Fluid Dynamics

States of Matter
Matter is anything that has mass and volume
Matter is normally classified as being in states (or
phases) states: solid, liquid and gas.

Solid has a definite volume and shape.

A liquid has a definite volume but no definite shape.

A gas differs from solids and liquids in that it

has neither definite volume nor definite shape.
 Fluid
• A fluid is a collection of molecules that are
randomly arranged and held together by weak
cohesive forces and by forces exerted by the
walls of a container. Both liquids and gases are
fluids
 Basic Terms: Density and Pressure

The density ρ of an object having uniform composition is its ma

M divided by its volume V
𝑀
𝜌= 𝑘𝑔 𝑚3 (1)
𝑉

𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝜌
Relative density (R. D) = =
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝜌𝑤

This is also called Specific gravity and it is dimensionless.

 Pressure

The pressure caused by a force F acting normally on a surface of

Area A is given as 𝑃 = 𝐹 𝐴

Pressure is defined as a normal force exerted by a fluid per

unit area.
Units of pressure are 𝑁 𝑚2 , which is called a Pascal (Pa).
Since the unit Pa is too small for pressures encountered in
practice,
kilopascal 1𝑘𝑃𝑎 = 103 𝑃𝑎 and megapascal
1𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 106 𝑃𝑎
are commonly used.
 Pressure: Absolute, gage, and
vacuum pressures:
Actual pressure at a give point is called the absolute pressure.

Most pressure-measuring devices are calibrated to read zero i

the atmosphere, and therefore indicate gage pressure.
𝑃𝑔𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑠 − 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚

Pressure below atmospheric pressure are called vacuum

pressure, 𝑃𝑣𝑎𝑐 = 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 − 𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑠

Pressure exerted by a fluid varies with depth.

Absolute, gage, and vacuum pressures:
Pressure Measurements
One end of a U-shaped tube containing
a liquid is open to the atmosphere, and
the other end is connected to a system
of unknown pressure P. The pressure at
point B equals𝑃0 + 𝜌𝑔ℎ , where ρ is
the density of the fluid. The pressure at
B, however, equals the pressure at A,
which is also the unknown pressure P.
We conclude that 𝑃 = 𝑃0 + 𝜌𝑔ℎ
The pressure P is called Absolute
pressure and 𝑃 − 𝑃0 is called Gauge
pressure
 Example
• The mattress of a water bed is 2.00m long by
2.00m wide and 30.0cm deep.
Find the weight of the water in the mattress
and the pressure exerted by the water on the
floor when the bed rests in its normal position.
Assume that the entire lower surface of the bed
makes contact with the floor
 Solution

The density of fresh water is 1000 𝑘𝑔 𝑚3 and the

volume of the water filling the mattress is
𝑉 = 2.00𝑚 2.00𝑚 0.300𝑚 = 120𝑚3
The mass of the water in the bed is
𝑀 = 𝜌𝑉 = (1000 𝑘𝑔 𝑚3 )(1.20𝑚3 )
= 1.20 × 103 𝑘𝑔
𝑀𝑔 = (1.20
× 103 𝑘𝑔)(9.80 𝑚 𝑠 2 ) = 1.18 × 104 𝑁
1.18 × 104 𝑁 3
𝑃= 2
= 2.95 × 10 𝑃𝑎
4.00𝑚
Variation of Pressure with Depth

𝐹𝑦 = 𝑃2 𝐴 − 𝑃1 𝐴 − 𝑀𝑔 = 0
𝑃2 𝐴 − 𝑃1 𝐴 − 𝜌𝐴ℎ𝑔 = 0
𝑃2 𝐴 − 𝑃1 𝐴 = 𝜌𝐴ℎ𝑔
𝑃2 = 𝑃1 + 𝜌𝑔ℎ (
The pressure P at a depth h
below the surface of a liquid
open to the atmosphere is
greater than atmospheric
pressure by an amount 𝝆𝒈𝒉
Variation of Pressure with Depth:
• Pressure in a fluid at
rest is independent of
the shape of the
container.
• Pressure is the same
at all points on a
horizontal plane in a
given fluid.
 Pascal’s Law
• The pressure in a fluid depends on depth and
on the value of 𝑃1 , any increase in pressure at
the surface must be transmitted to every
other point in the fluid .
• Pascal’s law: a change in the pressure applied
to an enclosed fluid is transmitted
undiminished to every point of the fluid and
to the walls of the container.
Pascal’s Law
• Pressure applied to a
confined fluid increases the
pressure throughout by the
same amount.
• The pistons are at same
height:
𝐹1 𝐹2 𝐹2
• 𝑃1 = 𝑃2 → = → =
𝐴1 𝐴2 𝐹1
𝐴2 𝐴2
or 𝐹2 = 𝐹1
𝐴1 𝐴1
• Since 𝐴2 is greater than 𝐴1
the force 𝐹2 will be larger
than 𝐹1
 Example
• In a car lift used in a service station, compressed
air exerts a force on a small piston of circular
cross section having a radius of 5.00 cm. This
pressure is transmitted by an incompressible
fluid to a second piston of radius 15.0 cm.
(a)What force must the compressed air exert on
the small piston in order to lift a car weighing 13
300 N? Neglect the weights of the pistons.
(b)What air pressure will produce a force of that
magnitude?
Solution
𝐴1
a. 𝐹1 = 𝐹2 = 𝐹2
𝐴2
𝜋 5.00 × 10−2 𝑚 2
−2 2
(1.33
𝜋 15.00 × 10 𝑚
× 104 𝑁)
1.48 × 103 𝑁
𝐹1 1.48×103 𝑁
b. 𝑃 = =
𝐴1 𝜋 5.00×10−2 𝑚 2
5
1.88 × 10 𝑃𝑎
 Buoyant Forces and Archimedes’
Principle
• Any object completely or partially submerged
in a fluid is buoyed up by a force with
magnitude equal to the weight of the fluid
displaced by the object.
𝐵 = 𝑃𝑏 − 𝑃𝑡 𝐴 = 𝜌𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑔ℎ 𝐴 − 𝜌𝑓𝑙𝑢

Mg is the weight of the fluid

displaced by the cube
Buoyancy force 𝐹𝐵 is equal
only to the displaced volume
𝜌𝑓 𝑔𝑉𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑
Three scenarios possible
1.𝜌𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 < 𝜌𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 : Floating
body
2. 𝜌𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 = 𝜌𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 : Neutrally
buoyant
3. 𝜌𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 > 𝜌𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 :Sinking
Body.
The direction of motion of an
object submerged in a fluid is
determined only by the
densities of the object and
the fluid
 Example
• A 15.o kg solid gold statue is being raised from
a sunken ship Take density of gold to be
19.3 × 103 𝑘𝑔 𝑚3 and density of sea water
to be (1.03 × 103 𝑘𝑔 𝑚3 )What is the
tension in the hoisting cable when the statue
is
(a)At rest and completely immersed and
(b) At rest and out of the water
 Solution
(a) We first find the volume of gold
𝑚 15.0𝑘𝑔 −4 3
𝑉= = 3 3 = 7.77 × 10 𝑚
𝜌𝑔𝑜𝑙𝑑 19.3 × 10 𝑘𝑔 𝑚
Weight of sea water
𝑊𝑠𝑤 = 𝑚𝑠𝑤 𝑔 = 𝜌𝑠𝑤 𝑉𝑔
= (1.03 × 103 𝑘𝑔 𝑚3 )(7.77 × 10−4 𝑚3 )(9.80 𝑚 𝑠 2 ) = 7.84𝑁
The Buoyant force B = 7.84𝑁
When the statue is at rest all the net force equals Zero
𝐹𝑦 = 𝐵 + 𝑇 − 𝑚𝑔 = 0

𝑇 = 𝑚𝑔 − 𝐵 = (15.0𝑘𝑔)(9.80 𝑚 𝑠 2 ) − 7.84𝑁
= 147𝑁 − 7.84𝑁 = 139𝑁
(b) The density of air is 1.2 𝑘𝑔 𝑚3 so the
buoyant force of air on the statue is
𝐵 = 𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑉𝑔 = (1.2
𝑘𝑔 𝑚3 )(7.77 × 10−4 𝑚3 )(9.8 𝑚 𝑠 2 )
= 9.1 × 10−3 𝑁

𝑇 = 147𝑁 − 0.0091𝑁 = 146.9909𝑁

 Viscosity
• Viscosity is internal friction in a fluid.

• Viscous forces oppose the motion of one

portion of a fluid relative to another.

• Viscosities of all fluids are temperature

dependent.

• Viscosity increases for gases while it

decreases for liquids as temperature increases
Fluid Dynamics( Fluids in Motion)
When fluids are in motion its
flow can be characterized as
being of two main types.
Steady or Laminar Flow: In
steady flow each particle
follows a smooth path, such
that the paths of different
particles never cross each
other and the velocity of fluid
particles passing any point
remains constant in time.
 Fluids in Motion
• Turbulent Flow: this is characterized by small
whirlpool-like regions. This happens at high
flow rate or when boundary surfaces cause
abrupt changes in velocity.
• Viscosity is used to characterize the degree of
internal friction in the fluid. This term refers to
the resistance that two adjacent layers of fluid
have to moving relative to each other.
 Model of Ideal Fluid
• Fluid is non-Viscous.
• The flow is steady
• Fluid is incompressible
• The flow is irrotational
STREAMLINES AND THE EQUATION OF
CONTINUITY
The path taken by a
fluid particle under
steady flow is called a
streamline.
The velocity of the
particle is always
tangent to the
streamline.
A set of streamlines
form a tube of flow
Equation of Continuity for Fluids
∆𝑥1 = 𝑣1 𝑡
𝑚1 = 𝜌𝐴1 ∆𝑥1 = 𝜌𝐴1 𝑣1 𝑡

where ρ is the
(nonchanging) density of
the ideal fluid.

∆𝑥2 = 𝑣2 𝑡
𝑚2 = 𝜌𝐴2 ∆𝑥2 = 𝜌𝐴2 𝑣2 𝑡
𝑚1 = 𝑚2
𝜌𝐴1 𝑣1 𝑡 = 𝜌𝐴2 𝑣2 𝑡
𝐴1 𝑣1 = 𝐴2 𝑣2 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
Equation of Continuity
 Equation of Continuity for Fluids
• This states that the product of the cross-sectional
area and the fluid speed at all points along a pipe is
constant.
Hence, this condition
𝑑𝑉
= 𝐴𝜐 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑑𝑡
is termed volume flow rate
This is equivalent to the fact that the volume of fluid
that enters one end of the tube in a given time interval
equals the volume of fluid leaving the tube in the same
interval, assuming that the fluid is incompressible and
there are no leaks. It follows that as A increases , the
velocity decreases and vice versa.
 Example
• As part of a lubricating system for heavy
machinery, oil of density 850 𝑘𝑔 𝑚3 is
pumped through a cylindrical pipe of diameter
8.0cm at a rate of 9.5liters per second.
• (a) what is the speed of the oil?
• (b) What is the mass flow rate?
 Solution
(a)The volume flow rate 𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑡 equals the product
𝐴1 𝜐1 . And 𝐴1 is the cross-sectional area of the pipe
of diameter 8.0cm
Hence 𝐴1 = 𝜋(4.0 × 10−2 𝑚)2
𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑡 (9.5 𝐿 𝑠)(10−3 𝑚3 𝐿)
𝜐1 = = −2 2
= 1.9 𝑚 𝑠
𝐴1 𝜋(4.0 × 10 𝑚)
(b) The mass flow rate is
𝜌 𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑡 = 850𝑚3 9.5 × 10−3 𝑚3 𝑠 = 8.1 𝑘𝑔 𝑠
Bernoulli’s Equation
d𝑥1 = 𝑣1 𝜕𝑡
1
d𝑥2 = 𝑣2 𝜕𝑡
2
𝐹1 = 𝑃1 𝐴1
3
𝐹2 = 𝑃2 𝐴2
4
𝑊1 = 𝐹1 ∆𝑥1 = 𝑃1 𝐴1 ∆𝑥1 = 𝑃1 𝑉
5
 Bernoulli’s equation

The total work done on the system by the fluid

outside the segment is equal to the change in
mechanical energy of the system: 𝑊 = ∆𝐾 +
∆𝑈. Substituting for each of these terms, we obtain
1 2 1 𝑚𝑣 2 + 𝑚𝑔𝑦 − 𝑚𝑔𝑦
𝑃1 − 𝑃2 𝑉 = 2 𝑚𝑣2 − 2 1 2 1

Substitute 𝑚 = 𝜌𝑉 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑞𝑛 10
𝑃1 − 𝑃2 𝑉 = 1 2 𝜌𝑉 𝑣2 2 − 1 2 (𝜌𝑉)𝑣1 2 + 𝜌𝑉)𝑔𝑦2 − (
𝑃1 − 𝑃2 = 1 2 𝜌𝑣2 2 − 1 2 𝜌𝑣1 2 + 𝜌𝑔𝑦2 − 𝜌𝑔𝑦1
𝑃1 + 1 2 𝜌𝑣1 2 + 𝜌𝑔𝑦1 = 𝑃2 + 1 2 𝜌𝑣2 2 + 𝜌𝑔𝑦2
 Bernoulli’s Equation
Equation 12 is Bernoulli’s equation as applied to
an ideal fluid.
𝑃 + 1 2 𝜌𝑣 2 + 𝜌𝑔𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
This expression shows that
The pressure decreases as the elevation
increases.
 Example
• A pipe of internal diameter 0.020m is joined to another
of internal diameter 0.05m. If the resultant pipe is
horizontal and the rate of flow in the pipe is 3 ×
10−3 𝑚−3 𝑠 −1 . Find the pressure difference between
the two pipes if the fluid flowing through the pipe is
water.
From Bernoulli's equation
𝑃1 + 1 2 𝜌𝑣1 2 + 𝜌𝑔𝑦1 = 𝑃2 + 1 2 𝜌𝑣2 2 + 𝜌𝑔𝑦2
Since the pipe is horizontal 𝑦1 = 𝑦2 = 0
𝑃1 + 1 2 𝜌𝑣1 2 = 𝑃2 + 1 2 𝜌𝑣2 2
𝑃2 − 𝑃1 = 1 2 𝜐12 − 𝜐22
Recall 𝐴1 𝜐1 = 𝐴2 𝜐2
 3×10−3 𝑚3 𝑠 −1 𝑚
We have 𝜐1 = 0.025 2 = 6.1 𝑠
𝜋( )
2
3 × 10−3 𝑚3 𝑠 −1
𝜐2 = = 1.6 𝑚 𝑠
0.05𝑚 2
𝜋( )
2
Pressure
difference=
1 1000𝑘𝑔𝑚−3 6.1 𝑚 2
− 1.6 𝑚 2
=
2 𝑠 𝑠
1.7 × 103 𝑃𝑎.
 Tutorial Question
3 𝑘𝑔
• Water of density 1.0 × 10 𝑚3 enters a
house through a pipe with an inside diameter
of 2.0cm at an absolute pressure of
4.0 × 105 𝑃𝑎. A 1.0cm diameter pipe leads to
the second floor bathroom 5.0m above .
When the flow speed at the inlet pipe is
1.5 𝑚 𝑠 ,find the flow speed, pressure, and
volume flow rate in the bathroom.
 Solution
𝐴1 𝜋 1.0 × 10−2 𝑚 2
𝜐2 = 𝜐1 = −2 2
1.5 𝑚 𝑠 = 6.0 𝑚 𝑠
𝐴2 𝜋 0.50 × 10 𝑚
We have been given the presure at point 1
1
𝑃2 = 𝑃1 − 𝜌 𝜐22 − 𝜐12 − 𝜌𝑔 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 =
2
5
1
4.0 × 10 𝑃𝑎 − (1.0
2
× 10 𝑘𝑔 𝑚3 )(36 𝑚2 𝑠 2 − 2.25 𝑚2 𝑠 2 )
3

−(1.0 × 103 𝑘𝑔 𝑚3 )(9.8 𝑚 𝑠 2 )(5.0𝑚)

= 4.0 × 105 𝑃𝑎 − 0.17 × 105 𝑃𝑎 − 0.49 × 105 𝑃𝑎
= 3.3 × 105 𝑃𝑎
• Volume flow rate is
𝑑𝑉
= 𝐴2 𝜐2 = 𝜋 0.50 × 10−2 𝑚 2
6.0 𝑚 𝑠 =
𝑑𝑡
4.7 × 10−4 𝑚3 𝑠
 Tutorial question
• A large pipe with a cross-sectional area of
2.00𝑚2
descends 5.00 m and narrows to0.75𝑚2 , where
it terminates in a valve at point [Link] the pressure
at point 2 is atmospheric pressure, and the valve
is opened wide and water allowed to flow freely,
find the speed of the water leaving the pipe
• A liquid 𝜌 = 1.65 𝑔 𝑐𝑚3 flows through a
horizontal pipe of varying cross section In the
first section, the cross-sectional area
is10.0 𝑐𝑚2 the flow speed is 275 cm/s, and
the pressure is 1.20 × 105 𝑃𝑎. In the second
section, the cross- sectional area is2.50 𝑐𝑚2 .
Calculate the smaller section’s
• (a) flow speed and (b) pressure.
Applications of Bernoulli’s Principle
• Venturi meter
• Dynamic lift
• Blood pressure measurement