Solution
Concentration
ADDU-JHS Grade 9 Science (Chemistry)
Composition of Compounds & Concentration of Solutions
COMPOSITION of Compounds CONCENTRATION of Solutions
% by Mass Composition % by Mass Concentration
of an element in a compound % by Volume Concentration
of a solute in solution
Molar ratio – ratio of moles of Mole fraction – ratio of moles of
element to total number of moles of solute to total number of moles of
all elements in a compound solute and solvent
Molecular Formula - specifies the Molarity – moles of solute per Liter of
actual number of atoms of each solution
element that makes-up a compound
Empirical Formula - smallest whole- Molality – moles of solute per KG of
number mole ratio of the elements solvent
that make-up a compound
% by Mass (w/w or m/m) Concentration
What is the % by mass (w/w) of an 80.0g aqueous solution containing
7.00g of dissolved NaCl?
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
% by mass (w/w) = 𝑥 100
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
7.00𝑔
% by mass (w/w) = 𝑥 100 = 8.75%
80.0𝑔
% by Volume (v/v) Concentration
What is the % by volume (v/v) of 80.0mL ethanol diluted with water to
make a 250 mL solution?
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
% by volume (v/v) = 𝑥 100
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
80.0 𝑚𝐿
% by volume (v/v) = 𝑥 100 = 32.0%
250. 𝑚𝐿
Dilution using Molarity (M) values
How much water must be added to make 2.5L of 2.0M HCl solution
from a 16M HCl stock solution?
M1 = 2 M HCl V1 = 2.5 L M2 = 16 M HCl V2 = ?
M1 V1 = M2 V2 = moles of HCl
(note: moles of HCl solute remains unchanged after dilution)
Dilution using Molarity (M) values
How much water must be added to make 2.5L of 2.0M HCl solution
from a 16M HCl stock solution?
M1 = 2.0 M HCl V1 = 2.5 L M2 = 16 M HCl V2 = ?
M1 V1 = M2 V2
𝑀1𝑉1 2.0𝑀 2.5𝐿
V2 = 𝑀2
=
16𝑀
= 0.3125 L
Water to be added = 2.5 L – 0.3125 L = 2.1875 L or 2.2 L
Dilution using Molarity (M) values
If 1.75L of a nitric acid stock solution is used to make 5.0L of 1.2M nitric
acid, what is the molarity of the nitric acid stock solution?
M1 = ? V1 = 1.75 L M2 = 1.2 M V2 = 5.0 L
M1 V1 = M2 V2 = moles of nitric acid
Dilution using Molarity (M) values
If 1.75L of a nitric acid stock solution is used to make 5.0L of 1.2M nitric
acid, what is the molarity of the nitric acid stock solution?
M1 = ? V1 = 1.75 L M2 = 1.2 M V2 = 5.0 L
M1 V1 = M2 V2
𝑀2𝑉2 1.2𝑀 5.0𝐿
M1 = 𝑉1
=
1.75𝐿
= 3.42857 M or 3.4 M
Molality (m)
Determine the molality of a solution prepared by dissolving 28.60 g of
glucose (C6H12O6, molar mass=180.18 g/mol) into 0.250 kg of water.
moles of glucose = 28.60 g / 180.18 g/mol = 0.15873 moles
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒 0.15873 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑔𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒
m= = = = 0.635
𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 0.250 𝑘𝑔 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
Mole Fraction (χ or “chi”)
0.100 mole of NaCl is dissolved into 100.0 grams of pure H2O (molar mass =
18.0 g/mol). What is the mole fraction of NaCl? What is the mole fraction of
water?
Moles of water = 100.0 g / 18.0 g/mol = 5.56 mol
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
Χsolute =
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒/𝑠 + 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡
0.100 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙
ΧNaCl = = 0.018
0.100 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 +5.56 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
5.56 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
Χwater = = 0.982 = 1.00 - ΧNaCl
0.100 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 +5.56 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
Practice Problems
1) A bottle contains 1500.0 grams of a bleach solution, with a
concentration of 3.62% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl).
a) How many grams of NaOCl are in the solution?
b) How many grams of solvent are in the solution?
2) 18 mL of methanol is used to make an aqueous solution that is 15%
methanol by volume. How many milliliters of solution is produced?
3) How many grams of CaCl should be dissolved in 500.0mL of water
to make a 0.20M solution of CaCl ?
4) How many milliliters of a 5.0M H SO stock solution would you
need to prepare 100.0 mL of 0.25M H SO ?
5) How much barium hydroxide, Ba(OH) , in grams, is needed to make
a 1.00m aqueous solution?
