MR.
YOUSEF AHMED WHATSAPP +201128360039
Graphs transformations
Function can be transformed by altering the function
Transformations are
1) Translating the function
2) Reflecting the function
3) Stretching the function
Each type of transformation will be illustrated separately:
1) Translating functions [ Sliding / Shifting ]
a) Horizontal translation ( it changes x-coordinates only )
When 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) changes to 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 ± 𝑎)
Original New
function function
Hint :
Change the sign of the constant ( a ), then add it to x-coordinate .
b) Vertical translation ( it changes y-coordinate only )
When 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) changes to 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑎
Original New
function function
Adding or subtracting a constant ‘outside‘ the function translates the graph vertically.
Hint :
Don’t change the sign of the constant ( a ), then add it to y-coordinate.
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Example:
Don’t change y-coordinate
(𝑖𝑖) 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) − 7 Don’t change x-coordinate
( ………………… , ………………… )
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2) Reflecting functions
i) Reflection in x-axis
When 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) changes to 𝑦 = −𝑓(𝑥)
Hint:
Change the sign of each y-coordinate
ii) Reflection in y-axis
When 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) changes to 𝑦 = 𝑓(−𝑥)
Hint:
Change the sign of each x-coordinate
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Example:
a)
b)
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3) Stretching functions
i) Stretching the graph horizontally
When 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) changes to 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑎𝑥) ; a is constant
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑎𝑥)
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
1
𝑦 = 𝑓 ( 𝑥)
𝑎
Hints:
1) When 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) changes to 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑎𝑥) ; a is an integer
Multiply each x-coordinate by ( the reciprocal of a )
1
2) When 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) changes to 𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑎 𝑥)
Multiply each x-coordinate by a
Example :
1
𝑖) 𝑦 = 𝑓 (3 𝑥)
(……….. , …………. )
𝑖𝑖) 𝑦 = 𝑓(2𝑥)
( ……….. , ……….. )
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ii) Stretching the graph vertically
When 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) changes to 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑓(𝑥) ; a is constant
1
𝑓(𝑥)
2
Hints:
1) When 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) changes to 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑓(𝑥) ; a is an integer
Multiply each y-coordinate by a
1
2) When 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) changes to 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑎
1
Multiply each y-coordinate by 𝑎
Example:
1
i) 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
3
(…………. , ………..)
ii) 𝑦 = 2𝑓(𝑥)
(…………. , …………)
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Exercise :
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Sketching functions after transformations: ( Very important )
Example:
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Describing a transformation
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Example:
The curve with equation 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is transformed to give the curve with equation 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 + 2)
c) Describe the transformation
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Edexcel International GCSE notes [Link] Ahmed +201128360039
