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Reservoir Fluids

Rahim Masoudi

Importance of Phase Behaviour

n How the state of reservoir fluids changes

from reservoir to surface?
n mixtures of large number of components
n Phase change due to P and T variations

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Application of Fluid Analysis Properties

Phase Behavior and Compositional Concepts are
required to determine.
Ø How much oil or gas is present
Ø How much can be recovered
Ø How fast it can be recovered
Ø Reservoir management and
Ø strategies
Ø Surface Facility Design

Fluid
Properties

Petroleum University of Advanced PVT and Phase Behaviour of

Technology Petroleum Reservoir Fluids

Why PVT Analysis?

Phase behavior
Reliable
&
Volumetric data

Is necessary

-To evaluate reserves

-To develop the optimum recovery plan
-To determine the quality and quantity of produced fluids

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PVT?
n Reservoirs are produced by depletion: P?
& T=const.
n Hence simple tests for recovery process
are conducted by varying the fluid
Pressure
n The main focus is on Volumetric data at
the reservoir & surface Temperature

(Pressure-Volume-Temperature), PVT Analysis

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Routine PVT
n To provide data for field evaluation and
design
Ø Reservoir calculations
Ø Well flow calculations
Ø Surface facility design

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Oil and Gas Reservoirs

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PVT Analysis: Scope

n Correlation between pressure, temperature
and volume at reservoir temperature
n Determination of physical constants relative
to reservoir engineering
¨ Viscosity, density, compressibility
n Effect of separator conditions on oil
formation volume factor, GOR, etc
n Composition of the fluid

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PVT Analysis: Hydrocarbon Analysis

n Analysis made of the initial fluid and
produced fluids from separator tests, using
distillation and/or gas chromatography
n Analysis made on the basis of normal
paraffin series: C1 to C6 or to C10 or higher
n Characterization determined for C7+ or
C11+ components. Specific gravity and
molecular weight

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Technology Petroleum Reservoir Fluids

Phase behavior change

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Simple Approach

[Link]. & Mw of separated oil

Oil
Reservoir fluid characterization

Reservoir Oil
[Link]. & Mw of separated gas

Gas

Petroleum University of Advanced PVT and Phase Behaviour of

Technology Petroleum Reservoir Fluids

Simple approach or compositional studies?

q Initial information from simple PVT tests:
q The ratio of phase volume at reservoir conditions to that at surface condition
q Solubility of gas in oil

Sufficient in studies of black oil reservoirs

BUT

-Gas Condensate Fluid constituents used to

-Volatile oil estimate fluid properties
Compositional studies -Black oil reservoirs with gas injection
or miscible displacement

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Compositional studies?

Composition of Compositional phase Prediction of all

the original behavior model
reservoir fluid PVT data

Tuning process is required

against exp data

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Technology Petroleum Reservoir Fluids

Hydrocarbon Phase can be:

Ø Gas
Ø Liquid
Ø Solid
Possible solids:
Scale, Wax,
Asphaltene, Resin,
Hydrate (SI, SII, SH),
Ice

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Exa.: Phase boundary of Vapour Liquid-Asphaltene-Wax-

Hydrate for typical reservoir fluid

Hydrate

Asphaltene

Wax

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Typical pressure, &

temperature ranges

Location Pressure Temperature (oF)

(psia)
Reservoir 500-10,000 100-300 (500+ thermal)
Separator 100-600 75-150
Stock tank 14.7 Ambient
Standard 14.7 60
Conditions
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Standard Conditions
n Unify volumes to common grounds for
sales and regulatory purposes
¨ T = 60 0F
¨ P = 14.65 – 15.025 (State dependent)
Then
VM = RTsc/Psc

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Main Family of Hydrocarbons

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Hydrocarbon Compounds
n Four types of HC based on molecules structures
(HC series)
¨ Paraffines (alkanes)
¨ Olefins (alkenes)
¨ Naphthenes
¨ Aromatics
¨ Asphaltinic
n CnH2n+a
n Different percentage of each group in oils

Petroleum University of Advanced PVT and Phase Behaviour of

Technology Petroleum Reservoir Fluids

Paraffin Compounds (Alkane)

n Straight chain of C atoms

n a=2

n +5 C atoms

n +18 C atoms forms wax

n Saturated compounds

n nC6, iC6, nC4,…

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Olefine Compounds (Alkenes)

Ø Straight chain of C atoms
Ø a=0
Ø Forms due to unstable
nature
Ø Unsaturated compounds
Ø 1-Hexen

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Naphthene or cycloparaffine
Compounds
n Saturated with cyclic
compounds
n a=0

n +5 C atoms

n High Asphalt content

n Reduce the value

n E.g., cyclohexane,
cyclopentane

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Aromatic or benzene compounds

n Cyclic with unsaturated

molecules
n a=-6

n +6 C atoms

n High Gasoline yield in

refinery

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Reservoir fluid classification

n Low Shrinkage Oil (Heavy Oil-Black Oil)
n High Shrinkage Oil (Volatile Oil)
n Retrograde Condensate Gas
n Wet Gas
n Dry Gas

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Low Shrinkage Oil

Unsaturated
20
Saturated

90
40
60

80
85

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Low Shrinkage Oil

Ø Tc well above the T reservoir
Ø Broad phase envelope
Ø High percentage of liquid
Ø High proportion of heavier HC’s
Ø Oil gravity °API<30
Ø GOR<500 SCF/STB
Ø Liquid-black or deep color
Ø Generally composed of more than about
20% C7+
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High Shrinkage Oil

As pressure
Unsaturated
reduced below BP,
a large amount of Saturated
gas is produced

65
Separator

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High Shrinkage Oil

Ø T reservoir is near Tc (Hence near critical oils)
Ø Not so broad phase envelope
Ø High percentage of gas is produced
Ø Fewer heavier HC’s
Ø C7+ composition > 12.5%
Ø Oil gravity 30<°API<50
Ø GOR<3200 SCF/STB
Ø Deep colored
Ø Compositional material balance methods
should be applied generally to study volatile
oil reservoir
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Retrograde Gas Condensate

Single phase fluid

Critical point
Condensation

Re-vaporization
25
Separator

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Gas Condensate Fluid Behavior

(Pi , Ti)
0.4

0.3
Oil Saturation

3500
0.2

3000 0.1

0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000

2500 Pressure (Psi)

Pressure (Psi)

2000
60%
1500
45% 30%
1000
(Pw ,15%
T2 )
500

(Ps , Ts)
0
-300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 500
Temperature (F)

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Depletion
t=0.87 Day t= 7 Days t=60 Days t=160 Days

3500
Increasing
Production Time
3000

2500
Pressure (Psi)

2000

1500

1000

500

0
-300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 500
Petroleum University of Advanced PVT and Phase Behaviour of
Technology Temperature
Petroleum (F)
Reservoir Fluids
Saturation

Region I II II Region II
Region
Region Region III

So> Soc So< Soc So= 0

Soc

Distance
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Wellbore Pressure
Pdew

P*

t1 t2 Time

Petroleum University of Advanced PVT and Phase Behaviour of

Technology Petroleum Reservoir Fluids
GOR

t1 t2 Time

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PVT Predictions Improvement

40.00

35.00

30.00

25.00

PR
AAD%

SW
20.00
SRK
This work

15.00

10.00

5.00

0.00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Sample Number

Petroleum University of Advanced PVT and Phase Behaviour of

Technology Petroleum Reservoir Fluids

PVT Predictions Improvement

10

7
Liquid Drop out %

6
EXP
PR
5 SRK
This Work

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Pressure (bar)
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Retrograde Gas Condensate

Re-vaporization

Condensation

Liquid drop out curve

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Retrograde Gas Condensate (recovery methods)

n Gas recycling:
¨ Maintaining the res P above dew point
¨ Negative point: Shortage of gas
n Partial pressure maintenance:
¨ Intermediate and heavy compound separated
¨ Lean gas is injected back to the reservoir: It is
mainly composed of C1 so it make the res
fluid leaner
n Solvent Injection, Hydraulic Fracturing,
Foam/Polymer Injection
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Gas Cycling
n Maintain the reservoir
pressure above dew point
n Water may trap the gas
n gas injection could be very
expensive
n Separated gas will returned Injection well

to reservoir
n Need more gas to replace Production well
the produced condensate
n Dry gas will produce later
by blow down

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Retrograde Gas Condensate

Ø Tc < T reservoir < T cricondentherm
Ø Contains more lighter HC’s and fewer
heavier HC’s than high shrinkage oil
Ø Oil gravity 40<°API<60
Ø 3200<GOR<70000 SCF/STB
Ø Stock tank oil is water-white or slightly
colored
Ø C7+ is generally less than 12.5 mole%
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Wet Gas

No condensate during depletion

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Wet Gas
Ø Wet gas is mainly composed of CH4
and other light components
Ø The phase envelope lies well below the
T reservoir
Ø Condensate liquid °API>50
Ø GOR>50000 SCF/STB

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Dry Gas

Petroleum University of Advanced PVT and Phase Behaviour of

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Dry Gas
Ø Dry gas is mainly composed of CH4 and
non-hydrocarbons such as N2, CO2
Ø The phase envelope is generally located
below the ambient temperature
Ø GOR>100000 SCF/STB

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Concluding Comments

Relative positions of
phase envelopes
.

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Concluding Comments

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Typical Compositions of Reservoir Fluids

Component Formula Dry Gas Wet Gas Retrogrde gas Volatile Oil Black Oil
Nitrogen N2 0.30 0.20 3.68 1.21 0.36
Carbon Dioxide CO2 1.10 2.10 1.28 2.10 0.29
Methane CH4 90.00 85.00 78.56 60.50 23.97
Ethane C2H6 4.90 4.70 5.62 7.75 6.42
Propane C3H8 1.70 3.20 3.54 4.75 7.64
iso-Butane i-C4H10 0.60 1.20 0.36 2.27 1.79
normal-Butane n-C4H10 0.50 1.00 2.19 2.01 5.29
iso-Pentane i-C5H12 0.30 0.90 0.19 1.96 2.98
normal-Pentane n-C5H12 0.20 0.80 1.98 0.88 3.27
Hexanes C6H14 0.20 0.30 0.68 1.90 4.85
Heptanes C7H16 0.20 0.60 0.51 2.51 7.09
Octanes C8H18 0.44 2.45 7.67
Nonanes C9H20 0.20 1.68 5.19
Decanes C10H22 0.12 1.45 4.47
Undecanes C11H24 0.06 1.05 2.96
Dodecanes plus C12 plus 0.59 5.53 15.76

Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

Petroleum University of Advanced PVT and Phase Behaviour of
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Typical Compositions of Reservoir Fluids

Component Black Oil Volatile Oil Gas Condensate Wet Gas Dry Gas
C1 48.83 64.36 87.07 95.85 86.67

C2 2.75 7.52 4.39 2.67 7.77

C3 1.93 4.74 2.29 0.34 2.95

C4 1.60 4.12 1.74 0.52 1.73

C5 1.15 3.97 0.83 0.08 0.88

C6 1.59 3.38 0.60 0.12

+
C7 42.15 11.91 3.80 0.42
+
MwC7 225 181 112 157

GOR 625 2000 18,200 105,000 -

o
Tank API 34.3 50.1 60.8 54.7 -
Liquid Greenish Medium Light Water -
Color Black Orange Straw White
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Additional Guidelines
Reservoir Surface GOR range Gas specific API Typical composition, mole %
fluid appearance gravity gravity C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6

Dry gas Colorless gas Essentially 0.60 - 0.65 96 2.7 0.3 0.5 0.1 0.4
no liquids

Wet gas Colorless gas Greater than 0.65 - 0.85 60o-70o

with small amount 100 MSCF/bbl
of clear or straw
colored liquid

Condensate Colorless gas 3 to 100 0.65 - 0.85 50o-70o 87 4.4 2.3 1.7 0.8 3.8
with significant MSCF/bbl
amounts of light- (900-18000 m3/m3)
colored liquid

“Volatile” or Brown liquid About 0.65 - 0.85 40o-50o 64 7.5 4.7 4.1 3.0 16.7
high shrinkage with various 3000 SCF/bbl
oil yellow, red, or (500m3/m3)
green hues

“Black” or low Dark brown 100-2500 SCF/bbl 30o-40o 49 2.8 1.9 1.6 1.2 43.5
shrinkage oil to black (20-450 m3/m3)
viscous liquid

Heavy oil Black, very Essentially no gas 10o-25o 20 3.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 71
viscous liquid in solution

Tar Black substance Viscosity >10,000cp <10o _ _ _ _ _ 90+

There are no definite boundaries between these classifications and usage may vary depending on location. Gravities and GOR are also
dependent on separation conditions.
Petroleum University of Advanced PVT and Phase Behaviour of
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Spectrum of Reservoir fluids

Spectrum of reservoir fluids from wet gas to black oil

expressed in terms of GORs and OGRs after McCain (1993).

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Reservoirs with a gas cap

-The gas is at its dew point pressure

-The oil is at its bubble point pressure

Combination of fluids lies on the constant proportion line representing

Petroleum University of Advanced PVT and Phase Behaviour of
the ration of the gas & oil as theyPetroleum
Technology
exist inReservoir
the reservoir
Fluids system.

Reservoirs with a gas cap

n Saturated gas reservoir may be an

indicator of existing oil column below it
n Saturated oil reservoir may strongly
indicate the presence of a gas cap

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Examples: real case

[Link] Sep. Gas Reservoir Oil
Components
(mol%) (mol%) (mol%)
H2S 0.028 0.291 0.119
N2 0.000 0.129 0.044
CO2 0.201 3.257 1.250
C1 1.922 69.975 25.297 2500
C2 1.843 13.065 5.698
2000
C3 3.450 7.129 4.713
iC4 1.175 1.155 1.168 1500
Series1
nC4 3.632 2.464 3.231
Series3
iC5 1.200 0.662 1.015 1000

nC5 1.385 0.701 1.150

500
C6 5.722 0.653 3.981
C7 5.144 0.375 3.506 0
C8 -400 -200 0 200 400 600 800 1000
4.951 0.144 3.300
C9 5.160 0.000 3.387
C10 4.689 0.000 3.078
C11 4.046 0.000 2.656
CPetroleum
12+ 55.453
University of 0.000 36.406
Advanced PVT and Phase Behaviour of
Technology Petroleum Reservoir Fluids
Total 100 100.000 100

Examples: real case

Component mole%
N2 3.85
CO2 1.94
H2S 0.16
CH4 82.35
4000
C2H6 4.99
3500
C3H8 1.73
3000
iC4H10 0.39 2500
Series1
nC4H10 0.63 2000
Series3
iC5H12 0.29 1500
1000
nC5H12 0.25
500
Pseudo C6 0.4 0
Pseudo C7 0.56 -400 -200 0 200 400

Pseudo C8 0.58
Pseudo C9 0.42
Pseudo C10 0.33
Pseudo C11 0.23
C12+ 0.9
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PVT Analysis: Samples

n The PVT laboratory study is only as good as the
sample being representative of the reservoir
contents
n Fluid sampling should be done as early as
possible during the production life of a reservoir
n Res P?? 2 phase: mole ratio of the two phases
flowing into the well is not generally equal to that
formed in the reservoir

Representative sample collection is very important

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PVT Analysis: Samples

n Subsurface samples: Bottom hole sample:
Ø As single phase at the bottom hole
Ø Only representative when pressure at
sampling point is equal or above bubble point
pressure
Ø Usually collected during formation testing
prior to production

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Sampling- Properties from microscopic to

macroscopic scale

Petroleum University of Advanced PVT and Phase Behaviour of

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n Subsurface
sampling

Bottom hole sampler

Producing Formation
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PVT Analysis: Samples

n Surface samples:
Ø Sampling is conducted on producing wells
v Well head sample: producing mixture stream
v Separator sample: separated gas and liquid
Ø Fluids recombined in the laboratory on the basis
of the producing GOR

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Vertical and
horizontal
separator

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Separator sampling points

n a) entrained liquid will
rich the gas
composition
n b) gas will change the
liquid composition
n c) sampling from side
of the line rather than
top and bottom (probe)

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Sampling locations
Merit/ Disadvantages

Location For Against

[Link] Ideal Impossible

[Link] hole Single phase Representative?,

technology, cost,
handling
[Link] Cost Two-phase,
representative? GOR?
[Link] Cost, single phase, Gas/ liquid volumes,
sampling volume, separator conditions,
buffer representative?
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Sampling: important points

n Make sure that representative fluids
are flowing out of the formation by
properly conditioning the well before
sampling
n Sample should be collected from all
coexisting phases and recombined at
the producing ratio

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Well conditioning for sampling

n Oil Sampling:

-Pressure draw down

If well bottom hole Shut-in for about 1-3
decrease
pressure falls days in order to
- oil pressure increase (may
below the oil BP reduce flow
be above its original bubble
point, one phase fluid)

Not reliable method for gas condensate as the pressure build up may
vaporize the condensed liquid in the reservoir into the gas phase to form a
gas condensate even richer than the original fluid

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Gas condensate sampling

Formation of condensate:
Assumption: No condensate accumulation in the two phase region:

Overall composition of inflow is equal to outflow stream (quasi steady

state condition around the well bore over a short period of sampling time

The reservoir outflow, if collected properly, should

represent the original single phase reservoir fluid

Out flow

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Gas condensate flow

n P and T drops upward
n Rising the retrograde
liquid in the wellbore
n sufficient flow to
bring it to the surface
n Slower rate, leave
liquid behind and
change the overall
comosition

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Phase change during shut-in

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Collection of the sample

-To evaluate the integrity of
Collected Sample PVT lab collected samples
Separator P & T -To use in recombination
Gas/liq volumetric ratio process

v Integrity: measuring the opening pressure and comparing with the

reported sampling condition

v Leakage changes the composition: Checking the pressure

v Lower opening pressure means leakage? Thermal contraction! How to check?

v Recombination: separate samples are recombined according to the reported

gas/liq ratio recorded in the field during sampling. Reliable approach?

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Sample Validity
n Hoffman-Crump-Hocott Factor plot or Buckley
Plot (Campbell Diagram)
¨ Log KP vs F (b(1/Tb – 1/T)
K = Y/X èmol % of gas/mol % of liquid
P = Pressure (psia)
T = temperature (deg R)
Tb = Normal boiling temperature (deg R)
Pc = Critical pressure (psia)
Tc = Critical temperature (deg R)
B = Log(Pc/14.7)/(1/Tb – 1/Tc)
n K-value vs. boiling point

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Oil sample
n Recombination based on GOR or BP?

It is advised to match the BP

Why?

The BP is sensitive to the gas/liq ratio and increases with it.

How about Gas sample? Dew Point?

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Gas sample
n Matching dew point is not reliable approach
Why?

The dew point may increase or decrease by increasing the condensate/gas ratio,
depending on the sample

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Well head sampling

n Separator sample
¨ Problem: Collected gas contains some condensate
which change the condensate/gas ratio

Alternative

Well head sampling

Narrow tube

Flow

Homogeneous flow

Mixing section
Iso-Kinetic sampling Sampling bottle
Containing two phase flow

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Equipment for PVT analysis

Ø Apparatus for transfer and recombination
of separator oil and gas samples
Ø Apparatus for measuring gas volume
Ø Apparatus for performing separator tests
Ø PVT cell and displacing pump
Ø High pressure viscometer
Ø Gas chromatograph

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Samples represent the real fluid in

the reservoir!?
n Both subsurface and surface samples are
not necessarily the same as those present
within pores of a reservoir. Why?

- Surface active materials

- Adsorption of polar compounds

There are richer fluid in heavy fraction

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PVT Tests
Ø Objective: to study and quantify the phase
behavior and properties of a reservoir fluid at
simulated recovery conditions
Ø Most of the tests are depletion experiments:
v P? ? Two phases (except dry and wet gases)
v May be with some degrees of supersaturation and at
this condition the fluid is in metastable state
Ø Assumptions in PVT studies:
v Equilibrium between the phases in reservoir
v Neglecting the surface effect on fluid equilibrium
Ø Different type of hydrocarbon fluid needs
different PVT analysis test

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Fluid Composition test

n Blow-down method:
Flash a large volume of the fluid sample at the
atmospheric pressure to form two stabilized
phases of liq and gas

Gas: GC
Analyzing two phases individually
Liquid: distillation

Recombined using the ratio of the separated phases

Negative point: blow-down method is only suitable for large volume of sample

Full stream sampling (direct sampling) is a method for small amount of high
pressure fluid
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Separator test
n Examine the influence of different
separator pressures and temperatures on
Shrinkage, Bo, GOR, gas and liquid
densities and composition
n Oil in PVT cell at the BP pressure is
flashed through the separator at specific
pressures and temperatures
n Produced oil and gas volumes, densities
and compositions measured

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Separator test

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PVT Analysis: Viscosity

n Measured at different pressure above and
below bubble point pressure
n Below BP pressure carried out under
differential conditions
n Rolling ball of capillary tube systems

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PVT tests: Dry gas

n No phase change during production hence
composition=const
n PVT test: Pressure-Volume relation at res
condition
n Gas specific gravity: determined by
measuring the weight of a known volume
of the gas or by using the Mw knowing its
composition:
Sg=Mg/Mair=Mg/28.96

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Dry gas (cont.)

n Gas formation volume factor (Bg):

Gas volume at res condition of T and P VR T P T

= = Z . SC = 3.47*10−4 Z
One unit volume of gas at standard condition VSC TSC P P

Measured P-V data Z=PV/nRT=PM/?RT Bg

P
n Isothermal compressibility factor (Cg):
1 ∂V  1 1 ∂Z 
Cg = −   = −  
V  ∂P T p Z ∂P T

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Reservoir Engineering
Properties of Dry Gases
n Gas formation volume factor Bg

Reservoir Conditions
Standard Conditions
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Gas Formation Volume Factor

[res bbl/SCF] or [ft3/SCF]

Volume of an arbitrary amount

of gas at reservoir T & P

Volume of SAME amount at

standard T & P

VR
Bg =
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V SC
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Gas Formation Volume Factor

[res bbl/SCF] or [ft3/SCF]

ZnRT
Bg = P
Z SC nRTSC
PSC
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Gas Formation Volume Factor

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Gas Formation Volume Factor

[res bbl/SCF] or [ft3/SCF]
Gas Formation Volume Factor
Bg

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Isothermal Compressibility

n Definition

1 ∂V 
C g ()Τϕ
PA , TA /Φ11
= − 36.6367 Τφ 0.74
V ∂P 
TA
¨ Derivative is evaluated at constant T = TA and
specified pressure P = PA

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Isothermal Gas Compressibility

1 ()Τϕ
V1 − V2 ΕΤ
 Θ θ 404.04 279.2098 3.84
C g ()Τϕ
PA , TA /Φ11
≅ − 15.5938
 Τφ 0.7471 0 0 1 320.28 275
Vave ()Τϕ
P1 − P2 /Φ11
T 15.5938 Τφ 0.7471 0 0 1
A
TA TB

P1
PA
P2

V1 V2

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Viscosity Definition & Units

n Viscosity is a measure of the resistance to flow
exerted by a fluid
n This is called dynamic viscosity and has units of
centipoise = g mass / 100 sec cm
n Kinematic viscosity is viscosity / density, units
are in
centistokes = centipoise /g/cc

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Reservoir Engineering
Properties of Dry Gases
n Gas Viscosity
100oF
150oF
Viscosity (cp)

200oF

200oF
T increasing
150oF

100oF
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Viscosity of Gases at Atmospheric Pressure

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PVT tests: Wet gas

n PVT test: at res condition are similar to dry gas
n At surface condition: amount and properties of
produced fluid needed to be determined
n Wet gas formation volume factor (Bwg):
Volume of the gas at res cond. Required to produce
Bwg=
One unit volume of the Stock Tank liq

Number of barrels of res gas at res P & T

Bwg=
Cubic foot of the dry gas produced from it at standard condition

n Mw of produced condensate: is determined by

dissolving the liq in benzene & measuring the
freezing point depression
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Wet gas (cont.)

n Density of produced dondensate: determined
using densitometer
¨ Hence specific gravity to water
n Gas specific gravity:
Produced gas
¨ Sg=Mg/Mair=Mg/28.96
n Mixture molecular weight: Produced oil

m g m o 
Mm = ()Τϕ
m g + m/Φ11
o /  20.1445
 +  Τφ 0.6327 0 0 1 290.76 506.60
M M 
 g o 

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PVT tests: Black Oil

n Phase transition of an unsaturated black oil during depletion

A: P>PBP

B: P just below BP

C: P<PBP: evolved gas flows towards the

producer but segregates from the oil due to
gravity and surface forces

A , B: Equilibrium flash vaporization test

C: Differential vaporization test

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Fluid Properties for Black-Oil

Reservoir Simulation
Oil and Gas Properties
¨ oil formation volume factor
Bo [=] res bbl/STB

¨ gas formation factor

Bg [=] cu ft/SCF or res bbl/SCF

¨ total formation volume factor

Bt [=] res bbl/STB
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Fluid Properties for Black-Oil

Reservoir Simulation
Oil and Gas Properties
¨ solution gas-oil ratio
Rs [=] SCF/STB

¨ oil and gas viscosities

µo, µg [=] cp

¨ compressibility and thermal expansion

coefficients.
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Flash vaporization test: relative

volume test
n Determination of relationship
between P & V of a reservoir liquid
at constant res temperature from
high pressure to the lowest
possible pressure
n The liberated gas remains in
equilibrium with the oil
n Plotting P vs V: BP

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FVT (cont.)
Isothermal compressibility of oil
1 ∂V  V2 − V1
CO = −   =
V  ∂P T V2 (P1 − P2 )

Exp data evaluation:

Y =[(PBP −P) / P][

/ (Vt−VBP) / VBP]
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Determination of Pb

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BP determination

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Differential Vaporization

Gas removed

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Differential Vaporization
n Liberated gas is removed from the cell stepwise
n At each quantity of gas, volume of oil and gas,
density gas expansion, gas compressibility
factor and gas composition are determined
n The cumulative weight of the amount of gas
withdrawn are used to calculate the density of oil
n Differential liberation is considered to be
representative of the gas-liq separation process
in the res below the BP pressure

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Properties of Black Oils Needed for

Reservoir Engineering Calculations:

¨ Formation Volume Factor of oil Bo

¨ Total Formation Volume Factor of oil Bt

¨ Solution Gas oil Ratio Rs

¨ Coefficient of Isothermal Compressibility Co

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Properties of Black Oils Needed for

Reservoir Engineering Calculations:

¨ Coefficient of isobaric thermal expansion βo

¨ Oil Viscosity µo

¨ Interfacial Tension

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EFFECT OF CHANGE IN PRESSURE ON FLUID PROPERTIES

Figure 3.1: Relationship

Between PVT properties
and pressure

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Definitions
n Specific gravity of a liquid

ρo ( P1 , T1 )
γo =
ρw ( P1 , T1 )
n API gravity
141.5
o
API = −135
γo
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Definitions
Volume of Oil + Dissolved gas at Reservoir
Bo = Pressure & Temperature
Volume of Oil entering Stock
tank at Tsc, Psc

Units = Reservoir barrels (bbl) /Stock tank barrels (STB)

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General Shape of Bo

Reservoir T = constant

Bo

Pb
Reservoir Pressure
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Fluid properties at pressures above

the BP pressure
n We look at:
¨ Fluid density: ?oi(initial res oil)=1/Voi=1/([Link])
¨ Fluid compressibility: Co=-1/Vavg*(? V/ ? P)T
¨ The formation volume:

Vol res oil Vol BP oil Vol res oil

Bo= = *
Vol Stock Tand oil Vol Stock Tand oil Vol BP oil

PVT lab report note

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Total formation volume of original

oil below the BP pressure
n Bt is the volume relation to both gas and
liq phase at equilibrium at pressure P
n Bt: The ratio of total gas and oil volume at
the reservoir conditions to the stock tank
oil volume is:
R sb − R s
B t = BO + Bg ( )
5.61
Bo, Rs=?
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Total Formation Volume Factor Bt

Pb

Bg(Rsb-Rs)
Bob Gas
Oil
Oil Bo
Hg Hg

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Definition of Bt
n Also called Two-phase formation volume
factor

Bt = Bo + Bg ()Τϕ
Rsb − RΕΤ
s Θ θ 402.72
Units…

bbl/STB + bbl/SCF * (SCF/STB)

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General Shape of Bt
Reservoir T = constant
Bo, Bt

Bt
Bt=Bo

Bo Pb
Reservoir Pressure
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Bt:

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Bo:

B ob Bod
B o = B od
B odb
Bo

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Solution Gas Oil Ratio (Rs)

n How much gas is dissolved in the oil
volume per volume basis
n Rs depends upon pressure

Units [= ] SCF gas /STB oil

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General Shape of Solution

Gas Oil Ratio (Rs)
Reservoir T = constant

Rs

Pb
Reservoir Pressure
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Rs:
n The gas in solution below the BP: can be calculated by
combining the differential liberation data and flash test
results of the original oil
Gas evolved=Original gas – remaining gas

Rsdb Rsd

(Rsdb-Rsd)*Bob/Bodb
Rsd
Rs=Rsb-(Rsdb-Rsd)Bob/Bodb
Rs

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Bt:
R sb − R s
B t = BO + Bg ( )
5.61

Bt=Bob*Bod/Bodb+Bg*[(Rsdb-Rsd)/5.61]Bob/Bodb

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Oil Viscosity
n Viscosity is a measure of the resistance to flow
exerted by a fluid
n This is called dynamic viscosity and has units of
centipoise = g mass / 100 sec cm
n Kinematic viscosity is viscosity / density, units
are in
centistokes = centipoise /g/cc

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Needs of Crude Oil Viscosity

n Calculation of two-phase flow
n Gas-lift and pipeline design
n Calculate oil recovery either from natural
depletion or from recovery techniques
such as waterflooding and gas-injection
processes

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Variation of Oil Viscosity

T = constant
Oil Viscosity

Gas Out of
Solution

Two Phase Flow Single Phase Flow

Pb b
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PVT test: Gas Condensate

n These systems have a DEW POINT
n Large gas volumes relative to liquid
n Liquid produced-small in volume
n Large errors in measurement
n Constant volume depletion study
simulates reservoir behavior
n Liquid drop out curve generated
n Visual PV cell to observe the DP condition

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PVT test: Gas Condensate

n Constant Mass Study: Constant
Composition Expansion

n Constant Volume Depletion

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Constant Composition Expansion

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Constant Volume Depletion

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CVD test
n At each stage the relative amount of the liq
is measured
n The pressure is then reduced and the
process repeated
n A series relative liquid amount are
obtained and a liq drop out curve
generated

Relative Liquid Volume

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PVT tests:
Black Oil vs Gas condensate

n Constant Mass Study in gas condensate

compares to Flash vaporization test in
black oil
n Constant Volume Depletion in gas
condensate compares to Differential
Liberation test in black oil

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PVT tests: summary

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PVT tests: summary

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PVT tests: summary

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Rock & Fluid Expansion- Range of

compressibility

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Empirical Correlations
n To mainly estimate BP, gas solubility,
volume factors, density, compressibility
and viscosity
n Correlations:
¨ Black oil: Treats oil as two components (the
stock tank oil and the collected dry gas at
standard conditions

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Empirical Correlations (cont.)

n Black oil:
¨ Gas in solution
¨ Bo and Bt
¨ Oil density
¨ Oil viscosity
n Natural Gas
¨ Volumetric data
¨ Gas viscosity
n Formation Water
¨ Mutual hydrocarbon solubility (can be ignored except high soluble gases)
¨ Water and gas content
¨ Compressibility of water
¨ Water density and viscosity
¨ Hydrocarbon solubility in water (inreases with P, decreases with T,
decreases with salinity
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Water in Petroleum Engineering

Presence of Water
¨ Connate Water
¨ Aquifer
¨ Production
¨ Well Log Analysis
¨ Injection
¨ Water Treatment

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Water in Petroleum Engineering

Formation Water (Brine) Properties

¨ Solubility of Gas in Water
¨ Water Compressibility
¨ Water Formation Volume Factor
¨ Water Viscosity
¨ Chemical Properties
¨ Resistivity

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Chemical Analysis of Water

n Formation waters are neutral, that is

positive and negative charges balance
n Require brine compatibility with
injection fluids (clay swelling,
precipitations)

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