Unit-4

Automobile Engineering
Electrical System, Safety Systems, Engine and Automobile Specifications:
ELECTRICAL SYSTEM:
➢ The electrical system consists of the battery, starter and
alternator.
➢ Then, the alternator gives that battery the energy it needs to
power your car.
➢ If one of these parts is not working properly, your car won't start
or run correctly.
➢ The main function of the electrical system is to generate, store
and supply the electric current to various systems of a vehicle.
➢ It operates the electrical components/parts in vehicles.
➢ These components include several electrical gauges, digital gadgets, power windows, central
locking mechanisms and many more.
Charging circuit:
➢ Charging systems deliver electrical energy to
power your vehicle while it's running and sustains
the battery's charge.
➢ The voltage regulator also makes sure the battery
stays fully charged. When the battery has lost
its charge, the voltage regulator will signal the
alternator to recharge the battery.

Generator :
➢ A Dynamo/Generator is a device that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. another
name for the automotive Generator is Dynamo.
➢ The automotive generator produces Direct Current (DC).
This is because the electric components need the Direct
Current to function. Automotive applications most
commonly use the Generator made of shunt winding.
Initially, manufacturers employed generators to produce
direct current (DC) which the other electrical components
could directly consume.
➢ It supplies the electrical energy for charging the battery of
a vehicle. The generator gets the drive from the engine, generally through the fan belt.
➢ The speed of the generator largely depends on the speed of the engine. As the engine speed
increases so does the speed of the generator.
➢ Generators produce electrical power based on the principle of Faraday’s law of electromagnetic
induction.
➢ This law states that when a conductor moves in a magnetic field it cuts magnetic lines of force,
which induces an electromagnetic force (EMF) in the conductor.
 ➢ The magnitude of this induced EMF depends upon the rate of change of flux (magnetic line force)
linkage with the conductor.
➢ This EMF will cause a current to flow if the conductor circuit is closed.

Alternator :
➢ Generator is replaced by the Alternator which generates
alternating current (AC). It is then converted into the Direct
Current (DC) with the help of diodes.
The main components of an alternator are:
1. Frame or housing
2. Rotor (with electromagnets)
3. Stator
4. Slip ring and bushes
Current – voltage regulator:

➢ The Cut-Out mechanism regulates and cuts out the current output going to the battery. When the
engine is running at very slow speeds, the generator output is usually lower than the battery output
voltage of 12 volts. Hence, it is insufficient to charge the battery.
➢ In such a scenario, the battery starts to drain out into the generator because the
battery voltage is higher than the generator output. To prevent the battery from
draining off, manufacturers employ a voltage regulator/Cut-Out. It
connects/disconnects the generator from the battery.
➢ When the generator output is lower than battery voltage, then it disconnects the
generator from the battery, whereas when the output is higher, it connects the
generator back to the battery. Thus, it prevents the battery from discharging at slow
engine speeds.
➢ A voltage regulator generates a fixed output voltage of a preset magnitude that
remains constant regardless of changes to its input voltage or load conditions. ... It
compares the output voltage with a precise reference voltage and adjusts the pass
device to maintain a constant output voltage.
➢ A VOLTAGE REGULATOR regulates the charging voltage that
the alternator produces, keeping it between 13.5 and 14.5 volts to protect the
electrical components throughout the vehicle.
Battery:
➢ The main purpose of a battery is to store the electrical energy in the DC form for future use.
➢ A car or motorcycle battery is just like any other battery that has
two poles: positive and negative.
➢ Modern cars use the negative earth technology. The positive pole
represents the South Pole while the negative pole represents the
North Pole.
➢ The positive terminal is generally bigger in diameter than the
negative terminal. This is to prevent it from being potentially fitted
in a wrong way.
➢ Electric Vehicles use more advanced type 'Lithium-Ion' or 'Li-Ion' batteries. These batteries can
store more current and take less time to charge compared to conventional batteries. The Li-ion
batteries have high energy density and low self-discharge properties. Hence, they offer long hours
of operation before needing the re-charge.

Starting system:
➢ The starting system includes the battery, starter motor,
solenoid, ignition switch, and in some cases, a starter relay.
➢ An inhibitor (neutral safety) switch is included in
the starting system circuit to prevent the vehicle from being
started while in gear.

Solenoid switch:
➢ A starter solenoid is an electromagnet which is actuated to engage the starter motor of an internal
combustion engine. It is normally attached directly to the starter motor which it controls.
➢ Its primary function is as the actuating coil of a contactor (a
relay designed for large electric currents) which connects the
battery to the starter motor proper.
➢ All modern cars also use the starter solenoid to move the starter
pinion into engagement with the ring gear of the engine.
 ➢ The starter solenoid is sometimes called the starter relay, but many
cars reserve that name for a separate relay which supplies power
to the starter solenoid. In these cases, the ignition switch energizes
the starter relay, which energizes the starter solenoid, which
energizes the starter motor.
➢ An idle starter solenoid can receive a large electric current from
the car battery and a small electric current from the ignition switch.
When the ignition switch is turned on, a small electric current is
sent through the starter solenoid. This causes the starter solenoid to
close a pair of heavy contacts, thus relaying a large electric current
through the starter motor, which in turn sets the engine in motion.
➢ All modern starters rely on the solenoid to engage the starter drive
with the ring gear of the flywheel. When the solenoid is energized,
it operates a plunger or lever which forces the pinion into mesh
with the ring gear. The pinion incorporates a one way clutch so that
when the engine starts and runs it will not attempt to drive the
starter motor at excessive RPM.
Bendix drive mechanism:
➢ Some older starter designs, such as the Bendix drive, used the rotational inertia of the pinion to
force it along a helical groove cut into the starter drive-shaft, and thus no mechanical linkage with
the solenoid was required

➢ A Bendix drive is a type of engagement mechanism used in starter motors of internal combustion
engines. The device allows the pinion gear of the starter motor
to engage or disengage the ring gear automatically when the
starter is powered or when the engine fires, respectively.
➢ The Bendix system places the starter drive pinion on a helical
drive spring. When the starter motor begins turning, the inertia
of the drive pinion assembly causes it to wind the spring forcing
the length of the spring to change, and allowing the pinion to
engage with the ring gear.
 ➢ When the engine starts, backdrive from the ring gear causes the drive pinion to exceed the
rotative speed of the starter, at which point the drive pinion is forced back and out of mesh with
the ring gear.
Lighting systems :
The Lighting system of an automobile comprises of various lighting and
signaling devices or components fixed to the front, sides and rear of the
vehicle. Automobile lighting system has multiple uses and functions,
which are :

1. It provides Illumination for the driver of a vehicle to drive safely in dark.

2. Automobile lights enhance the visibility of an automobile.
3. Automobile lights act as warning signals. They shows information about the presence, position,
size, speed and direction of an automobile.

Horn :
➢ Electrically driven horn consist of a solenoid (electromagnet) and
a thin metal disc made of spring steel.
➢ When energised, the solenoid exerts a magnetic force on the disc,
causing it to flex concentrically. The flexing of the diaphragm
moves apart the electrical contacts, thus de-energising the solenoid.
➢ Once the disc springs back into its original shape, the electrical contacts close
once again allowing current flow into the solenoid. The whole cycle is
repeated for as long as the horn button is depressed.
➢ The flexing and de-flexing of the steel diaphragm in car horns happens faster
than the eye can detect. However, the resulting vibrations produce noise we
can hear.
Wiper :
➢ A windshield wiper or windscreen wiper is a device used to remove rain, snow, ice, washer fluid,
water, and/or debris from a vehicle's front window so the vehicle's operator can better see what's
ahead of them.

Fuel gauge:
➢ The fuel sending unit is used to measure the amount
of fuel in the fuel tank and communicate the fuel level
to the fuel gauge on the vehicle dashboard.
➢ Essentially, the fuel gauge just needs to measure
voltage across a variable resistor.
➢ To do this, within the fuel tank is a float at one end of
a lever arm-and-slider running over a strip of resistor at
the other end. Known as the Sending Unit, it is a vital
part of every vehicular fuel tank and works flawlessly

Oil pressure gauge :

➢ The oil pressure gauge is one of the most important instruments in a car. It acts as an indicator of
the engine 's overall well-being and as an early-warning system, giving advance notice of any
problems so you can investigate the cause before an expensive breakdown occurs.
➢ The gauge monitors the oil pressure in one of the main oilways near to the pump and filter . To do
this it has a tapping in the engine block , into which is screwed a sensor (for electric gauges) or an
oil pipe take-off (for mechanical gauges).
Engine temperature indicator :
➢ The temperature gauge in your vehicle is designed to
measure the temperature of your engine's coolant.
This gauge will tell you if your engine's coolant is
cold, normal, or overheating. It is an important dial
that is located on the dashboard of your vehicle.
SAFETY SYSTEMS
➢ Automobile safety is the study and practice of design, construction, equipment and regulation to
minimize the occurrence and consequences of traffic collisions road traffic safety more broadly
includes roadway design.
➢ However, automobile accidents have still been the leading cause of injuries and death in most
countries. Car safety also pertains to necessary car safety features.
➢ This is incorporated in our car to protect us and other passengers from injury and death during a
collision or crash.
➢ One of the first formal academic studies into improving safety was by Cornell Aeronautical
Laboratory of Buffalo, New York. The main conclusion of their extensive report is the crucial
importance of and padded dashboards
The considerations for safety are
➢ The driver seat should be easily adjustable for driver requirement
➢ Control panel & Gear box Should be located convenient to driver.
➢ Adequate lighting should provided by head lamps.
➢ Mirrors are easily visible
➢ Max. Possible glass area for easy parking & reversing
➢ Automobile should with wipers, for windshield cleans
➢ Sufficient paddy is provided to avoid sudden impact injuries
➢ Fuel tank should protect from fire.
➢ The windscreen should be a single side if laminated safety glass.
➢ Door should provide with safety locks.
Various safety systems in an automobile :
➢ Seat belt
➢ Air bags,
➢ Bumper,
➢ Anti lock brake system (ABS),
➢ Wind shield,
➢ Suspension sensors,
➢ Traction control,
➢ Mirrors,
➢ Central locking and electric windows,
➢ Speed control.
1.Seat belt :
➢ A seatbelt (safety belt) is a vehicle safety device designed to secure the driver
or a passenger of a vehicle against harmful movement that may result during a
collision or a sudden stop.
➢ A seat belt reduces the likelihood of death or serious injury in a traffic collision
by reducing the force of secondary impacts with interior strike hazards, by
keeping occupants positioned correctly for maximum effectiveness of the
airbag (if equipped) and by preventing occupants being ejected from the vehicle in a crash or if the
vehicle rolls over.
Air bags:
➢ These are balloon type devices that expand automatically for protecting driver and the occupants
in the vehicle.
➢ It prevent he driver from being injured if sudden input of force acts on the vehicle
➢ These are provided inside the steering and in front desk/Dashboard of automobile.
➢ These are of 3 types:
1. Front and rear end collision air bags
2. Side air bags
3. Curtain air bags
➢ The fire for airbags coming out of steering wheel is 50 milliseconds thereby protecting the driver
and occupant during accident.
Working of Air-Bag:
1. When a car hits something, it starts to decelerate (lose speed) very rapidly.
2. An accelerometer (electronic chip that measures acceleration or force) detects the change of
speed.
3. If the deceleration is great enough, the accelerometer triggers the airbag circuit. Normal braking
doesn't generate enough force to do this.
4. The airbag circuit passes an electric current through a heating element.
5. The heating element ignites a chemical explosive. airbags uses Sodium azide as their explosive
2NaN3 → 2Na + 3N2
6. As the explosive burns, it generates a massive amount of harmless gas (typically either nitrogen
or argon) that floods into a nylon bag packed behind the steering wheel.
7. As the bag expands, it blows the plastic cover off the steering wheel and inflates in front of the
driver. The bag is coated with a chalky substance such as talcum powder to help it unwrap
smoothly.
8. The driver (moving forward because of the impact) pushes against the bag. This makes the bag
deflate as the gas it contains escapes through small holes around its edges. By the time the car
stops, the bag should have completely deflated.
Bumper:
➢ A bumper is a structure attached to or integrated with the front and rear ends of a motor vehicle, to
absorb impact in a minor collision, ideally minimizing repair costs.
➢ Stiff metal bumpers appeared on automobiles as early as 1904 that
had a mainly ornamental function.
➢ Numerous developments, improvements in materials and
technologies, as well as greater focus on functionality for protecting
vehicle components and improving safety have changed bumpers
over the years.
➢ Bumpers ideally minimize height mismatches between vehicles and protect pedestrians from injury
➢ The purpose of bumpers is to reduce or prevent physical damage to the front and rear of vehicles
in low-speed crashes. The bumpers are designed to protect the hood, trunk, grill, fuel, exhaust and
cooling system.
Anti-lock brake system (ABS) :
➢ An anti-lock braking system (ABS) is a safety anti-skid braking system used on aircraft and on
land vehicles, such as cars, motorcycles, trucks, and buses.
➢ ABS operates by preventing the wheels from locking up during braking, thereby maintaining
tractive contact with the road surface and allowing the driver to maintain more control over the
vehicle.
➢ Main Components of ABS System
➢ It has four main components
➢ 1. speed sensors
➢ 2. Valves
➢ 3. Pump
➢ 4. Controller

Working of Anti-lock Braking System (ABS)

➢ The controller reads the signal from each of the wheel's speed sensors (ECU-Electronic Control
Unit).
➢ This makes the wheel decelerate at a quicker pace as the brakes are suddenly applied by the
driver and can cause the wheel to lock.
➢ As the ECU reads the signal indicating the fast reduction in wheel velocity, it sends a signal to the
valve that closes the valve and decreases the stress on the brake pad, preventing the wheel from
locking.
➢ The wheel again starts to accelerate, again the signal sends to the controller, this time the valve is
opened, the pressure on the brake pad is increased and the brakes are applied, this again reduces
the wheel speed and attempts to stop it.
➢ This brake application and release method occurs 15 times in a second when the brake is
suddenly applied by a driver. This prevents wheel locking and eliminates the vehicle's skidding.
The driver can guide the car during braking with the ABS scheme and reduce the likelihood of
vehicle collision.
Advantages of anti-lock brakes:
➢ Shorter stopping distances: Anti-lock brakes reduce braking distances as the wheel does not waste
distance skidding.
➢ Stopping on wet surface: ABS avoids wheel lock up and hence allows surefooted braking on wet
sleety surfaces.
➢ Steer under braking: Anti-lock brakes allow you to steer your car around objects if any as you
still have grip on the wheels under intense braking.
Wind shield :
➢ It is a safety glass provided in cars, trucks & Buses.
➢ It is very strong and soft usually made up of laminated and tampered glass
➢ When an objects hits the wind shield it will not get scattered
➢ It resists the heavy wind, rain which disturbing the driver.
➢ This glass also acts as safety glass
Suspension sensors:
➢ Electronic suspension is essentially a computer-
controlled system that can adjust the ride
characteristics and performance of your vehicle.
Unlike air suspensions, an electronic suspension
modifies the shocks and struts electronically to
ensure a smooth ride
➢ An onboard computer detects body movement from
sensors throughout the vehicle and, using that data,
controls the action of the active and semi-active
suspensions.
➢ The system virtually eliminates body roll and pitch variation in many driving situations including
cornering, accelerating, and braking.
➢ These are used to monitor vehicle suspension system for different bad conditions.
➢ It helps in moving the vehicle smoothly without disturbing the occupants positions
➢ It uses data logging and storing the vehicle performance for different roads.
➢ These are used by racing car manufacture.
➢ It consists of the following sensors; wheel speed sensor, acceleration sensor, steering sensor,
throttling position sensor, vehicle height sensor, torque sensor etc.

Traction control System (TCS):

Designed to prevent loss of traction of driven road wheels. TCS is activated when throttle
input and engine torque are mismatched to road surface conditions.
➢ TCS is an electronic system which acts as anti slipping during riding on ICE and wet
roads.
➢ It uses sensors that are used in anti-lock braking system.
 ➢ When one of the automobile wheels is faster than other
three wheels due to the less traction between the tire and
road, the sensors will automatically apply brake on
wheel to make speed similar to other wheels
➢ These systems are used in any weather conditions.
➢ Construction similar to antilock braking system, but due
to its high initial and maintenance cost these are not
being widely used in automobiles.
➢ Generally, the main hardware for traction control and
ABS are mostly the same. In many vehicles, traction
control is provided as an additional option for ABS.
➢ Each wheel is equipped with a sensor that senses changes in its speed due to
loss of traction.
➢ The sensed speed from the individual wheels is passed on to an electronic
control unit (ECU).
➢ The ECU processes the information from the wheels and initiates braking
to the affected wheels via a cable connected to an automatic traction
control (ATC) valve.
➢ In all vehicles, traction control is automatically starts when the sensors detect loss of traction at
any of the wheels.
Functions of TCS:
1. For better starting Acceleration
2. For proper handling.
3. Usually, it is experienced that the wheels of a vehicle spin on the same location without moving
forward when accelerated on slippery roads like ice covered roads. This happens due to the
reduced friction. In such a case, if the speed of rotation of that wheel lowers, then the wheel
achieves its desired tractive force and can move forward under control. Thus, the role of the TCS
begins here.
Working of Traction Control System (TCS):
➢ The Electronic Control Unit (ECU) has the module of the Traction Control System in it. It
compares the rotational speeds of drive wheels of the vehicle with the help of the wheel speed
sensors of ABS. If any of the drive wheels is rotating with exceptionally high speeds, then the
TCS considers it as the spinning of the corresponding wheel.
➢ The TCS, then, immediately sends a signal to apply brakes to that particular wheel. Thus, the
traction control system avoids the wheel-slip; allowing the driver to accelerate under control.
There are some other ways also by which Traction Control System can avoid wheel spinning such
as reducing the engine power delivered to the spinning wheel or cutting off the fuel supply to
some engine cylinders etc.
Mirrors :
➢ Used to improve rear vision
➢ Fitted both inside the car as well as outside.
➢ Mirrors has convex shape
➢ Internal mirror is place above Wind shield, external mirror is placed outside with adjustment.
➢ Anti dazzle mirror are also available which reduce the glove of the vehicles coming from behind
➢ During reverse gear the display shows clear image of the objects which are behind the vehicle
using camera.
 ➢ Modern vehicles uses electro chromatic mirrors instead of photo chromatic rear view mirror for
better picture of the rear view objects.

Central locking:
Power door locks (also known as electric door locks or central
locking) allow the driver or front passenger to simultaneously
lock or unlock all the doors of an automobile or truck, by pressing
a button or flipping a switch.
Nearly every car model today offers this feature.
➢ It is a safety system of your luggage and car by making
all doors & windows to be locked and unlocked.
➢ This system ensures the safety of your vehicle against
theft just by having not using in it.
➢ These produce alarm if the vehicle is theft.
➢ It is reliable systems.
➢ It is simple in a operation because the doors and windows are operated
just by a remote and a key.
➢ Power door locks (also known as electric door locks or central locking)
allow the driver or front passenger to simultaneously lock or unlock all
the doors of an automobile or truck, by pressing a button or flipping a
switch.
➢ Nearly every car model today offers this feature.
Electric windows/ Power Windows:
➢ These are used by drivers to control doors of the rear side especially when children are seated.
➢ It protects the occupants of the rear side from accidents and
injuries if they open the windows.
➢ These are simple in operation and uses electrical and
electronic devices to control the windows.

Speed control/ cruise control:

➢ A speed control system automatically adjust the speed given by the driver
➢ The vehicle moves with the prescribed speed until the driver
presses the clutch (or) brake.
➢ It also consists of an actual or motor which opens and closes
the truffle valve to adjust the speed and vary as per driver
requirements.
➢ It is simple in operations and uses a switch “off” and “ON”
key for the system to get operated.
Cruise control:
The cruise control takes its speed signal from a rotating driveshaft,
speedometer cable, wheel speed sensor from the engine's RPM, or
from internal speed pulses produced electronically by the vehicle.
Most systems do not allow the use of the cruise control below a
certain speed - typically around 25 mph (40 km/h).

Engine and Automobile Specifications:

The Engine of automobile known by its no. of technical parameters called details of engine and its
specifications. Qualities & Capabilities of an automobile during purchases and value is Judged by its
specifications.
➢ Engine Specifications regard to power,
➢ Speed Torque.
➢ Number of cylinders and arrangement,
➢ Lubrications
➢ Cooling
➢ Engine Specifications regard to power :
The different types of engine based on the power are
1. Low power engine
2. High power engine
1. Low Power Engine: (H.P.)
Reciprocating engines are low power compared to rotary engines. The fuel consumption is low, lower
toque.
Eg: Petrol, diesel, gasoline engine
Advantages: High thermal efficiency,
➢ low fuel consuming.
High power engines:
➢ These are of rotary type. The power & torque are high in high power engine than reciprocating
engine
➢ It has high fuel consumption due to high speed and power
Eg: wankel engine, gas turbine engine etc
Advantages:
1. Higher in weight, smaller in size
2. Easy Balancing
3. High volumetric efficiency
According to speed, the engines are classified into 3 types they are
1. Low Speed engine
2. Medium Speed engine
3. High speed engine
1. Low speed engine:
➢ If speed is low is called low speed engine. It has higher stroke length as a result low seat
transfer in cylinder
➢ The speed raises from 300 to 900 rpm.
2. Medium Speed engine:
➢ If speed of the SI engine from 3600 to 5000rpm called medium speed engine.
➢ The speed of CI engines is 2100 to 4000rpm
➢ Used in trucks
➢ Lower power loss due to fiction due to high speed.
3. High Speed Engines:
➢ Engine having high power and greater speed is called high speed engines
➢ The speed raises 4500 to 7500 rpm
➢ High Speed engines used in racing cars.
Engine specifications with regards to number of cylinders & arrangement.
According to number of cylinders the different type of engines are
1. Single Cylinder engine
➢ One power stroke for every two revolutions
➢ Used in scooters, mopeds, motor cycles and smaller vehicles.
➢ The Cubic Capacity(CC) are roughly 100 to 400CC
2. Two Cylinder Engine:
➢ These are arranged in V shape (or) horizontally opposed
➢ Used in small cars, Three wheeled vehicles etc.
➢ The capacity are 500 to 1000CC
3. Four Cylinder engines
➢ Most common engines now a days
➢ Four strokes from four cylinders
➢ These are inline, ‘V’ and opposed type
➢ Balance is better compared to 3 Cylinder engine
4. Six Cylinder engine
➢ Used in Cars like Lamborghini, Ferrari, Jaguar, BMW, Austin, Maserati etc.
➢ Provides uniform torque & better balancing.
5. Eight Cylinder Engine
➢ Used for heavy trucks racing cars etc.
➢ More torque & acceleration
➢ Smooth running & Silence engine
➢ Poor balance
➢ Cylinders arranged in inline or ‘V’ type
6. Twelve cylinder engine
➢ High torque & perfect balance in weight
➢ Consists of 2 sets of 6 cylinder V type engine
➢ Used in aero planes
➢ Also used in Cars like Rolls Royce
7. Sixteen Cylinder engine
➢ It is smooth running engine
➢ Two sets of eight cylinder engine of ‘V’ type
➢ Capacities from 3600CC to 7060CC
Engine Specifications with regarding to arrangement of Cylinders :
These engines are specified with respect to the arrangement of the cylinders as follow:
1. Straight inline engine
➢ The Cylinder arrangement in a row as in a straight line.
➢ Cylinder placed side by side in vertical position.
2. Opposed Cylinder engine
➢ Cylinder is horizontal and is opposite direction
➢ Engine balance is good
➢ Engines are smooth running high speed and max power
➢ Placed in transverse direction, since larger length is used
➢ V - Engines
➢ Smaller in size Smooth in operation, rigid.
➢ V engines are classified as
➢ V4 engines
 ➢ Four cylinder are in V type
➢ Difficult balance,
➢ Weight is provided in opposite direction
➢ V6 engines
➢ Consists of 3 rows of 6 Cylinder right angle of each often
➢ These are short, weight less, rigid
➢ Good balance, less vibrator.
Radial engine
➢ These are small, more hp.
➢ Simple crank shaft connected all cylinders
➢ Odd no. of cylinder are used
➢ Used in air craft Engines.
➢ These are air cooled.
➢ Complicated exhaust gas system that is why not used in motor cycle.
Engine specification according to lubrication & cooling etc.
According to lubrication
1.Dry sump lubrication
2. Wet sump lubrication
3. Splash lubrication
Engine specification according to lubrication & cooling etc.
According to cooling system
1. Air Cooling system
2. Liquid cooling system
Air cooling
➢ Air is cooling medium
➢ Uses Fins larger ribs of the outer surface of cylinders & cylinder head
➢ Fins are directly cast
➢ Fins increase surface and these by increased cooling etc.
➢ Cooled by conduct to outer fins
➢ Fan is also used to circulate air
➢ These are not accurate
Liquid cooling system
➢ Heat is transfer through Jackets surrounding the cylinders than liquid flowing through a
radiator it is better temperature control
➢ It maintains coolant temperature of 18 to 2500F.
➢ The liquid is a water based oil.
➢ Sometimes water cooling is combined with air cooling also used
➢ Water cooling system consists of radiator water pump, fan, water, and thermostat.
Radiator:
➢ It is Larger surface area for air passage
➢ Lower part is inlet, upper part is out let.
Water pump
➢ Used to increase velocity of water circulating around the cylinder inlets connected at
bottom of radiator and out let is connected to inlet of water jacket.
➢ Consists of impeller on which flat or curved surface Vanes or blades are produced
➢ Driven by best drive pulley
➢ Velocity of water increases due to centrifugal force.
Fan:
➢ Used to blow air on radiator
➢ Placed between engine & radiator
➢ Air draws from atmosphere and send over the Radiator tubes
 ➢ Driven by a same belt operates Pump & generator also.
Water Jackets
➢ Passages provided flowing of water around the cylinder block
Thermostat
➢ It is a device used for regulating the flow of water in water cooling system.
➢ If temperature of water below 00 c, thermostat directs the water to pump rather the
radiator
Water Jackets
➢ Passages provided flowing of water around the cylinder block
Thermostat
➢ It is a device used for regulating the flow of water in water cooling system.
➢ If temperature of water below 00 c, thermostat directs the water to pump rather the
radiator
Displacement - Eg. 1259cc or 1.3-litre
➢ The measurement of the volume of the engine's cylinders or ‘chambers' is called
displacement and is measured in liters or cubic centimeters.
➢ So if you see "1259cc", it means the volume of the cylinders together is 1259 cubic
centimeters. "1.3-litre" on a spec sheet is just another way of saying the same thing,
although not as precise, and means the volume of the cylinders is 1.3 liters in total.
Transmission :
➢ 5-speed transmission, 6-speed transmission, etc.
➢ Gears depending on the speed of the car or the road situation. A 5-speed transmission has
5 gears or speeds you can choose from while driving or riding.
➢ A manual transmission is one that requires you to change speeds manually, while an
automatic transmission picks gears automatically, requiring you to only operate the
brakes and accelerator.
Torque - Eg. 200 Nm
➢ Torque is the ability (of the engine) to do work or a force that tends to cause rotation of
the wheels in the case of a car or bike.
➢ Torque is measured in Newton Meters (Nm)and is usually higher in diesel engines when
compared to similarly sized petrol ones.
➢ Vehicles with higher torque usually allow fewer gear changes, if set up well.
Drivetrain
➢ This is the system in a vehicle that connects the transmission or gearbox to the drive axles
and is broken down into three main categories - front wheel drive (FWD), rear wheel
drive (RWD) or all-wheel drive (4x4/4WD/AWD).
➢ FWD means the power goes to the front wheels, therefore ‘pulling the car', RWD means
the ‘push' comes from the rear wheels, and AWD means all four wheels transfer power.
➢ Suspension
➢ The suspension is the system of springs and shock absorbers that connect the vehicle to its
wheels, is designed to reduce the shock of bumps and patholes, and contribute to the way your car
handles or behaves on the road.
Fuel tank capacity - For Eg. 35 liters
➢ The total amount of fuel your car or bike can store, which usually includes the volume of
the reserve and measured in liters, is the fuel tank capacity of your vehicle.
➢ You can calculate the approximate range your vehicle is capable of by multiplying the
capacity with the mileage of the car.
Wheelbase
➢ The distance between the front and rear axles (the rods
connecting the centers of the wheels) of a vehicle is
known as its wheelbase.
➢ Generally, the longer the wheelbase, the larger the cabin
of the car. Wheelbase is usually measured in
millimeters.
Tread/track width
➢ The distance from tyre centre to tyre centre, measured
width-of-the-car-wise, is called tread or track width.
➢ Usually, the wider the track width, the more stable
and better around the corners a car is.
➢ The tread is usually denoted in millimeters as well.

Turning radius
➢ The radius of the smallest or tightest circular turn (or
U-Turn) a car is capable of making is known as turning radius.
➢ It is used measured in meters-small cars generally, have a turning radius of around 5
meters.
Kerb weight
➢ Kerb weight is the weight of the car without any occupants or cargo and is usually
denoted in kilograms.
➢ Small cars in India usually have a kerb weight hovering around the 1000-kilogram mark,
while larger luxury vehicles can weigh more than double that.
Airbags
➢ A rapidly inflatable cushion that is designed to protect the driver or passenger(s) in the
event of a collision.
➢ Nowadays even cars in cheaper segments are beginning to feature airbags (at least for the
driver) in the country, after decades of being behind the rest of the world in this regard.
ABS, EBD
➢ ABS is an acronym for Anti-Lock Braking System, a system that prevents the wheels
locking or skidding in the event of hard braking.
➢ EBD or Electronic Brake Force Distribution varies the amount of braking force on each
wheel according to road conditions, traction, and other factors.