16/08/2023

T194 Topics
T194 Resit • Important Dates

Tutorial 1
• Differentiation
• Integration

Topics •
•
Complex Numbers
Matrices
• Example of a Section B Question
Cheng Lee
Copyright: Dr Cheng Lee 1 Copyright: Dr Cheng Lee 2

1 2

Some Important Dates

• 13 September, 23:59
• iCME81 cut–off date
• ALL resit students must do this iCME81
• 12 September, 20:00 Differentiation
• Exam Date
• 4.5 hours from the time you start (i.e.
download the exam paper)
• 6 September, 19:00 – 20:00
o Second Tutorial: Past Exam Questions

Copyright: Dr Cheng Lee 3 Copyright: Dr Cheng Lee 4

3 4

Displacement, Velocity,
Some Graphical Examples
Acceleration
• Displacement is the measurement of distance 0
speed versus time
0.0
speed versus time

from a starting point -0.2

0 20 40 60
time/s
80 100
-0.2
0 20 40 60
time/s
80 100
speed/(m/s)

speed/(m/s)

-0.4 -0.4

• Velocity is the rate of change of displacement -0.6 -0.6

with time
-0.8 -0.8

-1 -1.0

• Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity distance versus time distance versus time

with time 0

-20
0 20 40 60
time/s
80 100
0.0

-10.0
0 20 40 60
time/s
80 100
distance/m

distance/m

-40 -20.0

-60 -30.0

-80 -40.0

-100 -50.0

Copyright: Dr Cheng Lee 5 Copyright: Dr Cheng Lee 6

5 6
 16/08/2023

Rules of Differentiation /1 Rules of Differentiation /2

• HB, pages 35 - 42

• HB, pages 35 - 42

Copyright: Dr Cheng Lee 7 Copyright: Dr Cheng Lee 8

7 8

Differentiating Differentiating
Multiplying Functions Dividing Functions
𝑢=𝑥 𝑢
𝑢=𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣 𝑦= 𝑢
𝑑𝑢 𝑣 𝑦=
𝑑𝑢 =𝑥 ×𝑥 = 3𝑥 𝑢 𝑣
= 3𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 =𝑥 =𝑢 +𝑣 𝑣 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑣 −𝑢
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑣=𝑥 = 5𝑥 = 𝑥 × 2𝑥 + 𝑥 × 3𝑥 𝑣=𝑥 = =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑣 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑣
𝑑𝑣 = 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 = 2𝑥 =𝑥
= 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 × 3𝑥 − 𝑥 × 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = 5𝑥 𝑑𝑦 =
=1 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Product Rule 3𝑥 − 2𝑥
Page 42, T194 𝑑𝑦 Quotient Rule =
Handbook = 𝑢d𝑣 + 𝑣d𝑢 Page 42, T194
𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑣𝑑𝑢 − 𝑢𝑑𝑣
Handbook = =1
𝑑𝑥 𝑣
Copyright: Dr Cheng Lee 9 Copyright: Dr Cheng Lee 10

9 10

Differentiating
Chain Rule: the Rules
Composite Functions
𝑦 = 1+𝑥 𝑦= 𝑢 d𝑦 d𝑦 d𝑢
=𝑢 ⁄ = ×
d𝑥 d𝑢 d𝑥
Let 𝑢 = 1 + 𝑥 d𝑦 1 ⁄
= 𝑢 1
Then 𝑦 = 𝑢 d𝑢 2 = × 2𝑥
1 2 𝑢
=
2 𝑢 𝑥
𝑦 = 1+𝑥 =
1+𝑥
= 1+𝑥 ⁄ 𝑢 =1+𝑥
d𝑦 1 ⁄ d𝑢
= 1+𝑥 2𝑥 = 2𝑥
d𝑥 2 d𝑥 Chain Rule
𝑥 Page 42, T194
=
1+𝑥 Handbook

Copyright: Dr Cheng Lee 11 Copyright: Dr Cheng Lee 12

11 12
 16/08/2023

Chain Rule: An Example Differentiation of sin 𝒙

𝒙 𝒕 = 𝑨 sin(𝜸 cos 𝝎𝒕 )
𝐝𝒙
Find
𝐝𝒕
𝐝𝒙 𝐝𝒙 𝐝𝒖
Using Chain Rule =
𝐝𝒕 𝐝𝒖 𝐝𝒕
𝐝𝒖
Let 𝒖 = 𝜸 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝝎𝒕); = −𝝎𝜸 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝝎𝒕)
𝐝𝒕
𝐝𝒙
𝒙 = 𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒖); 𝐝𝒖 = 𝑨 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒖)
𝐝𝒙 𝐝𝒙 𝐝𝒖
∴ = = (𝑨 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒖 )(−𝝎𝜸 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝝎𝒕)
𝐝𝒕 𝐝𝒖 𝐝𝒕
= −𝑨𝝎𝜸 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎𝒕 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝜸 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝎𝒕 )
Copyright: Dr Cheng Lee 13 Copyright: Dr Cheng Lee 14

13 14

Differentiation of cos 𝒙 Differentiation of tan 𝒙

Copyright: Dr Cheng Lee 15 Copyright: Dr Cheng Lee 16

15 16

Differentiation Example 1 Differentiation Example /2

y versus x
1000

y
500

0
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10

-500

-1000

-1500

Copyright: Dr Cheng Lee 17 Copyright: Dr Cheng Lee 18

17 18
 16/08/2023

Differentiation Example /3

Integration

Copyright: Dr Cheng Lee 19 Copyright: Dr Cheng Lee 20

19 20

Why Integration? Indefinite Integral

• Can be viewed as the opposite of • An integral with no upper or
differentiation lower limits on the integral
• Finding area under the curve sign
𝑨 = ∫ 𝒇 𝒙 𝐝𝒙
• Finding second moments of area
• Example
• Finding centre of pressure
𝑨 = ∫ 𝒙𝟐 𝐝𝒙
𝒙𝟑
= +𝒄
𝟑
𝒄 is the constant of integration

Copyright: Dr Cheng Lee 21 Copyright: Dr Cheng Lee 22

21 22

Definite Integral Integration Rules /1

• An integral with upper
and lower limits
𝟏𝟎
𝑨= 𝒇 𝒙 𝐝𝒙
𝟎
• Example
𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎
𝒙𝟑
𝑨= 𝒙𝟐 𝐝𝒙 =
𝟎 𝟑 𝟎
𝟏𝟎𝟑
= = 𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟑 (𝟏 𝐝. 𝐩. )
𝟑

Copyright: Dr Cheng Lee 23 Copyright: Dr Cheng Lee 24

23 24
 16/08/2023

Integration Rules /2 Integration by Parts

 u dv  uv   v du
Differentiation of a product
d d d
(uv)  u (v )  v (u )
dx dx dx
d(uv)  u dv  v du
u dv  d(uv)  v du
Copyright: Dr Cheng Lee 25 Copyright: Dr Cheng Lee 26

25 26

Integration by Parts Integration Example /1

 u dv  uv   v du HB, pages 45–48
 f ds  fs   s df Differentiation of a
product
d d d d d d
( fs )  f (s)  s ( f ) (uv)  u (v)  v (u )
dx dx dx dx dx dx
d( fs )  f ds  s df d(uv)  u dv  v du
f ds  d( fs )  s df u dv  d(uv)  v du  u dv  uv   v du
f ds   d( fs)   s df
 u dv   d(uv)   v du  f ds  fs   s df
 fs   s df  uv   v du
Copyright: Dr Cheng Lee 27 Copyright: Dr Cheng Lee 28

27 28

Integration Example 2

Complex
Numbers

Copyright: Dr Cheng Lee 29 Copyright: Dr Cheng Lee 30

29 30
 16/08/2023

Complex Numbers Why use Complex Numbers?

• HB, pages 52–58 • Complex numbers occur naturally, e.g.
• Numbers made up of a real part and an if the discriminant of a quadratic
imaginary part equation is negative, the solution is a
complex one
• Imaginary part has 1 denoted by i
• Solutions to many engineering
• Complex number: a + bi (particularly electronics) and physics
• Deal with complex number in exactly the problems require knowledge and
same way as you deal with real numbers understanding of complex numbers
when performing arithmetic operations • In mechanical engineering, they can be
• Cartesian coordinates (x, y) used to analyse forces in two
orthogonal directions (e.g. horizontal
• Polar Coordinates (r, θ) and vertical directions)
Copyright: Dr Cheng Lee 31 Copyright: Dr Cheng Lee 32

31 32

Polar Form of Complex

Conjugates
Numbers
18
16
14
y 12

10
8
6
• When dividing by 4

complex number, 2
0

change the complex 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

x
8 9

number in the
denominator into a
real number by z  a  bi a  r cos 
multiplying top and b  r sin 
bottom by the modulus of z  r  a 2  b 2
conjugate of the z  r cos   i r sin 
denominator argument of z  
z  r
Copyright: Dr Cheng Lee 33 Copyright: Dr Cheng Lee 34

33 34

Complex Numbers Example 1 Complex Numbers Example 2

z  2  3i z  2  3i z  345o w  222o zw  3  2(45  22)o
Find modulus and argument r  a 2  b 2 Find zw  667o
b  22  32  13 z 3 zw  6(cos 67o  i sin 67 o )
tan      (45  22)o
a  3.605...  3.61 (2 d.p.) w 2  (6  0.390...)  (6  0.920...) i
3  2.34  5.52i (2 d.p.)
  1.5 In compact form,  1.523o
2
z  r  z
  tan 1 (1.5)  1.5(cos 23o  i sin 23o )
w
 56.31...  56.3o (1 d.p.)  3.6156.3o  (1.5  0.920...)  (6  0.390...)i
Copyright: Dr Cheng Lee 35
 1.38  0.59i (2 d.p.)Copyright: Dr Cheng Lee 36

35 36
 16/08/2023

Complex Numbers Example 3

z  3cos 45o  i  3sin 45o 
 
w  2cos 22o  i  2sin 22o 
 2.121...  2.121...i 
 
 1.854...  0.749...i  Matrices
 2.121...  2.121...i   1.854...  0.749...i 
  
 1.854...  0.749...i   1.854...  0.749...i 
 5.523...  2.344...i 
 
 4 
 1.380...  0.586...i
r  1.380...2  0.586...2  1.5
 0.586... 
  tan 1    23
o

 1.380...  Dr Cheng Lee

Copyright: 37 Copyright: Dr Cheng Lee 38

37 38

Addition and Subtraction of

Matrices
Matrices
• HB, pages 59–64
a a  b b 
• Numbers in rows 1 4 7 
A   11 12  B   11 12 
and columns 1 3    a21 a22  b21 b22 
 2 4  2 5 8 
• Simple way to write    3 6 9  a  b a12  b12 
many simultaneous A  B   11 11 
equations  a21  b21 a22  b22 
• Rules for manipulating matrices –
addition, subtraction, multiplication a  b a12  b12 
A  B   11 11 
 a21  b21 a22  b22 
Copyright: Dr Cheng Lee 39 Copyright: Dr Cheng Lee 40

39 40

Determinant and Inverse of a

Multiplication of Matrices
Matrix
a a  b b12 
• Determinant of a matrix
A   11 12  B   11
 a21 a22  b21 b22 
a a 
 a  b  a  b a11  b12  a12  b22  A   11 12  ; det A  (a11  a22 )  (a12  a21 )
A  B   11 11 12 21 a a
 21 22 
 a21  b11  a22  b21 a21  b12  a22  b22 
1 2  5 6 • Inverse of a matrix
A  B  7 8 
3 4   
1  a22  a12 
1  5  2  7 1  6  2  8  A 1 =
AB  
3  5  4  7 3  6  4  8 
 det A   a21 a11 
19 22 
 
 43 50 Copyright: Dr Cheng Lee 41 Copyright: Dr Cheng Lee 42

41 42
 16/08/2023

Matrices Example 1
 y 1  5  25  ( 4)  (14) 
 x   23  ( 2)  25  3  ( 14) 
   
1  69 
3 y  4 x  25

23  92 
Complete
2 y  5 x  14
3 Solution
 3 4   y   25   
 2 5  x    14  4
     y3
1
 y   3 4   25  x4
 x    2 5   14 
     
 1   5 4   25 
   2 3   14 
 3  ( 5)  2  4   
Copyright: Dr Cheng Lee 43 Copyright: Dr Cheng Lee 44

43 44

Section B Question Forces in Component Form

FA   FA cos 60 o i  FA sin 60o j

FB  FB cos 45o i  FB sin 45o j
Copyright: Dr Cheng Lee 45 Copyright: Dr Cheng Lee 46

45 46

Resolving Forces Writing In Matrix Form

FA   FA cos 60o i  FA sin 60 o j 1
0.5 FA  FB = 0
o
FB  FB cos 45 i  FB sin 45 j o
2
 FA cos 60o  FB cos 45o = 0
3 1
FA  FB  981
2 2  1 
 0.5
FA sin 60 o  FB sin 45o  100  9.81 = 0
2   FA   0 
0.5 FA 
1
FB = 0      
2  3 1   FB  981
 2 
3
FA 
1
FB  981  2
2 2
Copyright: Dr Cheng Lee 47 Copyright: Dr Cheng Lee 48

47 48
 16/08/2023

Matrices Example 1
Solving Solving /2
1
 1 
0.5
 FA   2  0 
F       FA   693.7175...
 B  3
 2
1  981
  F    1.0352...  490.5 
 2  B  
  1 1 
 1  2 2  0   718.1418...
 
 1

3 1  3
  
 981  


(  0.5) 
2 2
  
2   2
 0.5   507.8029...
 1
 0 
 1 
  981 

FA  718.1 N (1 d.p.)
2  2
  1.0352...  
  3   FB  507.8 N (1 d.p.)
   0  (0.5)  981
 2  
Copyright: Dr Cheng Lee 49 Copyright: Dr Cheng Lee 50

49 50

Conventional Solution
 1 
 3 1 
FB  2     981
 0.5 2 2

 
1
Presentation of
 3 1 
FB  
2

2
  981 Solutions

FA cos 60 o  FB cos 45o  507.8 N (1 d.p.)
FA sin 60  FB sin 45o  100  9.81
o
507.8  cos 45 o
o FA 
FB cos 45 cos 60o
FA 
cos 60 o  718.1 N (1 d.p.)
FB cos 45o FA  718.1 N (1 d.p.)
 sin 60o  FB sin 45o  100  9.81
cos 60 o FB  507.8 N (1 d.p.)
Copyright: Dr Cheng Lee 51 Copyright: Dr Cheng Lee 52

51 52

Presentation of Solutions /1 Presentation of Solutions /2

• Solve the equation 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 − 𝟏𝟒 = 𝟎 • Solve the equation 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 − 𝟏𝟒 = 𝟎
𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 − 𝟏𝟒 = 𝟎
Using the quadratic formula gives
𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 − 𝟏𝟒 = 𝟎 −𝒃 ± 𝒃𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄
Factorising the above 𝒙=
𝟐𝒂 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 − 𝟏𝟒 = 𝟎
equation gives =
−𝟏 ± 𝟏𝟐 − 𝟒 × 𝟑 × (−𝟏𝟒)
𝟐×𝟑 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 − 𝟏𝟒 = 𝟎 𝒙=
−𝟏 ± 𝟏𝟐 − 𝟒 × 𝟑 × (−𝟏𝟒)
(𝟑𝒙 + 𝟕) (𝒙 − 𝟐) = 𝟎 −𝟏 ± 𝟏 + 𝟏𝟔𝟖 𝟐×𝟑
Thus =
𝟔
(𝟑𝒙 + 𝟕) (𝒙 − 𝟐) = 𝟎 −𝟏 ± 𝟏 + 𝟏𝟔𝟖
(𝟑𝒙 + 𝟕) = 𝟎 or (𝒙 − 𝟐) = 𝟎 =
−𝟏 ± 𝟏𝟔𝟗 𝟕 𝒙=
𝟔
Solution is Solution is
𝟔
𝒙 = − or 𝒙 = 𝟐 −𝟕
𝟕 𝒙=
−𝟏 + 𝟏𝟑
or 𝒙 =
−𝟏 − 𝟏𝟑 𝟑 𝒙 = 𝟐, 𝒙 =
𝒙 = − or 𝒙 = 𝟐 𝟔 𝟔 𝟑
𝟑 −𝟕
𝒙 = 𝟐 or 𝒙 =
𝟑

Copyright: Dr Cheng Lee 53 Copyright: Dr Cheng Lee 54

53 54
 16/08/2023

Presentation of Solutions /3
• Solve the equation 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 − 𝟏𝟒 = 𝟎

𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 − 𝟏𝟒 = 𝟎 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 − 𝟏𝟒 = 𝟎
𝟕 −𝟕
𝒙 = − or 𝒙 = 𝟐 𝒙 = 𝟐, 𝒙 =
𝟑 𝟑

Copyright: Dr Cheng Lee 55

55