Caliphs who led the Abbasids:
N Year
Caliph's name
O Leadership
1. Abu Abbas As-Saffah 132-136 H/749-754 AD
2. Abu Ja'far al-Mansur 136-158 H/750-775 AD
158-169 AH/ 775-785
3. Abu Abdullah Muhammad
AD
169-170 AH/ 785-786
4. Abu Muhammad Musa al-Hadi
AD
170-193 AH/ 786-809
5. Abu Ja'far Harun ar-Rashid
AD
193-198 AH/ 809-813
6. Abu Musa Muhammad Al-Amin
AD
7. Abu Ja'far Abdullah Al-Ma'mun 198-201 H/ 813-817 AD
(201-203 H/ 813-819
8. Ibrahim bin al-Mahdi in Baghdad
AD)
(218-227 H/ 833-842
9. Abu Ishaq Muhammad
AD)
(227-232 H/ 842-847
10. Abu Ja'far Harun Al-Watsiq
AD)
(227-232 H/ 842-847
11. Abul Fadl Ja'far Al-Mutawakkil
AD)
(247-248 H/ 861-862
12. Abu Ja'far Muhammad
AD)
(248-252 H/ 862-866
13. Abu Abbas Ahmad Al-Musta'in
AD)
14. Abu Abdullah Muhammad (252-255 H-866-869 AD)
(255-256 H/ 869-870
15. Abu Ishaq Muhammad
AD)
16. Abu Al-Abbas Ahmad (256-279 H/ 870-892 AD
(279-289 H/ 892-902
17. Abu Al-Abbas Ahmad
AD)
18. Abu Muhammad Ali al-Muktafi (289-295 H/ 902-908 AD
19. Abu Fadl Ja'far Al-Muqtadir (295-320 H/ 908-932 AD
(320-322 H/ 932-934
20. Abu Mansur Muhammad
AD)
21. Abu Al-Abbas Ahmad Ar-Radhi (322-329 H/ 934-940 AD
22. Abu Al-Ishaq Ibrahim Al-Muttaqi (329-333 H/ 940-944 AD
23. Abu Al-Qasim Abdullah (333-334 H/ 944-946 AD
24. Abu Al-Qasim al-Fadl Al-Mu'thi (334-363 H/ 946-974 AD
25. Abu Al-Fadl Abdul Karim At-Tha'i (363-381 H/ 974-991 AD
(381-422 H/ 91-1031
26. Abu Al-Abbas Ahmad Al-Qadir
AD)
(422-467H/1031-1075
27. Abu Ja'far Abdullah Al-Qa'im
AD
(467-487H/1075-1094
28. Abu Al-Qasim Abdullah
AD
29. Abu Al-Abbas Ahmad (487-512H/1094-1118M
30. Abu Mansur Al-Fadl (512-529H/1118-1135M)
(529-53 H/ 1135-1136
31. Abu Ja'far al-Mansur Ar-Rashid
AD
530-555 AH/ 1136-1160
32. Abu Abdullah Muhammad
AD
(555-566H/1160-1170
33. Abu Al-Muzaffar Al-Mustanjid
AD
(566-575H/1170-1180
34. Abu Muhammad Al-Hasan
AD
(575-622H/1180-1225
35. Abu Al-Abbas Ahmad An-Nashir
AD
(622-623H/1225-1226
36. Abu Nashr Muhammad Az-Zahir
AD
(623-640H/1226-1242
37. Abu Ja'far Al-Mansur
AD
38. Abu Ahmad Abdullah (640-656H/1242-1258M)
1. The Development of Science during the Abbasid Period
1. Interpretation Science
Among the great works of tafsir is Al-Farra', which is the first work of tafsir adapted to the systematics
of the Qur'an. Then At-Tabari appeared who compiled a collection of interpretations from previous figures.
Then a group of ulama emerged who interpreted the Koran rationally, such as Tafsir Al-Jahiz.
2. Hadith Science
Among the Hadith books that were successfully compiled is the Hadith book "Kutub as-Sittah", which
was compiled by six Hadith scholars, Imam Muslim (died 261 AH), Imam Bukhori (died 256 AH), Imam
Turmudzi (died 279 AH) , Ibn Majjah (died 273 AH), Imam Nasa'i (died 303 AH), Abu Daud (died 275 AH).
3. Kalam Science
The Mu'tazilah sect was made the official sect of the Bani Abbas government. The role of kalam
science at that time was very large to defend Islam from Jewish and Christian ideas. Among the famous
theologians are Abu Huzail al-Allaf (died 235 AH), An-Nazzam (died 835 AH), Bisri Ibn Mu'tamir, Abu
Ishaq Ibrahim and Amru bin Ubaid.
4. Fiqh Science
Among the pride of the Abbasid government is the existence of four Fiqh scholars who were famous
at that time until now, namely Imam Abu Hanifah (died 129 AH), Imam Malik (died 179 AH), Imam Syafi'i
(died 204 AH) and Imam Ahmad bin Hambal (died 241 AH). Islamic thought at that time was very
advanced, with evidence of the birth of famous scholars and famous books, such as Al-Muwatta', Al-
Kharaj, and Al-Mustasfa.
5. Sufism
This knowledge spread throughout the Islamic lands in the Abbasid region brought by leading Sufis,
such as: (1) Abu Kasim Abdul Karim bin Hawzin al Qusairi (died 465 AH), whose famous book is Ar-Risala
al-Qusyairiyah. (2) Abu Haffas Umar bin Muhammad Sahabuddin (died 11 632 H), his famous book is
Awariful Ma'arif. (3) Imam al Ghazali (died 502 H), his famous book is Ihya 'Ulumuddin.
6. Philosophy
Philosophy developed rapidly in the Abbasid Daula, especially during the time of Al-Ma'mun and
Harun Al-Rashid because at that time philosophical books, especially Greek, had been translated into
Arabic. Muslim scientists did not take Greek philosophy as a whole, but made changes to adapt it to
Islamic teachings, so that it became Islamic philosophy.
7. Science and Technology
The science and technology that developed at that time were;
a. Medical science
b. Chemistry
c. Astronomical science
d. Mathematical science
2. The decline of the Abbasids
The factors causing the decline of the Abbasids include the following:
a. Internal factors
Internal factors that made the Abbasid Daula weak and then destroyed include:
1. There was unhealthy competition between several nations that were part of the Abbasid Daula,
especially Arabs, Persians and Turks.
There were disagreements between existing religious thought groups, which developed into bloodshed.
2. The emergence of small dynasties as a result of prolonged social divisions.
3. Finally, there was a decline in the economic level as a result of political clashes.
b. External Factors
Apart from internal factors, there were also external factors that brought the fate of this dynasty to the
brink of total destruction.
1. Crusade
2. Attack of the Mongols
A. Cultural Development during the Umayyad Period in Andalusia
1. History of the Founding of the Umayyads
The Umayyads in Andalusia were an Islamic caliphate who ruled the Iberian Peninsula between the 8th and
12th centuries. There are 2 main factors identified as the cause of the arrival of Islam in Andalusia.
First , internal factors, namely the strong will of the Islamic rulers to develop and liberate it into an Islamic
territory. In the process of the Spanish conquest there were three Islamic heroes who could be said to have
contributed the most, namely Tharif bin Malik, Tariq bin Ziyad, and Musa bin Nushair.
Second , external factors, namely conditions that exist within Spain itself.
2. Umayyad Government System in Andalusia
The government of the Emirate of Cordoba, which was the remnant of the Umayyad Dynasty, changed its
status to the government of the Cordoba Caliphate in 929 AD. This change in power status occurred when
Cordoba was under the leadership of Abdurrahman III.
The Umayyad dynasty in Andalusia was then led by several great rulers during its reign, and in general there
were 3 leaders who were very prominent among other leaders, namely Abdurrahman who ruled from 931 AD to
961 AD, Al Hakam II who ruled from 961 AD to 976 AD, and Hisham II who ruled from 976 AD to 1009 AD.
3. The Development of Science during the Umayyad Period in Andalusia
Among the advances that even affected Europe were:
a. Philosophy
His main philosophical work is "Tahafut al-Tahafut." Studying philosophy began to develop in the 9th
century AD during the reign of the 5th Umayyad ruler, namely Muhammad Ibn al-Rahman (832-886).
b. Medical science
Spain, which formed a cultural unit, also produced medical experts, such as Ibn Rushd and Ibn Juljul.
Apart from being a doctor, Ibn Juljul was also known as a philosopher. Abu Qasim al-Zanrawi, whose name
is Latinized as Abulcasim of the west, is a great surgeon. He developed his knowledge during the reign of
Abdurrahman al-Nasir. He is known as a pioneer in the science of identifying diagnostic diseases, healing
methods and surgery. He is also a dentist. Ibn Khatib and Ibn Khatima, both experts in cholera and eye
diseases.
c. Astronomy
In the field of astronomy, it can be said that the figure is Abu Ma'syar. He is known as a very famous
astronomer. He believed in the influence of stars in the fundamentals of human life, regarding birth and
death. Al-Majriti was also an expert in astronomy, as well as an expert in arithmetic, medicine and chemistry.
d. Mathematics
In the field of mathematics that developed at that time was calculation. Sometimes we think the value of
zero is not that important, but Muslim mathematicians zero is part of the number, so they find the number
zero in calculations. This was stated by a mathematician that the number zero would make it easier to use
numbers when compared to the Roman numerals used in the Christian world at that time.
e. Language and Literature
Language and literature have become the language of Islamic government administration in Spain,
especially in Cordova. This can be accepted by Muslims and non-Muslims. In fact, native Spanish people
prioritize their native language. Many of them are also experts and proficient in Arabic, both speaking skills
and grammar.
f) History and Geography
In the fields of history and geography, the western Islamic region gave birth to many famous thinkers,
Ibn Jubair from Valencia (1145-1228 AD) wrote about the Muslim countries of the Mediterranean and Sicily
and Ibn Batuthah from Tangier (1304-1377 AD) reached the Pasai Ocean and China . Ibn Khatib (1317-1374
AD) compiled a history of Granada, while Ibn Khaldun from Tunisia formulated the philosophy of history. All
the historians above lived in Spain, who later moved to Africa.
4. The decline of the Umayyads in Andalusia
The Umayyad Caliphate in Andalusia experienced decline due to various factors, namely:
1. Conflict between Islam and Christianity.
2. There is no unifying ideology.
3. Economy crisis.
4. Unclear power transfer system.
Islamic civilization in Spain found it difficult to ask for help from Islamic powers elsewhere, except North
Africa
