quod
Eurystheus Herculī imperāverat erat summae difficultātis, nōn modo ob causās quās
commemorāvimus, sed etiam quod Herculēs omnīnō īgnōrābat quō in locō hortus ille situs
esset.
anteā [ante], adv., before. dracō, dracōnis, m., dragon, serpent. modo [modus], adv., only.
auferō auferre, abstulī, ablātum, bear away, Eurystheus, Eurystheī, m., Eurystheus. mūrus, mūrī, m., wall.
carry off. forma, formae, f., shape, beauty, form; nympha, nymphae, f., nymph.
aureus, -a, -um [aurum], of gold, golden. appearance. omnīnō [omnis], adv., altogether, wholly,
aurum, aurī, n., gold. gravis, grave, heavy; severe, grievous, serious; entirely.
bōs, bovis, gen. plur. boum, dat. and abl. plur. comparative gravior. opus, operis, n., work, task.
bōbus, m. and f., ox, bull, cow. Herculēs, Herculis, m., Hercules. porta, portae, f., gate.
centum, indecl. adj., one hundred. Hesperidēs, -um, f. pl., the Hesperides. praestāns, -stantis, adj., surpassing,
circumdō (1) –dedī, -datum, put around, hortus, hortī, m., garden. remarkable.
surround. īgnōrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, be ignorant of. quam [quis and quī], adv., how? as; with
commemorō (1) –āvī, -ātum, bring to memory; imperō, -perāre, -perāvī, -perātus, command, comparative than; with superl., as ...
recount, mention. order, enjoin. as possible.
com-mittō, -mittere, -mīsī, -missus, send impōnō, -pōnere, -posuī, -positus [in + pōnō], situs, sita, situm, placed, situated.
together; commit, intrust; expose; place or lay upon, impose; embark. summus, -a, -um [superl. of superus, upper],
proelium committere, to join battle. in-dūcō, -dūcere, dūxī, -ductus, lead in or on, uppermost, highest, greatest.
cōnor, -ārī, -ātus, try, attempt. move, excite. suprā [superus, upper], adv. and prep. with
cupiditās, cupiditātis, f., desire, longing, ingēns, ingentis huge. acc., above, before.
eagerness. Iūnō, Iūnōnis, f., Juno. terra, terrae, f., land, earth.
custōdiō, -īre, -īvī, -ítus [custōs, guard], guard. labor, labōris, m., labor, toil. ūndecimus, -a, -um, eleventh.
difficilis, -e [dis- + facilis], not easy, difficult; longinquus, -a, -um, distant, remote. undique [unde + -que], adv., from or on all
superlative difficillimus. mālum, mālī, n., apple. sides.
difficultās, -tātis [difficilis], f., difficulty. mandō, -dāre, -dāvī, -dātus [manus + -dō, ut, conj., as; when; that; ita ut, as.
dīligenter [dīligēns, careful], adv., carefully, put], put in hand, intrust, commit;
diligently. charge, command.

quam quōs, for quam eōs quōs. idea. Here, for instance, the meaning is that they desired gold.
ut . . . auferret, indirect command A&G §563. cui. "which had," literally "to which were." This construction, called the
nymphae were inferior divinities associated with the sea, springs, dative of possession A&G §373, is used with
mountains, and trees. sum. The thing possessed is the subject.
aurī, "for gold," objective genitive A&G §347-348. The objective Herculī imperāverat, "had enjoined upon Hercules." A&G §367,
genitive would become the object, if the noun or adjective footnote.
which it modifies were changed to a verb expressing the same

SEQUENCE OF TENSES

Main or Independent Clause Tense Time of Subordinate or Dependent Clause Dependent Subjunctive Clause Tense
Primary Sequence: present; future; perfect Time at the same time or after the main verb Present
(w/ have); future perfect --------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------
Time before the main verb Imperfect
Secondary Sequence: imperfect; perfect (w/o Time at the same time or after the main verb Perfect
have); pluperfect --------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------
Time before the main verb Pluperfect
 46. HERCULES ASKS AID OF ATLAS
Herculēs quamquam quiētem vehementer cupiēbat, tamen Eurystheō pārēre cōnstituit; et
simul ac iussa eius accēpit, proficīscī mātūrāvit. Ā multīs mercātōribus quaesīverat quō in locō
Hesperidēs habitārent; nihil tamen certum reperīre potuerat. Frūstrā per multās terrās iter fēcit
et multa perīcula subiit; tandem, cum in hīs itineribus tōtum annum cōnsūmpsisset, ad
extrēmam partem orbis terrārum, quae proxima est Ōceanō, pervēnit. Hīc stābat vir quīdam,
nōmine Atlās, ingentī magnitūdine corporis, quī caelum (ita trāditum est) umerīs suīs
sustinēbat, nē in terram dēcideret. Herculēs tantās vīrēs magnopere mīrātus statim in
colloquium cum Atlante vēnit; et cum causam itineris docuisset, auxilium ab eō petiit.
annus, annī, m., year. iter, itineris [eō], n., a going, journey, march; proficīscor, -ficīscī, -fectus [prōficiō, make
Atlās, Atlantis, m., Atlas. iter facere, to journey,march. progress], set out, depart, start,
auxilium, -ī, n., help, aid. iūssum, -ī [part, of iubeō], n., order, command. march.
caelum, caelī, n., sky, heaven. māgnitūdō, -tūdinis [māgnus], f., size. proximus, -a, -um, superl. from prope, nearest,
certus, -a, -um [part. of cernō], determined, mātūrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [mātūrus, ripe], next.
fixed, certain. ripen; hasten. quam-quam, conj., however much, although.
colloquium, -ī, n., conversation. mercātor, mercātōris, m., trader, merchant. quiēs, quiētis, f., rest, repose.
cōn-sūmō, -sūmere, -sūmpsī, -sūmptus, take mīror, -ārī, -ātus [mīrus], wonder, wonder at. reperiō, reperīre, repperī, repertus, find,
completely, use up, consume, spend. nē, adv., not; conj., that not, lest; nē ... quidem, discover.
cupiō, -ere, -īvī, -ītus, desire, long for, wish. not ... even. sub-eō, -īre, -iī, -itus, go under; undergo, bear,
decidō (3) –cidī, fall down. nihil, n., indecl., nothing. endure.
doceō, -ēre, -uī, -tus, teach, explain. Ōceanus, Ōceanī, m., Oceanus, the ocean. sustineō, -tinēre, -tinuī, -tentus [sub + teneō],
Eurystheus, Eurystheī, m., Eurystheus. orbis, orbis, m., circle; orbis terrārum, earth, hold or bear up, sustain, withstand.
extrēmus, -ā, -um, last, extreme, furthest; the world. terra, terrae, f., land, earth.
end of. pāreō, -ēre, -uī, obey. trādō, -dere, -didī, -ditus [trans + do], give
frūstrā, adv., in vain. pars, partis, f., part, side, direction. across, over, or up, deliver; hand
Herculēs, Herculis, m., Hercules. petō, petere, petiī (īvī), petītus, seek, ask; down, relate, report.
Hesperidēs, -um, f. plur., the Hesperides. attack. umerus, umerī, m., shoulder.
hīc [hic], adv., here; hereupon. possum, posse, potuī to be able w/ infinitive. vehementer [vehemēns, violent], adv.,
ingēns, ingentis huge. exceedingly, greatly.

accēpit. The perfect with simul atque or simul ac, as with dēcideret. Notice the force of the prefix. Latin makes compound verbs
postquam and ubi, may often be rendered by the English past by combining prepositions used as suffixes to root verbs.
perfect (pluperfect). Sometimes the prefix is used with little or no change when
quō in locō . . . habitārent, indirect question A&G §330, 2 and 331; translated; other times the compounded verb is translated as if
also A&G §573-574. it were two separate words, as here; and still other times, the
cum . . . cōnsūmpsisset, concessive cum-clause A&G §549. meaning of the root verb is changed completely by the
extrēmam partem. The ancients had, of course, no knowledge of the addition of the preposition.
greater part of the world. The early Greeks thought of the mīrātus. "admiring," literally "having admired." The perfect
earth as a flat circle, surrounded by the river Ōceanus. This participle of deponent verbs is often best rendered by a present
word came later to designate the Atlantic, which has its participle. A&G §491.
distinctive name from Atlas. cum . . . docuisset, temporal cum-clause A&G §546.
nē . . . dēcideret, negative purpose clause A&G §531.
 47. HERCULES BEARS UP THE HEAVENS
Atlās autem Herculī maximē prōdesse potuit; nam cum ipse esset pater Hesperidum,
sciēbat quō in locō esset hortus. Postquam igitur audīvit quam ob causam Herculēs vēnisset,
"Ipse," inquit, "ad hortum ībō et fīliābus meīs persuādēbō ut māla suā sponte trādant." Herculēs
cum haec audīret, magnopere gāvīsus est; vim enim adhibēre nōluit, sī rēs aliter fierī posset.
Itaque auxilium oblātum accipere cōnstituit. Atlās tamen postulāvit ut, dum ipse abesset,
Herculēs caelum umerīs sustinēret. Hoc autem negōtium Herculēs libenter suscēpit. Quamquam
rēs erat summī labōris, tōtum pondus caelī continuōs complūrīs diēs sōlus sustinuit.
absum, abesse, afuī, be away, be absent; be you say, he says. prōsum, prōdesse, prōfuī, be of advantage,
lacking. labor, labōris, m., labor, toil. avail, assist.
adhibeō, -hibēre, -hibuī, -hibitus [ad + libenter [libēns, willing], adv., willingly, quam-quam, conj., however much, although.
habeō], hold to, employ, show. gladly. sciō, scīre, sciī (īvī), scītus, know.
aliter, adv., in another way, otherwise, mālum, mālī, n. apple. sōlus, sōla, sōlum, alone.
differently. māximē [māximus], adv., very greatly, sponte, abl. sg. f., with suā, of his (her, their)
Atlās, Atlantis, m., Atlas. exceedingly, especially. own accord.
auxilium, auxiliī, n., help, aid. negōtium, -ī [nec + ōtium, leisure], n., summus, -a, -um [superl. of superus, upper],
caelum, caelī, n., sky, heaven. business, matter; task, trouble, uppermost, highest,
complūrēs, -plūra, pl. adj., several. many. difficulty. greatest.
continuus, -a, -um, continuous, successive, in nōlō, nōlle, nōluí [ne-, not + volō], not wish, be suscipiō, -cipere, -cēpī, -ceptus [sub + capiō],
succession. unwilling. undertake.
fīō, fīerí, factus sum, be done or made, offerō, offerre, obtulī, oblātus [ob + ferō], sustineō, -tinēre, -tinuī, -tentus [sub + teneō],
become, happen. bear to, proffer, offer. hold or bear up, sustain, withstand.
gaudeō, gaudēre, gāvīsus, be glad, rejoice. per-suādeō, -suādēre, -suāsī, -suāsus, trādō, -dere, -didī, -ditus [trans + do], give
Herculēs, Herculis, m., Hercules. persuade, prevail upon, induce. across, over, or up, deliver; hand
Hesperidēs, -um, f. plur., the Hesperides. pondus, ponderis, n., weight. down, relate, report.
hortus, hortī, m., garden. possum, posse, potuī to be able w/ infinitive. umerus, umerī, m., shoulder.
inquam, inquis, inquit, defective verb, I say, postulō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, ask, request, demand. ut, conj., as; when; that; ita ut, as.

Herculī, dative with the compound verb prōdesse. represent an action at or after the time of the principal verb;
quō in locō esset, indirect question A&G §330, 2 and 331; also A&G the perfect and pluperfect represent an action before the time
§573-574. of the principal verb. Substantive clauses of volition (e.g.
inquit. historical present. This verb is used with direct quotations, indirect commands), therefore, and clauses of purpose
and follows one or more words of the quotation. A&G regularly admit only the present and imperfect subjunctive; for
§469. the action which their verbs represent must follow that of the
ut trādant, "that they give up," "to give up." The tense of the principal verb.
subjunctive in a subordinate clause (indirect command posset, subjunctive in an indirect subordinate clause. Hercules
A&G §563) is determined by the rule for the sequence of thought sī potest.
tenses A&G §482-485. The present or ut . . . sustinēret, indirect command A&G §563.
perfect subjunctive is used when the principal verb abesset, indirect for aberō, "as long as I am away."
represents a present or future action; the imperfect or complūrīs, the accusative plural of a true –i stem often ends in –īs. It
pluperfect subjunctive is used when the principal verb is especially common in poetry.
represents a past action. The present and imperfect subjunctive
 48. THE RETURN OF ATLAS
Atlās intereā abierat, et ad hortum Hesperidum, quī pauca mīlia passuum aberat, sē quam
celerrimē contulerat. Eō cum vēnisset, causam veniendī exposuit fīliāsque suās vehementer
hortātus est ut māla trāderent. Illae diū haerēbant; nōlēbant enim hoc facere, quod ab ipsā
Iūnōne (ita ut ante dictum est) hoc mūnus accēperant. Atlās tamen aliquandō iīs persuāsit ut
sibi pārērent, ac māla ad Herculem rettulit. Herculēs intereā cum plūrīs diēs exspectāvisset
neque ūllum nūntium dē reditū Atlantis accēpisset, hāc morā graviter commōtus est. Tandem
quīntō diē Atlantem vīdit redeuntem, et brevī tempore magnō cum gaudiō māla accēpit; tum,
postquam grātiās prō tantō beneficiō ēgit, ad Graeciam proficīscī mātūrāvit.
ab-eō, -īre, -iī, -itūrus, go away, depart. hortor, (1) -ātus sum, exhort, encourage, urge. per-suādeō, -suādēre, -suāsī, -suāsus,
ali-quandō, adv., at some time or other; finally, haereō (2) haesī, stick; hesitate. persuade, prevail upon, induce.
at length. Herculēs, Herculis, m., Hercules. plūrēs, -a, comp. of multus, plur. adj., more,
ante, prep, with acc.; and adv., before. Hesperidēs, -um, f. plur., the Hesperides. many, several.
Atlās, Atlantis, m., Atlas. hortus, hortī, m., garden. proficīscor, -ficīscī, -fectus [prōficiō, make
benefīcium, -ī [bene + faciō], n., well-doing, intereā [inter], adv., in the meantime, progress], set out, depart, start,
kindness, service, benefit. meanwhile. march.
celeriter [celer, swift], adv., swiftly, quickly; mālum, mālī, n. apple. quam [quis and quī], adv., how? as; than; with
superlative celerrimē. mātūrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [mātūrus, ripe], superl., as ... as possible.
eō [is], adv., to that place, thither. ripen; hasten. quīntus, quīnta, quīntum, fifth.
ex-spectō, -spectāre, -āvī, -ātus, wait for, mīlle, indecl. adj., a thousand. mīlia, -ium, n. reditus, reditūs [redeō], m., return.
expect. plur., thousands; mīlia passuum, trādō, -dere, -didī, -ditus [trans + do], give
ex-pōnō, -pōnere, -posuī, -positus, put out, set thousands of paces, miles. across, over, or up, deliver; hand
forth; put on shore, land; explain. mūnus, mūneris, n., service, office, duty; down, relate, report.
gaudium, gaudiī [gaudeō], n., gladness, joy. present, gift. ūllus, ūlla, ūllum, any.
Graecia, Graeciae [Graecus], f., Greece. nōlō, nōlle, nōluí [ne-, not + volō], not wish, be ut, conj., as; when; that; ita ut, as.
grātia, -ae [grātus], f., favor; gratitude, thanks; unwilling. vehementer [vehemēns, violent], adv.,
plur., thanks; grātiās agere, to give pāreō, -ēre, -uī, obey. violently, vehemently; earnestly;
thanks, thank; passus, -ūs [pandō, stretch], m., pace; mīlia exceedingly, greatly.
graviter [gravis], adv., severely, seriously. passuum, see mīlle.

pauca mīlia, extent of space, like duration of time, is expressed by hortātus est ut māla trāderent, indirect command A&G §563.
the accusative A&G §425. trāderent. Why is this tense used? See the note in Chapter 47 on
quam celerrimē, how do you translate quam + the superlative? trādant. Observe the sequence/harmony of tenses A&G
A&G §291, c. §482-485.
passuum, partitive genitive (genitive of the whole) A&G §346. See ita ut, "as." Compare ut in Chapter 40. Ut means "as" with the
the note in Chapter 28 for tria mīlia boum. indicative mood. A&G §527, f.
quam celerrimē, how do you translate quam + the superlative? iīs persuāsit ut sibi pārērent, indirect command A&G §563.
A&G §291, c. cum . . . exspectāvisset neque . . . accēpisset, causal cum-clauses
Eō cum vēnisset, temporal cum-clause A&G §546. A&G §549.
causam veniendī, genitive of the gerund. A&G §504.
 49. TWELFTH LABOR: CERBERUS THE THREE-HEADED DOG
Postquam aurea māla ad Eurystheum relāta sunt, ūnus modo relinquēbātur ē duodecim
labōribus quōs Pythia Herculī praecēperat. Eurystheus autem cum Herculem magnopere
timēret, eum in aliquem locum mittere volēbat unde numquam redīre posset. Itaque negōtium eī
dedit ut canem Cerberum ex Orcō in lūcem traheret. Hoc erat omnium operum difficillimum;
nēmō enim umquam ex Orcō redierat. Praetereā Cerberus iste mōnstrum erat horribilī speciē,
cui erant tria capita serpentibus saevīs cincta. Sed priusquam dē hōc labōre nārrāmus, nōn
aliēnum esse vidētur, quoniam dē Orcō mentiōnem fēcimus, pauca dē eā regiōne prōpōnere.
aliēnus, -a, -um, belonging to another, out of mālum, mālī, n. apple. prō-pōnō, -pōnere, -posuī, -positus, put or set
place. mentiō, mentiōnis, f., mention. before, offer, propose; set forth, say.
aliquis, aliqua, aliquid, indef. pron., some one, modo [modus], adv., only. Pythia, Pythiae, f., Pythia.
anyone; something, anything; some, negōtium, -ī [nec + ōtium, leisure], n., quoniam [cum + iam], conj., since now, since.
any. business, matter; task, trouble, regiō, regiōnis [regō, direct], f., direction;
aureus, aurea, aureum [aurum], of gold, difficulty. country, region.
golden. nēmō, dat. nēminī, acc. nēminem, m and f., no re-linquō, -linquere, -līquī, -lictus, leave
canis, canis, m. and f., dog. one, nobody. behind, leave.
Cerberus, Cerberī, m., Cerberus. numquam [ne-, not + umquam, ever], adv., saevus, saeva, saevum, fierce, savage.
cingō (3) cīnxī, cīnctum, surround, gird. never. serpēns, serpentis [part. of serpō, crawl], f.,
difficilis, difficile [dis- + facilis], not easy, opus, operis, n., work, task. serpent.
difficult. Orcus, Orcī, m., Orcus. trahō, trahere, trāxī, trāctus, draw, drag.
duodecim [duo + decem], indecl. adj., twelve. possum, posse, potuī to be able w/ infinitive. trēs, tria, plur. adj., three.
Eurystheus, Eurystheī, m., Eurystheus. praecipiō, -cipere, -cēpī, -ceptus [prae, before umquam, adv., ever.
Herculēs, Herculis, m., Hercules. + capiō], takebeforehand, anticipate; unde, adv., whence, from where.
iste, ista, istud, dem. pron., that of yours, that. order, charge. ut, conj., as; when; that; ita ut, as.
labor, labōris, m., labor, toil. prius-quam, conj., before than, sooner than,
lūx, lūcis, f., light. before.

ūnus . . . ē duodecim labōribus, unus with ex or dē is commonly cincta, past participle of the verb cingo, cingere, cinxi, cinctus,
used instead of the partitive genitive. surround, being used as an adjective and therefore agreeing
Herculī praecēperat may be translated by the same words as with the neuter plural third declension noun capita, "three
Herculī imperāverat, in Chapter 45. heads surrounded."
cum Herculem magnopere timēret, causal cum-clauses A&G §549. nārrāmus. The present indicative may be used with priusquam to
unde numquam redīre posset, indirect question A&G §330, 2 and represent a future action, as with the English ‘before.’
331; also A&G §573-574. A&G §551, c.
ut . . . traheret, a purpose clause A&G §531. Note the sequence of aliēnum, predicative nominative. The subject of vidētur is
tenses A&G §482-485. prōpōnere.
omnium operum, partitive genitive (genitive of the whole) A&G §346. vidētur. The passive of videō may mean "be seen" or "seem."
 50. CHARON'S FERRY
Dē sēde mortuōrum, quam poētae Orcum appellant, haec trāduntur. Ut quisque dē vītā
dēcesserat, mānēs eius ad Orcum ā deō Mercuriō dēdūcēbantur. Huius regiōnis, quae sub terrā
fuisse dīcitur, rēx erat Plūtōn, cui uxor erat Prōserpina, Iovis et Cereris fīlia. Mānēs igitur ā
Mercuriō dēductī prīmum ad rīpam veniēbant Stygis, quō flūmine rēgnum Plūtōnis
continēbātur. Hoc trānsīre necesse erat priusquam in Orcum venīre possent. Cum tamen in hōc
flūmine nūllus pōns factus esset, mānēs trānsvehēbantur ā Charonte quōdam, quī cum parvā
lintre ad rīpam exspectābat. Charōn prō hōc officiō mercēdem postulābat, neque quemquam,
nisi quī hanc prius dederat, trānsvehere volēbat. Quam ob causam mōs erat apud antīquōs
nummum in ōre mortuī pōnere eō cōnsiliō, ut cum ad Styga vēnisset, pretium trāiectūs solvere
posset. Iī autem quī post mortem in terrā nōn sepultī erant Styga trānsīre nōn poterant, sed in
rīpā per centum annōs errāre cogēbantur; tum dēmum Orcum intrāre licēbat.
annus, annī, m., year. licet, licēre, licuit or licitum est, it is allowed Prōserpina, Prōserpinae, f., Proserpina.
antīquus, antīqua, antīquum, ancient. or permitted. quis-quam, quicquam, indef. pron., any one,
centum, indecl. adj., one hundred. linter, lintris, f., boat, skiff. anything.
Cerēs, Cereris, f., Ceres (a goddess). mānēs, mānium, m. pl., spirits, shades. quisque, quaeque, quidque, indef. pron., each.
Charōn, Charontis, m., Charon (ferryman of mercēs, mercēdis, f., pay, reward, wages. regiō, regiōnis [regō, direct], f., direction;
the dead). Mercurius, Mercurī, m., Mercury. country, region.
cōgō, cōgere, coēgī, coāctus [co- + agō], drive mortuus, -a, -um [part. of morior], dead. rīpa, rīpae, f., bank (of a river).
together, collect; compel. mōs, mōris, m., way, manner, habit, custom. sēdēs, sēdis [sedeō], f., seat, abode.
contineō, -tinēre, -tinuī, -tentus [com- + necesse, indecl. adj., necessary. sepeliō, sepelīre, sepelīvī, sepultus, bury.
teneō], hold together, keep within, nisi, conj., if not, unless; except, besides. Styx, Stygis, acc. Stygem and Styga, f., Styx.
shut up in; bound. nummus, nummī, m., coin. terra, terrae, f., land, earth.
dēcēdō (3) –cessī, -cessum, go from or away, officium, officiī, n., service; duty. trādō, -dere, -didī, -ditus [trans + do], give
depart. Orcus, Orcī, m., Orcus. across, over, or up, deliver; hand
dē-dūcō, -dūcere, -dūxī, -ductus, lead down or ōs, ōris, n., mouth. down, relate, report.
away, bring; Plūtōn, Plūtōnis, m., Pluto. trāiectus, -ūs, m., crossing over, passage.
dēmum, adv., at last. poēta, -ae, m., poet. trāns-eō, -īre, -iī, -itus, go across or over,
errō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, wander, stray; be pōns, pontis, m., bridge. cross.
mistaken. possum, posse, potuī to be able w/ infinitive. trānsvehō (3) –vexī, vectum, carry across or
ex-spectō, -spectāre, -āvī, -ātus, wait for, postulō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, ask, request, demand. over.
expect. pretium, pretiī, n., price, charge. ut, conj., as; when; that; ita ut, as.
flūmen, flūminis [fluō, flow], n., river. prius, comp. adv., before, first. uxor, uxōris, f., wife.
intrō (1) –āvī, -ātum, go within or into, enter. prius-quam, conj., before than, sooner than, vīta, vītae [vīvō], f., life.
Iuppiter, Iovis, m., Jupiter or Jove. before.

Ut here means "when." in hōc flūmine, for in, we usually say "over."
prīmum, the adverb; not the adjective. nisi quī may be rendered ‘unless he.’
quō flūmine, "the river by which," literally "by which river." An prius. Notice that Latin is here more exact than English, using the
antecedent which would be an appositive in English is put comparative because only two actions are implied.
in the relative clause in Latin. mortuī, used as a substantive. Compare mortuōrum above.
necesse erat, followed by an infinitive; here trānsīre. eō consiliō, "with this purpose."
possent. The subjunctive is used with priusquam to represent an cum ad Styga vēnisset, temporal cum-clause A&G §546.
action as expected or anticipated. A&G §551, b. ut . . . pretium trāiectūs solvere posset, purpose clause A&G §531.
Cum . . . nūllus pōns factus esset, causal cum-clauses A&G §549.
 51. THE REALM OF PLUTO
Ut autem mānēs Styga hōc modō trānsierant, ad alterum flūmen veniēbant, quod Lēthē
appellābātur. Ex hōc flūmine aquam bibere cōgēbantur; quod cum fēcissent, rēs omnēs in vītā
gestās ē memoriā dēpōnēbant. Dēnique ad sēdem ipsīus Plūtōnis veniēbant, cuius introitus ā
cane Cerberō custōdiēbātur. Ibi Plūtōn nigrō vestītū indūtus cum uxōre Prōserpinā in soliō
sedēbat. Stābant etiam nōn procul ab eō locō tria alia solia, in quibus sedēbant Mīnōs,
Rhadamanthus, Aeacusque, iūdicēs apud īnferōs. Hī iūs dīcēbant et praemia poenāsque
cōnstituēbant. Bonī enim in Campōs Ēlysiōs, sēdem beātōrum, veniēbant; improbī autem in
Tartarum mittēbantur, ac multīs et variīs suppliciīs ibi excruciābantur.
Aeacus, Aeacī, m., Aeacus. dīcō (3) dīxī, dictum, say, speak, tell. niger, nigra, nigrum, black.
alius, alia, aliud, another, other; aliī ... aliī, Ēlysius, Ēlysia, Ēlysium, Elysian. Plūtōn, Plūtōnis, m., Pluto.
some ... others. excruciō (1) -cruciāvī, -cruciātum, torture. poena, poenae, f., penalty, punishment.
alter, -era, -erum, one or the other (of two); flūmen, flūminis [fluō, flow], n., river. praemium, praemiī, n., reward.
another, second. improbus, improba, improbum, wicked. Proserpina, -ae, f., Proserpina, Proserpine.
aqua, aquae, f., water. induō, induere, induī, indūtus, put on; clothe. Rhadamanthus, -ī, m., Rhadamanthus.
beātus, -a, -um, happy, blessed. īnferī, -ōrum, m. pl., the inhabitants of the sedeō, sedēre, sēdī, sessus, sit.
bibō, bibere, bibī, drink. underworld, the dead, the shades. solium, soliī, n., seat, throne.
bonus, bona, bonum, good. introitus, -ūs [introeō, go within], m., Styx, Stygis, acc. Stygem and Styga, f., Styx.
campus, campī, m., field, plain. entrance. supplicium, -ī [supplex, kneeling], n.,
canis, canis, m. and f., dog. iūdex, iūdicis, m., judge. punishment, torture.
Cerberus, Cerberī, m., Cerberus. iūs, iūris, n., right, justice, law; iūs dīcere, to Tartarus, Tartarī, m., Tartarus.
cōgō, cōgere, coēgī, coāctus [co- + agō], drive pronounce judgement; iūs iūrandum, trāns-eō, -īre, -iī, -itus, go across or over,
together, collect; compel. gen. iūs iūrandī, oath. cross.
custōdiō, -īre, -īvī, -ítus [custōs, guard], guard. Lēthē, Lēthēs, f., Lethe. ut, conj., as; when; that; ita ut, as.
dēnique, adv., lastly, finally. mānēs, mānium, m. pl., spirit, shade. uxor, uxōris, f., wife.
dē-pōnō, -pōnere, -posuī, -positus, put down, memoria, memoriae [memor, remembering], varius, varia, varium, various.
deposit; lay aside, give up; ē f., memory. vestītus, vestītūs, m., clothing.
memoriā dēpōnere, to forget. Mīnōs, Mīnōis, m., Minos. vīta, vītae [vīvō], f., life.

quod cum fēcissent, "and when they had done this." connecting many instances when they may be translated in a main clause
relative A&G §308, f.; and a temporal cum-clause A&G §546. coordinate with the main verb.
gestās, perfect passive participle of gerō. Literally, "having been waged, Stābant, "there stood." What is its subject?
or done." Participles in Latin may be translated as subordinate bonī, improbī are adjectives used as substantives, i.e. the good, the
clauses. Some are adjectival, some adverbial. There are also wicked.
 52. HERCULES CROSSES THE STYX
Herculēs postquam imperia Eurystheī accēpit, in Lacōniam ad Taenarum statim sē
contulit; ibi enim spēlunca erat ingentī māgnitūdine, per quam, ut trāditur, hominēs ad Orcum
dēscendēbant. Eō cum vēnisset, ex incolīs quaesīvit quō in locō spēlunca illa sita esset; quod
cum cōgnōvisset, sine morā dēscendere cōnstituit. Nec tamen sōlus hoc iter fēcit; Mercurius
enim et Minerva sē eī sociōs adiūnxerant. Ubi ad rīpam Stygis vēnit, Herculēs cōnscendit, ut ad
ūlteriōrem rīpam trānsīret. Cum tamen Herculēs esset ingentī māgnitūdine corporis, Charōn
solvere nōlēbat; māgnopere enim verēbātur nē linter sua tantō pondere onerāta in mediō flūmine
mergerētur. Tandem tamen minīs Herculis territus Charōn solvit, et eum incolumem ad
ulteriōrem rīpam trānsvexit.
adiungō (3) –iūnxī, -iūnctum, join to, join. incolumis, incolume, unhurt, safe. pondus, ponderis [pendō], n., weight.
Charōn, Charontis, m., Charon (ferryman of ingēns, ingentis, adj., huge, vast. rīpa, rīpae, f., bank (of a river).
the dead). iter, itineris [eō], n., a going, journey, march; situs, sita, situm [part. of sinō], placed,
cōgnōscō, -gnōscere, -gnōvī, -gnitus [com- + iter facere, to journey, march. situated.
(g)nōscō, come to know], find out, Lacōnia, -ae, f., Laconia (a country). socius, sociī [sequor], m., companion,
learn; in tenses of completed action, linter, lintris, f., boat, skiff. comrade, ally.
have found out, know. māgnitūdō, -tūdinis [māgnus], f., greatness, spēlunca, -ae, f., cave, cavern.
cōnscendō, -scendere, -scendī, -scēnsus [com- size. Styx, Stygis, acc. Stygem and Styga, f., Styx.
+ scandō, climb], climb; nāvem Mercurius, Mercurī, m., Mercury. Taenarus, -ī, f., Taenarus (a promontory).
cōnscendere, to climb the ship, go on mergō, mergere, mersī, mersus, dip, plunge, trādō, -dere, -didī, -ditus [trans + do], give
board, embark. sink. across, over, or up, deliver; hand
dēscendō, -scendere, -scendī, -scēnsus [dē + minae, minārum, f. pl., threats. down, relate, report.
scandō], climb down, descend. Minerva, Minervae, f., Minerva. trāns-eō, -īre, -iī, -itus, go across or over,
eō [is], adv., to that place, thither. nē, adv., not; conj., that not, lest; nē ... quidem, cross.
Eurystheus, Eurystheī, m., Eurystheus. not ... even. trānsvehō (3) –vexī, vectum, carry across or
flūmen, flūminis [fluō, flow], n., river. nōlō, nōlle, nōluí [ne-, not + volō], not wish, be over.
Herculēs, Herculis, m., Hercules. unwilling. ulterior, ulterius, comp. adj., farther.
imperium, imperiī [imperō], n., command; onerō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [onus, load], load, ut, conj., as; when; that; ita ut, as.
sway, rule. burden. vereor, verērī, veritus sum, fear.
incola, incolae [incolō], m. and f., inhabitant. Orcus, -ī, m., Orcus.

eō. You should be familiar with this adverb by now. It means ‘there.’ nē linter sua mergerētur, "lest his boat be sunk" or "that his boat
ex. Ab also is used with quaerō. would be sunk." With verbs expressing fear, nē may be
quod cum cōgnōvisset, connecting relative A&G §308, f.; and a rendered "that," but the Latin expresses a negative idea, as in
temporal cum-clause A&G §546. the other uses of the word. Nē indicates that the person who
sē sociōs, direct object and predicate accusative respectively. fears wishes that the thing may not happen. A&G §564.
cōnscendit, used here without nāvem. solvere, also used without nāvem.
ut ad ūlteriōrem rīpam trānsīret, purpose clause A&G §531. onerāta, ‘if it should be burdened.’
Cum . . . esset causal cum-clauses A&G §549.
 53. THE LAST LABOR IS ACCOMPLISHED
Postquam Styga hōc modō trānsiit, Herculēs in sēdem ipsīus Plūtōnis vēnit; tum causam
veniendī docuit, atque ab eō petīvit ut Cerberum auferre sibi licēret. Plūtōn, quī dē Herculis
fāmā audīverat, eum benīgnē excēpit, et facultātem quam ille petēbat libenter dedit. Postulāvit
tamen ut Herculēs ipse, cum iussa Eurystheī fēcisset, Cerberum in Orcum rūrsus redūceret.
Herculēs hoc pollicitus est, et Cerberum, quem nōn sine magnō perīculō manibus prehenderat,
summō cum labōre ex Orcō in lūcem et ad urbem Eurystheī trāxit. Eō cum vēnisset, tantus timor
animum Eurystheī occupāvit ut ex ātriō statim refugeret; cum autem paulum sē ex timōre
recēpisset, multīs cum lacrimīs Herculem obsecrāvit ut mōnstrum sine morā in Orcum
redūceret. Sīc contrā omnium opīniōnem duodecim illī labōrēs quōs Pythia praecēperat intrā
duodecim annōs cōnfectī sunt; quae cum ita essent, Herculēs servitūte tandem līberātus magnō
cum gaudiō Thēbās rediit.
ātrium, ātriī, n., hall. libenter [libēns, willing], adv., willingly, recipiō, -cipere, -cēpī, -ceptus [re- + capiō],
auferō, auferre, abstulī, ablātus [ab + ferō], gladly. take or get back, recover; sē recipere,
bear away, carry off. līberō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [līber, free], set free, to betake oneself, withdraw; to collect
benīgnē [benīgnus, kind], adv., kindly. free, liberate, release. oneself, recover.
Cerberus, Cerberī, m., Cerberus. licet, -ēre, -uit or -itum est, impers., is lawful re-dūcō, -dūcere, -dūxī, -ductus, lead or bring
cōnficiō, -ficere, -fēcī, -fectus [com- + faciō], or permitted. back; restore.
make or do completely, complete, lūx, lūcis, f., light. re-fugiō, -fugere, -fūgī, flee back, run away,
finish, accomplish, make; wear out. obsecrō (1) –āvī, ātum, beseech, entreat. retreat.
contrā, prep, with acc., against, contrary to. opīniō, -ōnis [opīnor, think], f., opinion, rūrsus [for reversus, part, of revertor], adv.,
doceō, -ēre, -uī, -tus, teach, explain. expectation; reputation. again.
duodecim [duo + decem], indecl. adj., twelve. Orcus, Orcī, m., Orcus. sēdēs, -is [sedeō], f., seat, abode.
Eurystheus, Eurystheī, m., Eurystheus. paulum, adv., a little, somewhat. servitūs, -tūtis [servus], f., slavery, servitude.
excipiō, -cipere, -cēpī, -ceptus [ex + capiō], petō, petere, petiī (īvī), petītus, seek, ask; sīc, adv., so, thus.
take out or up, receive, welcome, attack. Styx, Stygis, acc. Stygem and Styga, f., Styx
entertain. Plūtōn, Plūtōnis, m., Pluto. summus, -a, -um [superl. of superus, upper],
facultās, -tātis [facilis, easy], f., possibility, polliceor, pollicērī, pollicitus sum, promise. uppermost, highest, greatest.
opportunity, chance, means. postulō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, ask, request, demand. Thēbae, -ārum, f. plur., Thebes.
gaudium, gaudiī [gaudeō], n., gladness, joy. praecipiō, -cipere, -cēpī, -ceptus [prae, before trahō, trahere, trāxī, trāctus, draw, drag.
Herculēs, Herculis, m., Hercules. + capiō], take beforehand, anticipate; trāiciō, -icere, -iēcī, -iectus [trāns + iaciō],
intrā, prep. with acc., within. order, charge. throw across.
iūssum, iussī [part, of iubeō], n., order, prehendō, -hendere, -hendī, -hēnsus, seize. trāns-eō, -īre, -iī, -itus, go across or over,
command. Pythia, -ae, f., Pythia. cross.
labor, labōris, m., labor, toil. ut, conj., as; when; that; ita ut, as.

causam veniendī, genitive of the gerund. A&G §504. Eō cum vēnisset, temporal cum-clause A&G §546.
ut . . . licēret. substantive clause of purpose. A&G §569. ut ex ātriō statim refugeret, result clause A&G §291, c.
auferre, subject of the impersonal verb licēret. An impersonal verb cum . . . recēpisset, temporal cum-clause A&G §546.
is one that is used without a subject, or with an infinitive or a ut . . . redūceret, indirect command A&G §563.
clause as its subject, and has therefore only the forms of the quae cum ita essent, "and this being the case" or "and so," literally
third person singular and the infinitives. In English ‘it’ is used "since which things were so." connecting relative A&G §308,
with an impersonal verb. f.
ut . . . redūceret, indirect command A&G §563. Thēbās. See the note in Chapter 16 for Thēbās.
 54. THE CENTAUR NESSUS
Posteā Herculēs multa alia praeclāra perfēcit, quae perscrībere longum est. Tandem iam
aetāte prōvectus Dēianīram, Oeneī fīliam, in mātrimōnium dūxit; Tribus post annīs accidit cāsū
ut puerum quendam occīderet, cui nōmen erat Eunomus. Cum autem mōs esset ut sī quis
hominem cāsū occīdisset, in exsilium īret, Herculēs cum uxōre suā ē fīnibus cīvitātis exīre
mātūrāvit. Dum iter faciunt, ad flūmen quoddam pervēnērunt in quō nūllus pōns erat. Dum
quaerunt quō modō flūmen trānsīre possent, accurrit centaurus Nessus, quī viātōribus auxilium
obtulit. Herculēs uxōrem suam in tergum eius imposuit; tum ipse flūmen trānāvit. At Nessus
paulum in aquam prōgressus ad rīpam subitō revertit, ac Dēianīram auferre cōnātus est. Quod
cum animadvertisset Herculēs, graviter commōtus arcum intendit et pectus Nessī sagittā
trānsfīxit.
accidit, -cidere, -cidit [ad + cadō], fall to or impōnō, -pōnere, -posuī, -positus [in + pōnō], prōgredior, -gredī, -gressus [prō + gradior],
upon; befall, happen. place or lay upon, impose; embark. go forward, advance.
accurrō (3) –cucurrī or currī, -cursum, run to, in-tendō, -tendere, -tendī, -tentus, stretch out; prōvehō (3) –vexī, vectum, carry forward.
come up. stretch, draw, aim. quīdam, quaedam, quoddam, indef. pron., a
aetās, aetātis, f., age. iter, itineris [eō], n., a going, journey, march; certain, certain.
alius, alia, aliud, another, other; aliī ... aliī, iter facere, to journey. quis (quī), quae or qua, quid (quod), indef.
some ... others. longus, longa, longum, long; tedious. pron., any; some; anyone, anybody,
animadvertō, -vertere, -vertī, -versus [animus mātrimōnium, -ī [māter], n., marriage; in anything; some one, somebody,
+ ad-vertō], turn the mind to, mātrimōnium dūcere, marry. something.
observe. mātūrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [mātūrus, ripe], revertor, -vertī, -versus, (the perfect is active
annus, annī, m., year. ripen; hasten. in form revertī not reversus sum)[re-
arcus, arcūs, m., bow. mōs, mōris, m., way, manner, habit, custom. + vertō], turn back, return.
auferō, auferre, abstulī, ablātus [ab + ferō], Nessus, Nessī, m., Nessus (a centaur). rīpa, rīpae, f., bank.
bear away, carry off. Oeneus, Oeneī, m., Oeneus. sagitta, sagittae, f., arrow.
auxilium, auxiliī, n., help, aid. offerō, offerre, obtulī, oblātus [ob + ferō], sī, conj., if.
cāsū [abl. of cāsus], adv., by chance, bear to, proffer, offer. tergum, tergī, n., back.
accidentally. paulum [paulus, little], adv., a little, somewhat. trānō, -nāre, -nāvī [trāns + nō, swim], swim
centaurus, centaurī, m., centaur. pectus, pectoris, n., breast, chest. across or over.
cīvitās, cīvitātis [cívis], f., state, city-state. perficiō (M) –fēcī, -fectum, make or do trāns-eō, -īre, -iī, -itus, go across or over,
cōnor, cōnārī, -cōnātus, try, attempt. thoroughly, accomplish. cross.
Dēianīra, Dēianīrae, f., Dejanira. perscrībō (3) –scīpsī, -scrīptum, write in full, trāns-fīgō, -fīgere, -fīxī, -fīxus, thrust or pierce
Eunomus, Eunomī, m., Eunomus. describe fully, recount. through, transfix.
exeō, exīre, exiī, exitum, go out. per-veniō, -venīre, -vēnī, -ventus, come trēs, tria, plur. adj., three. (gen. trium, dat. &
exsilium, exsiliī, n., exile. through, come, arrive, reach. abl. tribus).
flūmen, flūminis [fluō, flow], n., river. pōns, pontis, m., bridge. ut, conj., as; when; that; ita ut, as.
graviter [gravis], adv., severely, seriously. possum, posse, potuī to be able w/ infinitive. uxor, uxōris, f., wife.
Herculēs, Herculis, m., Hercules. praeclārus, -a, -um, very bright; splendid, viātor, viātōris [via], m., wayfarer, traveler.
famous.

quae, direct object of perscrībere, which is the subject of est. quis. After sī, nisi, nē and num this is not the interrogative pronoun,
longum est, literally, "it is tedious," here perhaps"would be tedious." but the indefinite.
aetāte, ablative of respect (ablative of specification). Translate "when occīdisset, subjunctive by attraction. A&G §591, 2.
he was now advanced in age" or "late in life." quō modō flūmen trānsīre possent, relative clause of purpose A&G
ut . . . occīderet, subject of accidit. Certain verbs expressing §531.2
occurrence may have a substantive clause of result as revertit. Revertor is deponent in the present, past (imperfect), and
subject. A&G §567-568 (footnote 2). future, but has active forms in the perfect, past perfect
cui, dative of possession A&G §373, a. (pluperfect), and future perfect.
ut . . . īret, a substantive clause of result, the subject of esset. Quod cum animadvertisset, connecting relative A&G §308, f. and a
Compare pōnere, in Chapter 50. The subject of mōs esset temporal cum-clause A&G §546.
and similar phrases may be either an infinitive or a clause
of result. A&G §571.
 55. THE POISONED ROBE
Nessus igitur sagittā Herculis trānsfīxus moriēns humī iacēbat; sed nē occāsiōnem suī
ulcīscendī dīmitteret, ita locūtus est: "Tū, Dēianīra, verba morientis audī. Sī amōrem marītī tuī
cōnservāre vīs, hunc sanguinem quī nunc ē pectore meō effunditur sūme ac repōne; tum, sī
Herculēs umquam in suspīciōnem tibi vēnerit, vestem eius hōc sanguine tinguēs." Haec locūtus
Nessus animam efflāvit; Dēianīra autem nihil malī suspicāns eius iussa fēcit. Paulō post
Herculēs bellum contrā Eurytum, rēgem Oechaliae, suscēpit. Cum rēgem ipsum cum fīliīs
interfēcisset, Iolēn eius fīliam sēcum redūxit. Sed priusquam domum pervēnit, nāvem ad
Cēnaeum appulit, et in terram ēgressus āram cōnstituit, ut Iovī sacrificium faceret. Dum
sacrificium parat, Licham comitem suum domum mīsit, quī vestem albam referret; mōs enim
erat apud antīquōs, cum sacrificia facerent, albam vestem gerere. At Dēianīra verita nē
Herculēs amōrem ergā Iolēn habēret, vestem priusquam Lichae dedit, sanguine Nessī tīnxit.
albus, alba, album, white. Herculēs, Herculis, m., Hercules. before.
amor, amōris, m., love. humī, locative of humus, on the ground. re-dūcō, -dūcere, -dūxī, -ductus, lead or bring
anima, animae, f., breath, soul, life. iaceō, -ēre, -uī, lie, be prostrate. back; restore.
antīquus, -a, -um, ancient; as substantive, interficiō, -ficere, -fēcī, -fectus [inter + faciō], repōnō (3) –posuī, -positum, put or set back;
antīquus, -ī, m. an ancient. put out of the way, kill. store away.
appellō, -pellere, -pulī, -pulsus [ad + pellō], Iolē, Iolēs, f., Iole. sacrificium, sacrificiī [sacrificō], n., sacrifice.
drive to, bring to; w/ or w/o nāvem, Iuppiter, Iovis, m., Jupiter or Jove. sagitta, sagittae, f., arrow.
put in. iūssum, -ī [part, of iubeō], n., order, command. sanguis, sanguinis, m., blood.
āra, ārae, f., altar. Lichās, Lichae, m., Lichas. sī, conj., if.
Cēnaeum, Cēnaeī, n., Cenaeum (a loquor, loquī, locūtus sum, speak. sūmō, sūmere, sūmpsī, sūmptus [sub + emō],
promontory). malum, malī, n., evil, mischief. take under or up, take;
comes, comitis, m. and f., companion. marītus, marītī, m., husband. suscipiō, -cipere, -cēpī, -ceptus [sub + capiō],
conservō (1) –āvī, -ātum, preserve, keep. morior, morī, mortuus sum, die. undertake.
contrā, prep, with acc., against, contrary to. mōs, mōris, m., way, manner, habit, custom. suspīciō, suspīciōnis, f., suspicion.
Dēianīra, -ae, f., Dejanira. nē, adv., not; conj., that not, lest; nē ... quidem, suspicor (1) suspicātus sum, suspect.
dī-mittō, -mittere, -mīsī, -missus, send not ... even. terra, terrae, f., land, earth.
different ways, send forth or away, Nessus, Nessī, m., Nessus (a centaur). tinguō (3) tīnxī, tīnctum, wet, soak, dye.
despatch; let slip, lose. nihil, n., indecl., nothing. trāns-fīgō, -fīgere, -fīxī, -fīxus, thrust or pierce
efflō, -flāre, -flāvī, -flātus [ex + flō], breathe occāsiō, -ōnis [occidō, fall], f., chance, through, transfix.
out. opportunity. ulcīscor, ulciscī, ultus sum, avenge, revenge.
effundō (3) –fūdī, -fūsum, pour out. Oechalia, Oechaliae, f., Oechalia. umquam, adv., ever.
ēgredior, -gredī, -gressus [ē + gradior], go out paulō [paulus, little], adv., by a little, a little, ut, conj., as; when; that; ita ut, as.
or forth, go ashore, disembark. somewhat. verbum, verbī, n., word.
ergā, prep. with acc., toward, for. pectus, pectoris, n., breast, chest. vereor, verērī, veritus sum, fear.
Eurytus, -ī, m., Eurytus. prius-quam, conj., before than, sooner than, vestis, vestis, f., clothing, dress, robe.

nē occāsiōnem . . . dīmitteret, negative purpose clause A&G §531. morientis, "of a dying man." Compare mortuī, in Chapter 50.
suī ulcīscendī, "of revenging himself." Ulcīscendī is the gerundive, vīs, from volō.
not the gerund. It modifies suī. The gerundive has the in suspīciōnem tibi vēnerit, ‘comes to be suspected by you.’ For the
construction of an adjective, the gerund that of a noun. When tense of vēnerit see the note on dabō in Chapter 25.
the gerund would have a direct object, the gerundive is nihil malī, the genitive of certain colorless nouns is used to denote
commonly used instead; but the gerundive in this use is indefinite value. A&G §417, a.
translated as the gerund would be, if it were used, and the nē Herculēs . . . habēret, after the verbal verita, the subjunctive
word which the gerundive modifies is translated as its direct after verbs of fearing is used, nē meanong "that," ut and nē
object. A&G §503-504. nōn meaning "that not." A&G §564.
 56. THE DEATH OF HERCULES
Herculēs nihil malī suspicāns vestem quam Lichās attulerat statim induit. Paulō post
magnum dolōrem sēnsit, et quae causa esset eius reī magnopere mīrābātur. Dolōre paene
exanimātus vestem dētrahere cōnātus est; illa tamen in corpore haesit, neque ūllō modō dētrahī
potuit. Tum dēmum Herculēs quasi furōre impulsus in montem Oetam sē contulit, atque in
rogum, quem summā celeritāte exstrūxit, sē imposuit. Hoc cum fēcisset, eōs quī circumstābant
ōrāvit ut rogum quam celerrimē succenderent. Omnēs diū recūsābant; tandem tamen pāstor
quīdam ad misericordiam inductus īgnem subdidit. Tum, dum omnia fūmō obscūrantur,
Herculēs dēnsā nūbe tēctus ā Iove in Olympum abreptus est.
abripiō, -ripere, -ripuī, -reptus [ab + rapiō], frenzy, madness. Olympus, -ī, m., Olympus.
snatch away, carry off. haereō, haerēre, haesī, haesūrus, stick; ōrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [ōs], speak; beg, pray.
ad-ferō, adferre, attulī, adlātus, bear to, bring hesitate; doubt. pāstor, pāstōris, m., shepherd.
(to). Herculēs, Herculis, m., Hercules. paulō [paulus, little], adv., by a little, a little,
celeritās, -tātis [celer, swift], f., swiftness, īgnis, īgnis, m., fire. somewhat.
quickness, speed. impellō (3) –pulī, -pulsum, drive or urge on, possum, posse, potuī to be able w/ infinitive.
celeriter [celer, swift], adv., swiftly, quickly; incite, urge. quam [quis and quī], adv., how? as; than; with
superlative celerrimē. impōnō, -pōnere, -posuī, -positus [in + pōnō], superl., as ... as possible.
circumstō (1) –stetī, stand around. place or lay upon, impose; embark. quasi [quī + sī], conj., as if.
cōnor, -ārī, -ātus, try, attempt. in-dūcō, -dūcere, dūxī, -ductus, lead in or on, recūsō (1) –āvī, -ātum, refuse.
dēmum, adv., at last. move, excite. rogus, rogī, m., funeral pile, pyre.
dēnsus, dēnsa, dēnsum, thick. induō, induere, induī, indūtus, put on; clothe. subdō (3) –didī, -ditum, put under, apply.
dē-trahō, -trahere, -trāxī, -trāctus, draw or Iuppiter, Iovis, m., Jupiter or Jove. succendō (3) –cendī, -cēnsum, kindle beneath,
pull off. malum, malī, n., evil, mischief. set on fire.
ex-animō, -animāre, -animāvī, -animātus, put mīror, -ārī, -ātus [mīrus], wonder, wonder at. summus, -a, -um [superl. of superus, upper],
out of breath, fatigue, tire, exhaust; misericordia, -ae, f., pity, compassion. uppermost, highest, greatest.
stupefy; kill. mōns, montis, m., mountain. suspicor (1) suspicātus sum, suspect.
exstruō (3) –strūxī, -strūctum, pile or heap up, nihil, n., indecl., nothing. tegō (3) tēxī, tēctum, cover, conceal.
build, erect. nūbēs, nūbis, f., cloud. ūllus, ūlla, ūllum, any.
fūmus, fūmī, m., smoke. obscūrō (1) –āvī, -ātum, darken, hide, conceal. ut, conj., as; when; that; ita ut, as.
furor, furōris [furō, rage], m., rage, fury, Oeta, Oetae, f., Oeta. vestis, vestis, f., clothing, dress, robe.

nihil malī, the genitive of certain colorless nouns is used to denote exanimātus, "beside himself."
indefinite value. A&G §417, a. Hoc cum fēcisset, temporal cum-clause A&G §546.
quae causa esset, indirect question A&G §330, 2 and 331; also A&G ōrāvit ut . . . succenderent, indirect command A&G §563.
§573-574. Olympum, the home of the gods.
 THE ARGONAUTS
The celebrated voyage of the Argonauts was brought
about in this way. Pelias had expelled his brother Aeson
from his kingdom in Thessaly, and had determined to take
the life of Jason, the son of Aeson. Jason, however, escaped
and grew up to manhood in another country. At last he
returned to Thessaly; and Pelias, fearing that he might
attempt to recover the kingdom, sent him to fetch the Golden
Fleece from Colchis, supposing this to be an impossible feat.
Jason with a band of heroes set sail in the ship Argo (called
after Argus, its builder), and after many adventures reached
Colchis. Here Aeētēs, king of Colchis, who was unwilling to
give up the Fleece, set Jason to perform what seemed an
impossible task, namely to plough a field with certain fire-
breathing oxen, and then to sow it with dragon's teeth.
Mēdēa, however, the daughter of the king, assisted Jason by
her skill in magic, first to perform the task appointed, and
then to procure the Fleece. She then fled with Jason, and to
delay the pursuit of her father, sacrificed her brother
Absyrtus. After reaching Thessaly, Mēdēa caused the death
of Pelias and was expelled from the country with her
husband. They removed to Corinth, and here Mēdēa,
becoming jealous of Glaucē, daughter of Creon, caused her
death by means of a poisoned robe. Mēdēa was afterward
carried off in a chariot sent by the sun-god, and a little later
Jason was accidentally killed.
 57. THE WICKED UNCLE
Erant quondam in Thessaliā duo frātrēs, quōrum alter Aesōn, Peliās alter appellābātur.
Aesōn prīmō rēgnum obtinuit; posteā vērō Peliās rēgnī cupiditāte adductus nōn modo frātrem
suum expulit, sed etiam in animō habēbat Iāsonem, Aesonis fīlium, interficere. Quīdam tamen
ex amīcīs Aesonis, ubi sententiam Peliae cognōvērunt, puerum ē tantō perīculō ēripere
cōnstituērunt. Itaque noctū Iāsonem ex urbe abstulērunt, et cum posterō diē ad rēgem redīssent,
eī renūntiāvērunt puerum mortuum esse. Peliās cum hoc audīvisset, etsī rē vērā magnum
voluptātem percipiēbat, speciem tamen dolōris praebuit, et quae causa fuisset mortis quaesīvit.
Illī autem cum bene intellegerent dolōrem eius falsum esse, nesciō quam fābulam dē morte
puerī fīnxērunt.
Aesōn, Aesonis, m., Aeson falsus, falsa, falsum [part. of fallō], feigned, re-nūntiō, -nūntiāre, -nūntiāvī, -nūntiātus,
auferō, auferre, abstulī, ablātus [ab + ferō], pretended, false. bring back word, report, announce.
bear away, carry off. fingō (3) fīnxī, finctum, invent, make up. sententia, sententiae, f., opinion, purpose.
cupiditās, cupiditātis [cupidus], f., desire, Iāsōn, Iāsonis, m., Jason. Thessalia, Thessaliae, f., Thessaly.
longing, eagerness. nesciō (4) –scīvī, not know, be ignorant. voluptās, voluptātis, f., pleasure.
Peliās, Peliae, m., Pelias.

Erant, forms of sum in the sense of "exist" make a complete ex amīcīs. This construction is commonly used with quīdam, as with
predicate without a predicate noun or adjective. It is then ūnus, instead of the partitive genitive.
called the substantive verb, sometimes called the expletive use cum . . . redīssent, cum + imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive is used
of the linking verb. "There were (existed) two brothers." A&G to denote the situation or circumstances under which
§284, b. something occurs. This is called a temporal cum-clause.
alter . . . alter, "one . . . the other." Alter Aesōn, Peliās alter is an A&G §546.
example of the so-called chiastic order. puerum mortuum esse, "that the boy was dead," literally "the boy to
regnī, "for the kingdom." An objective genitive (A&G §§347-348.) be dead." This is an indirect statement, quoting puer
The objective genitive would become the object, if the mortuus est. Indirect statements depend upon verbs
noun or adjective which it modifies or limits were changed expressing the ideas of saying, thinking, knowing and
to a verb expressing the same idea. Here, for instance, the perceiving. The subject of an indirect statement is in the
meaning is that he desired the kingdom. accusative, and the verb in the infinitive. The infinitive is
adductus, perfect passive participle, lit., "having been led, brought, present, future or perfect to represent an action at, after or
taken, induced or influenced;" therefore "led, brought, taken, before the time of the verb on which it depends.
influenced, etc." A&G §488, 494 and 496. cum . . . intellegerent, a clause introduced by cum may express the
nōn modo . . . sed etiam, "not only . . . but also." cause of the action represented by the principal verb of the
in animō habēbat, lit. "he kept having in mind," therefore "he sentence. It is then called a causal cum-clause, and the verb
intended," followed by the infinitive. is in the subjunctive. A&G §549.
tamen, a postpositive and adversative conjunction. Postpositive, quae causa fuisset, an indirect question. A&G §574.
because it always comes second in the sentence, but in autem, like tamen, autem is postpositive, but not as adversative.
English we translate it first; adversative, because it points Translate "moreover," or "however."
to something contrary to what has come previously. Best nesciō quam fābulam, "some story or other;" literally "I know not
translated but. what story." A&G §575, d.
 58. A FATEFUL ACCIDENT
Post breve tempus Peliās, veritus nē rēgnum suum tantā vī et fraude occupātum āmitteret,
amīcum quendam Delphōs mīsit, quī ōrāculum cōnsuleret. Ille igitur quam celerrimē Delphōs sē
contulit et quam ob causam vēnisset dēmōnstrāvit. Respondit ōrāculum nūllum esse in
praesentiā perīculum; monuit tamen Peliam ut sī quis ūnum calceum gerēns venīret, eum
cavēret. Post paucīs annīs accidit ut Peliās māgnum sacrificium factūrus esset; nūntiōs in omnēs
partīs dīmīserat et certam diem conveniendī dīxerat. Diē cōnstitūtā magnus hominum numerus
undique ex agrīs convēnit; in hīs autem vēnit etiam Iāsōn, quī ā pueritiā apud centaurum
quendam habitāverat. Dum tamen iter facit, ūnum ē calceīs in trānseundō nesciō quō flūmine
āmīsit.
accidō, -cidere, -cidī [ad + cadō], fall to or certain. Peliās, Peliae, m., Pelias.
upon; befall, happen. Used con-veniō, -venīre, -vēnī, -ventum, come praesentia, -ae [praesēns], f., the present.
impersonally, it happens, happened. together, assemble. pueritia, pueritiae [puer], f., boyhood.
calceus, calceī, m., shoe. cōnsulō, -ere, -uī, -tum, consult. respondeō, respondēre, respondī, respōnsus
caveō, cavēre, cāvī, cautum, beware, take Delphī, Delphōrum, m. pl., Delphi. respond, answer.
care; be on one's guard against, fraus, fraudis, f., deception, fraud. sacrificium, sacrificiī, n., sacrifice.
beware of. Iāsōn, Iāsonis, m., Jason. undique [unde + -que], adv., from or on all
centaurus, centaurī, m., centaur. moneō, monēre, monuī, monitus warn, advise. sides.
certus, certa, certum determined, fixed, numerus, numerī, m., number.

breve modifies tempus in a prepositional phrase with the preposition impersonal verb accidit. A&G §569.2. (factūrus is the
post. Compare post used as an adverb below with paucīs future active participle of sum.)
annīs. diēs is sometimes feminine in the singular, especially in phrases
veritus modifies Peliās. Perfect participles from deponent verbs are indicating a fixed time. A&G 97, a.
active in sense and not passive like regular verbs. A&G nesciō quō flūmine, "some river or other;" lit. "I don’t know what
§190, b. Literally, "having feared," but often in a present river." A&G §575, d.
sense, "fearing." A&G §491. partīs, what case is this? A&G §65 ff. and esp. A&G §74, c.
nē . . . āmitteret, A&G §564. Verbs of fearing take the subjunctive, facit, the present indicative is used with dum, "while," "as," even
with nē affirmative and nē nōn or ut negative: "that he should when a past action is represented. It must then be translated
lose." by the past tense.
Delphōs, the oracle at Delphi was the most well-known in the ancient conveniendī, "of assembling," the genitive of the gerund. The gerund
world; Apollo, through his priestess the Pythia, dispensed is a form of the verb, but it has the construction of a noun.
usually ambiguous advice to those seeking it. In English the gerund ends in –ing, and so is identical in
quam celerrimē, quam with the superlative means "as . . . as possible," form with the present participle, which is a verb that has the
translating the superlative as a positive. construction of an adjective. A&G §504.
vēnisset, subjunctive in an indirect question. The direct form would in trānseundō nesciō quō flūmine, "by crossing some river or
be hanc ob causam vēnit. A&G §573-575. other." The ablative of the gerundive is here used to express
respondit . . . perīculum, ōrāculum is the subject of respondit; the circumstances surrounding the losing of the shoe. In
nūllum perīculum is in the predicate of the indirect Latin when the gerund would take an object, the object is
statement clause. attracted into the case of the gerund, and the gerund is
venīret, subjunctive in an indirect subordinate clause. The direct attracted to the number and gender of the object. Here in
form would be sī quis veniet. trānseundō is an ablative of attendant circumstances; flūmen
cavēret, imperfect subjunctive in a substantive clause of purpose or would be the direct object of the gerund trānseundō, therefore
indirect command after the verb monuit. A&G 563. trānseundō becomes neuter and singular, and flūmen
ut . . . factūrus esset, is a substantive clause of result after the becomes ablative. A&G §507.
 59. THE GOLDEN FLEECE
Iāsōn igitur cum calceum āmissum nūllō modō recipere posset, alterō pede nūdō in
rēgiam pervēnit. Quem cum Peliās vīdisset, subitō timōre adfectus est; intellēxit enim hunc esse
hominem quem ōrāculum dēmōnstrāvisset. Hoc igitur cōnsilium iniit. Rēx erat quīdam Aeētēs,
quī rēgnum Colchidis illō tempore obtinēbat. Huic commissum erat vellus illud aureum quod
Phrixus ōlim ibi relīquerat. Cōnstituit igitur Peliās Iāsonī negōtium dare ut hoc vellere potīrētur;
cum enim rēs esset magnī perīculī, eum in itinere peritūrum esse spērābat. Iāsonem igitur ad sē
arcessīvit, et eum cohortātus quid fierī vellet docuit. Ille etsī intellegēbat rem esse difficillimam,
negōtium libenter suscēpit.
adficiō, -ficere, -fēcī, -fectus [ad + faciō], do difficilis, difficile [dis- + facilis], not easy, ōlim, adv., once upon a time, once, formerly, of
to, move, affect; visit, afflict. difficult. old.
Aeētēs, Aeētae, m., Aeetes. fīō, fīerī, factus sum, be done or made, become, per-eō, -īre, -iī, -itūrum, pass away, perish.
arcessō, -ere, -īvī, -ītum, call, summon, fetch. happen. Phrixus, Phrixī, m., Phrixus.
aureus, aurea, aureum [aurum], of gold, Iāsōn, Iāsonis, m., Jason. potior, -īrī, -ītus [potis, able], become master
golden. in-eō, -īre, -iī, -itum, go into, enter; adopt. of, get possession of.
calceus, calceī, m., shoe. libenter [libēns, willing], adv., willingly, recipiō, -cipere, -cēpī, -ceptus [re- + capiō],
co-hortor, -hortārī, -hortātum, encourage, gladly. take or get back, recover; sē recipere,
exhort. negōtium, -ī [nec + ōtium, leisure], n., to betake oneself, withdraw; to collect
Colchis, Colchidis, f., Colchis. business, matter; task, trouble, oneself, recover.
com-mittō, -mittere, -mīsī, -missum, send difficulty. spērō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum [spēs], hope.
together; commit, intrust; expose; nūdus, nūda, nūdum naked, bare. suscipiō, -cipere, -cēpī, -ceptum [sub + capiō],
proelium committere, to join battle. obtineō, -tinēre, -tinuī, -tentus [ob + teneō], undertake, take up.
hold. vellus, velleris, n., fleece.

cum . . . posset. Cum causal takes the subjunctive. A&G §549. death as a sacrifice, when they were rescued and carried off
cum . . . vīdisset. A temporal clause with cum and the Imperfect or through the air by a ram with a fleece of gold. Helle fell into
Pluperfect Subjunctive describes the circumstances that the strait called by the ancients the Hellespont (Helle’s sea),
accompanied or preceded the action of the main verb. A&G and by us the Dardanelles. Phrixus came safely to Colchis, and
§546. there he sacrificed the ram and gave the fleece to Aeetes.
alterō pede nūdō, ‘with one foot bare.’ This construction corresponds ut . . . potīrētur. A substantive clause of volition (purpose) or an
to the nominative absolute in English, and is called the indirect command. negōtium dare is equivalent to a verb
ablative absolute. A&G §419-420. It consists of a noun or of commanding. A&G §563.
pronoun with a participle, noun or adjective in agreement. The vellere is ablative because potior is one of the deponent verbs which
word in agreement is in the nature of a predicate. When this govern the ablative. A&G §410.
word is not itself a participle, the insertion of the word "being" cum . . . esset. cum causal takes the subjunctive. A&G §549.
will show its relation to the other word, as here "one foot eum peritūrum esse, "that he would perish." Why is the infinitive
being bare." future? A&G §584.
vellus aureum. Phrixus and his sister Helle were about to be put to
 60. THE BUILDING OF THE GOOD SHIP ARGO
Cum tamen Colchis multōrum diērum iter ab eō locō abesset, sōlus Iāsōn proficīscī
nōluit. Dīmīsit igitur nūntiōs in omnīs partīs, quī causam itineris docērent et diem certam
conveniendī dīcerent. Intereā, postquam omnia quae sunt ūsuī ad armandās nāvēs comportārī
iussit, negōtium dedit Argō cuidam, quī summam scientiam nauticārum rērum habēbat, ut
nāvem aedificāret. In hīs rēbus circiter decem diēs cōnsūmptī sunt; Argus enim, quī operī
praeerat, tantam dīligentiam adhibēbat ut nē nocturnum tempus quidem ad labōrem
intermitteret. Ad multitūdinem hominum trānsportandam nāvis paulō erat lātior quam quibus in
nostrō marī ūtī cōnsuēvimus, et ad vim tempestātum perferendam tōta ē rōbore facta est.
ab-sum, abesse, āfuī, āfutūrus, be away, be accustomed or wont. business, matter; task, trouble.
absent, be distant; be wanting. cōn-sūmō, -sūmere, -sūmpsī, -sūmptus, take nocturnus, -a, -um [nox], of night, nocturnal;
adhibeō, -hibēre, -hibuī, -hibitus [ad + completely, use up, consume, spend. nocturnum tempus,
habeō], hold to, employ, show. con-veniō, -venīre, -vēnī, -ventum, come night-time.
aedificō (1) [aedis + faciō], make a building, together, assemble. noster, nostra, nostrum [nōs], our.
build. decem, indecl. adj., ten. opus, operis, n., work, task.
Argus, Argī, m., Argus. dīligentia, dīligentiae [dīligēns, careful], f., per-ferō, -ferre, -tulī, -lātus, bear through,
armō (1) [arma], arm, equip. care, diligence, industry. bear, endure; weather.
certus, certa, certum determined, fixed, Iāsōn, Iāsonis, m., Jason. post-quam, conj., later than, after, when.
certain. inter-mittō, -mittere, -mīsī, -mīssus, leave off, prae-sum, -esse, -fuī, be before, preside over,
circiter, prep. with acc. about; adv., about. interrupt; let pass; pass., be left have charge of, command.
Colchis, Colchidis, f., Colchis. between, intervene, elapse. rōbur, rōboris, n., oak.
com-portō (1), carry or bring together, collect. lātus, lāta, lātum, broad, wide. scientia, scientiae [sciō], f., knowledge, skill.
cōn-suēscō, -suēscere, -suēví, -suētus, become multitūdō, multitūdinis [multus], f., multitude. trāns-portō (1), carry across or over, transport.
accustomed; in tenses of completed nauticus, -a, -um [nauta], naval, nautical. ūsus, -ūs [ūtor], m., use; experience.
action, have become accustomed, be negōtium, -ī [nec + ōtium, leisure], n., ūtor, ūtī, ūsus, use.

cum, how should cum be translated here? A&G §549. nē . . . quidem, "not even the night-time." The emphasized word
iter, accusative of extent of space or how long and is limited by regularly stands between nē and quidem. A&G §322, f.
multōrum diērum. A&G §425. Ad multitūdinem hominum trānsportandam, A&G §506.
omnīs, what is the case? A&G §73 & 77. quibus, ūtor is one of the deponent verbs which govern the ablative.
quī causam itineris docērent, relative clause of characteristic, eae, the antecedent of quibus, is omitted. A&G §410.
A&G §534-535. Compare the relative clause with the quibus in nostrō marī ūtī cōnsuēvimus, a relative clause with the
indicative below. indicative.
ūsuī, "of use or useful." dative of purpose (or tendency) A&G §382,1. nostrō marī, the Mediterranean.
ad armandās nāvīs, purpose is often expressed by ad with the ad vim tempestātum perferendam, A&G §506.
gerundive. A&G §506. vim, case? A&G §75.a.1.
 61. THE ANCHOR IS WEIGHED
Intereā is diēs appetēbat quem Iāsōn per nūntiōs ēdīxerat, et ex omnibus regiōnibus
Graeciae multī, quōs aut reī novitās aut spēs glōriae movēbat, undīque conveniēbant. Trāditum
est autem in hōc numerō fuisse Herculem, dē quō suprā multa perscrīpsimus, Orpheum,
citharoedum praeclārissimum, Thēseum, Castorem, multōsque aliōs quōrum nōmina sunt
nōtissima. Ex hīs Iāsōn, quōs arbitrātus est ad omnia perīcula subeunda parātissimōs esse, eōs
ad numerum quīnquāgintā dēlēgit et sociōs sibi adiūnxit; tum paucōs diēs commorātus, ut ad
omnīs cāsūs subsidia comparāret, nāvem dēdūxit, et tempestātem ad nāvigandum idōneam
nactus māgnō cum plausū omnium solvit.
ad-iungo, -iungere, -iūnxī, -iūnctus, join to, dē-dūcō, -dūcere, -dūxī, -ductus, lead down or parātus, -a, -um [part. of parō], prepared,
join. away, bring; nāvem dēdūcere, to equipped, ready.
appetō, -petere, -petīvī, -petītus [ad + petō], draw down or launch a ship. per-scrībō, -scrībere, -scrīpsī, scrīptus, write
draw near. ē-dīcō, -dīcere, -dīxī, -dictus, declare, through or in full, describe fully,
arbitror, -ārī, -ātus, consider, think, judge. proclaim, appoint. recount.
aut, conj., or; aut ... aut, either ... or. glōria, gloriae, f., glory. plausus, plausūs [plaudō, clap], m., applause.
Castor, Castoris, m., Castor. Graecia, Graeciae [Graecus], f., Greece. prae-clārus, -clāra, -clārum, very bright;
citharoedus, -ī [cithara], m., citharoedus (one Herculēs, Herculis, m., Hercules. splendid, remarkable, famous.
who sings to the accompaniment of Iāsōn, Iāsonis, m., Jason. quīnquāgintā [quīnque, five], indecl. adj., fifty.
the cithara). nancīscor, nancīscī, nactus, get, obtain, find. subsidium, -ī [sub + sedeō], n., reserve,
com-moror, -morārī, -morātus, tarry, linger, nāvigō (1) [nāvis + agō], sail. reinforcement, support, help.
delay, stay. nōtus, -a, -um [part. of nōscō, come to know], suprā [superus, upper], adv. and prep. with
com-parō (1), prepare, collect. known, well-known. famous. acc., above, before.
con-veniō, -venīre, -vēnī, -ventum, come novitās, novitātis [novus], f., newness, novelty. Thēseus, Thēseī, m., Theseus.
together, assemble. numerus, numerī, m., number. undīque [unde + -que], adv., from or on all
dēligō, -ligere, -lēgī, -lēctus [dē + legō], choose Orpheus, Orpheī, m., Orpheus. sides; from everywhere.
out, choose, select.

reī . . . glōriae. The chiastic order contrasts novitās and spēs. were." The antecedent of quōs is eōs at the end of the line.
Orpheum, a mythical musician, who is said to have made such sweet The relative clause often comes first in Latin, but the
music on his golden harp that wild beasts, trees and rocks antecedent must be translated first. A&G §308, d.
followed him. ad omnia perīcula subeunda, the gerundive of purpose. A&G §506.
Thēseum, a mythical hero, whose exploits resemble and rival those numerō, "in number," ablative of respect (specification), modifying
of Hercules. quīnquāgintā. A&G §418.
Castorem, a mythical hero, famous as a tamer of horses. ad nāvigandum, the gerund of purpose. A&G §506. In what ways is
quōs esse arbitrābātur, "whom he thought to be," "whom he thought this different from the gerundive of purpose above?
 62. A FATAL MISTAKE
Haud multō post Argonautae (ita enim appellābantur quī in istā nāvī vehēbantur) īnsulam
quandam, nōmine Cyzicum, attigērunt; et ē nāvī ēgressī ā rēge illīus regiōnis hospitiō exceptī
sunt. Paucās hōrās ibi commorātī ad sōlis occāsum rūrsus solvērunt; sed postquam pauca mīlia
passuum prōgressī sunt, tanta tempestās subitō coörta est ut cursum tenēre nōn possent, et in
eandem partem īnsulae unde nūper profectī erant māgnō cum perīculō dēicerentur. Incolae
tamen, cum nox esset obscūra, Argonautās nōn āgnōscēbant, et nāvem inimīcam vēnisse arbitrātī
arma rapuērunt et eōs ēgredī prohibēbant. Ācriter in lītore pūgnātum est, et rēx ipse, quī cum
aliīs dēcucurrerat, ab Argonautīs occīsus est. Mox tamen, cum iam dīlūcēsceret, sēnsērunt
incolae sē errāre et arma abiēcērunt; Argonautae autem cum rēgem occīsum esse vidērent,
magnum dolōrem percēpērunt.
abiciō, -icere, -iēcí, -iectus [ab + iaciō], throw Cyzicus, Cyzicī, f., Cyzicus. mox, adv., soon.
away. dē-currō, -currere, -cucurrī, -cursus, run multō [multus], adv., by much or far, much,
ācriter [ācer], adv., sharply, fiercely. down. far.
āgnōscō, -gnōscere, -gnōvī, -gnitus [ad + ( dēiciō, -icere, -iēcī, -iectus [dē + iaciō], throw nūper [novus], adv., newly, lately, recently.
g)nōscō, come to know], recognize. down, cast, drive out of one's course. obscūrus, -a, -um, dark.
arbitror, -ārī, -ātus, consider, think, judge. dī-lūcēscō, -lūcēscere, -lūxī, grow light, dawn. occāsus, -ūs [occidō, fall], m., setting.
Argonautae, -ārum [Argō + nauta], m. plur., haud, adv., not at all, by no means, not. passus, -ūs [pandō, stretch], m., pace; mīlia
Argonauts. hospitium, -ī [hospes, host], n., hospitality. passuum, see mīlia.
attingō, -tingere, -tigī, -tāctus [ad + tangō], inimīcus, -a, -um [in-, not + amīcus], percipiō, -cipere, -cēpī, -ceptus [per + capiō],
touch at. unfriendly, hostile. feel.
co-orior, -orīrī, -ortus, arise. mīlle, indecl. adj., a thousand. pūgnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [pūgna], fight.
com-moror, -morārī, -morātus, tarry, linger, mīlia, -ium, n. plur., thousands; mīlia sōl, sōlis, m., sun.
delay, stay. passuum, thousands of paces, unde, adv., whence, from where.
cursus, cursūs [currō], m., running, course. miles. vehō, vehere, vexī, vectus, carry.

multō, ablative of degree of difference w/ post. action. The use of the imperfect tense to represent habitual,
quī in istā nāvī vehēbantur, effectively the subject of appellābantur. repeated and attempted action follows naturally from its use
ēgressī and commorātī, perfect active participles from deponent verbs. to describe a past action action as going on. A&G §471, c.
ut . . . possent . . . dēicerentur, result clauses. pugnātum est, "they fought" or "the battle raged," literally "it was
unde nūper profectī erant, relative clause. fought." Intransitive verbs are often used impersonally in the
māgnō cum perīculō, ablative of manner. passive. A&G §207-208.
nāvem vēnisse, "that a ship had come." What is this construction and tanta . . . ut . . . nōn possent, a result clause, sometimes called a
why is the infinitive perfect? A&G §577-592. consecutive clause. A&G §536-538.
ēgredī, "from going ashore." What is the mood? Compare ēgressī cum nox esset obscūra, a cum-causal clause A&G §539-549. How
above. should cum be translated here?
prohibēbant, "tried to prevent," imperfect tense use of attempted
 63. THE LOSS OF HYLAS
Postrīdiē eius diēī Iāsōn tempestātem satis idōneam esse arbitrātus (summa enim
tranquillitās iam cōnsecūta erat), sublātīs ancorīs profectus est, et pauca mīlia passuum
prōgressus ante noctem Mysiam attigit. Ibi paucās hōrās in ancorīs exspectāvit; ā nautīs enim
cōgnōverat aquae cōpiam quam sēcum habērent iam dēficere, quam ob causam quīdam ex
Argonautīs in terram ēgressī aquam quaerēbant. Hōrum in numerō erat Hylās quīdam, puer
fōrmā praestantissimā. Quī dum fontem quaerit, ā comitibus paulum sēcesserat. Nymphae
autem quae fontem colēbant, cum iuvenem vīdissent, eī persuādēre cōnātae sunt ut sēcum
manēret; et cum ille negāret sē hoc factūrum esse, puerum vī abstulērunt. Comitēs eius
postquam Hylam āmissum esse sēnsērunt, magnō dolōre adfectī diū frūstrā quaerēbant.
Herculēs autem et Polyphēmus, quī vestīgia puerī longius secūtī erant, ubi tandem ad lītus
rediērunt, Iāsonem solvisse cōgnōvērunt.
ancora, ancorae, f., anchor; in ancorīs, at fōrma, fōrmae, f., form, appearance; beauty. Polyphēmus, Polyphēmī, m., Polyphemus.
anchor. Herculēs, Herculis, m., Hercules. postrīdiē [posterus + diēs], adv., the day after,
arbitror, -ārī, -ātus, consider, think, judge. hōra, hōrae, f., hour. the next day.
attingō, -tingere, -tigī, -tāctus [ad + tangō], Hylās, Hylae, m., Hylas. praestāns, -stantis [participle of praestō], adj.,
touch at. Iāsōn, Iāsonis, m., Jason. preëminent, remarkable.
colō, colere, coluī, cultus, till, cultivate; longē [longus], adv., far; comparative: longius. satis, adv., enough, sufficiently.
inhabit; worship. mīlia, -ium, n. plur., thousands; mīlia sē-cēdō, -cēdere, -cessī, -cessus, go apart,
comes, comitis [com- + eō], m. and f., passuum, thousands of paces, miles. withdraw.
companion. Mysia, Mysiae, f., Mysia. tollō, tollere, sustulī, sublātus, lift, raise; take
cōn-sequor, -sequī, -secūtus, follow up, follow; negō (1), say no or not, deny, refuse. away, remove; ancorās tollere, to
overtake. nympha, nymphae, f., nymph. weigh anchor.
cōnor, cōnārī, cōnātus, try, attempt. passus, -ūs [pandō, stretch], m., pace; mīlia tranquillitās, -tātis [tranquillus], f., calm.
dēficiō, -ficere, -fēcī, -fectus [dē + faciō], fail; passuum, see mīlia. vestīgium, vestīgiī [vestīgō, track], n., track,
to be deficient. per-suādeō, -suādēre, -suāsī, -suāsus, foot-print.
fōns, fontis, m., fountain, spring. persuade, prevail upon, induce.

Postrīdiē eius diēī, "next day," more literally "on the day following quaerēbant, A&G §471, c.
that day." This idea may be expressed by postrīdiē alone, fōrmā praestantissimā, A&G §415.
but some authors, especially Caesar, use the full expression. Quī, "he." The relative pronoun is much used in Latin to connect a new
A&G §359, b and Note 2. sentence with the one preceding (connecting relative). When
tempestātem . . . esse, indirect discourse. A&G §577-592. so used, it is to be rendered by a demonstrative or personal
arbitrātus, A&G §190, b and A&G §491. pronoun. In order to bring out the connecting force, "and" or
sublātīs ancorīs, ablative absolute. The translation here may be "but" may be added. A&G §308, f.
"weighed anchor and set out" or "weighing anchor, set out" dum . . . quaerit, "while looking for." The present indicative with dum
or "having weighed anchor, set out"; but the literal may often be translated by a present participle.
rendering is "the anchors having been weighed, he set ā comitibus, A&G §400-402.
out." When the ablative absolute contains a perfect passive cum iuvenem vīdissent, A&G §546.
participle, a change to the active voice often gives the best vīdissent, we say "saw," but the Latin tense is more exact; for the
translation. The other word of the construction then seeing came before the attempt to persuade. A&G §483,
becomes the direct object of the verb. It is because there is and especially A&G §484, b.
no perfect active participle in Latin (other than from ut sēcum manēret, A&G §563.
deponent verbs) that the ablative absolute is so largely negāret. When the indirect statement is negative, negō is commonly
used. A&G §419-420. used, instead of dīcō . . . nōn. Here we translate "said that
prōgressus, A&G §190, b. he would not do this" or "refused to do this."
paucās hōrās, A&G §423. vī, A&G §409.
cōpiam . . . dēficere, indirect discourse. A&G §577-592. Hylam āmissum esse, indirect discourse. A&G §577-592.
ēgressī, A&G §190, b. Iāsonem solvisse, indirect discourse. A&G §577-592.
 64. DIFFICULT DINING
Post haec Argonautae ad Thrāciam cursum tenuērunt, et postquam ad oppidum
Salmydēssum nāvem appulērunt, in terram ēgressī sunt. Ibi cum ab incolīs quaesīssent quis
rēgnum eius regiōnis obtinēret, certiōrēs factī sunt Phīneum quendam tum rēgem esse.
Cōgnōvērunt etiam hunc caecum esse et dīrō quōdam suppliciō adficī, quod ōlim sē
crūdēlissimum in fīliōs suōs praebuisset. Cūius supplicī hoc erat genus. Missa erant ā Iove
mōnstra quaedam speciē horribilī, quae capita virginum, corpora volucrum habēbant. Hae
volucrēs, quae Harpyiae appellābantur, Phīneō summam molestiam adferēbant. Quotiēns enim
ille accubuerat, veniēbant et cibum appositum statim auferēbant; neque multum āfuit quīn
Phīneus famē morerētur.
ab-sum, abesse, āfuī, āfutūrus, be away, be certiōrem facere, to make more ōlim, adv., once upon a time, once, formerly, of
absent, be distant; be wanting. certain, inform. old.
accumbō, -cumbere, -cubuī, -cubitus, lie cibus, cibī, m., food. Phīneus, Phīneī, m., Phineus.
down (at table). crūdēlis, crūdēle, cruel; superl. crūdēlissimus. quīn, conj., so that ... not, but that, but.
ad-ferō, adferre, attulī, adlātus, bear to, bring. cursus, cursūs [currō], m., running, course. quotiēns [quot, how many], adv., as often as.
appōnō, -pōnere, -posuī, -positus [ad + pōnō], dīrus, dīra, dīrum, dreadful. Salmydēssus, Salmydēssī, m., Salmydessus.
put to or near, set before, serve. famēs, -is, abl. famē, f., hunger. supplicium, suppliciī [supplex, kneeling], n.,
Argonautae, -ārum [Argō + nauta], m. plur., genus, generis, n., kind, nature. punishment, torture.
Argonauts. Harpyiae, Harpyiārum, f. plur., Harpies. Thrācia, Thrāciae, f., Thrace.
caecus, caeca, caecum, blind. molestia, molestiae [molestus, annoying], f., virgō, virginis, f., maiden.
certus, -a, -um [participle of cernō], annoyance. volucris, volucris [volō], f., bird.
determined, fixed, certain; obtineō, -tinēre, -tinuī, -tentus [ob + teneō],
hold.

appulērunt, don’t confuse this 3rd conjugation verb with the 1st ā Iove, ablative of agent after a passive voice verb. A&G §405.
conjugation one above it in the vocabulary (middle) speciē horribilī, ablative of quality or description. A&G §415.
section. Phīneō, dative of the Indirect Object. A&G §362.
quaesīssent, for quaesīvīssent. The weak sound of the letter v is accubuerat. The Greeks and Romans reclined at dinner on couches,
often contracted, especially in poetry. propped up on their left arm. They naturally represented
quis . . . obtinēret, an indirect question after quaesīssent. A&G others as eating in the same way.
§573-574. appositum, "that had been set before him." Translate as if it were quī
Phīneum quendam tum rēgem esse, indirect discourse. A&G §577- appositus erat. A participle is often eqivalent to a relative
592. clause. A&G §496.
hunc caecum esse et . . . adficī, indirect discourse. A&G §577-592. neque . . . morerētur, "and Phineus was close to death by
quod . . . praebuisset, the verb is subjunctive in a subordinate clause starvation" or "nearly died from starvation," more literally
of indirect discourse. A&G §580. Also see A&G §585ff. "and not much was lacking but that Phineus should die from
cūius, is a connecting relative, better translated as a demonstrative. hunger." The subjunctive with quīn is used after certain
A&G §308, f. negative expressions. A&G §558.
cūius supplicī hōc genus, the genitive of supplicium is used instead of famē, ablative of cause or reason. Notice that famēs has a 5th
the genitive of genus, in a phrase something like supplicium declension ablative, but is otherwise of the 3 rd declension.
erat ēius modī (generis).
 65. THE DELIVERANCE OF PHINEUS
Rēs igitur male sē habēbat cum Argonautae nāvem appulērunt. Phīneus autem simul
atque audīvit eōs in suōs fînīs ēgressōs esse, magnopere gāvīsus est. Sciēbat enim quantam
opīniōnem virtūtis Argonautae habērent, nec dubitābat quīn sibi auxilium ferrent. Nūntium
igitur ad nāvem mīsit, quī Iāsonem sociōsque ad rēgiam vocāret. Eō cum vēnissent, Phīneus
dēmōnstrāvit quantō in perīculō suae rēs essent, et prōmīsit sē māgna praemia datūrum esse, sī
illī remedium repperissent. Argonautae negōtium libenter suscēpērunt, et ubi hōra vēnit, cum
rēge accubuērunt; at simul ac cēna apposita est, Harpyiae cēnāculum intrāvērunt et cibum
auferre cōnābantur. Argonautae prīmum gladiīs volucrēs petiērunt; cum tamen vidērent hoc
nihil prōdesse, Zētēs et Calais, quī ālīs erant īnstrūctī, in āëra sē sublevāvērunt, ut dēsuper
impetum facerent. Quod cum sēnsissent Harpyiae, reī novitāte perterritae statim aufūgērunt,
neque posteā umquam rediērunt.
accumbō, -cumbere, -cubuī, -cubitus, lie Harpyiae, Harpyiārum, f. plur., Harpies. Phīneus, Phīneī, m., Phineus.
down (at table). Iāsōn, Iāsonis, m., Jason. prō-sum, prōdesse, prōfuī, be of advantage,
āēr, āëris, m., air. impetus, impetūs [in + petō], m., attack; profit, avail, assist.
ala, alae, f., wing. impetum facere, to charge. quantus, quanta, quantum, how great or
appōnō, -pōnere, -posuī, -positus [ad + pōnō], īn-struō, -struere, -strūxī, -strūctus, build in much?
put to or near, set before, serve. or into; draw up; equip, furnish. quīn, conj., so that ... not, but that, but.
Argonautae, -ārum [Argō + nauta], m. plur., intrō (1), [intrā], go within or into, enter. remedium, remediī [re- + medeor, heal], n.,
Argonauts. libenter [libēns, willing], adv., willingly, remedy.
aufugiō, -fugere, -fūgī [ab + fugiō], flee or run gladly. reperiō, reperīre, repperī, repertus, find,
away. male [malus], adv., badly, ill. discover.
auxilium, auxiliī, n., help, aid. negōtium, negōtiī [nec + ōtium, leisure], n., sciō, scīre, sciī (īvī), scītus, know.
Calais, Calais, m., Calais. business, matter; task. sub-levō, -levāre, -levāvī, -levātus, lift from
cēna, cēnae, f., dinner. novitās, novitātis [novus], f., newness, novelty. beneath, lift, raise.
cēnāculum, cēnāculī [cēna], n., dining-room. opīniō, -ōnis [opīnor, think], f., opinion, suscipiō, -cipere, -cēpī, -ceptus [sub + capiō],
cibus, cibī, m., food. expectation; reputation. undertake.
dē-super, adv., down from above. per-terreō, -terrēre, -terruī, -territus, virtūs, -tūtis [vir], f., manliness, courage,
dubitō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [dubius], doubt, thoroughly frighten, terrify. bravery.
hesitate. petō, -ere, -īvī or -iī, -ītus, seek, ask; attack; go volucris, volucris [volō], f., bird.
gladius, gladiī, m., sword. after. Zētēs, Zētae, m., Zetes.

rēs igitur male sē habēbat, "therefore the situation was desperate." eō, do not confuse this adverb with the irregular verb eō, īre, iī, itus.
What is the literal meaning? quantō in perīculō suae rēs essent, indirect question. A&G §573-574.
appulērunt, The indicative is used with cum, "when," if the cum- repperissent, "found," more literally "should have found." Phineus
clause follows the principal clause and expresses a fact, said dabō, sī repperitis, "I will give, if you shall have
while the principle clause desribes the situation. So here the found." This is a future more vivid condition in indirect
meaning is that the Argonauts came while things were in a discourse. A&G §516, c. and §589.3
desparate situation. nihil prōdesse, "availed nothing." In this sense nihil is equivalent to
eōs in suōs fînīs ēgressōs esse. indirect discourse. A&G §577-592. an adverb. It is stronger than nōn.
quantam opīniōnem . . . habērent, indirect question. A&G §573-574. āëra, Āēr is Greek, and keeps this Greek form for the accusative
opīniōnem virtūtis, "reputation for bravery." singular.
quīn . . . ferrent, "that they were bringing." Negative expressions of ut dēsuper impetum facerent, purpose (or final) clause. A&G §529-
doubt are regularly followed by quīn and the subjunctive. 533.
A&G §558, a. quod, is a connecting relative, better translated as a demonstrative.
quī . . . vocāret, relative clause of purpose. A&G §531.2 A&G §309.
 66. THE SYMPLEGADES
Hōc factō Phīneus, ut prō tantō beneficiō meritam grātiam referret, Iāsonī dēmōnstrāvit
quā ratiōne Symplēgadēs vītāre posset. Symplēgadēs autem duae erant rūpēs ingentī
magnitūdine, quae ā Iove positae erant eō cōnsiliō, nē quis ad Colchida pervenīret. Hae parvō
intervāllō in marī natābant, et sī quid in medium spatium vēnerat, incrēdibilī celeritāte
concurrēbant. Postquam igitur ā Phīneō doctus est quid faciendum esset, Iāsōn sublātīs ancorīs
nāvem solvit, et lēnī ventō prōvectus mox ad Symplēgadēs appropinquāvit. Tum in prōrā stāns
columbam quam in manū tenēbat ēmīsit. Illa rēctā viā per medium spatium volāvit, et
priusquam rūpēs cōnflīxērunt, incolumis ēvāsit caudā tantum āmissā. Tum rūpēs utrimque
discessērunt; antequam tamen rūrsus concurrerent, Argonautae, bene intellegentēs omnem spem
salūtis in celeritāte positam esse, summā vī rēmīs contendērunt et nāvem incolumem
perdūxērunt. Hōc factō dīs grātiās maximās ēgērunt, quōrum auxiliō ē tantō perīculō ēreptī
essent; omnēs enim sciēbant nōn sine auxiliō deōrum rem tam fēlīciter ēvēnisse.
ancora, ancorae, f., anchor. Iāsōn, Iāsonis, m., Jason. quis, qua, quid, indef. pron., any one, anybody,
benefīcium, beneficiī [bene + faciō], n., well- incolumis, incolume, unhurt, safe. anything, some one, somebody,
doing, kindness, service, benefit. incrēdibilis, incrēdibile, incredible. something.
cauda, caudae, f., tail. intervāllum, intervāllī, n., interval, space, ratiō, ratiōnis [reor, think], f., plan, means,
celeritās, celeritātis [celer, swift], f., swiftness, distance. method, manner.
quickness, speed. Iuppiter, Iovis, m., Jupiter or Jove. rēctus, rēcta, rēctum [part. of regō, direct],
Colchis, Colchidis, f., Colchis. lēnis, lēne, gentle, light. direct, straight.
columba, columbae, f., dove. māgnitūdō, māgnitūdinis [māgnus], f., rēmus, rēmī, m., oar.
con-currō, -currere, -currí, -cursus, run, rush, greatness, size. rūpēs, rūpis, f., rock, cliff; reef.
or dash together. meritus, merita, meritum [participle of salūs, salūtis [salvus, safe], f., safety,
cōn-flīgō, -flīgere, -flīxī, -flīctus, dash together. mereō], deserved, due, just. deliverance, escape.
ē-mittō, -mittere, -mīsī, -missus, send out or mox, adv., soon. sciō, scīre, scīvī, scītus, know.
forth. natō (1), [freq. of nō, swim], swim, float. spatium, spatiī, n., space, interval; space of
ē-vādō, -vādere, -vāsī, -vāsus, go forth, get per-dūcō, -dūcere, -dūxī, -ductus, lead or time, time.
away, escape. bring through, lead, bring. Symplēgadēs, Symplēgadum, f. plur., the
ē-veniō, -venīre, -venī, -ventus, come out; turn Phīneus, Phīneī, m., Phineus. Symplegades.
out, happen, befall. prō-vehō, -vehere, -vexī, -vectus, carry utrimque [uterque], adv., on either side or
fēlīciter [fēlīx, happy], adv., happily, forward. both sides.
fortunately, successfully. prōra, prōrae, f., prow, bow. vītō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, avoid, escape.

Hōc factō, "when this had been done," literally "this done" or "this necessary or proper. The inflection of sum in combination
having been done." See the note on sublātīs ancorīs in with the gerundive is called the passive periphrastic
Chapter 63, and notice that the ablative absolute is usually conjugation. Compare the active periphrastic in Chapter 58,
translated in one of three ways: 1) by an adverbial clause, 2) factūrus esset. A&G §500, 2, and A&G §498, a.
with an active participle, or 3) with a coordinate verb. The last concurrerent, "should dash together." Compare cōnflīxērunt
two are possible only when the doer of the action represented "dashed together," above. The subjunctive is used with
in the ablative absolute is the person denoted by the subject of priusquam (or antequam) to represent an action as
the clause in which the ablative absolute stands. A&G §419- anticipated. The perfect indicative is used with priusquam
420. to represent a past action as fact. A&G §550-551.
ut . . . referret, purpose clause. A&G §529-533. intellegentēs, may be rendered "since they understood."
quā ratiōne . . . posset, indirect question. A&G §573-574. dīs is the usual form of the dative and ablatival plural of deus.
nē quis, "that no one," literally "lest anyone." purpose clause. A&G ēreptī essent, subjunctive in an indirect subordinate clause. The writer
§529-533. does not give the reason as his own, but as that of the
parvō intervāllō, "a small distance apart." Argonauts. The effect of the subjunctive may be reproduced
in medium spatium, "between them." by adding "as they felt" or "as they said." The verb is
faciendum esset, "was to be done" or "must be done." The gerundive subjunctive in a subordinate clause of indirect discourse. A&G
is used with sum to represent an action as obliged, §580; A&G §585ff.
 67. A HEAVY TASK
Brevī intermissō spatiō Argonautae ad flūmen Phāsidem vēnērunt, quod in fīnibus
Colchōrum erat. Ibi cum nāvem appulissent et in terram ēgressī essent, statim ad rēgem Aeētem
sē contulērunt et ab eō postulāvērunt ut vellus aureum sibi trāderētur. Ille cum audīsset quam ob
causam Argonautae vēnissent, īrā commōtus est et diū negābat sē vellus trāditūrum esse.
Tandem tamen, quod sciēbat Iāsonem nōn sine auxiliō deōrum hōc negōtium suscēpisse, mūtātā
sententiā prōmīsit sē vellus trāditūrum, sī Iāsōn labōrēs duōs difficillimōs prius perfēcisset; et
cum Iāsōn dīxisset sē ad omnia perīcula subeunda parātum esse, quid fierī vellet ostendit.
Prīmum iungendī erant duo taurī speciē horribilī, quī flammās ex ōre ēdēbant; tum hīs iūnctīs
ager quīdam arandus erat et dentēs dracōnis serendī. Hīs audītīs Iāsōn etsī rem esse summī
perīculī intellegēbat, tamen, nē hanc occāsiōnem reī bene gerendae āmitteret, negōtium
suscēpit.
Aeētēs, Aeētae, m., Aeetes. Iāsōn, Iāsonis, m., Jason. ostendō, -tendere, -tendī, -tentus [ob + tendō],
Argonautae, -ārum [Argō + nauta], m. plur., inter-mittō, -mittere, -mīsī, -mīssus, leave off, stretch out before, show, explain.
Argonauts. interrupt; let pass; pass., be left Phāsis, -idis, m., Phasis.
arō (1), plow. between, intervene, elapse. prius [prior, former], adv., before, first.
aureus, -a, -um [aurum], of gold, golden. iungō, iungere, iūnxī, iūnctus, join; yoke, sciō, -īre, -īvī, -ītus, know.
Colchī, Colchōrum, m. plur., Colchians. harness. sententia, -ae [sentiō], f., opinion; purpose.
difficilis, difficile [dis- + facilis], not easy, mūtō (1) [freq. of moveō], change. serō, serere, sēvī, satus, sow, plant.
difficult; superl. difficillimus. negō (1), say no or not, deny, refuse. spatium, spatiī, n., space, interval; space of
ē-dō, -dere, -didī, -ditus, put forth, give out, negōtium, -ī [nec + ōtium, leisure], n., time, time.
utter. business, matter; task, trouble, suscipiō, -cipere, -cēpī, -ceptus [sub + capiō],
fīō, fīerí, factus sum, be done or made, become, difficulty. undertake.
happen. occāsiō, -ōnis [occidō, fall], f., chance, taurus, taurī, m., bull.
flamma, flammae, f., flame. opportunity. vellus, velleris, n., fleece.

brēvī intermissō spatiō, ablative absolute, A&G §419-420. prius. Notice that Latin is here more precise than English, using the
cum nāvem appulissent et in terram ēgressī essent, cum temporal expressed in the indirect statement. A&G §589. Comparative
A&G §546. because only two actions are implied.
ab eō postulāvērunt ut vellus aureum sibi trāderētur, a cum Iāsōn dīxisset, cum temporal A&G §546.
substantive clause of purpose sometimes referred to as an dīxisset sē . . . parātum esse, indirect statement A&G §577-592.
indirect command, A&G §563. ad omnia perīcula subeunda, gerundive of purpose A&G §506.
cum audīsset, cum temporal A&G §546. quid fierī vellet ostendit, indirect question A&G §573-574.
audīsset, is a contraction of audīvisset. When the perfect stem is formed iungendī erant duo taurī, passive periphrastic conjugation, A&G
by the addition of v, the forms are often written without v and §500.
the vowel which follows it, syncope A&G §640. hīs iūnctīs, ablative absolute, A&G §419-420.
quam ob causam Argonautae vēnissent, indirect question A&G ager quīdam arandus erat, passive periphrastic conjugation, A&G
§573-574. §500.
negābat sē vellus trāditūrum esse, indirect statement A&G §577- dentēs dracōnis serendī, passive periphrastic conjugation, A&G
592. §500. Note that the form of the verb esse, is omitted, and that
sciēbat Iāsonem nōn sine auxiliō deōrum hōc negōtium suscēpisse, may mean it is just the gerundive construction in the genitive
indirect statement A&G §577-592. case, A&G §504. The fact that it is expressed so closely with
mūtātā sententiā, ablative absolute, A&G §419-420. the previous passive periphrastic makes it appear to be the
prōmīsit sē vellus trāditūrum [esse], indirect statement A&G §577- same construction. See reī bene gerendae below.
592. In infinitives formed with a participle esse is often Hīs audītīs, ablative absolute, A&G §419-420.
omitted. nē hanc occāsiōnem reī bene gerendae āmitteret, negative purpose
sī Iāsōn labōrēs duōs difficillimōs prius perfēcisset, the protasis of clause. A&G §529-533.
a condition contrary to fact in past time, who’s apodosis is reī bene gerendae, genitive of the gerundive, A&G §504.
 68. THE MAGIC OINTMENT
Mēdēa, rēgis fīlia, Iāsonem adamāvit, et ubi audīvit eum tantum perīculum subitūrum
esse, rem aegrē ferēbat. Intellegēbat enim patrem suum hunc labōrem prōposuisse eō ipsō
cōnsiliō, ut Iāsōn morerētur. Quae cum ita essent, Mēdēa, quae summam scientiam medicīnae
habēbat, hoc cōnsilium iniit. Mediā nocte īnsciente patre ex urbe ēvāsit, et postquam in montīs
fīnitimōs vēnit, herbās quāsdam carpsit; tum sūcō expressō unguentum parāvit quod vī suā
corpus aleret nervōsque cōnfīrmāret. Hōc factō Iāsonī unguentum dedit; praecēpit autem ut eō
diē quō istī labōrēs cōnficiendī essent corpus suum et arma māne oblineret. Iāsōn etsī paene
omnibus hominibus māgnitūdine et vīribus corporis antecellēbat (vīta enim omnis in
vēnātiōnibus atque in studiō reī mīlitāris cōnsūmēbātur), tamen hoc cōnsilium nōn
neglegendum cēnsēbat.
ad-amō, -amāre, -amāvī, -amātus, feel love exprimō, -primere, -pressī, -pressus [ex + neglegō, -legere, -lēxī, -lēctus [nec + legō,
for, fall in love with. premō], press out. gather], disregard, neglect.
aegrē [aeger, sick], adv., ill, with difficulty. fīnitimus, fīnitima, fīnitimum bordering, nervus, nervī, m., sinew, muscle.
alō, -ere, -uī, -tus, nourish. neighboring. nōn adv., not.
antecellō, -cellere, surpass, excel. herba, herbae, f., herb, plant, grass. ob-linō, -linere, -lēvī, -litus, daub over, smear.
carpō, -ere, -psī, -ptus, pluck. Iāsōn, Iāsonis, m., Jason. praecipiō, -cipere, -cēpī, -ceptus [prae, before
cēnseō, cēnsēre, cēnsuī, cēnsus, think, believe, ineō, inīre, iniī, initus enter, go in. + capiō], take beforehand, anticipate;
consider. īnsciēns, -scientis [in-, not + participle of sciō], order, charge.
cōn-fírmō, -fírmāre, -fírmāvī, -fírmātus, adj., unknowing, unaware. prō-pōnō, -pōnere, -posuī, -positus, put or set
strengthen, establish; declare, assert. māgnitudō, māgnitudinis, f., size before, offer, propose; set forth, say.
cōn-sūmō, -sūmere, -sūmpsī, -sūmptus, take māne, adv., in the morning, early in the scientia, scientiae [sciō], f., knowledge, skill.
completely, use up, consume, spend. morning. studium, studiī [studeō], n., eagerness, zeal;
cōnficiō, -ficere, -fēcī, -fectus [com- + faciō], medicīna, medicīnae, f., medicine. study, pursuit.
make or do completely, complete, mīlitāris, mīlitāre [mīles], military, warlike; sūcus, sūcī, m., juice.
finish, accomplish, make; wear out. rēs mīlitāris, art of war, warfare. unguentum, -ī [ungō], n., ointment.
ēvādō, ēvādere, ēvādī, ēvāsus escape, evade. vēnātiō,-ōnis [vēnor, hunt], f., hunting.

audīvit eum tantum perīculum subitūrum esse, indirect statement sūcō expressō, ablative absolute, A&G §419-420.
A&G §577-592. quod vī suā corpus aleret nervōsque cōnfīrmāret, relative clauses
Intellegēbat enim patrem suum hunc labōrem prōposuisse, of purpose
indirect statement A&G §577-592. Hōc factō, ablative absolute, A&G §419-420.
eō ipsō cōnsiliō, ut Iāsōn morerētur, substantive clause of purpose. praecēpit autem ut . . . corpus suum et arma māne oblineret,
Quae, connecting relative, better translated as a demonstrative. A&G indirect command A&G §563.
§308, f. cōnficiendī essent, passive periphrastic conjugation, A&G §500.
cum ita essent, “and this being the case" or “and so,” literally māgnitūdine et vīribus, ablatives of respect (specification). A&G
“since which things were so.” cum causal clause, A&G §418.
§549. hōc cōnsilium nōn neglegendum cēnsēbat, indirect statement
Mediā nocte, “in the middle of the night,” “in the dead of night,” or A&G §577-592.
‘at midnight.” Some Latin adjectives can be used to denote nōn neglegendum [esse], passive periphrastic conjugation, A&G
a part. §500. In infinitives formed with a participle esse is often
īnsciente patre, ablative absolute, A&G §419-420. omitted.
 69. THE SOWING OF THE DRAGON'S TEETH
Ubi is diēs vēnit quem rēx ad arandum agrum ēdīxerat, Iāsōn ortā lūce cum sociīs ad
locum cōnstitūtum sē contulit. Ibi stabulum ingēns repperit, in quō taurī erant inclūsī; tum portīs
apertīs taurōs in lūcem trāxit, et summā cum difficultāte iugum imposuit. At Aeētēs cum vidēret
taurōs nihil contrā Iāsonem valēre, magnopere mīrātus est; nesciēbat enim fīliam suam auxilium
eī dedisse. Tum Iāsōn omnibus aspicientibus agrum arāre coepit, quā in rē tantam dīligentiam
praebuit ut ante merīdiem tōtum opus cōnfēcerit. Hōc factō ad locum ubi rēx sedēbat adiit et
dentēs dracōnis postulāvit; quōs ubi accēpit, in agrum quem arāverat magnā cum dīligentiā
sparsit. Hōrum autem dentium nātūra erat tālis ut in eō locō ubi sēmentēs factae essent virī
armātī mīrō quōdam modō gīgnerentur.
ad-eō, -īre, -iī, -itus, go to, approach. ēdīcō, ēdīcere, ēdīxī, ēdictus, declare, modus, modī, m., way, manner.
Aeētēs, Aeētae, m., Aeetes. proclaim, appoint. nātūra, nātūrae [nāscor, be born], f., nature,
aperiō, aperīre, aperuī, apertus, open. gīgnō, gígnere, genuī, genitus, produce, bring character.
armātus, -a, -um [part. of armō], armed. forth. nesciō, nescīre, nescīvī, not know, be ignorant.
arō, arāre, arāvī, arātus, plow. Iāsōn, Iāsonis, m., Jason. opus, operis, n., work, task.
aspiciō, -spicere, -spēxī, -spectus [ad + impōnō, -pōnere, -posuī, -positus [in + pōnō], porta, portae, f., gate; door.
speciō], look at or on, behold. place or lay upon, impose; embark. reperiō, reperīre, repperī, repertus, find,
coepī, coepisse, coeptus (used in tenses of inclūdō, -clūdere, -clūsī, -clūsus [in + claudō, discover.
completed action), have begun, shut], shut up in, inclose, imprison. sēmentis, -is [semen, seed], f., seeding, sowing.
began. iugum, iugī [iungō], n., yoke. spargō, spargere, sparsī, sparsus, scatter,
cōnficiō, -ficere, -fēcī, -fectus [com- + faciō], lūx, lūcis, f., light; ortā lūce, at dawn. sprinkle.
make or do completely, complete, merīdiēs, -ēī [medius + diēs], m., midday, stabulum, stabulī [stō], n., standing-place,
finish, accomplish, make; wear out. noon; south. stall, stable, inclosure.
difficultās, difficultātis [difficilis], f., difficulty. mīror, mīrārī, mīrātus [mīrus], wonder, taurus, taurī, m., bull.
dīligentia, dīligentiae [dīligēns, careful], f., wonder at. valeō, -ēre, -uī, -itūrus, be strong or effectual,
care, diligence, industry. mīrus, mīra, mīrum, wonderful, strange. have effect, prevail.

ad arandum agrum, the gerundive of purpose. A&G §506. fīliam suam auxilium eī dedisse, indirect statement A&G §577-592.
ortā lūce, ablative absolute, A&G §419-420. omnibus aspicientibus, ablative absolute, A&G §419-420.
cōnstitūtum, the perfect passive participle of cōnstitūō used as an tantam dīligentiam praebuit ut ante merīdiem tōtum opus
attributive adjective. cōnfēcerit, result (or consecutive) clause, A&G §536ff.
portīs apertīs, ablative absolute, A&G §419-420. Hōc factō, ablative absolute, A&G §419-420.
cum vidēret, cum temporal A&G §546. nātūra erat tālis ut . . . virī armātī . . . gīgnerentur, result (or
nihil, equivalent to an adverb a little stronger than nōn. consecutive) clause, A&G §536ff.
taurōs nihil contrā Iāsonem valēre, indirect statement A&G §577-592.
 70. A STRANGE CROP
Nōndum tamen Iāsōn tōtum opus cōnfēcerat; imperāverat enim eī Aeētēs ut armātōs virōs
quī ē dentibus gīgnerentur sōlus interficeret. Postquam igitur omnēs dentēs in agrum sparsit,
Iāsōn lassitūdine exanimātus quiētī sē trādidit, dum virī istī gīgnerentur. Paucās hōrās
dormiēbat, sub vesperum tamen ē somnō subitō excitātus rem ita ēvēnisse ut praedictum esset
cōgnōvit; nam in omnibus agrī partibus virī ingentī māgnitūdine corporis gladiīs galeīsque
armātī mīrum in modum ē terrā oriēbantur. Hōc cōgnitō Iāsōn cōnsilium quod dedisset Mēdēa
nōn omittendum esse putābat. Saxum igitur ingēns (ita enim Mēdēa praecēperat) in mediōs virōs
coniēcit. Illī undique ad locum concurrērunt, et cum quisque sibi id saxum nesciō cūr habēre
vellet, māgna contrōversia orta est. Mox strictīs gladiīs inter sē pūgnāre coepērunt, et cum hōc
modō plūrimī occīsī essent, reliquī vulneribus cōnfectī ā Iāsone nūllō negōtiō interfectī sunt.
armātus, -a, -um [part. of armō], armed. hōra, hōrae, f., hour. praecipiō, -cipere, -cēpī, -ceptus [prae, before
coepī, coepisse, coeptus (used in tenses of Iāsōn, Iāsonis, m., Jason. + capiō], take beforehand, anticipate;
completed action), have begun, imperō (1), command, order, enjoin. order, charge.
began. lassitūdō, -inis [lassus, weary], f., weariness. pūgnō (1) [pūgna], fight.
con-currō, -currere, -currí, -cursus, run, rush, Mēdēa, Mēdēae, f., Medea. putō (1), think.
or dash together. māgnitūdō, māgnitūdinis, f., size. quiēs, quiētis, f., rest, repose.
cōnficiō, -ficere, -fēcī, -fectus [com- + faciō], mīrus, mīra, mīrum, wonderful, strange. quis-que, quaeque, quidque, indef. pron.,
make or do completely, complete, mox, adv., soon. each.
finish, accomplish, make; wear out. negōtium, -ī [nec + ōtium, leisure], n., reliquus, -a, -um [relinquō], left, the
contrōversia, contrōversiae, f., quarrel, business, matter; task, trouble. remaining, the other, the rest of.
dispute, debate. nōn-dum, adv., not yet. spargō, spargere, sparsī, sparsus, scatter,
cūr, adv., why. omittō, -mittere, -mīsī, -missus [ob + sprinkle.
ē-veniō, -venīre, -venī, -ventus, come out; turn mittō], let go, neglect, disregard, stringō, stringere, strinxī, strictus, draw,
out, happen, befall. throw away, lose. unsheathe.
ex-citō, -citāre, -citāvī, -citātus, call out, rouse. opus, operis, n., work, task. undique [unde + -que], adv., from or on all
galea, galeae, f., helmet. plūrimus, -a, -um, superl. of multus, very sides.
gīgnō, gígnere, genuī, genitus, produce, bring many, several. vesper, vesperī, m., evening.
forth. prae-dīcō, -dīcere, -dīxī, -dictus, say
gladius, gladiī, m., sword. beforehand, foretell, predict.

gīgnerentur, “should be brought forth.” With dum, “until,” as with Hōc cōgnitō, ablative absolute, A&G §419-420.
priusquam the subjunctive is used to represent an action as nōn omittendum esse, passive periphrastic conjugation, A&G §500.
anticipated. cōnsilium . . . nōn omittendum esse putābat, indirect statement
imperāverat . . . ut . . . interficeret, indirect command, A&G §563. A&G §577-592.
Paucās hōrās, accusative of time how long A&G §423.2. sibi, “for himself,” dative of reference A&G §379.
exanimātus and excitātus, perfect passive participles used as nesciō cūr, I know not why; (nesciō is thus used with other interrogative
attributive adjectives. words also).
rem ita ēvēnisse . . . cōgnōvit, indirect statement A&G §577-592. strictīs gladiīs, ablative absolute, A&G §419-420.
ita ēvēnisse ut praedictum esset, result clause, A&G §536ff. cum hōc modō plūrimī occīsī essent, cum causal A&G §549.
mīrum in modum, is equivalent to mīrō modō. nūllō negōtiō, “with no trouble” or “without difficulty.”
 71. THE FLIGHT OF MEDEA
Rēx Aeētēs ubi Iāsonem labōrem prōpositum cōnfēcisse cōgnōvit, īrā graviter commōtus
est; id enim per dolum factum esse intellegēbat; nec dubitābat quīn Mēdēa eī auxilium tulisset.
Mēdēa autem cum intellegeret sē in māgnō fore perīculō sī in rēgiā manēret, fugā salūtem
petere cōnstituit. Omnibus rēbus igitur ad fugam parātīs mediā nocte īnsciente patre cum frātre
Absyrtō ēvāsit, et quam celerrimē ad locum ubi Argō subducta erat sē contulit. Eō cum vēnisset,
ad pedēs Iāsonis sē prōiēcit, et multīs cum lacrimīs eum obsecrāvit nē in tantō discrīmine
mulierem dēsereret quae eī tantum prōfuisset. Ille quod memoriā tenēbat sē per eius auxilium ē
māgnō perīculō ēvāsisse, libenter eam excēpit, et postquam causam veniendī audīvit, hortātus
est nē patris īram timēret. Prōmīsit autem sē quam prīmum eam in nāvī suā āvectūrum.
Absyrtus, Absyrtī, m., Absyrtus. danger; distress. memoria, memoriae [memor, remembering],
Aeētēs, Aeētae, m., Aeetes. dolus, dolī, m., trick, craft. f., memory.
Argō, Argus, f., the Argo. dubitō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [dubius], doubt, mulier, mulieris, f., woman; damsel.
āvehō, āvehere, āvēxī, āvectus, carry away. hesitate. obsecrō (1), beseech, entreat.
celeriter [celer, swift], adv., swiftly, quickly; ēvādō, ēvādere, ēvāsī, ēvāsus, go forth, get prō-pōnō, -pōnere, -posuī, -positus, put or set
superlative celerrimē. away, escape. before, offer, propose; set forth, say.
cōgnōscō, -gnōscere, -gnōvī, -gnitus [com- + fuga, fugae, f., flight. prō-sum, prōdesse, prōfuī, be of advantage,
(g)nōscō, come to know], find out, graviter [gravis], adv., severely, seriously. profit, avail, assist.
learn; in tenses of completed action, Iāsōn, Iāsonis, m., Jason. prōiciō, -icere, -iēcī, -iectus [prō + iaciō],
have found out, know. īnsciēns, īnscientis [in-, not + part. of sciō], throw forth or down, cast away.
cōnficiō, -ficere, -fēcī, -fectus [com- + faciō], adj., unknowing, unaware. quīn, conj., so that ... not, but that, but.
make or do completely, complete, lacrima, lacrimae, f., tear. salūs, salūtis [salvus, safe], f., safety,
finish, accomplish, make; wear out. libenter [libēns, willing], adv., willingly, deliverance, escape.
dē-serō, -serere, -seruī, -sertus, desert. gladly. sub-dūcō, -dūcere, -dūxī, -ductus, draw up,
discrīmen, discrīminis, n., crisis, peril, Mēdēa, Mēdēae, f., Medea. beach.

Iāsonem labōrem prōpositum cōnfēcisse cōgnōvit, indirect a part.

statement A&G §577-592. īnsciente patre, ablative absolute, A&G §419-420.
id enim per dolum factum esse intellegēbat, indirect statement quam celerrimē, quam + superlative A&G §291, c.
A&G §577-592. Eō cum vēnisset, cum temporal A&G §546.
quīn Mēdēa . . . tulisset, “that Medea had brought.” Negative obsecrāvit nē . . . dēsereret, indirect command, A&G §563.
expressions of doubt are regularly followed by quīn and memoriā tenēbat, “remembered,” literally “held by memory.”
the subjunctive. A&G §558, a. memoriā tenēbat sē . . . ēvāsisse, indirect statement A&G §577-592.
fore is often used as the future infinitive of sum. What other form veniendī genitive of the gerund, A&G §504.
might have been used here? A&G § 170, a. hortātus est nē . . . timēret, indirect command, A&G §563.
intellegeret sē in māgnō fore perīculō sī in rēgiā manēret, a Prōmīsit . . . sē . . . āvectūrum [esse], indirect statement A&G §577-
present contrary to fact condition in indirect discourse A&G 592. In infinitives formed with a participle esse is often
§589ff. omitted.
Omnibus rēbus . . . parātīs ablative absolute, A&G §419-420. quam prīmum, quam + superlative A&G §291.c; "as soon as
mediā nocte, “in the middle of the night,” “in the dead of night,” or possible."
‘at midnight.” Some Latin adjectives can be used to denote
 72. THE SEIZURE OF THE FLEECE
Postrīdiē ēius diēī Iāsōn cum sociīs suīs ortā lūce nāvem dēdūxit, et tempestātem idōneam
nactī ad eum locum rēmīs contendērunt, quō in locō Mēdēa vellus cēlātum esse dēmōnstrābat.
Cum eō vēnissent, Iāsōn in terram ēgressus est, et sociīs ad mare relictīs, quī praesidiō nāvī
essent, ipse cum Mēdēā in silvās sē contulit. Pauca mīlia passuum per silvam prōgressus vellus
quod quaerēbat ex arbore suspēnsum vīdit. Id tamen auferre erat summae difficultātis; namque
nōn sōlum locus ipse ēgregiē et nātūrā et arte erat mūnītus, sed etiam dracō quīdam speciē
terribilī arborem custōdiēbat. Tum Mēdēa, quae, ut suprā dēmōnstrāvimus, medicīnae summam
scientiam habuit, rāmum quem dē arbore proximā dēripuerat venēnō īnfēcit. Hōc factō ad locum
appropinquāvit, et dracōnem, quī faucibus apertīs ēius adventum exspectābat, venēnō sparsit;
deinde, dum dracō somnō oppressus dormit, Iāsōn vellus aureum dē arbore dēripuit et cum
Mēdēā quam celerrimē pedem rettulit.
adventus, adventūs [adveniō], m., approach, Iāsōn, Iāsonis, m., Jason. praesidium, praesidiī [praeses], n., protection;
arrival. īnficiō, -ficere, -fēcī, -fectus [in + faciō], stain, guard, escort.
aperiō, aperīre, aperuī, apertus, open. dye. prōgredior, -gredī, -gressus [prō + gradior],
arbor, arboris, f., tree. Mēdēa, Mēdēae, f., Medea. go forward, advance.
aureus, -a, -um [aurum], of gold, golden. medicīna, medicīnae [medicus, physician], f., proximus, -a, -um, superl. from prope, nearest,
celeriter [celer, swift], adv., swiftly, quickly; art of healing, medicine. next.
superlative celerrimē. mīlia, -ium, n. plur., thousands; mīlia rāmus, rāmī, m., branch, bough.
cēlō (1) , hide, conceal. passuum, thousands of paces, miles. rēmus, rēmī, m., oar.
con-tendō, -tendere, -tendī, -tentus, stretch, mūniō, mūnīre, mūnīvī, mūnītus [moenia], scientia, scientiae [sciō], f., knowledge, skill.
hasten, march. fortify. silva, silvae, f., forest, wood(s).
custōdiō, -īre, -īvī, -ítus [custōs, guard], guard. nancīscor, nancīscī, nactus, get, obtain, find. somnus, -ī, m., sleep, drowsiness.
dē-dūcō, -dūcere, -dūxī, -ductus, lead down or nātūra, nātūrae [nāscor, be born], f., nature, spargō, spargere, sparsī, sparsus, scatter,
away, bring; nāvem dēdūcere, to character. sprinkle.
draw down or launch a ship. opprimō, -primere, -pressī, -pressus [ob + suprā [superus, upper], adv. and prep. with
dēripiō, -ripere, -ripuī, -reptus [dē + rapiō], premō], press against, overpower, acc., above, before.
snatch away, tear off, pull down. crush. suspendō, -pendere, -pendī, -pēnsus [sub +
difficultās, difficultātis [difficilis], f., difficulty. passus, -ūs [pandō, stretch], m., pace; mīlia pendō], hang up, hang.
ēgregiē [ēgregius, excellent], adv., excellently, passuum, see mīlia. terribilis, terribile [terreō], dreadful, terrible.
splendidly, admirably. postrīdiē [posterus + diēs], adv., the day after, vellus, velleris, n., fleece.
faucēs, faucium, f. plur., throat. the next day.

Postrīdiē ēius diēī, the genitive is often used after postrīdiē. A&G ipse frequently, as here, distinguishes a person, a) from that which
§359, b and Note 2. See Chapter 63. belongs to him; or, b) from his subordinates.
cum sociīs suīs, ablative of accompaniment A&G §413. prōgressus, perfect participle of a deponent verb. A&G §493 and 496.
ortā lūce, ablative absolute A&G §419-420. suspēnsum, perfect participle A&G §494.
nactī, perfect participle of a deponent verb. A&G §493 and 496. summae difficultātis, genitive of quality A&G §345.
rēmīs, ablative of means or instrument A&G §409. sōlum, the adverb with nōn sōlum . . . sed etiam, not the adjective.
locō, need not be translated. The antecedent is frequently repeated in et nātūrā et arte, ablative of means A&G §409.
the relative clause. mūnītus, perfect participle A&G §496.
vellus cēlātum esse, indirect statement A&G §577-592. speciē terribilī, ablative of description A&G
Cum eō vēnissent, cum temporal A&G §546. Hōc factō, ablative absolute A&G §419-420.
sociīs . . . relictīs, ablative absolute A&G §419-420. apertīs, perfect participle A&G §494. Note the slightly different
quī . . . essent, relative clause of purpose A&G §531, 2. usage of this participle with the other perfect participles in
praesidiō nāvī double dative: dative of purpose = praesidiō; dative this passge.
of reference (the person or thing affected) = nāvī. A&G oppressus, perfect participle A&G §496.
§382. Cf. auxiliō Hydrae in Chapter22. quam celerrimē, quam + superlative A&G §291.c.
 73. THE RETURN TO THE ARGO
Dum autem ea geruntur, Argonautae, quī ad mare relictī erant, ānxiō animō reditum
Iāsonis exspectābant; id enim negōtium summī esse perīculī intellegēbant. Postquam igitur ad
occāsum sōlis frūstrā exspectāvērunt, dē eius salūte dēspērāre coepērunt, nec dubitābant quīn
aliquī cāsus accidisset. Quae cum ita essent, mātūrandum sibi cēnsuērunt, ut ducī auxilium
ferrent; sed dum proficīscī parant, lūmen quoddam subitō cōnspiciunt mīrum in modum intrā
silvās ēlūcēns, et māgnopere mīrātī quae causa esset eius reī ad locum concurrunt. Quō cum
vēnissent, Iāsonī et Mēdēae advenientibus occurrērunt, et vellus aureum lūminis eius causam
esse cōgnōvērunt. Omnī timōre sublātō māgnō cum gaudiō ducem suum excēpērunt, et dīs
grātiās māximās ēgērunt quod rēs tam fēlīciter ēvēnisset.
accidō, -cidere, -cidī [ad + cadō], fall to or con-currō, -currere, -currí, -cursus, run, rush, mīror, -ārī, -ātus [mīrus], wonder, wonder at.
upon; befall, happen. or dash together. mīrus, -a, -um, wonderful, strange.
ad-veniō, -venīre, -vēnī, -ventus, come to or cōnspiciō, -spicere, -spēxī, -spectus [com- + negōtium, -ī [nec + ōtium, leisure], n.,
toward, approach, arrive. speciō, look], behold, perceive, see. business, matter; task, trouble.
ali-quī, -qua, -quod, indef. pron. / adj., some, dē-spērō, -spērāre, -spērāvī, -spērātus, occāsus, -ūs [occidō, fall], m., setting.
any. despair, lose hope. occurrō, -currere, -currī, -cursus [ob +
ānxius, ānxia, ānxium, anxious, uneasy. dubitō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [dubius], doubt, currō], run against, meet.
Argonautae, -ārum [Argō + nauta], m. plur., hesitate. putō (1), think.
Argonauts. dux, ducis, m. and f., leader, commander. quīn, conj., so that ... not, but that, but.
aureus, aurea, aureum [aurum], of gold, ē-lūceō, -lūcēre, -lūxī, shine out, shine. reditus, -ūs [redeō], m., return.
golden. ē-veniō, -venīre, -venī, -ventus, come out; turn re-linquō, -linquere, -līquī, -lictus, leave
cēnseō, cēnsēre, cēnsuī, cēnsus, think, believe, out, happen, befall. behind, leave.
consider. fēlīciter [fēlīx, happy], adv., happily, salūs, salūtis [salvus, safe], f., safety,
coepī, coepisse, coeptus (used in tenses of fortunately, successfully. deliverance, escape.
completed action), have begun, Iāsōn, Iāsonis, m., Jason. silva, silvae, f., forest, wood(s).
began. intrā [inter], prep. with acc., within. sōl, sōlis, m., sun.
Mēdēa, Mēdēae, f., Medea. vellus, velleris, n., fleece.

aliquī, this form is regularly used as an adjective, aliquis as a cōnspiciunt, More frequently in Latin than in English. The present
substantive. tense is used of a past action, to represent the action
mātūrandum sibi, literally, "it ought to be hastened by themselves." vividly, as if it were going on now. In this use it is called
"They ought to hasten" or "they should hasten." the historical present. The past tense should generally be
mātūrandum (esse) is the impersonal use of the passive used in translating it. A&G §469.
periphrastic conjugation A&G §196 and §500, 2 and sibi Omnī timōre sublātō, ablative absolute A&G §419-420, used with a
the dative of agent A&G §374, a. With the passive causal sense.
periphrastic conjugation the person by whom the thing is to ēvēnisset, subjunctive in an indirect subordinate clause. The writer
be done is regularly denoted by the dative, not by ab and does not give the reason as his own, but as that of the
the ablative (ablative of agent). Clauses in which this Argonauts. The effect of the subjunctive may be
construction occur are often best translated with an active reproduced by adding ‘as they felt’ or ‘as they said.’ the
verb. The dative of agent then becomes the subject. verb is subjunctive in a subordinate clause of indirect
quoddam, this form is regularly used as an adjective, quiddam as a discourse. A&G §580; A&G §585ff.
substantive.
 74. THE PURSUIT
Hīs rēbus gestīs omnēs sine morā nāvem rūrsus cōnscendērunt, et sublātīs ancorīs prīmā
vigiliā solvērunt; neque enim satis tūtum esse arbitrātī sunt in eō locō manēre. At rēx Aeētēs, quī
iam ante inimīcō in eōs fuerat animō, ubi cōgnōvit fīliam suam nōn modo ad Argonautās sē
recēpisse sed etiam ad vellus auferendum auxilium tulisse, hōc dolōre gravius exārsit. Nāvem
longam quam celerrimē dēdūcī iussit, et mīlitibus impositīs fugientīs īnsecūtus est. Argonautae,
quī rem in discrīmine esse bene sciēbant, omnibus vīribus rēmīs contendēbant; cum tamen nāvis
quā vehēbantur ingentī esset māgnitūdine, nōn eādem celeritāte quā Colchī prōgredī poterant;
neque multum āfuit quīn ā Colchīs sequentibus caperentur, neque enim longius intererat quam
quō tēlum adicī posset. At Mēdēa cum vīdisset quō in locō rēs essent, paene omnī spē dēpositā
īnfandum hoc cōnsilium cēpit.
adiciō, -icere, -iēcī, -iectus [ad + iaciō], throw memoriā dēpōnere, to forget. inter-sum, -esse, -fuī, -futūrus, be or lie
to, throw, hurl. discrīmen, discrīminis, n., crisis, peril, between.
ancora, ancorae, f., anchor. danger; distress. longus, longa, longum long.
arbitror, -ārī, -ātus, consider, think, judge. ex-ārdēscō, -ārdēscere, -ārsī, -ārsus, blaze out, Mēdēa, Mēdēae, f., Medea.
Argonautae, -ārum [Argō + nauta], m. plur., be inflamed, rage. mīles, mīlitis, m., soldier.
Argonauts. fugiō, fugere, fūgī, fugitūrus [fuga], flee, run multitūdō, multitūdinis [multus], f., multitude.
celeriter [celer, swift], adv., swiftly, quickly; away. prīmus, prīma, prīmum first.
superlative celerrimē. graviter, heavily; severely, seriously; comp. prōgredior, -gredī, -gressus [prō + gradior],
Colchī, Colchōrum, m. plur., Colchians. gravius. go forward, advance.
cōnscendō, -scendere, -scendī, -scēnsus [com- īdem, eadem, idem (the) same. quīn, conj., so that ... not, but that, but.
+ scandō, climb], climb; nāvem impōnō, -pōnere, -posuī, -positus [in + pōnō], recipiō, -cipere, -cēpī, -ceptus [re- + capiō],
cōnscendere, to climb the ship, go on place or lay upon, impose; embark. take or get back, recover; sē recipere,
board, embark. īn-sequor, -sequī, -secūtus, follow upon or up, to betake oneself, withdraw; to collect
dē-dūcō, -dūcere, -dūxī, -ductus, lead down or pursue. oneself. rēmus, rēmī, m., oar.
away, bring; nāvem dēdūcere, to īnfandus, -a, -um [in-, not + gerund of for, satis, adv., enough, sufficiently.
draw down or launch a ship. speak], unspeakable, monstrous. sciō, scīre, scīvī, scītus, know.
dē-pōnō, -pōnere, -posuī, -positus, put down, inimīcus, -a, -um [in-, not + amīcus], tēlum, tēlī, n., missile, spear, weapon.
deposit; lay aside, give up; ē unfriendly, hostile. vehō, vehere, vexī, vectus, carry.
vigilia, -ae [vigil, awake], f. a watch.

Hīs rēbus gestīs, ablative absolute A&G §419-420. participle used as a substantive.
sublātīs ancorīs, ablative absolute A&G §419-420. rem . . . esse, indirect statement A&G §577-592.
prīmā vigiliā, ablative of time when A&G §423, 1. in discrīmine, ablative of specification A&G §418.
vigiliā, one of the four parts into which the Romans divided the night, omnibus vīribus, ablative of manner A&G §412.
from sunset to sunrise; from sunrise to sunset, they divided rēmīs, ablative of means or instrument A&G §409.
the day into 12 parts called hōrae. quā, ablative of means or instrument A&G §409.
satis tūtum esse, indirect statement A&G §577-592. ingentī . . . māgnitūdine, ablative of description A&G §415.
in eō locō, ablative of place where A&G §426, 3. eādem celeritāte, ablative of manner A&G §412.
inimicō animō, "of an unfriendly disposition" or "ill-disposed," quā, "as," literally "with which." It is the same construction as
ablative of description A&G §415. eādem celeritāte.
fīliam . . . recēpisse . . . tulisse, indirect statement A&G §577-592. neque . . . caperentur, The subjunctive with quīn is used after
ad vellus auferendum, gerundive of purpose A&G §506 and §533, certain negative expressions, A&G §558.
(4). quam . . . posset, "than a spear could be thrown." We may call
hōc dolōre, ablative of cause A&G §404. quam . . . posset a relative clause of result A&G §537, 2.
Nāvem longam, "war-ship" or "man-of-war." The adjective contrasts The distance was not so great that a spear could not be
the shape of the man-of-war with that of the merchant-man. thrown from one ship to the other.
quam celerrimē, quam + superlative A&G §291, c. At Mēdēa cum vīdisset, cum causal clause, A&G §549.
mīlitibus impositīs, ablative absolute A&G §419-420. quō in locō rēs essent, indirect question A&G §573-574.
fugientīs, "the fugitives." Masc. pl. acc. of the present active omnī spē dēpositā, ablative absolute A&G §419-420.
 75. A FEARFUL EXPEDIENT
Erat in nāvī Argonautārum fīlius quīdam rēgis Aeētae, nōmine Absyrtus, quem, ut suprā
dēmōnstrāvimus, Mēdēa ex urbe fugiēns sēcum abdūxerat. Hunc puerum Mēdēa interficere
cōnstituit eō cōnsiliō, ut membrīs eius in mare coniectīs cursum Colchōrum impedīret; certō
enim sciēbat Aeētem, cum membra fīliī vīdisset, nōn longius prōsecūtūrum esse. Neque opīniō
Mēdēam fefellit, omnia enim ita ēvēnērunt ut spērāverat. Aeētēs ubi prīmum membra vīdit, ad
ea conligenda nāvem tenērī iussit. Dum tamen ea geruntur, Argonautae nōn intermissō
rēmigandī labōre mox ē cōnspectū hostium auferēbantur, neque prius fugere dēstitērunt quam
ad flūmen Ēridanum pervēnērunt. Aeētēs nihil sibi prōfutūrum esse arbitrātus sī longius
prōgressus esset, animō dēmissō domum revertit, ut fīliī corpus ad sepultūram daret.
Absyrtus, -ī, m., Absyrtus. off, desist, cease, stop. before.
ab-dūcō, -dūcere, -dūxī, -ductus, lead or take ē-veniō, -venīre, -venī, -ventus, come out; turn prō-sequor, -sequī, -secūtus, follow forward,
away. out, happen, befall. follow.
Aeētēs, -ae, m., Aeetes. Ēridanus, Ēridanī, m., Eridanus. prō-sum, prōdesse, prōfuī, be of advantage,
arbitror, -ārī, -ātus, consider, think, judge. fallō, fallere, fefellī, falsus, deceive. profit, avail, assist.
Argonautae, -ārum [Argō + nauta], m. plur., impediō, -pedīre, -pedīvī, -pedītus [in + pēs], rēmigō (1) [rēmex, rower], row.
Argonauts. hinder, prevent, impede. revertor, -vertī, -versus, (the perfect is active
certō [abl. of certus], adv., with certainty, for inter-mittō, -mittere, -mīsī, -mīssus, leave off, in form revertī not reversus sum)
certain, certainly. interrupt; let pass;passive, be left [re- + vertō], turn back, return.
Colchī, -ōrum, m. plur., Colchians. between, intervene, elapse. sciō, scīre, scīvī, scītus, know.
coniciō, -icere, -iēcí, -iectus [com- + iaciō], longē, adv., far; compar., longius, farther. sepultūra, sepultūrae [sepeliō], f., burial.
throw together; throw, cast, hurl. Mēdēa, Mēdēae, f., Medea. spērō (1) [spēs], hope.
conligō, -ligere, -lēgī, -lēctus [com- + legō], membrum, membrī, n., limb, member. suprā [superus, upper], adv. and prep. with
gather together, collect. opīniō, opīniōnis [opīnor, think], f., opinion, acc., above, before.
cursus, cursūs [currō], m., running, course. expectation; reputation.
dē-sistō, -sistere, -stitī, -stitus, set down; leave prius-quam, conj., before than, sooner than,

quem, is the object of abdūxerat in its own relative clause ubi prīmum, "as soon as," literally "when first."
ex urbe, ablative of place from which A&G §426, 1. ad ea conligenda, gerundive of purpose A&G §506 and §533, (4).
fugiēns, "when she fled." Notice the present participle, as well as the rēmigandī, genitive of the gerund A&G §504.
perfect, is often best translated by an adverbial clause. ē cōnspectū, ablative of separation A&G §400-402.
A&G §496. prius, is not to be translated until quam is reached. The two parts of
ut . . . impedīret, purpose clause with eō cōnsiliō correlative to ut. priusquam are often separated, prius standing in the
A&G §531, 1, Note 1. principal clause. A&G §434.
Aeētem . . . prōsecūtūrum esse, indirect statement A&G §577-592. nihil sibi prōfutūrum esse, indirect statement A&G §577-592. What
What is the tense of the infinitive? is the tense of the infinitive?
cum membra fīliī vīdisset, cum temporal A&G §546. arbitrātus, perfect participle of a deponent verb. A&G §493 and 496.
Neque opīniō eam fefellit, "and she was not mistaken," more animō dēmissō, "with his mind downcast." ablative absolute A&G
literally "and the opinion did not deceive her." §419-420.
ita . . . ut, correlatives A&G §323, g.
 76. THE BARGAIN WITH PELIAS
Tandem post multa perīcula Iāsōn in eundem locum pervēnit unde profectus erat. Tum ē
nāvī ēgressus ad rēgem Peliam, quī rēgnum adhūc obtinēbat, statim sē contulit, et vellere aureō
mōnstrātō ab eō postulāvit ut rēgnum sibi trāderētur; Peliās enim pollicitus erat, sī Iāsōn vellus
rettulisset, sē rēgnum eī trāditūrum. Postquam Iāsōn quid fierī vellet ostendit, Peliās prīmō nihil
respondit, sed diū in eādem trīstitiā tacitus permānsit; tandem ita locūtus est: "Vidēs mē aetāte
iam esse cōnfectum, neque dubium est quīn diēs suprēmus mihi appropinquet. Liceat igitur
mihi, dum vīvam, hoc rēgnum obtinēre; cum autem tandem dēcesserō, tū mihi succēdēs." Hāc
ōrātiōne adductus Iāsōn respondit sē id factūrum quod ille rogāsset.
ad-hūc, adv., to this point, up to this time, yet, sometimes to be translated likewise, polliceor, pollicērī, pollicitus, promise; (make
still. also. an) offer, proffer.
aetās, aetātis, f., age. licet, -ēre, -uit or -itum est, impers., is lawful, quīn, conj., so that ... not, but that, but.
aureus, aurea, aureum [aurum], of gold, permitted, or allowed. respondeō, respondēre, respondī, responsus
golden. mōnstrō (1) [mōnstrum], point out, show. answer, respond.
cōnficiō, -ficere, -fēcī, -fectus [com- + faciō], obtineō, -tinēre, -tinuī, -tentus [ob + teneō], rogō (1), ask.
make or do completely, complete, hold, possess; maintain. succēdō, -cēdere, -cessī, -cessus [sub + cēdō],
finish, accomplish, make; wear out. ōrātiō, -ōnis [ōrō], f., speech; ōrātiōnem go or come under, follow after,
dē-cēdō, -cēdere, -cessī, -cessus, go away, habēre, to deliver an oration, speak. succeed.
depart. ostendō, -tendere, -tendī, -tentus [ob + tendō], suprēmus, -a, -um [superl. of superus, upper],
dubius, dubia, dubium, doubtful, uncertain. stretch out before, show, explain. highest, last.
fīō, fīerī, factus sum, be done or made, Peliās, Peliae, m., Pelias. taceō, -ēre, -uī, -itus, be silent; perfect
become, happen. per-maneō, -manēre, -mānsī, -mānsus, participle tacitus silent.
Iāsōn, Iāsonis, m., Jason. remain. trīstitia, -ae [trīstis, sad], f., sadness.
īdem, eadem, idem [is], dem. pron., the same; per-veniō, -venīre, -vēnī, -ventus, come vellus, velleris, n., fleece.
through, come, arrive, reach. vīvō, vīvere, vīxī, vīctus, live.

ēgressus, perfect participle of a deponent verb. A&G §493 and 496. allowed to me." The subjunctive is used here in an
vellere aureō mōnstrātō, ablative absolute A&G §419-420. independent construction the hortatory subjunctive A&G
ut . . . trāderētur, indirect command, A&G §563. §439.
sī Iāsōn vellus rettulisset, a subordinate clause in indirect statement dum vīvam, dum temporal clause A&G §555. When dum can be
A&G §583. translated "as long as," the verb is not restricted to the present,
sē rēgnum eī trāditūrum [esse], indirect statement A&G §577-592, but other tenses of the indicative may be used. Compare the
after the verb of promising, pollicitus erat. notes on dum in Chapters 5 and 70.
quid fierī vellet, indirect question A&G §573-574. dēcesserō, the indicative is used with cum, "when," to represent a
mē aetāte iam esse cōnfectum, indirect statement A&G §577-592, after present or future action. The future perfect in the protasis
the verb of perceiving, vidēs. along with the future tense in the apodosis is akin to a future
neque dubium est, "and there is no doubt." more vivid condition.
quīn . . . appropinquet, negative expressions of doubt are regularly tū, the nominative of the personal pronouns is used only for emphasis
followed by quīn and the subjunctive, A&G §558, a. or contrast. Here tū makes the promise more definite.
mihi, the dative of reference A&G §376-378, is often used instead of a rogāsset, is a contraction of rogāvisset. Compare audīsset in Chapter
genitive or a possessive adjective. 67. When the perfect stem is formed by the addition of v, the
Liceat mihi, "let me be allowed" or "allow me;" literally, "let it be forms are often written without v and the vowel which follows
it syncope A&G §640.
 77. MAGIC ARTS
Hīs rēbus cōgnitīs Mēdēa rem aegrē tulit, et rēgnī cupiditāte adducta mortem rēgī per
dolum īnferre cōnstituit. Hōc cōnstitūtō ad fīliās rēgis vēnit atque ita locūta est: "Vidētis patrem
vestrum aetāte iam esse cōnfectum neque ad labōrem rēgnandī perferendum satis valēre.
Vultisne eum rūrsus iuvenem fierī?" Tum fīliae rēgis ita respondērunt: "Num hoc fierī potest?
Quis enim umquam ē sene iuvenis factus est?" At Mēdēa respondit: "Mē medicīnae summam
habēre scientiam scītis. Nunc igitur vōbis dēmōnstrābō quō modō haec rēs fierī possit."
Postquam fīnem loquendī fēcit, arietem aetāte iam cōnfectum interfēcit et membra eius in vāse
aēneō posuit, atque īgnī suppositō in aquam herbās quāsdam infūdit. Tum, dum aqua
effervēsceret, carmen magicum cantābat. Mox ariēs ē vāse exsiluit et vīribus refectīs per agrōs
currēbat.
aegrē [aeger, sick], adv., ill, with difficulty. fīō, fīerī, factus sum, be done or made, with in and abl., to be placed in, rest
aēneus, -a, -um [aes], of copper or bronze. become, happen. or depend on.
aetās, aetātis, f., age. herba, herbae, f., herb, plant. reficiō, -ficere, -fēcī, -fectus [re- + faciō],
ariēs, arietis, m., ram. īn-fundō, -fundere, -fūdī, -fūsus, pour in or make anew, renew, repair.
cantō (1), [freq. of canō], sing. upon. rēgnō (1) [rēgnum], reign, rule.
carmen, carminis [canō, sing], n., song, īnferō, īnferre, intulī, inlātus, bring in or respondeō, respondēre, respondī, responsus
charm. against, wage against; inflict. answer, respond.
cōnficiō, -ficere, -fēcī, -fectus [com- + faciō], magicus, magica, magicum, magic. rūrsus [for reversus, part, of revertor], adv.,
make or do completely, complete, Mēdēa, Mēdēae, f., Medea. again.
finish, accomplish, make; wear out. medicīna, medicīnae [medicus, physician], f., scientia, scientiae [sciō], f., knowledge, skill.
cōnstituō, -stituere, -stituī, -stitūtus [com- + art of healing, medicine. sciō, scīre, sciī (īvī), scītus, know.
statuō], set together or up; appoint; membrum, membrī, n., limb, member. senex, senis, m., old man.
determine, decide. mox, adv., soon. suppōnō, -pōnere, -posuī, -positus [sub +
cupiditās, cupiditātis [cupidus], f., desire, num, adv., introducing a question to which a pōnō], place or put under.
longing, eagerness. negative answer is expected, valeō, -ēre, -uī, -itūrus, be strong or effectual,
currō, currere, cucurrī, cursus, run. untranslatable. have effect, prevail.
dolus, dolī, m., trick, craft. nunc, adv., now. vās, vāsis, n., plur. vāsa, -ōrum, vessel.
effervēscō, -fervēscere, -ferbuī [ex + per-ferō, -ferre, -tulī, -lātus, bear through, vester, vestra, vestrum [vōs], your.
fervēscō], boil up or over, boil. bear, endure; weather. vōs, vestrī/vestrum, vōbīs, vōs, vōbis, plur. of
exsiliō, -silīre, -siluī [ex + saliō], leap out or pōnō, pōnere, posuī, positus, place, put; pōnī tū, 2nd pl. pers. pron., you.
forth.

Hīs rēbus cōgnitīs, ablative absolute A&G §419-420. expected. Like -ne, it is not translated, but its effect is
rem aegrē tulit, "was displeased." Compare Chapter 68. reproduced by the English form of the question ("This cannot
Hōc cōnstitūtō, ablative absolute A&G §419-420. be done, can it?) or by a tone of incredulity ("Can this be
patrem . . . esse cōnfectum, indirect statement A&G §577-592, after done?").
the verb of perceiving, vidētis. Mē medicīnae summam habēre scientiam, indirect statement A&G
ad labōrem . . .perferendum, gerundive of purpose A&G §506 and §577-592, after the verb of knowing, scītis.
§533, (4). quō modō haec rēs fierī possit, indirect question A&G §573-574.
rēgnandī, genitive of the gerund A&G §504. loquendī, genitive of the gerund A&G §504.
Vultisne, This is made up of the verb vultis and -ne, which is used to īgnī suppositō, ablative absolute A&G §419-420.
denote a question. The enclitic -ne is not itself translated, vīribus refectīs, ablative absolute A&G §419-420.
since a question of this kind is denoted in English by the order effervēsceret, See gīgnerentur in Chapter 70 and note. With dum,
of words. It is usually joined to the first word in the question. “until,” as with priusquam the subjunctive is used to
Num, is used to introduce a question to which a negative answer is represent an action as anticipated.
 78. A DANGEROUS EXPERIMENT
Dum fīliae rēgis hoc mīrāculum stupentēs intuentur, Mēdēa ita locūta est: "Vidētis
quantum valeat medicīna. Vōs igitur, sī vultis patrem vestrum in adulēscentiam redūcere, id
quod fēcī ipsae faciētis. Vōs patris membra in vās conicite; ego herbās magicās praebēbō."
Quod ubi audītum est, fīliae rēgis cōnsilium quod dedisset Mēdēa nōn omittendum putāvērunt.
Patrem igitur Peliam necāvērunt et membra eius in vās äēneum coniēcērunt; nihil autem
dubitābant quīn hoc māximē eī prōfutūrum esset. At rēs omnīnō aliter ēvēnit ac spērāverant,
Mēdēa enim nōn eāsdem herbās dedit quibus ipsa ūsa erat. Itaque postquam diū frūstrā
exspectāvērunt, patrem suum rē vērā mortuum esse intellēxērunt. Hīs rēbus gestīs Mēdēa sē
cum coniuge suō rēgnum acceptūram esse spērābat; sed cīvēs cum intellegerent quō modō
Peliās periisset, tantum scelus aegrē tulērunt. Itaque Iāsone et Mēdēā ē rēgnō expulsīs Acastum
rēgem creāvērunt.
Acastus, Acastī, m., Acastus. magicus, magica, magicum, magic. putō (1), think.
adulēscentia, adulēscentiae [adulēscēns], f., Mēdēa, Mēdēae, f., Medea. quantum [quantus], adv., how much? how?
youth. medicīna, medicīnae [medicus, physician], f., quīn, conj., so that ... not, but that, but.
aegrē [aeger, sick], adv., ill, with difficulty. art of healing, medicine. re-dūcō, -dūcere, -dūxī, -ductus, lead or bring
aēneus, aēnea, aēneum [aes], of copper or membrum, membrī, n., limb, member. back; restore.
bronze. mīrāculum, mīrāculī [mīror], n., wonder, scelus, sceleris, n., wickedness, crime.
aliter [alius], adv., in another way, otherwise, marvel, miracle. spērō (1), [spēs], hope.
differently. necō (1), put to death, slay, kill. stupeō, stupēre, stupuī, be stunned, astounded,
coniūnx, coniugis [coniungō], m. and f., omittō, -mittere, -mīsī, -missus [ob + mittō], or amazed.
spouse, husband, wife. let go, neglect, disregard, throw ūtor, ūtī, ūsus, use.
creō (1), elect, appoint. away, lose. valeō, valēre, valuī, be strong or effectual, have
dubitō (1), [dubius], doubt, hesitate. omnīnō [omnis], adv., altogether, wholly, effect, prevail.
ex-pellō, -pellere, -pulī, -pulsus, drive out, entirely. vās, vāsis, n., plur. vāsa, -ōrum, vessel.
expel. Peliās, Peliae, m., Pelias. vērus, vēra, vērum, true; rē vērā, in truth, in
herba, herbae, f., herb, plant, grass. per-eō, -īre, -iī, -itūrus, pass away, perish. fact.
Iāsōn, Iāsonis, m., Jason. praebeō, -ēre, -uī, -itus [prae, before + habeō], vester, vestra, vestrum your (pl.).
īdem, eadem, idem [is], dem. pron., the same; hold forth, supply, furnish, give; volō, velle, voluī, wish, be willing, want.
sometimes to be translated likewise, show, present, exhibit. vōs, vestrī/vestrum, vōbīs, vōs, vōbis, plur. of
also. prō-sum, prōdesse, prōfuī, be of advantage, tū, 2nd pl. pers. pron., you.
in-tueor, -tuērī, -tuitus, look upon, behold. profit, avail, assist.

stupentēs, "in amazement." expressing the idea of likeness.

quantum valeat medicīna, indirect question A&G §573-574. quibus, is ablative with the deponent verb ūtor, A&G §410.
Vōs, is contrasted with ego. patrem suum . . . mortuum esse, indirect statement A&G §577-592.
audītum est, is used impersonally, "it was heard." cum coniuge suō, ablative of accompaniment A&G §413.
cōnsilium . . . nōn omittendum (esse), the passive periphrastic A&G Hīs rēbus gestīs, ablative absolute A&G §419-420.
§500, 2, construction in an indirect statement A&G §577-592. sē . . . acceptūram esse, indirect statement A&G §577-592.
quod dedisset Mēdēa, a subordinate clause in indirect statement, A&G quō modō Peliās periisset, indirect question A&G §573-574.
§583. Iāsone et Mēdēā . . . expulsīs, ablative absolute A&G §419-420.
quīn . . . prōfutūrum esset, negative expressions of doubt are regularly ē rēgnō, ablative of separation A&G §400-401.
followed by quīn and the subjunctive, A&G §558, a. rēgem, predicate accusative A&G §392-393.
ac, "than." Atque or ac may be used with adjectives and adverbs
 79. A FATAL GIFT
Iāsōn et Mēdēa ē Thessaliā expulsī ad urbem Corinthum vēnērunt, cuius urbis Creōn
quīdam rēgnum tum obtinēbat. Erat autem Creontī fīlia ūna, nōmine Glaucē. Quam cum
vīdisset, Iāsōn cōnstituit Mēdēae uxōrī suae nūntium remittere eō cōnsiliō, ut Glaucēn in
mātrimōnium dūceret. At Mēdēa ubi intellēxit quae ille in animō habēret, īrā graviter commōta
iūre iūrandō cōnfīrmāvit sē tantam iniūriam ultūram. Hoc igitur cōnsilium cēpit. Vestem parāvit
summā arte textam et variīs colōribus īnfectam; hanc mortiferō quōdam venēnō tinxit, cuius vīs
tālis erat ut sī quis eam vestem induisset, corpus eius quasi īgnī ūrerētur. Hōc factō vestem ad
Glaucēn mīsit; illa autem nihil malī suspicāns dōnum libenter accēpit, et vestem novam mōre
fēminārum statim induit.
color, colōris, m., color. intellegō, -legere, -lēxī, -lēctus, perceive, mōs, mōris, m., way, manner, habit, custom.
cōn-fírmō, -fírmāre, -fírmāvī, -fírmātus, understand. obtineō, -tinēre, -tinuī, -tentus [ob + teneō],
strengthen, establish; declare, assert. iniūria, iniūriae [in-, not + iūs], f., injury, hold, possess; maintain.
Corinthus, Corinthī, m., Corinth. wrong, hurt, harm. quasi [quī + sī], conj., as if.
Creōn, Creontis, m., Creon. iūs, iūris, n., right, justice, law; iūs dīcere, to re-mittō, re-mittere, re-mīsī, re-missus, send
dōnum, dōnī [dō], n., gift. pronounce judgment; iūs iūrandum, back, send.
ex-pellō, -pellere, -pulī, -pulsus, drive out, iūris iūrandī [gerundive of iūrō, suspicor, -spicārī, -spicātus [suspiciō, look
expel. swear], oath. askance at], suspect.
fēmina, fēminae, f., woman. libenter [libēns, willing], adv., willingly, texō, texere, texuī, textus, weave.
Glaucē, Glaucēs, f., Glauce. gladly. Thessalia, Thessaliae, f., Thessaly.
graviter [gravis], adv., severely, seriously. mātrimōnium, mātrimōniī [māter], n., tingō, tingere, tinxī, tinctus, wet, soak, dye.
Iāsōn, Iāsonis, m., Jason. marriage; in mātrimōnium dūcere, ulcīscor, ulcīscī, ultus, avenge.
induō, induere, induī, indūtus, put on; clothe. marry. ūrō, ūrere, ūssī, ūstus, burn.
īnferō, īnferre, intulī, inlātus, bring in or Mēdēa, Mēdēae, f., Medea. varius, varia, varium, various.
against, wage against; inflict. mortifer, mortifera, mortiferum [mors + venēnum, venēnī, n., poison.
ferō], death-bringing, deadly. vestis, vestis, f., clothing, dress, robe.

ē Thessaliā, ablative of separation A&G §400-401. quae ille . . . habēret, indirect question A&G §573-574.
expulsī, perfect passive participle, lit., having been driven out, iūre iūrandō, ablative of the gerundive, a stock phrase, A&G §507.
or expelled; therefore driven out or expelled, A&G §488, 494 sē . . . ultūram (esse), indirect statement A&G §577-592.
and 496. ut . . . ūrerētur, result clause, A&G §537.
Creontī, dative of possession A&G §373. Hōc factō, ablative absolute A&G §419-420.
Mēdēae uxōrī suae nūntium remittere, "to give his wife Medea notice nihil malī, the genitive of certain colorless nouns is used to denote
of divorce" or "to divorce his wife Medea." indefinite value. A&G §417, a.
ut Glaucēn in mātrimōnium dūceret, purpose clause with eō cōnsiliō mōre, "according to the custom" or "in the way." ablative of
correlative to ut. A&G §531, 1, Note 1. specification (accordance) A&G §418, a; and Note.
 80. MEDEA KILLS HER SONS
Vix vestem induerat Glaucē cum dolōrem gravem per omnia membra sēnsit, et paulō post
crūdēlī cruciātū adfecta ē vītā excessit. Hīs rēbus gestīs Mēdēa furōre atque āmentiā impulsa
fīliōs suōs necāvit; tum māgnum sibi fore perīculum arbitrāta sī Corinthī manēret, ex eā regiōne
fugere cōnstituit. Hōc cōnstitūtō Sōlem ōrāvit ut in tantō perīculō auxilium sibi praebēret. Sōl
autem hīs precibus commōtus currum mīsit cui erant iūnctī dracōnēs ālīs īnstrūctī. Mēdēa nōn
omittendam tantam occāsiōnem arbitrāta currum ascendit, itaque per āëra vecta incolumis ad
urbem Athēnās pervēnit. Iāsōn ipse brevī tempore mīrō modō occīsus est. Accidit sīve cāsū sīve
cōnsiliō deōrum ut sub umbrā nāvis suae, quae in lītus subducta erat, dormīret. Mox nāvis,
quae adhūc ērēcta steterat, in eam partem ubi Iāsōn iacēbat subitō dēlapsa virum īnfēlīcem
oppressit.
accidō, -cidere, -cidī [ad + cadō], fall to or set up, raise, lift; cheer, encourage. necō (1), put to death, slay, kill.
upon; befall, happen. ex-cēdō, -cēdere, -cessī, -cessus, go out or occāsiō, -ōnis [occidō, fall], f., chance,
ad-hūc, adv., to this point, up to this time, yet, forth, depart. opportunity.
still. fore (see note). omittō, -mittere, -mīsī, -missus [ob + mittō],
āēr, āeris, m., air. furor, furōris [furō, rage], m., rage, fury, let go, neglect, lose.
ala, alae, f., wing. frenzy, madness. opprimō, -primere, -pressī, -pressus [ob +
āmentia, āmentiae [ā + mēns, mind], f., Glaucē, Glaucēs, f., Glauce. premō], press against, overpower,
madness. gravis, grave, heavy; severe, grievous, serious. crush.
arbitror, arbitrārī, -arbitrātus, consider, iaceō, -ēre, -uī, lie, be prostrate. ōrō, ōrāre, ōrāvī, ōrātus [ōs], speak; beg, pray.
think, judge. Iāsōn, Iāsonis, m., Jason. precēs, precum, f. plur., prayer, entreaty.
ascendō, -scendere, -scendī, -scēnsus [ad + incolumis, incolume, unhurt, safe. regiō, regiōnis [regō, direct], f., direction;
scandō], climb to, ascend, mount. impellō, -pellere, -pulī, -pulsus [in + pellō], country, region.
Athēnae, Athēnārum, f. plur., Athens. drive or urge on, incite. sōl, sōlis, m., sun.
cruciātus, cruciātūs [cruciō, torture], m., īn-fēlīx, -fēlīcis, adj., unhappy, unfortunate. sub, prep. with acc. and abl., under; sub
torture. ín-struō, -struere, -strūxī, -strūctus, build in vesperum, towards evening.
crūdēlis, crūdēle, cruel. or into; draw up; equip. sub-dūcō, -dūcere, -dūxī, -ductus, draw up,
currus, currūs, m., chariot. induō, induere, induī, indūtus, put on; clothe. beach.
dē-lābor, -lābī, -lapsus, slip or fall down. iungō, iungere, iūnxī, iūnctus, join; yoke, Thessalia, Thessaliae, f., Thessaly.
dolor, dolōris [doleō, be in pain], m., pain,
harness. Mēdēa, Mēdēae, f., Medea. umbra, umbrae, f., shadow, shade.
grief; anger. membrum, membrī, n., limb, member. vehō, vehere, vexī, vectus, carry.
ērigō, -rigere, -rēxī, -rēctus [ē + regō], raise or mox, adv., soon. vestis, vestis, f., clothing, dress, robe.

membra, a membrum is a limb, so omnia membra is literally "all Hōc cōnstitūtō, ablative absolute A&G §419-420.
[his] limbs," so "[his] whole body." Sōlem, the sun is here personified.
Hīs rēbus gestīs, ablative absolute A&G §419-420. ut . . . praebēret, indirect command, A&G §563.
māgnum sibi fore perīculum, indirect statement A&G §577-592. omittendam (esse) tantam occāsiōnem, the passive periphrastic A&G
fore, often used as an alternate form of futūrum esse, the future §500, 2, in indirect statement A&G §577-592.
infinitive of sum. itaque, "and thus." It is not the conjunction itaque, but the adverb ita
sī Corinthī manēret, a subordinate clause in indirect statement, A&G with the enclitic conjunction –que.
§583. Accidit, used impersonally here, as it often is.
Corinthī, the locative case A&G §35, h; A&G §49a; A&G §427, 3 and ut . . . dormīret, purpose clause with eō cōnsiliō correlative to ut. A&G
fn. 1. §531, 1, Note 1.
 ULYSSES
Ulysses, a famous Greek hero, took a prominent part in
the long siege of Troy. After the fall of the city, he set out
with his followers on his homeward voyage to Ithaca, an
island of which he was king; but being driven out of his
course by northerly winds, he was compelled to touch at the
country of the Lotus-eaters, who are supposed to have lived
on the north coast of Africa. Some of his comrades were so
delighted with the lotus fruit that they wished to remain in
the country, but Ulysses compelled them to embark again
and continued his voyage. He next came to the island of
Sicily, and fell into the hands of the giant Polyphemus, one
of the Cyclopes. After several of his comrades had been
killed by this monster, Ulysses made his escape by stratagem
and reached the country of the winds. Here he received the
help of Aeolus, king of the winds, and having set sail again,
arrived within sight of Ithaca; but owing to the folly of his
companions, the winds became suddenly adverse and he was
again driven back. He then touched at an island which was
the home of Circe, a powerful enchantress, who exercised
her charms on his companions and turned them into swine.
By the help of the god Mercury, Ulysses not only escaped
this fate himself, but also forced Circe to restore her victims
to human shape. After staying a year with Circe, he again set
out and eventually reached his home.
 81. HOMEWARD BOUND
Urbem Trōiam ā Graecīs decem annōs obsessam esse satis cōnstat; dē hōc enim bellō
Homērus, māximus poētārum Graecōrum, Īliadem opus nōtissimum scrīpsit. Trōiā tandem per
īnsidiās captā, Graecī longō bellō fessī domum redīre mātūrāvērunt. Omnibus rēbus igitur ad
profectiōnem parātīs nāvīs dēdūxērunt, et tempestātem idōneam nactī māgnō cum gaudiō
solvērunt. Erat inter prīmōs Graecōrum Ulixēs quīdam, vir summae virtūtis ac prūdentiae,
quem dīcunt nōnnūllī dolum istum excōgitāsse quō Trōiam captam esse cōnstat. Hic rēgnum
īnsulae Ithacae obtinuerat, et paulō priusquam cum reliquīs Graecīs ad bellum profectus est,
puellam fōrmōsissimam, nōmine Pēnelopēn, in mātrimōnium dūxerat. Nunc igitur cum iam
decem annōs quasi in exsiliō cōnsūmpsisset, māgnā cupiditāte patriae et uxōris videndae
ārdēbat.
ārdeō, ārdēre, ārsī, ārsus, be on fire, burn. beautiful; superl. fōrmōsissimus. obtineō, -tinēre, -tinuī, -tentus [ob + teneō],
cōnstō, cōnstāre, cōnstitī, cōnstātūrus, stand Graecia, Graeciae [Graecus], f., Greece. hold.
together, agree; consist; cōnstat, it is Graecus, Graeca, Graecum, Greek. opus, operis, n., work, task.
agreed, is well known. Ithaca, Ithacae, f., Ithaca. patria, patriae [pater], f., fatherland, country.
cupiditās, cupiditātis [cupidus], f., desire, Īlias, Īliadis, f., the Iliad. Pēnelopē, Pēnelopēs, f., Penelope.
longing, eagerness. īnsidiae, īnsidiārum, f. plur., ambush; plot, poēta, poētae, m., poet.
decem, indecl. adj., ten. stratagem. profectiō, profectiōnis [proficīscor], f.,
dē-dūcō, -dūcere, -dūxī, -ductus, lead down or mātrimōnium, mātrimōniī [māter], n., departure, start.
away, bring; nāvem dēdūcere, to marriage; in mātrimōnium dūcere, prūdentia, prūdentiae [prūdēns, prudent], f.,
draw down or launch a ship. marry. prudence.
dolus, dolī, m., trick, craft. nancīscor, nancīscī, nactus, get, obtain, find. quasi [quī + sī], conj., as if.
excōgitō, excōgitāre, excōgitāvī, excōgitātus, nōn-nūllus, -nūlla, -nūllum, not none, some, reliquus, reliqua, reliquum [relinquō], left,
think out, contrive, devise. several. the remaining, the other, the rest of.
exsilium, exsiliī [exsul, exile], n., exile. nōtus, nōta, nōtum [part. of nōscō, come to satis, adv., enough, sufficiently.
fessus, fessa, fessum, exhausted, worn out, know], known, well-known, famous. Trōia, Trōiae, f., Troy.
weary. obsideō, obsidēre, obsēdī, obsessus [ob + Ulixēs, Ulixis, m., Ulysses.
fōrmōsus, fōrmōsa, fōrmōsum [fōrma], sedeō], beset, besiege.

Urbem . . . obsessam esse, indirect statement A&G §577-592. māgnō cum gaudiō, ablative of manner A&G §412.
ā Graecīs, ablative of agent A&G §405. vir summae virtūtis ac prūdentiae, genitive of quality A&G §345.
decem annōs, accusative of time how long A&G §423, 2. quem, is the subject of the infinitive in indirect statement A&G §577-
Trōiā . . . captā, ablative absolute A&G §419-420. 592. excōgitāsse. The English idiom is "who, some say,
īnsidiās, refers to the story of the wooden horse. Concealed in this, devised." A&G §397, e.
Greek warriors entered Troy and opened the gates for their nōnnūllī, is an instance of the use of two negative words to express an
comrades. affirmative idea. A&G §326, a.
longō bellō fessī, may be rendered by a relative clause, a concessive quō, ablative of means A&G §409.
clause, a causal clause, etc., e.g.,"who were weary from a long Trōiam captam esse, indirect statement A&G §577-592.
war" or "since they were weary from a long war." These paulō, ablative of degree of difference A&G §414.
alternatives are regularly used when translating participles cum reliquīs Graecīs, ablative of accompaniment A&G §413.
(verbal adjectives) A&G §496, but work fine for simple cum . . . cōnsūmpsisset, cum causal clause, A&G §549.
adjectives also, when the sense would be improved. in exsiliō, ablative of attendant circumstances.
Omnibus rēbus . . . parātīs, ablative absolute A&G §419-420. māgnā cupiditāte, ablative of manner A&G §412.
nāvīs, accusative plural of an -i stem. A&G §74, c. patriae et uxōris videndae, objective genitive of the gerundive A&G
nactī, perfect participle of a deponent verb. A&G §493 and 496. §504.
 82. THE LOTUS-EATERS
Postquam Graecī pauca mīlia passuum ā lītore Trōiae prōgressī sunt, tanta tempestās
subitō coorta est ut nūlla nāvium cursum tenēre posset, sed aliae aliam in partem disicerentur.
Nāvis autem quā ipse Ulixēs vehēbātur vī tempestātis ad merīdiem dēlāta decimō diē ad lītus
Libyae appulsa est. Ancorīs iactīs Ulixēs cōnstituit nōnnūllōs ē sociīs in terram expōnere, quī
aquam ad nāvem referrent et quālis esset nātūra eius regiōnis cōgnōscerent. Hī ē nāvī ēgressī
imperāta facere parābant. Sed dum fontem quaerunt, quōsdam ex incolīs invēnērunt atque ab
iīs hospitiō acceptī sunt. Accidit autem ut māior pars vīctūs eōrum hominum in mīrō quōdam
frūctū quem lōtum appellābant cōnsisteret. Quem cum Graecī gustāssent, patriae et sociōrum
statim oblītī cōnfīrmāvērunt sē semper in eā terrā mānsūrōs, ut dulcī illō cibō in perpetuum
vēscerentur.
accidō, -cidere, -cidī [ad + cadō], fall to or dulcis, dulce, sweet. miles.
upon; befall, happen. ēgredior, -gredī, -gressus [ē + gradior], go out nātūra, nātūrae [nāscor, be born], f., nature,
ancora, ancorae, f., anchor; in ancorīs, at or forth, go ashore. character.
anchor. ex-pōnō, -pōnere, -posuī, -positus, put out; put nōn-nūllus, -nūlla, -nūllum, not none, some,
cibus, cibī, m., food. on shore, land. several.
cōn-fīrmō (1), strengthen, establish; declare, fōns, fontis, m., fountain, spring. oblīvīscor, oblīvīscī, oblītus, forget.
assert. frūctus, frūctūs [fruor, enjoy], m., enjoyment; passus, passūs [pandō, stretch], m., pace;
cōn-sistō, -sistere, -stitī, -stitus, station oneself, fruit. mīlia passuum, see mīlia.
take a stand; consist. gustō (1), taste. patria, patriae [pater], f., fatherland, country.
co-orior, -orīrī, -ortus, arise. imperō (1), command, order, enjoin. perpetuus, perpetua, perpetuum [per + petō],
cursus, cursūs [currō], m., running, course. Libya, Libyae, f., Libya, Africa. continuous, perpetual;
decimus, decima, decimum [decem], tenth. lōtus, lōtī, f., lotus. in perpetuum, for all time, forever.
dē-ferō, -ferre, -tulī, -lātus, bear or carry away merīdiēs, merīdiēī [medius + diēs], m., quālis, quāle, of what sort? what kind of?
or off. midday, noon; south. Ulixēs, Ulixis, m., Ulysses.
disiciō, -icere, -iēcī, -iectus [dis- + iaciō], mīlia, -ium, n. plur., thousands; mīlia vēscor, vescī, feed on, eat.
throw apart, scatter. passuum, thousands of paces, vīctus, vīctūs [vīvō], m., sustenance, food.

ut nūlla nāvium . . . posset, result clause, A&G §537. ut māior pars vīctūs . . . cōnsisteret, substantive clause of result A&G
aliae aliam in partem, "some in one direction, others in another." Two §569, 2.
forms of alius are often used together to express a distributive Quem cum Graecī gustāssent, connecting relative A&G §308, f and a
idea, the full expression of which would require the repetition cum temporal clause, A&G §546.
of both. gustāssent, is a contraction of gustāvisset. Compare audīsset in
Ancorīs iactīs, ablative absolute A&G §419-420. Chapter 67 and rogāssent in Chapter 76. When the perfect
quī . . . referrent et . . . cōgnōscerent, relative clauses of purpose A&G stem is formed by the addition of v, the forms are often written
§531, 2. without v and the vowel which follows it syncope A&G §640.
quālis esset nātūra, indirect question A&G §573-574. sē . . . mānsūrōs (esse), indirect statement A&G §577-592.
ēgressī, perfect participle of a deponent verb. A&G §493 and 496. ut . . . vēscerentur, purpose clause A&G §531, 1.
imperāta, participles often become complete adjectives, and may be vēscerentur, The deponent verb vescor is intransitive and governs the
compared, or used as nouns, A&G §494, a. ablative; but "eat" in English is transitive. A&G §410.
 83. THE RESCUE
Ulixēs cum ab hōrā septimā ad vesperum exspectāsset, veritus nē sociī suī in perīculō
versārentur, nōnnūllōs ē reliquīs mīsit, ut quae causa esset morae cōgnōscerent. Hī igitur in
terram expositī ad vīcum quī nōn longē aberat sē contulērunt; quō cum vēnissent, sociōs suōs
quasi vīnō ēbriōs repperērunt. Tum ubi causam veniendī docuērunt, iīs persuādēre cōnābantur ut
sēcum ad nāvem redīrent. Illī tamen resistere ac manū sē dēfendere coepērunt, saepe
clāmitantēs sē numquam ex eō locō abitūrōs. Quae cum ita essent, nūntiī rē īnfectā ad Ulixem
rediērunt. Hīs rēbus cōgnitīs ipse cum omnibus quī in nāvī relictī erant ad locum vēnit; et sociōs
suōs frūstrā hortātus ut suā sponte redīrent, manibus eōrum post terga vinctīs invītōs ad nāvem
reportāvit. Tum ancorīs sublātīs quam celerrimē ē portū solvit.
ab-sum, abesse, āfuī, āfutūrus, be away, be urge. discover.
absent, be distant; be wanting. īnfectus, īnfecta, īnfectum [in-, not + part. of re-portō (1), carry or bring back.
ancora, ancorae, f., anchor; in ancorīs, at faciō], not done, undone, re-sistō, resistere, restitī, stand back, resist.
anchor. unaccomplished. saepe, adv., often, frequently.
celeriter [celer, swift], adv., swiftly, quickly; invītus, invīta, invītum, unwilling. septimus, septima, septimum [septem,
superlative celerrimē. longē [longus], adv., far. seven],seventh.
clāmitō (1), [freq. of clāmō, call out], call out. nōn-nūllus, -nūlla, -nūllum, not none, some, sponte, f. abl. sing., modified by meā, tuā, suā,
coepī, coepisse, coeptus (used in tenses of several. of one's own accord, voluntarily.
completed action), have begun, per-suādeō, -suādēre, -suāsī, -suāsus, tergum, tergī, n., back.
began. persuade, prevail upon, induce. Ulixēs, Ulixis, m., Ulysses.
dē-fendō, -fendere, -fendī, -fēnsus, ward off; portus, portūs, m., harbor, haven, port. vereor, verērī, veritus, fear.
defend. quasi [quī + sī], conj., as if. versor, versārī, versātus [freq. of vertō], keep
ēbrius, ēbria, ēbrium, drunk. re-linquō, -linquere, -līquī, -lictus, leave turning, be busy or employed, be
ex-pōnō, -pōnere, -posuī, -positus, put out; put behind, leave, abandon. involved; be.
on shore, land. reliquus, reliqua, reliquum [relinquō], left, vesper, vesperī, m., evening.
hōra, hōrae, f., hour. the remaining, the other, the rest of. vīcus, vīcī, m., village.
hortor, hortārī, hortātus, exhort, encourage, reperiō, reperīre, repperī, repertus, find, vinciō, vincīre, vinxī, vinctus, bind.

cum . . . exspectāsset, cum causal clause, A&G §549. veniendī, genitive of the gerund A&G §504.
exspectāsset, syncope A&G §640. ut . . . redīrent, indirect command, A&G §563.
nē . . . versārentur, A&G §564. Verbs of fearing take the subjunctive, sē . . . abitūrōs (esse), indirect statement A&G §577-592.
with nē affirmative and nē nōn or ut negative: "that they were Quae cum ita essent, connecting relative A&G §308, f and a cum
involved in." causal clause, A&G §549.
ut . . . cōgnōscerent, purpose clause A&G §531, 1. Hīs rēbus cōgnitīs, ablative absolute A&G §419-420.
quae causa esset, indirect question A&G §573-574. hortātus, perfect participle of a deponent verb. A&G §493 and 496.
expositī, perfect passive participle, lit., "having been put on shore," ut . . . redīrent, indirect command, A&G §563.
A&G §488, 494 and 496. manibus . . . vinctīs, ablative absolute A&G §419-420.
quō cum vēnissent, connecting relative A&G §308, f and a cum ancorīs sublātīs, ablative absolute A&G §419-420.
temporal clause, A&G §546.
 84. THE ONE-EYED GIANT
Postquam eā tōtā nocte rēmīs contendērunt, postrīdiē ad terram īgnōtam nāvem
appulērunt. Tum, quod nātūram eius regiōnis īgnōrābat, ipse Ulixēs cum duodecim ē sociīs in
terram ēgressus loca explōrāre cōnstituit. Paulum ā lītore prōgressī ad spēluncam ingentem
pervēnērunt, quam habitārī sēnsērunt; eius enim introitum et nātūrā locī et manū mūnītum esse
animadvertērunt. Mox, etsī intellegēbant sē nōn sine perīculō id factūrōs, spēluncam
intrāvērunt; quod cum fēcissent, māgnam cōpiam lactis in vāsīs ingentibus conditam
invēnērunt. Dum tamen mīrantur quis in eā sēde habitāret, sonitum terribilem audīvērunt, et
oculīs ad portam tortīs mōnstrum horribile vīdērunt, hūmānā quidem speciē et figūrā, sed
ingentī māgnitūdine corporis. Cum autem animadvertissent mōnstrum ūnum oculum tantum
habēre in mediā fronte positum, intellēxērunt hunc esse ūnum ē Cyclōpibus, dē quibus fāmam
iam accēperant.
animadvertō, -vertere, -vertī, -versus [animus + ad-vertō], turn the mīror, -ārī, -ātus [mīrus], wonder, wonder at.
mind to, observe. mūniō, -īre, -īvī, -ītus [moenia], fortify.
appellō, -pellere, -pulī, -pulsus [ad + pellō], drive to, bring to; with or paulum [paulus, little], adv., a little, somewhat.
without nāvem, put in. per-veniō, -venīre, -vēnī, -ventus, come through, come, arrive, reach.
con-dō, -dere, -didī, -ditus, put together, found; store away. pōnō, pōnere, posuī, positus, place, put; positus esse with in and abl.,
Cyclōps, -is, m., Cyclops. to be placed in, rest or depend on.
ēgredior, -gredī, -gressus [ē + gradior], go out or forth, go ashore. prōgredior, -gredī, -gressus [prō + gradior], go forward, advance.
et-sī, conj., even if, although. quidem, adv., in fact, indeed, certainly; nē ... quidem, not ... even.
frōns, frontis, f., forehead. quis (quī), quae, quid (quod), interrog. pron., who? which? what?
īgnōrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, be ignorant of. rēmus, -ī, m., oar.
īgnōtus, -a, -um [in-, not + nōtus], unknown. sentiō, sentīre, sēnsī, sēnsus, perceive, feel.
ingēns, -gentis, adj., huge, vast. sonitus, -ūs [sonō, sound], m., sound, noise.
intellegō, -legere, -lēxī, -lēctus, perceive, understand. spēlunca, -ae, f., cave, cavern.
introitus, -ūs [introeō, go within], m., entrance. torqueō, torquēre, torsī, tortus, turn, twist.
lāc, lactis, n., milk. vās, vāsis, n., plur. vāsa, -ōrum, vessel.

eā tōtā nocte, ablative of duration of time A&G §424, b. conditam, perfect passive participle, lit., "having been stored away,"
rēmīs, ablative of instrument A&G §409. A&G §488, 494 and 496.
cum duodecim ē sociīs, ablative of accompaniment A&G §413. quis . . . habitāret, indirect question A&G §573-574.
ē sociīs, cardinal numbers (except mīlia) regularly take the Ablative oculīs . . . tortīs, ablative absolute A&G §419-420.
with ē/ex or dē instead of the partitive genitive A&G §346, c. hūmānā . . . speciē et figūrā, sed ingentī māgnitūdine, ablatives of
ēgressus, perfect participle of a deponent verb. A&G §493 and 496. quality A&G §415.
prōgressī, perfect participle of a deponent verb. A&G §493 and 496. quidem, regularly follows the word it emphasizes. It often has
eius . . . introitum . . . mūnītum esse, indirect statement A&G §577- concessive force, as here, "even though."
592. Cum autem animadvertissent, cum causal clause, A&G §549.
sē . . . factūrōs (esse), indirect statement A&G §577-592. mōnstrum . . . habēre, indirect statement A&G §577-592.
quod cum fēcissent, connecting relative A&G §308, f and a cum hunc esse, indirect statement A&G §577-592.
temporal clause, A&G §546. ē Cyclōpibus, see the note on ē sociīs above.
 85. THE GIANT'S SUPPER
Cyclōpēs autem pāstōrēs erant quīdam quī īnsulam Siciliam et praecipuē montem
Aetnam incolēbant; ibi enim Volcānus, praeses fabrōrum et īgnis repertor, cuius servī Cyclōpēs
erant, officīnam suam habēbat. Graecī igitur simul ac mōnstrum vīdērunt, terrōre paene
exanimātī in interiōrem partem spēluncae refūgērunt et sē ibi abdere cōnābantur. Polyphēmus
autem (sīc enim Cyclōps appellābātur) pecus suum in spēluncam compulit; deinde, cum saxō
ingentī portam obstrūxisset, īgnem in mediā spēluncā fēcit. Hōc factō, oculō omnia perlūstrābat,
et cum sēnsisset hominēs in interiōre parte spēluncae esse abditōs, magnā vōce exclāmāvit:
"Quī hominēs estis? Mercātōrēs an latrōnēs?" Tum Ulixēs respondit sē neque mercātōrēs esse
neque praedandī causā vēnisse; sed ā Trōiā redeuntīs vī tempestātum ā rēctō cursū dēpulsōs
esse. Ōrāvit etiam ut sibi sine iniūriā abīre licēret. Tum Polyphēmus quaesīvit ubi esset nāvis
quā vectī essent; sed Ulixēs cum sibi māximē praecavendum esse bene intellegeret, respondit
nāvem suam in rūpīs coniectam omnīnō frāctam esse. Polyphēmus autem nūllō respōnsō datō
duo ē sociīs manū corripuit, et membrīs eōrum dīvulsīs carnem dēvorāre coepit.
ab-eō, -īre, -iī, -itūrus, go away, depart. latrō, -ōnis, m., robber.
abdō, -dere, -didī, -ditus, put away, hide. licet, -ēre, -uit or -itum est, impers., is lawful or permitted.
Aetna, -ae, f., Etna. membrum, -ī, n., limb, member.
appellō, -pellāre, -pellāvī, -pellātus, call, name. mercātor, -ōris [mercor, trade], m., trader, merchant.
bene [bonus], adv., well; successfully. mōns, montis, m., mountain.
carō, carnis, f., flesh. ob-struō, -struere, -strūxī, -strūctus, build against, block up.
coepī, coepisse, coeptus (used in tenses of completed action), have officīna, -ae, f., workshop, smithy.
begun, began. ōrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [ōs], speak; beg, pray.
com-pellō, -pellere, -pulī, -pulsus, drive together, drive. pecus, pecoris, n., herd, flock, cattle.
coniciō, -icere, -iēcí, -iectus [com- + iaciō], throw together; throw, per-lūstrō, -lūstrāre, -lūstrāvī, -lūstrātus, look over, examine, survey.
cast, hurl. prae-caveō, -cavēre, -cāvī, -cautus, beware (beforehand), be on guard.
cōnor, -ārī, -ātus, try, attempt. praecipuē [praecipuus, especial], adv., especially.
corripiō, -ripere, -ripuī, -reptus [com-+ rapiō], seize, snatch (up). praedor, -ārī, -ātus [praeda], plunder.
cursus, -ūs [currō], m., running, course. praeses, praesidis, m., protector.
Cyclōps, -is, m., Cyclops. re-fugiō, -fugere, -fūgī, flee back, run away, retreat.
dē-pellō, -pellere, -pulī, -pulsus, drive off or away, drive. rēctus, -a, -um [part. of regō, direct], direct, straight.
dē-vorō, -vorāre, -vorāvī, -vorātus, swallow down, swallow, devour. repertor, -ōris [reperiō], m., discoverer, inventor.
dī-vellō, -vellere, -vellī, -vulsus, tear apart, tear in pieces. rūpēs, -is, f., rock, cliff; reef.
dō, dare, dedī, datus, give. saxum, -ī, n., rock, stone.
ex-animō, -animāre, -animāvī, -animātus, put out of breath, fatigue, sīc, adv., so, thus.
tire, exhaust; stupefy; kill. sentiō, sentīre, sēnsī, sēnsus, perceive, feel.
faber, fabrī, m., smith, craftsman. spēlunca, -ae, f., cave, cavern.
frangō, frangere, frēgī, frāctus, break; dash to pieces, wreck. tempestās, -tātis [tempus], f., weather; storm, tempest.
īgnis, -is, m., fire. Volcānus, -ī, m., Vulcan.

Polyphēmus, the name of the Cyclops. praecavendum esse, the infinitive of the passive periphrastic A&G
Hōc factō, ablative absolute A&G §419-420. §500, 2 used impersonally in indirect statement A&G §577-
hominēs . . . esse abditōs, indirect statement A&G §577-592. 592.
Quī, "What?" or "What sort of?" sibi, dative of agent A&G §374 with the passive periphrastic.
sē . . . mercātōrēs esse . . . vēnisse, indirect statement A&G §577-592. nāvem suam . . . frāctam esse, indirect statement A&G §577-592.
praedandī causā, "for the purpose of robbing" or "to rob." Purpose coniectam, perfect passive participle, lit., "having been hurled,"
may be expressed by the genitive of the gerund or the A&G §488, 494 and 496.
gerundive with causā. What other ways of expressing purpose nūllō respōnsō datō, ablative absolute A&G §419-420.
have you noticed? gerundive of purpose A&G §504, b; and ē sociīs, cardinal numbers (except mīlia) regularly take the Ablative
533, b. with ē (ex) or dē instead of the partitive genitive A&G §346,
redeuntīs . . . dēpulsōs esse, indirect statement A&G §577-592. c.
ut . . . licēret, indirect command, A&G §563. manū, ablative of instrument A&G §409.
ubi esset nāvis, indirect question A&G §573-574. membrīs . . . dīvulsīs, ablative absolute A&G §419-420.
quā vectī essent, subjunctive of integral part (attraction) A&G §593.
 86. A DESPERATE SITUATION
Dum haec geruntur, Graecōrum animōs tantus terror occupāvit ut nē vōcem quidem ēdere
possent, sed omnī spē salūtis dēpositā mortem praesentem exspectārent. At Polyphēmus,
postquam famēs hāc tam horribilī cēnā dēpulsa est, humī prōstrātus somnō sē dedit. Quod cum
vīdisset Ulixēs, tantam occāsiōnem reī bene gerendae nōn omittendam arbitrātus, pectus
mōnstrī gladiō trānsfīgere voluit. Cum tamen nihil temerē agendum exīstimāret, cōnstituit
explōrāre, priusquam hoc faceret, quā ratiōne ex spēluncā ēvādere possent. Cum saxum
animadvertisset quō introitus obstrūctus erat, nihil sibi prōfutūrum intellēxit Polyphēmum
interficere. Tanta enim erat eius saxī māgnitūdō ut nē ā decem quidem hominibus āmovērī
posset. Quae cum ita essent, Ulixēs hōc cōnātū dēstitit et ad sociōs rediit; quī cum intellēxissent
quō in locō rēs essent, nūllā spē salūtis oblātā dē fortūnīs suīs dēspērāre coepērunt. Ille tamen
vehementer hortātus est nē animōs dēmitterent; dēmōnstrāvit sē iam anteā ē multīs et māgnīs
perīculīs ēvāsisse, neque dubium esse quīn in tantō discrīmine dī auxilium lātūrī essent.
ā-moveō, -movēre, -mōvī, -mōtus, move away. humī [loc. of humus, ground], adv., on the ground.
agō, agere, ēgī, āctus, drive; do; pass, lead; introitus, -ūs [introeō, go within], m., entrance.
arbitror, -ārī, -ātus, consider, think, judge. ob-struō, -struere, -strūxī, -strūctus, build against, block up.
cēna, -ae, f., dinner. offerō, offerre, obtulī, oblātus [ob + ferō], bear to, proffer, offer.
cōnātus, -ūs [cōnor], m., attempt, effort. omittō, -mittere, -mīsī, -missus [ob + mittō], let go, neglect, disregard,
dē-pellō, -pellere, -pulī, -pulsus, drive off or away, drive. throw away, lose.
dē-pōnō, -pōnere, -posuī, -positus, put down; lay aside, give up; pectus, pectoris, n., breast.
dē-sistō, -sistere, -stitī, -stitus, set down; leave off, desist, cease, stop. praesēns, -sentis [part. of praesum], adj., present, immediate,
discrīmen, -crīminis, n., crisis, peril, danger. imminent.
ē-dō, -dere, -didī, -ditus, put forth, give out, utter. prō-sternō, -sternere, -strāvī, -strātus, strew or spread before, throw
ē-vādō, -vādere, -vāsī, -vāsus, go forth, get away, escape. or knock down.
ex-plōrō, -plōrāre, -plōrāvī, -plōrātus, search out, explore. prō-sum, prōdesse, prōfuī, be of advantage, profit, avail, assist.
exīstimō, -īstimāre, -īstimāvī, -īstimātus [ex + aestimō, value], quidem, adv., in fact, indeed, certainly; nē ... quidem, not ... even.
consider, believe, think. ratiō, -ōnis [reor, think], f., plan, means, method, manner.
famēs, -is, abl. famē, f., hunger. salūs, salūtis [salvus, safe], f., safety, deliverance, escape.
ferō, ferre, tulī, lātus, bear, bring. spēs, speī, f., hope.
gerō, gerere, gessī, gestus, carry, wear; carry on, do. temerē, adv., rashly.
hortor, -ārī, -ātus, exhort, encourage, urge. trāns-fīgō, -fīgere, -fīxī, -fīxus, thrust or pierce through, transfix.

ut . . . possent, result clause, A&G §537. causal clause, A&G §549.

nē . . . quidem, "not even a word." The emphasized word regularly quī cum intellēxissent, connecting relative A&G §308, f and a cum
stands between nē and quidem. A&G §322, f. temporal clause, A&G §546.
omnī spē . . . dēpositā, ablative absolute A&G §419-420. quō in locō rēs essent, indirect question A&G §573-574.
somnō, dative of purpose A&G §382. nūllā spē . . . oblātā, ablative absolute A&G §419-420.
Quod cum vīdisset Ulixēs, connecting relative A&G §308, f and a cum nē animōs dēmitterent, indirect command, A&G §563.
temporal clause, A&G §546. sē . . . ēvāsisse, indirect statement A&G §577-592.
tantam occāsiōnem . . . nōn omittendam (esse), indirect statement et. Multī is often joined by et to another adjective modifying the same
A&G §577-592. noun.
omittendam (esse), passive periphrastic A&G §500, 2 quīn . . . essent, negative expressions of doubt are regularly followed by
reī . . . gerendae, objective genitive of the gerundive A&G §504. quīn and the subjunctive, A&G §558, a.
Cum . . . exīstimāret, cum causal clause, A&G §549. lātūrī essent, "would bring," more literally "were going to bring." Since
nihil . . . agendum (esse), indirect statement A&G §577-592. the subjunctive has no future tense, the active periphrastic
priusquam hoc faceret, priusquam with the imperfect subjunctive (A&G §498, a.) form is necessary to indicate future time
A&G §551, b. clearly in some subjunctive constructions. Compare, however,
quā ratiōne . . . possent, indirect question A&G §573-574. dēmitterent above, where the periphrastic form is not
Cum . . . animadvertisset, cum causal clause, A&G §549. required for clearness, because an indirect command must
ut . . . posset, result clause, A&G §537. represent an action after the time of the principal verb.
Quae cum ita essent, connecting relative A&G §308, f and a cum
 87. A PLAN FOR VENGEANCE
Ortā lūce Polyphēmus iam ē somnō excitātus idem quod hesternō diē fēcit; correptīs enim
duōbus ē reliquīs virīs carnem eōrum sine morā dēvorāvit. Tum, cum saxum āmōvisset, ipse
cum pecore suō ex spēluncā prōgressus est; quod cum Graecī vidērent, māgnam in spem sē post
paulum ēvāsūrōs vēnērunt. Mox tamen ab hāc spē repulsī sunt; nam Polyphēmus, postquam
omnēs ovēs exiērunt, saxum in locum restituit. Reliquī omnī spē salūtis dēpositā lāmentīs
lacrimīsque sē dēdidērunt; Ulixēs vērō, quī, ut suprā dēmōnstrāvimus, vir magnī fuit cōnsilī,
etsī intellegēbat rem in discrīmine esse, nōndum omnīnō dēspērābat. Tandem, postquam diū
haec tōtō animō cōgitāvit, hoc cōnsilium cēpit. Ē līgnīs quae in spēluncā reposita erant pālum
magnum dēlēgit. Hunc summā cum dīligentiā praeacūtum fēcit; tum, postquam sociīs quid fierī
vellet ostendit, reditum Polyphēmī exspectābat.
ā-moveō, -movēre, -mōvī, -mōtus, move away. līgnum, -ī, n., wood.
carō, carnis, f., flesh. omnīnō [omnis], adv., altogether, wholly, entirely.
corripiō, -ripere, -ripuī, -reptus [com-+ rapiō], seize, snatch (up). orior, -īrī, -tus, arise, come forth, spring up; ortā lūce, at dawn.
dē-dō, -dere, -didī, -ditus, give away or up. pālus, -ī, m., stake.
dēligō, -ligere, -lēgí, -lēctus [dē + legō], choose out, choose, select. paulum [paulus, little], adv., a little, somewhat.
dē-pōnō, -pōnere, -posuī, -positus, put down; lay aside, give up; pecus, pecoris, n., herd, flock, cattle.
dē-vorō, -vorāre, -vorāvī, -vorātus, swallow down, swallow, devour. prae-acūtus, -a, -um, sharp at the end, pointed, sharp.
et-sī, conj., even if, although. prōgredior, -gredī, -gressus [prō + gradior], go forward, advance.
ē-vādō, -vādere, -vāsī, -vāsus, go forth, get away, escape. reditus, -ūs [redeō], m., return.
ex-citō, -citāre, -citāvī, -citātus, call out, arouse, wake up. re-pellō, repellere, reppulī, repulsus, drive back or away, repulse,
fīō, fīerī, factus sum, be done or made, become, happen. repel.
hesternus, -a, -um [herī, yesterday], of yesterday, yesterday's, re-pōnō, -pōnere, -posuī, -positus, put or set back; store up or away.
hesternus diēs, yesterday. restituō, -stituere, -stituī, -stitūtus [re- + statuō], set up again, put
īdem, eadem, idem [is], dem. pron., the same; sometimes to be back, restore.
translated likewise, also. spēlunca, -ae, f., cave, cavern.
lacrima, -ae, f., tear. spēs, speī, f., hope.
lāmenta, -ōrum, n. plur., lamentation, wailing. vērō [vērus], adv., in truth, truly, indeed; however.

Ortā lūce, ablative absolute A&G §419-420. quod cum Graecī vidērent, connecting relative A&G §308, f and a
quod, "that he had done" or only "as," direct object of an unexpressed cum causal clause, A&G §549.
fēcerat. sē . . . ēvāsūrōs (esse), indirect statement A&G §577-592.
correptīs enim duōbus, ablative absolute A&G §419-420. omnī spē . . . dēpositā, ablative absolute A&G §419-420.
ē reliquīs virīs, cardinal numbers (except mīlia) regularly take the magnī . . . cōnsilī, genitive of quality A&G §345.
Ablative with ē (ex) or dē instead of the partitive genitive rem . . . esse, indirect statement A&G §577-592.
A&G §346, c. in discrīmine, ablative of specification A&G §418.
cum saxum āmōvisset, cum temporal clause, A&G §546. summā cum dīligentiā, ablative of manner A&G §412.
cum pecore suō, ablative of accompaniment A&G §413. quid fierī vellet, indirect question A&G §573-574.
 88. A GLASS TOO MUCH
Sub vesperum Polyphēmus ad spēluncam rediit, et eōdem modō quō anteā cēnāvit. Tum
Ulixēs ūtrem vīnī prōmpsit, quem forte (id quod eī erat salūtī) sēcum attulerat; et postquam
magnum pōculum vīnō complēvit, monstrum ad bibendum prōvocāvit. Polyphēmus, quī
numquam anteā vīnum gustāverat, tōtum pōculum statim exhausit; quod cum fēcisset, tantam
voluptātem percēpit ut iterum et tertium pōculum replērī iusserit. Tum, cum quaesīvisset quō
nōmine Ulixēs appellārētur, ille respondit sē Nēminem appellarī; quod cum audīvisset,
Polyphēmus ita locūtus est: "Hanc, tibi grātiam prō tantō beneficiō referam; tē postrēmum
omnium dēvorābō." Hoc cum dīxisset, cibō vīnōque gravis recubuit et brevī tempore somnō
oppressus est. Tum Ulixēs sociīs convocātīs, "Habēmus," inquit, "quam petiimus facultātem; nē
igitur tantam occāsiōnem reī gerendae omittāmus."
bibō, bibere, bibī, drink. overpower, crush.
com-pleō, -plēre, -plēvī, -plētus, fill full, fill up. petō, petere, petiī (or petīvī), petītus, seek, ask; attack.
ex-hauriō, -haurīre, -hausī, -haustus, drink up or off, drain. pōculum, -ī [pōtō, drink], n., cup.
facultās, -tātis [facilis, easy], f., possibility, opportunity, chance, means. Polyphēmus, -ī, m., Polyphemus.
forte [fors, chance], adv., by chance, accidentally. postrēmus, -a, -um, superl. of posterus, last.
grātia, -ae [grātus], f., favor; gratitude, thanks; plur., thanks; grātiās prōmō, prōmere, prōmpsī, prōmptus [prō + emō], take or bring out,
agere, to give thanks, thank; grātiam referre, to return a produce.
favor, show gratitude, requite. quaerō, quaerere, quaesīvī, quaesītus, seek; ask, inquire.
gustō, gustāre, gustāvī, gustātus, taste. re-cumbō, -cumbere, -cubuī, lie back or down.
iterum, adv., again, a second time. repleō, replēre, replēvī, replētus, fill again or up, fill.
iubeō, iubēre, iussī, iūssus, bid, order, command. salūs, salūtis [salvus, safe], f., safety, deliverance, escape.
loquor, loquī, locūtus sum, speak. spēlunca, -ae, f., cave, cavern.
nēmō, nēminis [ne-, not + homō], m. and f., no one, nobody. tertium [tertius], adv., the or a third time.
occāsiō, -ōnis [occidō, fall], f., chance, opportunity. ūter, ūtris, m., wine-skin.
omittō, -mittere, -mīsī, -missus [ob + mittō], let go, neglect, disregard, vesper, vesperis, m., evening.
throw away, lose. voluptās, -tātis [volō], f., pleasure.
opprimō, -primere, -pressī, -pressus [ob + premō], press against,

Sub vesperum, the preposition takes the accusative when it means right cum quaesīvisset, cum temporal clause, A&G §546.
up next to something. So here it means something like “just as quō nōmine Ulixēs appellārētur, indirect question A&G §573-574.
evening was beginning.” sē Nēminem appellarī, indirect statement A&G §577-592.
eōdem modō quō anteā cēnāvit, there is an an ellipsis of expression quod cum audīvisset, connecting relative and cum temporal.
here. Instead of repeating cēnāvit again after quō anteā, it is cum dīxisset, cum temporal clause, A&G §546.
left to the reader to understand. inquit, historical present. This verb is used with direct quotations, and
ūtrem, The ancients transported wine in goat-skins. follows one or more words of the quotation. A&G §469.
eī . . . salūtī, double dative construction. See note in Chapter 22 on quam facultātem, for facultātem quam. The antecedent is often put in
auxiliō Hydrae. the relative clause in Latin. See quō flūmine in Chapter 50.
ad bibendum, gerund of purpose. nē . . . omittāmus, “let us not lose.” The subjunctive is used here in an
quod cum fēcisset, connecting relative A&G §308, f, and cum independent construction the hortatory subjunctive A&G
temporal, A&G §546. §439. See liceat mihi in Chapter 76.
ut . . . iusserit, result clause. reī gerendae, genitive of the gerundive.
 89. THE BLINDING OF POLYPHEMUS
Hāc ōrātiōne habitā, postquam extrēmum pālum īgnī calefēcit, oculum Polyphēmī
dormientis ferventī līgnō perfōdit; quō factō omnēs in dīversās spēluncae partīs sē abdidērunt.
At ille subitō illō dolōre oculī ē somnō excitātus clāmōrem terribilem sustulit, et dum per
spēluncam errat, Ulixem manū prehendere cōnābātur; cum tamen iam omnīnō caecus esset,
nūllō modō hoc efficere potuit. Intereā reliquī Cyclōpēs clāmōre audītō undique ad spēluncam
convēnērunt, et ad introitum adstantēs quid Polyphēmus ageret quaesīvērunt, et quam ob
causam tantum clāmōrem sustulisset. Ille respondit sē graviter vulnerātum esse et magnō dolōre
adficī. Cum tamen posteā quaesīvissent quis eī vim intulisset, respondit ille Nēminem id
fēcisse; quibus rēbus audītīs ūnus ē Cyclōpibus: "At sī nēmō," inquit, "tē vulnerāvit, haud
dubium est quīn cōnsiliō deōrum, quibus resistere nec possumus nec volumus, hōc suppliciō
adficiāris." Hoc cum dīxisset, abiērunt Cyclōpēs eum in īnsāniam incidisse arbitrātī.
abdō, -dere, -didī, -ditus, put away, hide. incidō, -cidere, -cidī [in + cadō], fall into or upon.
adficiō, -ficere, -fēcī, -fectus [ad + faciō], do to, move, affect; afflict. introitus, -ūs [introeō, go within], m., entrance.
caecus, -a, -um, blind. līgnum, līgnī, n., wood.
calefaciō, -facere, -fēcī, -factus [caleō, be hot + faciō], make hot. omnīnō [omnis], adv., altogether, wholly, entirely.
cōnor, cōnārī, conatus sum, try, attempt. pālus, -ī, m., stake.
efficiō, -ficere, -fēcī, -fectus [ex + faciō], make or work out, per-fodiō, -fodere, -fōdī, -fossus, dig or pierce through, transfix.
accomplish, effect. quaerō, quaerere, quaesīvī, quaesītus, seek; ask, inquire.
errō, errāre, errāvī, errātus, wander, stray; be mistaken. quīn, conj., so that ... not, but that, but.
extrēmus, extrēma, extrēmum, last, extreme, furthest. spēlunca, spēluncae, f., cave, cavern.
ferveō, fervēre, ferbuī, boil; glow, burn; be hot, seethe. supplicium, -ī [supplex, kneeling], n., punishment, torture.
haud, adv., not at all, by no means, not. tollō, tollere, sustulī, sublātus, lift, raise; take away, remove.
īgnis, īgnis, m., fire. undique [unde + -que], adv., from or on all sides.

Hāc ōrātiōne habitā, ablative absolute A&G §419-420. quid Polyphēmus ageret, indirect question A&G §573-574.
extrēmum pālum, “the end of the stick.” Like medius and summus, quam ob causam . . . sustulisset, indirect question A&G §573-574.
extrēmus is used for a part of what it modifies. sē graviter vulnerātum esse, indirect statement A&G §577-592.
quō factō, connecting relative A&G §308, f; and, ablative absolute magnō dolōre adficī, indirect statement A&G §577-592.
A&G §419-420. Nēminem id fēcisse, indirect statement A&G §577-592.
cum caecus esset, cum causal clause, A&G §549. quibus, resistō is one of the transitive verbs which govern the dative.
clāmōre audītō, ablative absolute A&G §419-420.
 90. THE ESCAPE
Polyphēmus ubi sociōs suōs abiisse sēnsit, furōre atque āmentiā impulsus Ulixem iterum
quaerere coepit; tandem cum portam invēnisset, saxum quō obstrūcta erat āmōvit, ut pecus in
agrōs exīret. Tum ipse in introitū cōnsēdit, et ut quaeque ovis ad hunc locum vēnerat, eius
tergum manibus trāctābat, nē virī inter ovīs exīre possent. Quod cum animadvertisset Ulixēs,
intellēxit omnem spem salūtis in dolō magis quam in virtūte pōnī. Itaque hoc cōnsilium iniit.
Prīmum trīs quās vidit pinguissimās ex ovibus dēlēgit, quās cum inter sē vīminibus
coniūnxisset, ūnum ex sociīs suīs ventribus eārum ita subiēcit ut omnīnō latēret; deinde ovīs
hominem sēcum ferentīs ad portam ēgit. Id accidit quod fore suspicātus erat. Polyphēmus enim
postquam terga ovium manibus trāctāvit, eās praeterīre passus est. Ulixēs ubi rem tam fēlīciter
ēvēnisse vīdit, omnīs sociōs suōs ex ōrdine eōdem modō ēmīsit; quō factō ipse novissimus
ēvāsit.
accidō, -cidere, -cidī [ad + cadō], fall to or upon; befall, happen. pecus, pecoris, n., herd, flock, cattle.
āmentia, -ae [ā + mēns, mind], f., madness. pinguis, pingue, fat.
coepī, coepisse, coeptus have begun, began. Polyphēmus, -ī, m., Polyphemus.
con-iungō, -iungere, -iūnxí, -iūnctus, join together, join. pōnō, pōnere, posuī, positus, place, put; pōnī with in and abl., to be
deinde, adv., then, next. placed in, rest or depend on.
dēligō, -ligere, -lēgī, -lēctus [dē + legō], choose out, choose, select. praeter-eō, -īre, -iī, -itus, pass by.
dolus, -ī, m., trick, craft. quaerō, quaerere, quaesīvī, quaesītus, look for, seek; ask, inquire.
fēlīciter [fēlīx, happy], adv., happily, fortunately, successfully. quis-que, quaeque, quidque, indef. pron., each.
īdem, eadem, idem [is], dem. pron., the same; salūs, salūtis [salvus, safe], f., safety, deliverance, escape.
impellō, -pellere, -pulī, -pulsus [in + pellō], drive or urge on, incite. subiciō, -icere, -iēcī, -iectus [sub + iaciō], throw or place under.
introitus, -ūs [introeō, go within], m., entrance. suspicor, -spicārī, -spicātus [suspiciō, look askance at], suspect.
ita [is], adv., in this manner, thus, so; ita ut, as. tergum, tergī, n., back.
lateō, latēre, latuī, lie hid, be concealed. trāctō, tractāre, tractāvī, tractātus [freq. of trahō], handle, touch,
ob-struō, -struere, -strūxī, -strūctus, build against, block up. feel.
omnīnō [omnis], adv., altogether, wholly, entirely. trēs, tria, plur. adj., three.
ōrdō, ōrdinis, m., arrangement, order, rank; ex ōrdine, in order. venter, ventris, m., belly.
ovis, ovis, f., sheep. vīmen, vīminis, n., osier, willow, or dogwood twig.
patior, patī, passus sum, bear, suffer, allow. virtūs, -tūtis [vir], f., manliness, courage, bravery.

sociōs suōs abiisse sēnsit, indirect statement A&G §577-592. omnem spem . . . pōnī, indirect statement A&G §577-592.
furōre atque āmentiā impulsus, , perfect passive participle, lit., cum . . . coniūnxisset, cum temporal clause, A&G §546.
"having driven by fury and madness," A&G §488, 494 and inter sē, "to one another" or "together." Literally "between or among
[Link] may be rendered by a relative clause, a concessive themselves."
clause, a causal clause, etc., e.g.,"who was driven by fury and ut . . . latēret, result clause, A&G §537.
madness " or "since he was driven by . . . " etc. These ventribus, a dative may be regarded as governed by a compound verb,
alternatives are regularly used when translating participles if it can be rendered in a prepositional phrase with the prefix
(verbal adjectives). of the verb: here "placed under their bellies."
cum portam invēnisset, cum temporal clause, A&G §546. ferentīs, present active participle, used in the same construction
ut pecus in agrōs exīret, purpose clause A&G §531, 1. impulsus is above.
pecus, pecora is used of herds of cattle, pecudēs of individual animals, fore, this is an alternate form of futūrus esse, the future infinitive of
especially sheep. sum, esse, fuī, "would happen." See note in Chapter 71.
ut . . . vēnerat, ut with the indicative regularly means “as.” rem tam fēlīciter ēvēnisse, indirect statement A&G §577-592.
nē virī . . . possent, negative purpose clause A&G §531, 1. quō factō, connecting relative A&G §308, f; and, ablative absolute
Quod cum animadvertisset, connecting relative A&G §308, f, and A&G §419-420.
cum temporal, A&G §546.
 91. OUT OF DANGER
Iīs rēbus ita cōnfectīs, Ulixēs veritus nē Polyphēmus fraudem sentīret, cum sociīs quam
celerrimē ad lītus contendit; quō cum vēnissent, ab iīs quī nāvī praesidiō relictī erant magnā
cum laetitiā exceptī sunt. Hī enim cum ānxiīs animīs iam trīs diēs continuōs reditum eōrum
exspectāvissent, eōs in aliquod perīculum magnum incidisse (id quidem quod erat) suspicātī,
ipsī auxiliandī causā ēgredī parābant. Tum Ulixēs nōn satis tūtum arbitrātus in eō locō manēre,
quam celerrimē proficīscī cōnstituit. Iussit igitur omnīs nāvem cōnscendere, et ancorīs sublātīs
paulum ā lītore in altum prōvectus est. Tum magnā vōce exclāmāvit: "Tū, Polyphēme, quī iūra
hospitī spernis, iūstam et dēbitam poenam immānitātis tuae solvistī." Hāc vōce audītā
Polyphēmus īrā vehementer commōtus ad mare sē contulit, et ubi nāvem paulum ā lītore
remōtam esse intellēxit, saxum ingēns manū correptum in eam partem coniēcit unde vōcem
venīre sēnsit. Graecī autem, etsī nōn multum āfuit quīn submergerentur, nūllō damnō acceptō
cursum tenuērunt.
arbitror, arbitrārī, arbitrates sum, consider, think, judge. iūs, iūris, n., right, justice, law; iūs dīcere, to pronounce judgment; iūs
auxilior, auxiliarī, auxiliātus sum [auxilium], help. iūrandum, iūris iūrandī [gerundive of iūrō, swear], oath.
causa, -ae, f., cause, reason; abl. causā, for the sake of. laetitia, laetitiae [laetus, joyful], f., joy.
celeriter [celer, swift], adv., swiftly, quickly; superlative celerrimē. poena, poenae, f., penalty, punishment.
cōnficiō, -ficere, -fēcī, -fectus [com- + faciō], make or do completely, praesidium, -ī [praeses], n., protection; guard, escort.
complete, finish, accomplish, make; wear out. proficīscor, -ficīscī, -fectus [prōficiō, make progress], set out, depart,
cōnscendō, -scendere, -scendī, -scēnsus [com- + scandō, climb], start, march.
climb; nāvem cōnscendere, to climb the ship, go on board, prō-vehō, -vehere, -vexī, -vectus, carry forward.
embark. quidem, adv., in fact, indeed, certainly; nē ... quidem, not ... even.
con-tendō, -tendere, -tendī, -tentus, stretch, hasten, march. reditus, reditūs [redeō], m., return.
continuus, -a, -um [contineō], continuous, successive. re-linquō, -linquere, -līquī, -lictus, leave behind, leave.
corripiō, -ripere, -ripuī, -reptus [com-+ rapiō], seize, snatch, snatch satis, adv., enough, sufficiently.
up. spernō, spernere, sprēvī, sprētus, despise, scorn.
damnum, damnī, n., harm, injury. suspicor, -spicārī, -spicātus [suspiciō, look askance at], suspect.
excipiō, -cipere, -cēpī, -ceptus [ex + capiō], take out or up, receive, tollō, tollere, sustulī, sublātus, lift, raise; take away, remove; ancorās
welcome, entertain. tollere, to weigh anchor.
fraus, fraudis, f., deception, fraud. trēs, tria, plur. adj., three.
immānitās, immānitātis [immānis, cruel], f., cruelty, barbarity. tūtus, -a, -um [part. of tueor, watch over], safe.
incidō, incidere, incidī [in + cadō], fall into or upon. vereor, verērī, veritus sum, fear.

id quidem quod erat, "as was indeed the case." substantive. Compare the notes on aliquī and quoddam in
aliquod, this form is regularly used as an adjective, aliquid as a Chapter 73.

Identify:
ablatives absolute connecting relative pronouns future conditional sentences purpose clauses
ablatives of accompaniment contrary-to-fact conditional gerunds, gerundives and passive quam w / the superlative
ablatives of agent sentences periphrastics quīn w / subjunctive
ablatives of degree of difference cum clauses (temporal, causal & indirect commands relative clauses
ablatives of description concessive) indirect questionsindirect statements result clauses
ablatives of manner dative of agent objective genitive simple conditional sentences
ablatives of means or instrument dative w/ adjectives objective infinitives the subjunctive after verbs of fearing
ablatives of separation dative w/ compound verbs places from which the tense, voice and mood of all
accusatives of how long direct address places to which verbs
complementary infinitives double dative constructions present, perfect and future participles
 92. THE COUNTRY OF THE WINDS
Pauca mīlia passuum ab eō locō prōgressus Ulixēs ad īnsulam Aeoliam nāvem appulit.
Haec patria erat ventōrum, "Hīc vāstō rēx Aeolus antrō luctantīs ventōs tempestātēsque sonōrās
imperiō premit ac vinclīs et carcere frēnat." Ibi rēx ipse Graecōs hospitiō excēpit, atque iīs
persuāsit ut ad recuperandās vīrīs paucōs diēs in eā regiōne commorārentur. Septimō diē cum
sociī ē labōribus sē recēpissent, Ulixēs, nē annī tempore ā nāvigātiōne exclūderētur, sibi sine
morā proficīscendum statuit. Tum Aeolus, quī sciēbat Ulixem cupidissimum esse patriae
videndae, eī iam profectūrō magnum saccum ē coriō cōnfectum dedit, in quō ventōs omnīs
praeter ūnum inclūserat. Zephyrum tantum solverat, quod ille ventus ab īnsulā Aeoliā ad
Ithacam nāvigantī est secundus. Ulixēs hoc dōnum libenter accēpit, et grātiīs prō tantō beneficiō
āctīs saccum ad mālum adligāvit. Tum omnibus rēbus ad profectiōnem parātīs merīdiānō ferē
tempore ē portū solvit.
ad-ligō, -ligāre, -ligāvī, -ligātus, bind to, bind. premō, premere, pressī, pressus, press, check, restrain.
antrum, antrī, n., cave. profectiō, profectiōnis [proficīscor], f., departure, start.
commoror, commorārī, commorātus sum, tarry, linger, delay, stay. proficīscor, -ficīscī, -fectus [prōficiō, make progress], set out, depart,
corium, coriī, n., hide, leather. start, march.
cupidus, cupida, cupidum [cupiō], desirous, eager. prōgredior, -gredī, -gressus [prō + gradior], go forward, advance.
ferē, adv., nearly, about, almost, for the most part. secundus, -secunda, secundum [sequor], following, favorable.
frēnō, frēnāre, frēnāvī, frēnātus [frēnum, bridle], bridle, restrain. solvō, solvere, solvī, solūtus, loosen, unbind, release; pay; with or
hospitium, hospitiī [hospes, host], n., hospitality. without nāvem, cast off, set sail, put to sea.
imperium, imperiī [imperō], n., command; sway, rule. sonōrus, sonōra, sonōrum [sonō, sound], sounding, loud, noisy.
mālus, mālī, m., mast. statuō, statuere, statuī, statūtus [stō], cause to stand; decide, resolve.
merīdiānus, merīdiāna, merīdiānum [merīdiēs], midday, noonday; tantum [tantus], adv., so much or far, only.
merīdiānum tempus, midday, noon. tempestās, tempestātis [tempus], f., weather; storm, tempest.
praeter [prae, before], prep. with acc., before, past, by; besides, except. vinc(u)lum, vinc(u)lī [vinciō], n., bond, chain.

"Hīc . . . frēnat." These verses, and those in Chapters 93 and 97, are nāvigantī, "for one who is sailing."
quoted from Vergil's Aeneid, one of the greatest of epic Ithacam, the accusative of names of small islands is used without a
poems. preposition to express place to which. Of what other words is
vāstō . . . antrō, the omission of the preposition in is poetic. this true?
vinclīs, is another spelling for vinculīs.

Identify:
ablatives absolute connecting relative pronouns indirect statements quīn w / subjunctive
ablatives of accompaniment cum clauses (temporal, causal & objective genitive relative clauses
ablatives of agent concessive) objective infinitives the subjunctive after verbs of fearing
ablatives of manner direct address places from which the tense, voice and mood of all
ablatives of means or instrument double dative constructions places to which verbs
accusatives of how long gerunds, gerundives and passive present, perfect and future participles
complementary infinitives periphrastics quam w / the superlative
 93. THE WIND-BAG
Novem diēs secundissimō ventō cursum tenuērunt, iamque in cōnspectum patriae suae
vēnerant, cum Ulixēs lassitūdine cōnfectus (ipse enim gubernābat) ad quiētem capiendam
recubuit. At sociī, quī iam dūdum mīrābantur quid in illō saccō inclūsum esset, cum ducem
somnō oppressum vidērent, tantam occāsiōnem nōn omittendam arbitrātī sunt; crēdēbant enim
aurum et argentum ibi esse cēlāta. Itaque spē lucrī adductī saccum sine morā solvērunt, quō
factō ventī "velut āgmine factō quā data porta ruunt, et terrās turbine perflant." Hīc tanta
tempestās subitō coörta est ut illī cursum tenēre nōn possent sed in eandem partem unde erant
profectī referrentur. Ulixēs ē somnō excitātus quō in locō rēs esset statim intellēxit; saccum
solūtum, Ithacam post tergum relictam vīdit. Tum vērō īrā vehementer exārsit sociōsque
obiūrgābat quod cupiditāte pecūniae adductī spem patriae videndae prōiēcissent.
āgmen, āgminis [agō], n., band, column. disregard, throw away, lose.
cēlō, cēlāre, cēlāvī, cēlātus, hide, conceal. pecūnia, pecūniae [pecus], f., money (the possession of cattle
cōnspectus, -ūs [cōnspiciō], m., sight. constituting wealth in early times).
coörior, coörīrī, coörtus, arise. perflō, perflāre, perflāvī, perflātus, blow through or over.
dūdum, adv., formerly, of old; iam dūdum, for a long time now proficīscor, proficīscī, profectus [prōficiō, make progress], set out,
dux, ducis, m. and f., leader, commander. depart, start, march.
exārdēscō, exārdēscere, exārsī, exārsus, blaze out, be inflamed, rage. prōiciō, -icere, -iēcī, -iectus [prō + iaciō], throw forth or down, cast
gubernō, gubernāre, gubernāvī, gubernātus, steer (a ship) away, throw.
īdem, eadem, idem [is], dem. pron., the same; sometimes to be recumbō, recumbere, recubuī, lie back or down.
translated likewise, also. saccus, saccī, m., bag, sack.
lassitūdō, lassitūdinis [lassus, weary], f., weariness. secundus, -secunda, secundum [sequor], following, favorable.
lucrum, lucrī, n., gain. solvō, solvere, solvī, solūtus, loosen, unbind, release; pay; with or
mīror, mīrārī, mīrātus sum [mīrus], wonder, wonder at. without nāvem, cast off, set sail, put to sea.
obiūrgō, obiūrgāre, obiūrgāvī, obiūrgātus, chide, scold, reproach. tergum, tergī, n., back.
omittō, omittere, omīsī, omissus [ob + mittō], let go, neglect, vērō [vērus], adv., in truth, truly, indeed; however.

mīrābantur, "had been wondering." With iam diū and similar velut agmine factō, "as if formed in a column."
expressions of duration of time, the imperfect indicative is quā, is the adverb.
used to represent an action or state that began previously to a data, est is omitted.
given past time, and was still continuing at that time. Compare abiēcissent, See the note on ēreptī essent in Chapter 66. The verb is
the note in Chapter 3 on es. subjunctive in a subordinate clause of indirect discourse. A&G
ventī, is the subject of ruunt and perflant. §580; A&G §585ff.

Identify:
ablatives absolute connecting relative pronouns indirect statements quīn w / subjunctive
ablatives of accompaniment cum clauses (temporal, causal & objective genitive relative clauses
ablatives of agent concessive) objective infinitives the subjunctive after verbs of fearing
ablatives of manner direct address places from which the tense, voice and mood of all
ablatives of means or instrument double dative constructions places to which verbs
accusatives of how long gerunds, gerundives and passive present, perfect and future participles
complementary infinitives periphrastics quam w / the superlative
 94. A DRAWING OF LOTS
Brevī spatiō intermissō Graecī īnsulae cuidam appropinquāvērunt in quā Circē, fīlia
Sōlis, habitābat. Quō cum nāvem appulisset, Ulixēs in terram frūmentandī causā ēgrediendum
esse statuit; nam cōgnōverat frūmentum quod in nāvī habērent iam dēficere. Sociīs igitur ad sē
convocātīs quō in locō rēs esset et quid fierī vellet ostendit. Cum tamen omnēs memoriā
tenērent quam crūdēlī morte necātī essent iī quī nūper ē nāvī ēgressī essent, nēmō repertus est
quī hoc negōtium suscipere vellet. Quae cum ita essent, rēs ad contrōversiam dēducta est.
Tandem Ulixēs cōnsēnsū omnium sociōs in duās partīs dīvīsit, quārum alterī Eurylochus, vir
summae virtūtis, alterī ipse praeesse. Tum hī inter sē sortītī sunt uter in terram ēgrederētur. Hōc
factō, Eurylochō sorte ēvēnit ut cum duōbus et vīgintī sociīs rem susciperet.
appellō, -pellere, -pulī, -pulsus [ad + pellō], drive to, bring to; with or necō, necāre, necāvī, necātus, put to death, slay, kill.
without nāvem, put in. nēmō, nēminis [ne-, not + homō], m. and f., no one, nobody.
appropinquō, -propinquāre, -propinquāvī, -propinquātus [ad + nūper [novus], adv., newly, lately, recently.
propinquō], approach to, approach. ostendō, -tendere, -tendī, -tentus [ob + tendō], stretch out before,
Circē, Circēs, f., Circe. show, explain.
crūdēlis, crūdele, cruel. prae-sum, -esse, -fuī, be before, preside over, have charge of,
dēficiō, dēficere, dēfēcī, dēfectus [dē + faciō], fail; be wanting. command.
ēgredior, -gredī, -gressus [ē + gradior], go out or forth, go ashore, reperiō, reperīre, repperī, repertus, find, discover.
disembark. sōl, sōlis, m., sun.
ēveniō, ēvenīre, ēvenī, ēventus, come out; turn out, happen, befall. sors, sortis, f., lot.
fīō, fīerī, factus sum, be done or made, become, happen. sortior, -sortīrī, -sortītus sum [sors], cast or draw lots; choose.
frūmentor, -ārī, -ātus [frūmentum], fetch grain, forage. spatium, spatiī, n., space, interval; space of time, time.
frūmentum, frūmentī [fruor, enjoy], n., grain. statuō, statuere, statuī, statūtus [stō], cause to stand; decide, resolve.
inter-mittō, -mittere, -mīsī, -mīssus, leave off, interrupt; let pass;pass., suscipiō, suscipere, suscēpī, susceptus [sub + capiō], undertake.
be left between, intervene, elapse. uter, utra, utrum, which (of two)?
mors, mortis [morior], f., death. vīgintī, indecl. adj., twenty.

in terram ēgrediendum esse, "that a landing must be made." found," but "no one willing to undertake this task was found."
quam, is the adverb. dēducta est, "came."
vellet, the subjunctive is used in relative clauses describing the person or praeesset, "was to command."
thing denoted by an indefinite antecedent. In this use, the ut . . . susciperet, subject of ēvēnit. Certain verbs expressing occurrence
relative clause is necessary to complete the meaning of the may have a substantive clause of result as subject. A&G §567-568
sentence. Here, for instance, the thought is not "no one was (footnote 2).

Identify:
ablatives absolute connecting relative pronouns indirect statements quīn w / subjunctive
ablatives of accompaniment cum clauses (temporal, causal & objective genitive relative clauses
ablatives of agent concessive) objective infinitives the subjunctive after verbs of fearing
ablatives of manner direct address places from which the tense, voice and mood of all
ablatives of means or instrument double dative constructions places to which verbs
accusatives of how long gerunds, gerundives and passive present, perfect and future participles
complementary infinitives periphrastics quam w / the superlative
 95. THE HOUSE OF THE ENCHANTRESS
Hīs rēbus ita cōnstitūtis iī quī sortītī erant in interiōrem partem īnsulae profectī sunt.
Tantus tamen timor animōs eōrum occupāverat ut nihil dubitārent quīn mortī obviam īrent. Vix
quidem poterant iī quī in nāvī relictī erant lacrimās tenēre; crēdēbant enim sē sociōs suōs
numquam post hoc tempus vīsūrōs. Illī autem aliquantum itineris prōgressī ad vīllam quandam
pervēnērunt summā māgnificentiā aedificātam, cūius ad ōstium cum adiissent, cantum
dulcissimum audīvērunt. Tanta autem fuit eius vōcis dulcēdō ut nūllō modō retinērī possent
quīn iānuam pulsārent. Hōc factō ipsa Circē forās exiit, et summā cum benīgnitāte omnīs in
hospitium invītāvit. Eurylochus īnsidiās sibi comparārī suspicātus forīs exspectāre cōnstituit,
sed reliquī reī novitāte adductī intrāvērunt. Cēnam māgnificam omnibus rēbus īnstrūctam
invēnērunt et iūssū dominae libentissimē accubuērunt. At Circē vīnum quod servī apposuērunt
medicāmentō quōdam miscuerat; quod cum Graecī bibissent, gravī somnō subitō oppressī sunt.
accumbō, -cumbere, -cubuī, -cubitus, lie down (at table). libenter [libēns, willing], adv., willingly, gladly; superl., libentissimē.
ali-quantum, -quantī, n., somewhat. medicāmentum, -í [medicō, heal], n., drug; poison, potion.
appōnō, -pōnere, -posuī, -positus [ad + pōnō], put to or near, set misceō, miscēre, miscuī, mīxtus, mix, mingle.
before, serve. morior, morī, mortuus, die.
benīgnitās, benīgnitātis [benígnus, kind], f., kindness. novitās, -tātis [novus], f., newness, novelty.
bibō, bibere, bibī, drink. obviam [ob + via], adv., in the way, opposite, face to face; obviam
cantus, cantūs [canō, sing], m., singing, song. fierī, to meet; obviam īre, to go to meet.
Circē, Circēs, f., Circe. opprimō, -primere, -pressī, -pressus [ob + premō], press against,
com-parō, -parāre, -parāvī, -parātus, prepare, collect. overpower, crush.
cōnstituō, -stituere, -stituī, -stitūtus [com- + statuō], set together or ōstium, ōstiī [ōs], n., mouth, doorway, door.
up; appoint; determine, decide. proficīscor, -ficīscī, -fectus [prōficiō, make progress], set out, depart,
dulcēdō, dulcēdinis [dulcis], f., sweetness. start, march.
dulcis, dulce, sweet; superl. dulcissimus, -a, -um. pulsō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [freq. of pellō], push or strike against, knock.
forās [foris], adv., out of doors, forth, out. quidem, adv., in fact, indeed, certainly; nē ... quidem, not ... even.
forīs [foris], adv., out of doors, without. quīn, conj., so that ... not, but that, but.
īnsidiae, īnsidiārum, f. plur., ambush; plot, stratagem. retineō, -tinēre, -tinuī, -tentus [re- + teneō], hold or keep back, keep,
īn-struō, -struere, -strūxī, -strūctus, build in or into; draw up; equip, restrain; hold fast.
furnish. sortior, -sortīrī, -sortītus sum [sors], cast or draw lots; choose.
iter, itineris [eō], n., a going, journey, march; iter facere, to journey, suspicor, suspicārī, suspicātus [suspiciō, look askance at], suspect.
march. vix, adv., with difficulty, scarcely, hardly, barely.
iūssus, -ūs [iubeō], m., bidding, command.

aliquantum itineris, "some distance on the journey," accusative of verbs of rest; but forās was originally an accusative, and is
extent of space and partitive genitive. used with verbs of motion.
quīn pulsārent, "from knocking." Quīn with the subjunctive may be accubuērunt, the Greeks and Romans reclined at dinner on couches,
used after negative expressions of hindrance. propped up on their left arm. They naturally represented others
sibi, "against them," dative of refence. as eating in the same way.
forīs, this adverb was originally a locative, and is therefore used with

Identify:
ablatives absolute connecting relative pronouns indirect statements quīn w / subjunctive
ablatives of accompaniment cum clauses (temporal, causal & objective genitive relative clauses
ablatives of agent concessive) objective infinitives the subjunctive after verbs of fearing
ablatives of manner direct address places from which the tense, voice and mood of all
ablatives of means or instrument double dative constructions places to which verbs
accusatives of how long gerunds, gerundives and passive present, perfect and future participles
complementary infinitives periphrastics quam w / the superlative
 96. THE CHARM
Tum Circē, quae artis magicae summam scientiam habēbat, baculō aureō quod gerēbat
capita eōrum tetigit; quō factō omnēs in porcōs subitō conversī sunt. Intereā Eurylochus īgnārus
quid in aedibus agerētur ad ōstium sedēbat; postquam tamen ad sōlis occāsum ānxiō animō et
sollicitō exspectāvit, sōlus ad nāvem regredī cōnstituit. Eō cum vēnisset, sollicitūdine ac timōre
tam perturbātus fuit ut quae vīdisset vix dīlūcidē nārrāre posset. Ulixēs autem satis intellēxit
sociōs suōs in perīculō versārī, et gladiō correptō Eurylochō imperāvit ut sine morā viam ad
istam domum dēmōnstrāret. Ille tamen multīs cum lacrimīs Ulixem complexus obsecrāre coepit
nē in tantum perīculum sē committeret; sī quid gravius eī accidisset, omnium salūtem in summō
discrīmine futūram. Ulixēs autem respondit sē nēminem invītum sēcum adductūrum; eī licēre, sī
māllet, in nāvī manēre; sē ipsum sine ūllō praesidiō rem susceptūrum. Hoc cum magnā vōce
dīxisset, ē nāvī dēsiluit et nūllō sequente sōlus in viam sē dedit.
baculum, baculī, n., stick, wand. licet, -ēre, -uit or -itum est, impers., is lawful or permitted.
Circē, Circēs, f., Circe. mālō, mālle, māluī [magis + volō], wish rather, prefer.
coepī, coepisse, coeptus (used in tenses of completed action), have obsecrō, obsecrāre, obsecrāvī, obsecrātus, beseech, entreat.
begun, began. praesidium, praesidiī [praeses], n., protection; guard, escort.
complector, complectī, complexus sum, embrace. sequor, sequī, secūtus sum, follow.
corripiō, -ripere, -ripuī, -reptus [com-+ rapiō], seize, snatch (up). sollicitūdō, sollicitūdinis [sollicitus], f., anxiety, care, apprehension.
dēsiliō, dēsilīre, dēsiluī, dēsultus [dē + saliō], leap down. sollicitus, -a, -um, troubled, anxious.
dīlūcidē [dīlūcidus, distinct], adv., distinctly, plainly. suscipiō, suscipere, suscēpī, susceptus [sub + capiō], undertake.
discrīmen, discrīminis, n., crisis, peril, danger. tangō, tangere, tetigī, tāctus, touch.
gerō, gerere, gessī, gestus, carry, wear; carry on, do. versor, -ārī, -ātus [freq. of vertō], keep turning, be busy or employed,
invītus, invīta, invītum, unwilling. be involved; be.
iste, ista, istud, dem. pron., that of yours, that.

sī . . . futūram, depends on the idea of saying in obsecrāre. If you have gravius, "more serious."
difficulty in understanding the indirect constructions of Latin, sē . . . susceptūrum, Ulysses is supposed to have said: "nēminem
try to determine what words would be used to express the idea invītum addūcam; tibi licet, sī māvīs, in nāvī manēre; ego ipse
in the direct form. Here, for instance, Eurylochus is supposed sine ūllō praesidiō rem suscipiam."
to have said: "sī quid gravius tibi acciderit (future perfect), nūllō is here used as a substantive. Nūllīus and nūllō are regularly used
omnium salūs in summō discrīmine erit." instead of the genitive and ablative of nēmō.

Identify:
ablatives absolute connecting relative pronouns indirect statements quīn w / subjunctive
ablatives of accompaniment cum clauses (temporal, causal & objective genitive relative clauses
ablatives of agent concessive) objective infinitives the subjunctive after verbs of fearing
ablatives of manner direct address places from which the tense, voice and mood of all
ablatives of means or instrument double dative constructions places to which verbs
accusatives of how long gerunds, gerundives and passive present, perfect and future participles
complementary infinitives periphrastics quam w / the superlative
 97. THE COUNTERCHARM
Aliquantum itineris prōgressus ad vīllam magnificam pervēnit, quam cum oculīs
perlūstrāsset, statim intrāre statuit; intellēxit enim hanc esse eandem domum dē quā Eurylochus
mentiōnem fēcisset. At cum līmen intrāret, subitō eī obviam stetit adulēscēns fōrmā pulcherrimā
aureum baculum gerēns. Hīc Ulixem iam domum intrantem manū corripuit et, "Quō ruis?"
inquit. "Nōnne scīs hanc esse Circēs domum? Hīc inclūsī sunt amīcī tuī ex hūmānā speciē in
porcōs conversī. Num vīs ipse in eandem calamitātem venīre?" Ulixēs simul ac vōcem audīvit,
deum Mercurium āgnōvit; nūllīs tamen precibus ab īnstitūtō cōnsiliō dēterrērī potuit. Quod cum
Mercurius sēnsisset, herbam quandam eī dedit, quam contrā carmina multum valēre dīcēbat.
"Hanc cape," inquit, "et ubi Circē tē baculō tetigerit, tū strictō gladiō impetum in eam vidē ut
faciās." Mercurius postquam fīnem loquendī fēcit," mortālīs vīsūs mediō sermōne relīquit, et
procul in tenuem ex oculīs ēvānuit auram."
āgnōscō, -gnōscere, -gnōvī, -gnitus [ad + (g)nōscō, come to know], fierī, to meet; obviam īre, to go to meet.
recognize. per-lūstrō, -lūstrāre, -lūstrāvī, -lūstrātus, look over, examine, survey.
ali-quantum, -quantī, n., somewhat. prex, precis, f., prayer, entreaty; good wishes.
baculum, baculī, n., stick, wand. procul, adv., at or from a distance, far.
Circē, Circēs, f., Circe. prōgredior, -gredī, -gressus [prō + gradior], go forward, advance.
dē-terreō, -terrēre, -terruī, -territus, frighten off, deter. pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum, beautiful; superl., pulcherrimus, -a, -um.
ē-vānēscō, -vānēscere, -vānuī, vanish away. quō [quis and quī], adv., to what place? whither? to which place,
īdem, eadem, idem [is], dem. pron., the same; sometimes to be whither; for which reason, wherefore, therefore; quō ūsque,
translated likewise, also. till when? how long?
īnstituō, -stituere, -stituī, -stitūtus [in + statuō], decide upon, ruō, ruere, ruī, ruitūrus, rush.
determine. simul, adv., at the same time; simul atque or ac, as soon as.
iter, itineris [eō], n., a going, journey, march; iter facere, to journey, statuō, statuere, statuī, statūtus [stō], cause to stand; decide, resolve.
march. tangō, tangere, tetigī, tāctus, touch.
loquor, loquī, locūtus, speak. tenuis, tenue, thin.
multum [multus], adv., much, greatly, far. valeō, -ēre, -uī, -itūrus, be strong or effectual, have effect, prevail.
obviam [ob + via], adv., in the way, opposite, face to face; obviam vīsus, -ūs [videō], m., sight.

Nōnne, is used to introduce a question to which an affirmative answer is tū . . . faciās, "see that you draw your sword and make an attack upon
expected. Compare the not on num in Chapter 77. her." impetum . . . faciās is a substantive clause of volition
tetigerit, the indicative is used with ubi, "when," to represent a present (purpose).
or future action. Compare the note on dēcesserō in Chapter vīsūs, "sight." The use of the word is poetic.
76. mediō sermōne, "even while he spoke."

Identify:
ablatives absolute connecting relative pronouns indirect statements quīn w / subjunctive
ablatives of accompaniment cum clauses (temporal, causal & objective genitive relative clauses
ablatives of agent concessive) objective infinitives the subjunctive after verbs of fearing
ablatives of manner direct address places from which the tense, voice and mood of all
ablatives of means or instrument double dative constructions places to which verbs
accusatives of how long gerunds, gerundives and passive present, perfect and future participles
complementary infinitives periphrastics quam w / the superlative
 98. THE ENCHANTRESS IS FOILED
Brevī intermissō spatiō Ulixēs ad omnia perīcula subeunda parātus iānuam pulsāvit, et
foribus patefactīs ab ipsā Circē benīgnē exceptus est. Omnia eōdem modō atque anteā facta
sunt. Cēnam magnificē īnstrūctam vīdit et accumbere iūssus est. Mox, ubi famēs cibō dēpulsa
est, Circē pōculum aureum vīnō replētum Ulixī dedit. Ille etsī suspicātus est venēnum sibi
parātum esse, pōculum exhausit; quō factō Circē postquam caput eius baculō tetigit, ea verba
locūta est quibus sociōs eius anteā in porcōs converterat. Rēs tamen omnīnō aliter ēvēnit atque
illa spērāverat. Tanta enim vīs erat eius herbae quam Ulixī Mercurius dederat ut neque venēnum
neque verba quicquam efficere possent. Ulixēs autem, ut eī praeceptum erat, gladiō strictō
impetum in eam fēcit et mortem minitābātur. Circē cum artem suam nihil valēre sēnsisset,
multīs cum lacrimīs eum obsecrāre coepit nē sibi vītam adimeret.
accumbō, accumbere, accubuī, accubitus, lie down (at table). inter-mittō, -mittere, -mīsī, -mīssus, leave off, interrupt; let pass;pass.,
adimō, -imere, -ēmī, -ēmptus [ad + emō], take to oneself, take away. be left between, intervene, elapse.
anteā [ante], adv., before. iubeō, iubēre, iussī, iūssus, bid, order, command.
aureus, aurea, aureum [aurum], of gold, golden. loquor, loquī, locūtus, speak.
baculum, baculī, n., stick, wand. māgnificē [māgnificus], adv., splendidly.
benīgnē [benīgnus, kind], adv., kindly. minitor, minitārī, minitātus sum[minae], threaten.
cēna, cēnae, f., dinner. patefaciō, -facere, -fēcī, -factus [pateō, be open + faciō], throw, or lay
cibus, cibī, m., food. open, open.
Circē, Circēs, f., Circe. perīculum, perīculī, n., danger, peril, risk.
dē-pellō, -pellere, -pulī, -pulsus, drive off or away, drive. pōculum, pōculī [pōtō, drink], n., cup.
et-sī, conj., even if, although. praecipiō, -cipere, -cēpī, -ceptus [prae, before + capiō], take
ex-hauriō, -haurīre, -hausī, -haustus, drink up or off, drain. beforehand, anticipate; order, charge.
excipiō, -cipere, -cēpī, -ceptus [ex + capiō], take out or up, receive, pulsō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [freq. of pellō], push or strike against, knock.
welcome, entertain. re-pleō, -plēre, -plēvī, -plētus, fill again or up, fill.
famēs, famis, abl. famē, f., hunger. spatium, spatiī, n., space, interval; space of time, time.
foris, foris, f., door. spērō, spērāre, spērāvī, spērātus [spēs], hope.
iānua, iānuae, f., door. sub-eō, -īre, -iī, -itus, go under; undergo, submit to, sustain, bear,
īdem, eadem, idem [is], dem. pron., the same; sometimes to be endure.
translated likewise, also. suspicor, suspicārī, suspicātus [suspiciō, look askance at], suspect.
īn-struō, -struere, -strūxī, -strūctus, build in or into; draw up; equip, tangō, tangere, tetigī, tāctus, touch.
furnish. venēnum, venēnī, n., poison.

foribus, this word is usually plural, denoting the two leaves of a double corresponding English verbs are transitive, the dative is
door. rendered as the direct object in the active construction and as
atque, "as." Atque or ac may be used with adjectives and adverbs the subject in the passive.
expressing the idea of likeness. nihil valēre, "had no effect." In this sense nihil is equivalent to an
ut erat eī praeceptum, "as it had been directed him." Intransitive verbs adverb. It is stronger than nōn.
can only be used impersonally in the passive; for it is the sibi vītam adimeret, "take her life." The dative of reference may be
direct object of the active verb that becomes the subject of the used with certain verbs to denote the person from whom a
passive. Intransitive verbs which take the dative in the active thing is given. This construction is sometimes called the dative
construction retain the dative in the passive. Since the of separation.

Identify:
ablatives absolute connecting relative pronouns indirect statements quīn w / subjunctive
ablatives of accompaniment cum clauses (temporal, causal & objective genitive relative clauses
ablatives of agent concessive) objective infinitives the subjunctive after verbs of fearing
ablatives of manner direct address places from which the tense, voice and mood of all
ablatives of means or instrument double dative constructions places to which verbs
accusatives of how long gerunds, gerundives and passive present, perfect and future participles
complementary infinitives periphrastics quam w / the superlative
 99. MEN ONCE MORE
Ulixēs autem ubi sēnsit eam timōre perterritam esse, postulāvit ut sociōs suōs sine morā
in hūmānam speciem redūceret (certior enim factus erat ā deō Mercuriō eōs in porcōs conversōs
esse); nisi id factum esset, sē dēbitās poenās sūmptūrum ostendit. Circē hīs rēbus graviter
commōta eī ad pedēs sē prōiēcit, et multīs cum lacrimīs iūre iūrandō cōnfīrmāvit sē quae ille
imperāsset omnia factūram. Tum porcōs in ātrium immittī iussit. Illī datō sīgnō inruērunt, et
cum ducem suum āgnōvissent, magnō dolōre adfectī sunt quod nūllō modō eum dē rēbus suīs
certiōrem facere poterant. Circē tamen unguentō quōdam corpora eōrum ūnxit; quō factō sunt
omnēs statim in hūmānam speciem restitūtī. Magnō cum gaudiō Ulixēs suōs amīcōs āgnōvit, et
nūntium ad lītus mīsit, quī reliquīs Graecīs sociōs receptōs esse dīceret. Illī autem hīs rēbus
cōgnitīs statim in domum Circēs sē contulērunt; quō cum vēnissent, ūniversī laetitiae sē
dēdidērunt.
āgnōscō, -gnōscere, -gnōvī, -gnitus [ad + (g)nōscō, come to know], laetitia, laetitiae [laetus, joyful], f., joy, happiness.
recognize. ostendō, -tendere, -tendī, -tentus [ob + tendō], stretch out before,
certus, -a, -um [part. of cernō], determined, fixed, certain; certiōrem show, explain.
facere, to make more certain, inform. postulō, postulāre, postulāvī, postulātus, ask, request, demand.
cōn-fírmō, -fírmāre, -fírmāvī, -fírmātus, strengthen, establish; prōiciō, -icere, -iēcī, -iectus [prō + iaciō], throw forth or down, cast
declare, assert. away, throw.
dē-dō, -dere, -didī, -ditus, give away or up; surrender. sūmō, sūmere, sūmpsī, sūmptus [sub + emō], take under or up, take;
gaudium, gaudiī [gaudeō], n., gladness, joy. poenam sūmere, to exact or inflict punishment.
imperō, imperāre, imperāvī, imperātus, command, order, enjoin. ungō, ungere, ūnxí, ūnctus, smear, anoint.
in-ruō, -ruere, -ruī, rush in. unguentum, unguentī [ungō], n., ointment.
iūs, iūris, n., right, justice, law; iūs dīcere, to pronounce judgment; iūs ūniversus, -a, -um [ūnus + vertō], all together, whole, entire, all.
iūrandum, iūris iūrandī [gerundive of iūrō, swear], oath.

eī pedēs, "his feet." The dative of reference A&G §376-378, is often in domum, when domum is modified by a genitive, a preposition may
used instead of a genitive or a possessive adjective. be used with it in the expression of place to which.
sunt, belongs to restitūtī.

Identify:
ablatives absolute connecting relative pronouns indirect statements quīn w / subjunctive
ablatives of accompaniment cum clauses (temporal, causal & objective genitive relative clauses
ablatives of agent concessive) objective infinitives the subjunctive after verbs of fearing
ablatives of manner direct address places from which the tense, voice and mood of all
ablatives of means or instrument double dative constructions places to which verbs
accusatives of how long gerunds, gerundives and passive present, perfect and future participles
complementary infinitives periphrastics quam w / the superlative
 100. AFLOAT AGAIN
Postrīdiē eius diēī Ulixēs ex hāc īnsulā quam celerrimē discēdere in animō habēbat. Circē
tamen cum haec cōgnōvisset, ex odiō ad amōrem conversa omnibus precibus eum ōrāre et
obtestārī coepit ut paucōs diēs apud sē morārētur; quā rē tandem impetrātā tanta beneficia in
eum contulit ut facile eī persuādērētur ut diūtius manēret. Postquam tamen tōtum annum apud
Circēn cōnsūmpserat, Ulixēs magnō dēsīderiō patriae suae mōtus est. Sociīs igitur ad sē
convocātīs quid in animō habēret ostendit. Ubi tamen ad lītus dēscendit, nāvem suam
tempestātibus tam adflīctam invēnit ut ad nāvigandum paene inūtilis esset. Hāc rē cōgnitā
omnia quae ad nāvīs reficiendās ūsuī essent comparārī iussit, quā in rē tantam dīligentiam
omnēs adhibēbant ut ante tertium diem opus perfēcerint. At Circē ubi omnia ad profectiōnem
parāta esse vīdit, rem aegrē ferēbat et Ulixem vehementer obsecrābat ut eō cōnsiliō dēsisteret.
Ille tamen, nē annī tempore ā nāvigātiōne exclūderētur, mātūrandum sibi exīstimāvit, et
tempestātem idōneam nactus nāvem solvit. Multa quidem perīcula Ulixī subeunda erant
antequam in patriam suam pervenīret, quae tamen hōc locō longum est perscrībere.
adhibeō, -hibēre, -hibuī, -hibitus [ad + habeō], hold to, employ, show. obsecrō, obsecrāre, obsecrāvī, obsecrātus, beseech, entreat.
aegrē [aeger, sick], adv., ill, with difficulty. odium, odiī [ōdī], n., hatred.
com-parō, -parāre, -parāvī, -parātus, prepare, collect. ōrō, ōrāre, ōrāvī, ōrātus [ōs], speak; beg, pray.
exīstimō, -īstimāre, -īstimāvī, -īstimātus [ex + aestimō, value], ostendō, -tendere, -tendī, -tentus [ob + tendō], stretch out before,
consider, believe, think. show, explain.
idōneus, idōnea, idōneum, suitable, fit; favorable. perficiō, -ficere, -fēcī, -fectus [per + faciō], do or make through,
impetrō, -petrāre, -petrāvī, -petrātus, gain one's end, obtain (a accomplish.
request). prex, precis, f., prayer, entreaty; curse; pl., good wishes.
in-ūtilis, in-ūtile, not useful, useless. profectiō, profectiōnis [proficīscor], f., departure, start; a setting out.
iubeō, iubēre, iussī, iūssus, bid, order, command. reficiō, -ficere, -fēcī, -fectus [re- + faciō], make anew, renew, repair.
mātūrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [mātūrus, ripe], ripen; hasten. sub-eō, -īre, -iī, -itus, go under; undergo, submit to, sustain, bear,
nancīscor, nancīscī, nactus, get, obtain, find. endure.
ob-testor, -testārī, -testātus, call to witness; beseech, implore. tertius, tertia, tertium [trēs], third.

Postrīdiē eius diēī, "next day," more literally "on the day following that ūsuī, "of use or useful." dative of purpose (or tendency) A&G §382,1.
day." This idea may be expressed by postrīdiē alone. Ulixī, dative of agent with the passive periphrastic construction.
eī persuādērētur, see the note on ut erat eī praeceptum in Chapter 98. pervenīret, "he should come." The subjunctive is used with antequam
The clause ut . . . manēret is called the subject of to represent an action as expected or anticipated. A&G §551,
persuādērētur, as ut . . . commorārentur (Chapter 92), is b.
called the object of persuāsit. An intransitive verb, then, can hōc locō, "here." Locus is often used in the ablative of place where
have a clause as its subject or object. without the preposition in.
patriae suae, objective genitive. Notice that the genitive in this longum est, literally, "it is tedious," here perhaps"would be tedious."
construction is often best rendered with "for."

Identify:
ablatives absolute connecting relative pronouns indirect statements quīn w / subjunctive
ablatives of accompaniment cum clauses (temporal, causal & objective genitive relative clauses
ablatives of agent concessive) objective infinitives the subjunctive after verbs of fearing
ablatives of manner direct address places from which the tense, voice and mood of all
ablatives of means or instrument double dative constructions places to which verbs
accusatives of how long gerunds, gerundives and passive present, perfect and future participles
complementary infinitives periphrastics quam w / the superlative
ā/ab prep. with abl., by, (away) from. gratia, gratiae, f., favor, gratitude, thanks; pl., thanks; propter, prep. with acc., on account of, because of, for.
abeō, abīre, abiī, abitum, go away, depart. with agere to give thanks. puella, puellae, f., girl, maiden.
accipiō, accipere, accēpī, acceptum, receive, accept. habeō, -ēre, -uī, -itus, have, hold; consider. puer, puerī, m., boy.
ad, prep. with acc., to, toward, at near, for. habitō, habitāre, habitāvī, habitātum, dwell, live. quaerō, quaerere, quasīvī, quaesītum, seek; ask,
adficiō, adficere, adfēcī, adfectum, do to, move, hic, haec, hoc dem. pron., this; he, she, it, they. inquire, look for.
affect; afflict. hīc, hinc and hūc are adverbs. -que, enclitic conjunction, and.
agō, agere ēgī, actum, drive; do; pass; lead; grātiās homō, hominis, m. and f., man, human being. quī, quae, quod, relat. pron., who, which, that; what.
agere to give thanks. honor, honōris, m., honor. quīdam, quaedam, quoddam, indef. pron., (a) certain.
animus, animī, m., mind, ; heart; spirit, courage. horribilis, horribile, dreadful, terrible, horrible. quō, adv., to what or which place? whither?
appellō, appellāre, appellāvī, appellātus, name, call. iam, adv., already, now. iamque, adv., and now, and quod, conj., that, in that, because.
apud, prep. with acc., among, with. already. quondam, adv., once upon a time, formerly, once.
arma, armōrum, n. pl., arms, weapons. ibi, [is], adv., in that place, there. redeō, -īre, -iī, -itus [re- + eō], go back, return.
at, conj., but. igitur, conj., therefore. refero, referre, rettulī, relātum, bring or carry back.
atque, ac, conj., and. ille, illa, illud, dem. pron., that; he, she, it, they. regnum, regnī, n., royal power, rule, throne; kingdom.
audiō, audīre, audīvī, audītum, hear, listen or attend in, prep. with abl., in, on, among; with acc., into, onto, rēs, rēī, f., thing, matter, affair, circumstance, situation.
to. against, at. rēx, rēgis, m., king.
autem, conj., moreover; but, however; now. īnsula, īnsulae, f., island. rūrsus, adv., again.
brevis, breve, short. inter, prep. with acc., between; among. saxum, saxī, n., rock, stone.
capiō, capere, cēpī, captum, take, catch, seize. intereā, adv., in the meantime, meanwhile. sed, conjunction, but.
caput, capitis, n., head. ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pron., -self, (himself); very. semper, adv., always.
causa, causae, f., cause, reason; abl., for the sake of. īra, īrae, f., anger, wrath. sentiō, sentīre, sēnsī, sēnsum, perceive, feel.
cēterī, cēterae, cēterae, pl. adj., the remaining, the is, ea, id, dem. pron., this, that; he, she, it, they. servō, servāre, servāvī, servātum, save, preserve.
rest. iste, ista, istud, dem. pron., that of yours, that. simul, adv., at the same time.
circum, prep. with acc., about, around, round. ita, adv., in this manner, thus, so sine, prep. with abl., without.
cīvis, cīvis, m. and f., citizen, fellow-citizen, subject. itaque, conj., and so, accordingly, therefore. solvō, solvere, solvī, solūtum, loosen, unbind,
commoveō, commovēre, commōvī, commōtum, iterum, adv., a second time, again. release;open.
move, rouse, disturb. iubeō, iubēre, iussī, iussum, bid, order, command. somnus, somnī, m., sleep, drowsiness.
cōnferō, cōnferre, cōntulī, cōllātum, grant; with sē, to lītus, lītoris, n., shore. soror, sorōris, f., sister.
betake oneself. locus, locī, m., (pl. loca, locōrum, n.), place, situation. speciēs, speciēī, f., sight, appearance, shape.
coniciō, conicere, coniēcī, coniectum, throw, cast, lūdus, lūdī, m., game, sport; school. spēs, spēī, f., hope.
hurl. magnopere, adv., greatly, exceedingly. statim, adv., immediately, on the spot, at once.
cōnsilium, cōnsiliī, n., advice; plan, design, purpose. magnus, magna, magnum, large, big, great, mighty; stō, stāre, stetī, statum, stand.
cōnspectus, cōnspectūs, m., sight, view. loud. subitō [subitus, unexpected], adv., unexpectedly,
cōnstituō, cōnstituere, cōnstituī, cōnstitūtum, decide, maneō, manēre, mansī, mansūrum, remain. suddenly.
determine. manus, manūs, f., hand; band, group. --, suī, sibi, sē, sē reflexive pronoun him-, her-, it,
contendō, contendere, contendī, contentum, stretch, mare, maris, n., sea. them- selves.
hasten, march. māter, mātris, f., mother. sum, esse, fuī, futūrus, be.
corpus, corporis, n., body. maximus, maxima, maximum, biggest, largest, suus, sua, suum [suī], his, her, its or their own.
cum, prep. with abl., with; as conj. when, since. greatest; superl. of magnus. tamen, conj., however, yet, nevertheless.
cupiō, cupere, cupīvī, cupitum, desire, long for, wish, medius, media, medium, middle (of). tandem, adv., at length or at last, finally.
want. mittō, mittere, mīsī, missum, send. tantus, tanta, tantum, so great or much.
dē prep. with abl., down from, from, out of; about. modus, modī, m., way, manner. tempestās, tempestātis, f., weather, storm, tempest.
dēmonstrō (1), point out, show; make known. mōnstrum, mōnstri, n., wonder, monster. tempus, temporis, n., time, season.
deus, deī, m., god. mora, morae, f., delay. teneō, tenēre, tenuī, tentus, hold, keep; hold back,
dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictus, say, speak; diem ~, to mors, mortis, f., death. restrain, stop.
appoint or set a day. multus, multa, multum, much, great; pl., many. terreō, terrēre, terruī, territum, frighten, terrify.
diēs, diēī, m. and f., day. nam, namque,conj., for. terror, terrōris [terreō], m., terror, fright.
discēdō, discēdere, discessī, discessus, go apart, nārrō, (1), tell, relate, narrate. timeō, timēre, timuī, fear.
withdraw, depart, leave. nāvis, nāvis, f., ship. timor, timōris [timeō], m., fear.
diū, adv., for a long time, a long time or while. nec, neque, conj., and not, nor. tollō, tollere, sustulī, sublātum, lift, raise; take away.
dō, dare, dedī, datum, give; put. nōmen, nōminis, n., name. tōtus, tōta, tōtum, all the, the whole or entire.
dolor, dolōris, m., pain, grief; grievance. nox, noctis, f., night. tū, tuī, tibi, tē, tē, 2nd sg. pers. pron., you.
domus, domūs, f., house, home. nūllus, -a, -um [ne-, not + ūllus], not any, none, no. tum, adv., then, at that time; etiam tum, even then,
dormiō, dormīre, dormīvī, dormītum sleep. nuntius, nuntiī, m., messenger; message. still.
dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, ductum, lead, draw, bring; make. ob, prep. with acc., on account of, for; against. tūtus, tūta, tūtum, safe.
dum, conj., while, as; as long as; until. occīdō, occidere, occīdī, occīsum, cut down, kill. ubi, adv., where; conj., when.
ē/ex, prep. with abl., out of, from; of. occupō, occupāre, occupāvī, occupātum seize; fill. unda, undae, f., wave.
ego, meī, mihi, mē, mē, 1st sg. pers. pron., I, me. omnīnō [omnis], adv., altogether, wholly, entirely. ūnus, ūna, ūnum, one; only one, only, alone.
enim, conj., for, in fact, indeed. omnis, omne, all, every. urbs, urbis, f., city.
eō, īre, iī, itus go. Compare redeō, adeō, exeō, ineō, oppidum, oppidī, n., town. uxor, uxōris, f., wife.
etc. paene, adv., almost, nearly. veniō, venire, vēnī, ventum, come.
et, conj., and; et ... et, both ... and. parō, parāre, parāvī, parātum, make ready, prepare. vertō, vertere, vertī, versum, turn.
etiam [et + iam], adv., and now, also, too, even. parvus, parva, parvum, little, small. via, viae, f., road, street, way.
excipiō, excipere, excēpī, exceptum, take out or up, pater, patris, m., father. videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum, see; pass., seem.
receive, welcome. paucī, paucae, pauca, pl. adj., few, a few. virgō, virginis, f., maiden.
exspectō (1), look out for, wait for, await, expect; wait. per, prep. with acc., through, by means of, throughout. vir, virī, m., man.
faciō, facere, fēcī, factum, make, do. perīculum, perīculī, n., danger, peril, risk. virtūs, virtūtis, f., manliness, courage, bravery
fātum, fāti, n., destiny, fate. per-veniō, -venīre, -vēnī, -ventus, come through, vīs, vīs, f., violence, force; virtue, potency; plur. vīrēs,
ferō, ferre, tulī, lātus, bear, bring, carry. come, arrive, reach, with ad. virium, strength;
filia, fīliae, f., daughter. pēs, pedis, m., foot. vīta, vītae, f., life; with agō, to lead or live a life.
fīlius, fīliī, m., son. post, adv., later; afterwards; preposition w. acc., after. vocō, vocāre, vocāvī, vocātum, call, summon.
fīnis, fīnis, m., end, boundary; pl., borders, territory. posteā, adv., after this, afterwards. volō, velle, voluī, want, be willing, wish.
frūstrā, adv., in [Link]ō, fugere, fūgī, fugitūrus postquam, conj., after, when; later than. volō, volāre, volāvī, volātum, fly.
[fuga], flee, run away. praetereā, adv., moreover, besides, besides this. vulnerō, -āre, -āví, -ātus [vulnus], wound.
gaudeō, gaudēre, gāvīsus, be glad, rejoice. prīmum, adv., first, in the first place. vulnus, vulneris, n., wound.
gerō, gerere, gessī, gestum, carry, wear; carry on, do. prō, prep. with abl., in front of; for, on behalf of.
procul, adv., at or from a distance, far.
1a) Purpose Clause: ut / nē + subjunctive when something is done so something else may or may not happen.
(in order) to (not) do something / (in order) that something (not) be done
1b) Relative Purpose Clause: like the above, but instead of ut / nē, a relative pronoun is used with the subjunctive.
who, which are to (not) do something / who, which are to have something be done [to them]
2) Indirect Command: ut / nē + subjunctive (after verbs of asking, commanding, persuading, advising, encouraging, etc.)
(in order) to (not) do something / (in order) that something (not) be done
3) Result Clause: ut / ut nōn + subjunctive (usually following main clause words as tot, tantus, totiēns, tam, sīc, ita, adeō, etc.)
so something, insuch a way, etc, that something is / does / has done to [them]
4) Indirect Question: question word + subjunctive
[I know] what you did last summer / [tell me] where you put my book / do you know how to translate an indirect question?
5a) Cum-Temporal Clause: cum with imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive denoting a sense of time (when, after)
when it was doing / being done, had been doing / had been done
5b) Cum-Causal Clause: cum with imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive denoting a sense of cause (because, since)
since, because it was doing / being done, had been doing / had been done
5c) Cum-Concessive Clause: cum with imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive denoting a sense of concession (although, even though)
even though it was doing / being done, had been doing / had been done
6) Indirect Statement: subject accusative . . . verb infinitive (after verbs of saying, knowing, thinking, believing, perceiving, etc.)
that he was doing, had done, going to do / was being done, had been done, going to be done
7) Ablative Absolute: noun (adjective, pronoun) in the ablative + participle (adjective, noun, pronoun) in the ablative
when / after the noun is, was, will be in such a way
8a) Gerund: present stem with ending -ndī, -ndō, or -ndum used by itself in the construction of a noun.
of, to / for, by / with / from doing
8b) Gerundive: gerund with an object, both in the case of the gerund, but gender and number of the object used as an adjective.
of, to / for, by / with / from doing something
8c) Passive Periphrastic: gerundive with a form of esse expressing obligation, propriety or necessity w/ or w/o the dative of agent.
something must be , had to be, properly be done
9a) Simple Condition in Present Time: sī with present tense indicatives in protasis and apodosis.
if something is so, then this is so
9b) Simple Condition in Past Time: sī with past tense indicatives in protasis and apodosis.
if something was so, then this was so
9c) Future More Vivid Condition: sī with future tense indicatives in protasis and apodosis.
if someone does something, this will happen
9d) Future Less Vivid Condition: sī with present tense subjnctives in protasis and apodosis.
if someone should do something, I would do this
9e) Contrary-to-Fact Condition in Present Time: sī with imperfect subjunctives in protasis and apodosis.
if this were so {but it's not}, this would be
9f) Contrary-to-Fact Condition in Past Time: sī with pluperfect subjunctives in protasis and apodosis.
if this had been so {but it's not}, this would have been

Main or Independent Clause Tense Time of Subordinate or Dependent Clause Dependent Subjunctive Clause Tense
Primary Sequence: present; future; perfect Time at the same time or after the main verb Present
(w/ have); future perfect --------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------
Time before the main verb Imperfect
Secondary Sequence: imperfect; perfect (w/o Time at the same time or after the main verb Perfect
have); pluperfect --------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------
Time before the main verb Pluperfect

DECLENSIONAL ENDINGS BY CASE

1st declension 2nd declension 3rd declension 4th declension 5th declension
Nominative. sg. -a -us, -er, (vir) -_____ -us -ēs
Nominative. pl. -ae -ī -ēs -ūs -ēs
Neuter Nom. sg. -um -_____ -ū
Neuter Nom. pl -a -(i)a -ua
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Accusative sg. -am -um -em -um -em
Accusative. pl. -ās -ōs -ēs -ūs -ēs
Neuter Acc. sg. -um -_____ -ū
Neuter Acc. Pl -a -(i)a -ua
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Genitive. sg. -ae -ī -is -ūs -ēī
Genitive. pl. -ārum -ōrum -(i)um -uum -ērum
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Ablative. sg. -ā -ō -e, -ī -ū -ē
Ablative. pl. -īs -īs -ibus -ibus -ibus
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Dative. sg. -ae -ō -ī -uī -ēī
Dative. pl. -īs -īs -ibus -ibus -ēbus
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Vocative sg. -e, -ī
Rodde’s Fābulae Faciliōrēs
1. CLOELIA (Livy 2.13.5-11)

Cloelia est puella Rōmāna. Est puella Rōmae. Bona puella est. Itaque Rōmam amat
Cloelia. Aliās puellās Rōmānās bene cūrat. Eās ā malā circumstantiā servat. Dat eīs
lībertātem. Portat sē et aliās fēminās trāns aquam ad terram Rōmānam. Natant per aquam
ad terram Rōmānam et ā patriā Porsinnae. Porsinna in Etrūriā habitat. Rē vērā Porsinna
cum Rōmānīs pugnat. Porsinna habet fēminās Rōmānās in suā terrā. Hae fēminae
captīvae sunt Porsinnae. Ūnā nocte, Cloelia fābulam fēminīs nārrat. Fēminae laetae sunt.
Dē libertāte nunc cogitāre possunt. Captīvae iam diū sunt. Cloeliae multās gratiās
fēminae dant. Laetītia fēminārum est magna. Nunc fēminae sunt līberae. Cloelia factā est
bene nōta.

Agrippa est nauta. Marcus est āthlēta. Cincinnatus est agricola Rōmānus

2. AENEAS

Aeneas est Troianus vir. Haec ā poētā dē Aenēā nārrantur. Aenēās cum familiā in Trōiā
habitat. Trōiā in Asiā Minōre est. Aenēās fīlius est Priāmī et deae Veneris. Aenēās et
familiam et patriam et deōs cūrat. Aenēās etiam Creusam amat. Aenēās et Creusa fīlium
nomine Iūlum habent. Aenēās et Creusa Iulum amant. Trōia ā Graeciā auxiliō deae
Iūnōnis oppugnābātur. Aenēās et Trōiānī Graecōs pugnāre temptant. Bene pugnant sed
Graecōs vincere nōn possunt. Aenēās et Trōiānī trāns aquam nāvigāre parant quod novam
Trōiam invenīre temptant. In Troiā habitat. Helena est fēmina Spartae.
pres. act. indic. imperf. act. indic. fut. act. indic. perf. act. indic. pluperf. act. indic. fut. perf. act. indic.
eō ībam ībō iī (īvī) ieram ierō
īs ībās ībis iīstī (īstī) ierās ieris
it ībat ībit iit ierat ierit
īmus ībāmus ībimus iimus ierāmus ierimus
ītis ībātis ībitis iīstis (īstis) ierātis ieritis
eunt ībant ībunt iērunt ierant ierint

pres. subjunc. imperf. subjunc. perf. subjunc. pluperf. subjunc.

eam īrem ierim iissem
eās īrēs ieris iissēs
eat īret ierit iisset
eāmus īrēmus ierimus iissēmus
eātis īrētis ieritis iissētis
eant īrēnt ierint iissent

pres. act, imper. pres. act. infin. perf. act. infin. fut. act. infin. pres. act. partic. fut. act. partic. gerundive
sg. ī īre iisse (īsse) itūrum esse iēns, euntis itūrus, -a, -um eundus, -a, -um
pl. īte