FABRICATION OF MAGNETIC SHOCK

ABSORBER

PROJECT REPORT 2012-2013

Submitted by:
(team name)

COLLEGE LOGO

Guided by:

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for

the
Award of Diploma in -----------------------------------------
By the State Board of Technical Education
Government of
Tamilnadu, Chennai.

Department :
College name:
Place:
 COLLEGE NAME

COIMBATORE

DEPARTMENT

PROJECT REPORT-2012-2013

This Report is certified to be the Bonafide work done

by
Selvan/Selvi ---------------- Reg.No.------------ of VI
Semester class of this college.

Guide Head of the

Department

Submitter for the Practical Examinations of the board

of Examinations,State Board of Technical
Education,Chennai,
TamilNadu.On --------------(date) held at the ------------
(college name),Coimbatore

Internal Examiner External

Examiner

DEDICATED TO OUR BELOVED PARENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

At this pleasing movement of having successfully completed

our project, we wish to convey our sincere thanks and gratitude to the
management of our college and our beloved
chairman------------------------.who provided all the facilities to us.

We would like to express our sincere thanks to our principal

------------------for forwarding us to do our project and offering
adequate duration in completing our project.

We are also grateful to the Head of Department prof………….,

for her/him constructive suggestions &encouragement during our
project.
 With deep sense of gratitude, we extend our earnest &sincere
thanks to our guide --------------------, Department of Mechanical for
her/him kind guidance and encouragement during this project we also
express our indebt thanks to our TEACHING staff of MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT, ---------- (college Name).

FABRICATION OF MAGNETIC SHOCK

ABSORBER
CONTENTS
 CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO TITLE

SYNOPSIS
1 Introduction
2 Literature review
3 Description of equipments
3.1 Battery
3.2 Electromagnetic coil
3.3 Electromagnet
3.4 Battery
4 Drawing
4.1 Shock absorber and components Specification
5 Working principle
6 Merits and demerits
7 Applications
8 List of materials
9 Cost Estimation
10 Conclusion
Bibliography

Photography
SYNOPSIS
 SYNOPSIS

Here we have fabricated the magnetic shock absorber

this project can be utilized in every vehicle. The magnetic shock

absorber makes use of the magnetic repulsion between dipoles to

achieve shock absorption action. The magnetic shock absorber gives

smooth action to the vehicle while moving on a bumpy road.

 CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION
 CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

VEHICLE SUSPENSION
In a vehicle, it reduces the effect of traveling over rough ground,

leading to improved ride quality. Without shock absorbers, the vehicle

would have a bouncing ride, as energy is stored in the spring and

then released to the vehicle, possibly exceeding the allowed range of

suspension movement. Control of excessive suspension movement

without shock absorption requires stiffer (higher rate) springs, which

would in turn give a harsh ride. Shock absorbers allow the use of soft

(lower rate) springs while controlling the rate of suspension

movement in response to bumps. They also, along with hysteresis in the

tire itself, damp the motion of the unsprung weight up and down on the

springiness of the tire. Since the tire is not as soft as the springs,

effective wheel bounce damping may require stiffer shocks than

would be ideal for the vehicle motion alone.

Spring-based shock absorbers commonly use coil springs or leaf springs,

though torsion bars can be used in torsional shocks as well. Ideal springs
alone, however, are not shock absorbers as springs only store and do

not dissipate or absorb energy. Vehicles typically employ springs or

torsion bars as well as hydraulic shock absorbers. In this

combination, "shock absorber" is reserved specifically for the

hydraulic piston that absorbs and dissipates vibration.

TYPES OF SHOCK ABSORBERS

There are several commonly-used approaches to shock absorption:

 Hysteresis (hysteresis is like the "memory" of the material, if you

press down rubber disks, they tend to return to their normal

uncompressed state, as the pressure is relieved) of structural

material, for example the compression of rubber disks, stretching of

rubber bands and cords, bending of steel springs, or twisting of

torsion bars. Hysteresis is the tendency for otherwise elastic

materials to rebound with less force than was required to

deform them. Simple vehicles with no separate shock

absorbers are damped, to some extent, by the hysteresis of

their springs and frames.

 Dry friction as used in wheel brakes, by using disks (classically

made of leather) at the pivot of a lever, with friction forced by

 springs. Used in early automobiles such as the Ford Model T, up

through some British cars of the 1940s. Although now

considered obsolete, an advantage of this system is its

mechanical simplicity; the degree of damping can be easily

adjusted by tightening or loosening the screw clamping the

disks, and it can be easily rebuilt with simple hand tools. A

disadvantage is that the damping force tends not to increase

with the speed of the vertical motion.

 Solid state, tapered chain shock absorbers, using one or more

tapered, axial alignment(s) of granular spheres, typically made of

metals such as nitinol, in a casing.

 Fluid friction, for example the flow of fluid through a narrow

orifice (hydraulics), constitute the vast majority of automotive

shock absorbers. An advantage of this type is that using special

internal valving the absorber may be made relatively soft to

compression (allowing a soft response to a bump) and relatively

stiff to extension, controlling "jounce", which is the vehicle

response to energy stored in the springs; similarly, a series of

valves controlled by springs can change the degree of stiffness

according to the velocity of the impact or rebound. Specialized

shock absorbers for racing purposes may allow the front end of

a dragster to rise with minimal resistance under acceleration, then

strongly resist letting it settle, thereby maintaining a desirable

rearward weight distribution for enhanced traction. Some shock

absorbers allow tuning of the ride via control of the valve by a

manual adjustment provided at the shock absorber. In more

expensive vehicles the valves may be remotely adjustable,

offering the driver control of the ride at will while the vehicle is

operated. The ultimate control is provided by dynamic valve

control via computer in response to sensors, giving both a

smooth ride and a firm suspension when needed. Many shock

absorbers contain compressed nitrogen, to reduce the tendency

for the oil to foam under heavy use. Foaming temporarily

reduces the damping ability of the unit. In very heavy duty units

used for racing and/or off-road use, there may even be a

secondary cylinder connected to the shock absorber to act as a

reservoir for the oil and pressurized gas. Another variation is

the Magneto rheological damper which changes its fluid

characteristics through an electromagnet.

 Compression of a gas, for example pneumatic shock absorbers,

which can act like springs as the air pressure is building to

resist the force on it. Once the air pressure reaches the

necessary maximum, air dashpots will act like hydraulic

dashpots. In aircraft landing gear air dashpots may be combined

with hydraulic damping to reduce bounce. Such struts are

called oleo struts (combining oil and air).

 Magnetic effects. Eddy current dampers are dashpots that are

constructed out of a large magnet inside of a non-magnetic,

electrically conductive tube.

 Inertial resistance to acceleration, for example prior to 1966 [4]

the Citroën 2CV had shock absorbers that damp wheel bounce

with no external moving parts. These consisted of a spring-

mounted 3.5 kg (7.75 lb) iron weight inside a vertical cylinder [5]

and are similar to, yet much smaller than versions of the tuned

mass dampers used on tall buildings

 Composite hydro pneumatic devices which combine in a single

device spring action, shock absorption, and often also ride-

height control, as in some models of the Citroën automobile.

 Conventional shock absorbers combined with composite

pneumatic springs with which allow ride height adjustment or

even ride height control, seen in some large trucks and luxury

sedans such as certain Lincoln and most Land Rover

automobiles. Ride height control is especially desirable in

highway vehicles intended for occasional rough road use, as a

means of improving handling and reducing aerodynamic drag by

lowering the vehicle when operating on improved high speed

roads.

 The effect of a shock absorber at high (sound) frequencies is

usually limited by using a compressible gas as the working fluid

and/or mounting it with rubber bushings.

 CHAPTER-2

LITERATURE SURVEY
 CHAPTER-2

LITERATURE SURVEY

MAGNETIC FIELD

The magnetic field (usually denoted B) is a vector field. The magnetic

field vector at a given point in space is specified by two properties:

1. Its direction, which is along the orientation of a compass needle.

2. Its magnitude (also called strength), which is proportional to

how strongly the compass needle orients along that direction.

In SI units, the strength of the magnetic field is given in teslas.

Magnetic moment

A magnet's magnetic moment (also called magnetic dipole

moment, and usually denoted μ) is a vector that characterizes the

magnet's overall magnetic properties. For a bar magnet, the direction

of the magnetic moment points from the magnet's south pole to its

north pole, and the magnitude relates to how strong and how far

apart these poles are. In SI units, the magnetic moment is specified in

terms of A·m2.
A magnet both produces its own magnetic field and it responds to

magnetic fields. The strength of the magnetic field it produces is at

any given point proportional to the magnitude of its magnetic

moment. In addition, when the magnet is put into an external

magnetic field, produced by a different source, it is subject to a torque

tending to orient the magnetic moment parallel to the field. The

amount of this torque is proportional both to the magnetic moment

and the external field. A magnet may also be subject to a force

driving it in one direction or another, according to the positions and

orientations of the magnet and source. If the field is uniform in space,

the magnet is subject to no net force, although it is subject to a

torque.

Magnetization

The magnetization of a magnetized material is the local value of its

magnetic moment per unit volume, usually denoted M, with units A/m.

It is a vector field, rather than just a vector (like the magnetic moment),

because different areas in a magnet can be magnetized with different

directions and strengths (for example, because of domains, see

below). A good bar magnet may have a magnetic moment of

magnitude 0.1 A·m2 and a volume of 1 cm3, or 1×10−6 m3, and

therefore an average magnetization magnitude is 100,000 A/m. Iron

can have a magnetization of around a million amperes per meter.

Such a large value explains why iron magnets are so effective at

producing magnetic fields.

Two models for magnets: magnetic poles and atomic currents

Although for many purposes it is convenient to think of a

magnet as having distinct north and south magnetic poles, the

concept of poles should not be taken literally: it is merely a way of

referring to the two different ends of a magnet. The magnet does not

have distinct north or south particles on opposing sides. If a bar

magnet is broken into two pieces, in an attempt to separate the north

and south poles, the result will be two bar magnets, each of which

has both a north and south pole.

Gilbert model: However, a version of the magnetic pole approach is

used by professional magneticians to design permanent magnets. In

this approach, the pole surfaces of a permanent magnet are imagined

to be covered with so-called magnetic charge, north pole particles on

the north pole and south pole particles on the south pole, that are the

source of the magnetic field lines. If the magnetic pole distribution is

known, then outside the magnet the pole model gives the magnetic

field exactly. In the interior of the magnet this model fails to give the

correct field (see #Units and calculations, below). This pole model is also

called the Gilbert model of a magnetic dipole. Griffiths suggests (p. 258):
"My advice is to use the Gilbert model, if you like, to get an intuitive

'feel' for a problem, but never rely on it for quantitative results."

Ampère model: Another model is the Ampère model, where all

magnetization is due to the effect of microscopic, or atomic, circular

bound currents, also called Ampèrian currents throughout the material.

For a uniformly magnetized cylindrical bar magnet, the net effect of

the microscopic bound currents is to make the magnet behave as if

there is a macroscopic sheet of electric current flowing around the

surface, with local flow direction normal to the cylinder axis. (Since

scraping off the outer layer of a magnet will not destroy its magnetic

field, it can be seen that this is just a model, and the tiny currents are

actually distributed throughout the material). The right-hand rule tells

which direction the current flows. The Ampère model gives the exact

magnetic field both inside and outside the magnet. It is usually

difficult to calculate the Ampèrian currents on the surface of a

magnet, whereas it is often easier to find the effective poles for the

same magnet.
Pole naming conventions

The north pole of the magnet is the pole which, when the

magnet is freely suspended, points towards the Earth's north

magnetic pole in northern Canada. Since opposite poles (north and

south) attract whereas like poles (north and north, or south and

south) repel, the Earth's present geographic north pole is thus

actually its magnetic south pole. Confounding the situation further,

the Earth's magnetic field has reversed itself many times in the

distant past. As a practical matter, in order to tell which pole of a

magnet is north and which is south, it is not necessary to use the

Earth's magnetic field at all. For example, one calibration method

would be to compare it to an electromagnet, whose poles can be

identified by the right-hand rule.

Magnetic materials

The term magnet is typically reserved for objects that produce their

own persistent magnetic field even in the absence of an applied

magnetic field. Only certain classes of materials can do this. Most

materials, however, produce a magnetic field in response to an

applied magnetic field; a phenomenon known as magnetism. There

are several types of magnetism, and all materials exhibit at least one

of them.

The overall magnetic behavior of a material can vary widely,

depending on the structure of the material, and particularly on its

electron configuration. Several forms of magnetic behavior have been

observed in different materials, including:

 Ferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic materials are the ones

normally thought of as magnetic; they are attracted to a magnet

strongly enough that the attraction can be felt. These materials

are the only ones that can retain magnetization and become

magnets; a common example is a traditional refrigerator magnet.

Ferrimagnetic materials, which include ferrites and the oldest

magnetic materials magnetite and lodestone, are similar to but

weaker than ferromagnetics. The difference between ferro- and

ferrimagnetic materials is related to their microscopic structure,

as explained below.

 Paramagnetic substances such as platinum, aluminium, and oxygen

are weakly attracted to a magnet. This effect is hundreds of

thousands of times weaker than ferromagnetic materials

 attraction, so it can only be detected by using sensitive

instruments, or using extremely strong magnets. Magnetic

ferrofluids, although they are made of tiny ferromagnetic particles

suspended in liquid, are sometimes considered paramagnetic

since they cannot be magnetized.

 Diamagnetic means repelled by both poles. Compared to

paramagnetic and ferromagnetic substances, diamagnetic

substances such as carbon, copper, water, and plastic are even more

weakly repelled by a magnet. The permeability of diamagnetic

materials is less than the permeability of a vacuum. All substances

not possessing one of the other types of magnetism are

diamagnetic; this includes most substances. Although force on

a diamagnetic object from an ordinary magnet is far too weak to

be felt, using extremely strong superconducting magnets diamagnetic

objects such as pieces of lead and even mice can be levitated so

they float in mid-air. Superconductors repel magnetic fields from

their interior and are strongly diamagnetic.

APPLICATIONS

Shock absorbers are an important part of automobile and

motorcycle suspensions, aircraft landing gear, and the supports for many
industrial machines. Large shock absorbers have also been used in

structural engineering to reduce the susceptibility of structures to earthquake

damage and resonance.

 CHAPTER-3

DESCRIPTION OF EQUPMENTS
 CHAPTER-3

DESCRIPTION OF EQUPMENTS

3.1 MAGNET:

A magnet is a material or object that produces a magnetic field.

This magnetic field is invisible but is responsible for the most notable

property of a magnet: a force that pulls on other ferromagnetic materials,

such as iron, and attracts or repels other magnets.

A permanent magnet is an object made from a material that is

magnetized and creates its own persistent magnetic field. An everyday

example is a refrigerator magnet used to hold notes on a refrigerator

door. Materials that can be magnetized, which are also the ones that

are strongly attracted to a magnet, are called ferromagnetic (or

ferrimagnetic). These include iron, nickel, cobalt, some alloys of rare earth

metals, and some naturally occurring minerals such as lodestone.

Although ferromagnetic (and ferrimagnetic) materials are the only

ones attracted to a magnet strongly enough to be commonly

considered magnetic, all other substances respond weakly to a

magnetic field, by one of several other types of magnetism.

 Ferromagnetic materials can be divided into magnetically "soft"

materials like annealed iron, which can be magnetized but do not tend to

stay magnetized, and magnetically "hard" materials, which do.

Permanent magnets are made from "hard" ferromagnetic materials

such as alnico and ferrite that are subjected to special processing in a

powerful magnetic field during manufacture, to align their internal

microcrystalline structure, making them very hard to demagnetize. To

demagnetize a saturated magnet, a certain magnetic field must be

applied, and this threshold depends on coercivity of the respective

material. "Hard" materials have high coercivity, whereas "soft"

materials have low coercivity.

An electromagnet is made from a coil of wire that acts as a magnet

when an electric current passes through it but stops being a magnet

when the current stops. Often, the coil is wrapped around a core of

ferromagnetic material like steel, which enhances the magnetic field

produced by the coil.

The overall strength of a magnet is measured by its magnetic

moment or, alternatively, the total magnetic flux it produces. The local

strength of magnetism in a material is measured by its magnetization.

Background on the physics of magnetism and magnets

An ovoid-shaped rare earth magnet hanging from another

Magnetic field

Main article: Magnetic field

The magnetic flux density (also called magnetic B field or just

magnetic field, usually denoted B) is a vector field. The magnetic B

field vector at a given point in space is specified by two properties:

1. Its direction, which is along the orientation of a compass

needle.

2. Its magnitude (also called strength), which is proportional to

how strongly the compass needle orients along that direction.

In SI units, the strength of the magnetic B field is given in teslas.[6]

MAGNETIC MATERIALS

The term magnet is typically reserved for objects that produce

their own persistent magnetic field even in the absence of an applied

magnetic field. Only certain classes of materials can do this. Most

materials, however, produce a magnetic field in response to an

applied magnetic field; a phenomenon known as magnetism. There

are several types of magnetism, and all materials exhibit at least one

of them.

The overall magnetic behavior of a material can vary widely,

depending on the structure of the material, particularly on its electron

configuration. Several forms of magnetic behavior have been observed

in different materials, including:

 Ferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic materials are the ones normally

thought of as magnetic; they are attracted to a magnet strongly

enough that the attraction can be felt. These materials are the

only ones that can retain magnetization and become magnets;

a common example is a traditional refrigerator magnet.

Ferrimagnetic materials, which include ferrites and the oldest

magnetic materials magnetite and lodestone, are similar to but

 weaker than ferromagnetics. The difference between ferro- and

ferrimagnetic materials is related to their microscopic structure,

as explained in Magnetism.

 Paramagnetic substances, such as platinum, aluminum, and oxygen,

are weakly attracted to a magnet. This attraction is hundreds of

thousands of times weaker than that of ferromagnetic materials,

so it can only be detected by using sensitive instruments or

using extremely strong magnets. Magnetic ferrofluids, although

they are made of tiny ferromagnetic particles suspended in

liquid, are sometimes considered paramagnetic since they

cannot be magnetized.

 Diamagnetic means repelled by both poles. Compared to

paramagnetic and ferromagnetic substances, diamagnetic

substances, such as carbon, copper, water, and plastic, are even

more weakly repelled by a magnet. The permeability of

diamagnetic materials is less than the permeability of a vacuum. All

substances not possessing one of the other types of magnetism

are diamagnetic; this includes most substances. Although force

on a diamagnetic object from an ordinary magnet is far too

 weak to be felt, using extremely strong superconducting magnets,

diamagnetic objects such as pieces of lead and even mice[17] can

be levitated, so they float in mid-air. Superconductors repel magnetic

fields from their interior and are strongly diamagnetic.

There are various other types of magnetism, such as spin glass,

superparamagnetism, superdiamagnetism, and metamagnetism.

Common uses of magnets

 Magnetic recording media: VHS tapes contain a reel of magnetic

tape. The information that makes up the video and sound is

encoded on the magnetic coating on the tape. Common audio

cassettes also rely on magnetic tape. Similarly, in computers,

floppy disks and hard disks record data on a thin magnetic coating.
[18]

 Credit, debit, and ATM cards: All of these cards have a magnetic

strip on one side. This strip encodes the information to contact

an individual's financial institution and connect with their

account(s).

 Common televisions and computer monitors: TV and computer

screens containing a cathode ray tube employ an electromagnet to

 guide electrons to the screen.[20] Plasma screens and LCDs use

different technologies.

 Speakers and microphones: Most speakers employ a permanent

magnet and a current-carrying coil to convert electric energy

(the signal) into mechanical energy (movement that creates the

sound). The coil is wrapped around a bobbin attached to the

speaker cone and carries the signal as changing current that

interacts with the field of the permanent magnet. The voice coil

feels a magnetic force and in response, moves the cone and

pressurizes the neighboring air, thus generating sound. Dynamic

microphones employ the same concept, but in reverse. A

microphone has a diaphragm or membrane attached to a coil of

wire. The coil rests inside a specially shaped magnet. When

sound vibrates the membrane, the coil is vibrated as well. As

the coil moves through the magnetic field, a voltage is induced

across the coil. This voltage drives a current in the wire that is

characteristic of the original sound.

 Electric guitars use magnetic pickups to transduce the vibration of

guitar strings into electric current that can then be amplified. This

is different from the principle behind the speaker and dynamic

 microphone because the vibrations are sensed directly by the

magnet, and a diaphragm is not employed. The Hammond organ

used a similar principle, with rotating tone wheels instead of

strings.

 Electric motors and generators: Some electric motors rely upon a

combination of an electromagnet and a permanent magnet,

and, much like loudspeakers, they convert electric energy into

mechanical energy. A generator is the reverse: it converts

mechanical energy into electric energy by moving a conductor

through a magnetic field.

 Medicine: Hospitals use magnetic resonance imaging to spot problems

in a patient's organs without invasive surgery.

 Chucks are used in the metalworking field to hold objects. Magnets

are also used in other types of fastening devices, such as the

magnetic base, the magnetic clamp and the refrigerator magnet.

 Compasses: A compass (or mariner's compass) is a magnetized

pointer free to align itself with a magnetic field, most commonly

Earth's magnetic field.

 Art: Vinyl magnet sheets may be attached to paintings,

photographs, and other ornamental articles, allowing them to be

 attached to refrigerators and other metal surfaces. Objects and

paint can be applied directly to the magnet surface to create

collage pieces of art. Magnetic art is portable, inexpensive and

easy to create. Vinyl magnetic art is not for the refrigerator

anymore. Colorful metal magnetic boards, strips, doors,

microwave ovens, dishwashers, cars, metal I beams, and any

metal surface can be receptive of magnetic vinyl art. Being a

relatively new media for art, the creative uses for this material is

just beginning.

 Science projects: Many topic questions are based on magnets.

For example: how is the strength of a magnet affected by glass,

plastic, and cardboard?

Magnets have many uses in toys. M-tic uses magnetic rods

connected to metal spheres for construction. Note the geodesic

pyramid.

 Toys: Given their ability to counteract the force of gravity at close

range, magnets are often employed in children's toys, such as

the Magnet Space Wheel and Levitron, to amusing effect.

 Magnets can be used to make jewelry. Necklaces and bracelets

can have a magnetic clasp, or may be constructed entirely from

a linked series of magnets and ferrous beads.

 Magnets can pick up magnetic items (iron nails, staples, tacks,

paper clips) that are either too small, too hard to reach, or too

thin for fingers to hold. Some screwdrivers are magnetized for

this purpose.

 Magnets can be used in scrap and salvage operations to

separate magnetic metals (iron, steel, and nickel) from non-

magnetic metals (aluminum, non-ferrous alloys, etc.). The same

idea can be used in the so-called "magnet test", in which an

auto body is inspected with a magnet to detect areas repaired

using fiberglass or plastic putty.

 Magnetic levitation transport, or maglev, is a form of

transportation that suspends, guides and propels vehicles

(especially trains) through electromagnetic force. The maximum

recorded speed of a maglev train is 581 kilometers per hour

(361 mph).

 Magnets may be used to serve as a fail-safe device for some

cable connections. For example, the power cords of some

 laptops are magnetic to prevent accidental damage to the port

when tripped over. The MagSafe power connection to the Apple

MacBook is one such example.

MAGNETISM

Magnetism is a property of materials that respond to an applied

magnetic field. Permanent magnets have persistent magnetic fields caused

by ferromagnetism. That is the strongest and most familiar type of

magnetism. However, all materials are influenced varyingly by the

presence of a magnetic field. Some are attracted to a magnetic field

(paramagnetism); others are repulsed by a magnetic field (diamagnetism);

others have a much more complex relationship with an applied

magnetic field (spin glass behavior and ant ferromagnetism). Substances

that are negligibly affected by magnetic fields are known as non-

magnetic substances. They include copper, aluminum, gases, and plastic.

Pure oxygen exhibits magnetic properties when cooled to a liquid state.

 The magnetic state (or phase) of a material depends on

temperature (and other variables such as pressure and applied

magnetic field) so that a material may exhibit more than one

form of magnetism depending on its temperature, etc.

CHAPTER-4

DRAWING
 CHAPTER-4

DRAWING

4.1 DRAWING FOR FABRICATION OF MAGNETIC

SHOCK ABSORBER
 CHAPTER-V

WORKING PRINCIPLE
 CHAPTER-V

WORKING PRINCIPLE

The unit comprises of two magnets fixed in the cylinder. One

magnet is attached at the one end of the cylinder which is a

permanent magnet. The other magnet is fixed on the top of the

cylinder, and it is the electromagnet. The similarity of poles creates

repulsion and a certain distance is maintained. As per load condition,

the floating magnet moves and closes the gap until the magnetic

repulsion is strong enough to create the damping action. When the

electric supply is given to the coil the magnetic field is created and it

is magnetized. The repulsion occurs only when electric supply is

given. When the external force is applied on the top end of the shock

absorber the certain amount of force is returned since there is

repulsion inside the cylinder.

 CHAPTER -6

MERITS AND DEMERITS

 CHAPTER -6

MERITS AND DEMERITS

MERITS:

 This shock absorber will eradicate the problems faced in the

spring shock absorbers due to friction and other factors

 Reduce the maintenance costs

 No leakage problem as in oil shock absorbers

DEMERITS:

When permanent magnet is used for long periods it may slowly

lose its property.

 CHAPTER-7

APPLICATIONS
 CHAPTER-VII

APPLICATIONS

It can be used in electric vehicle and in some type of machineries

 CHAPTER-8

LIST OF MATERIALS
 CHAPTER-VIII

LIST OF MATERIALS

FACTORS DETERMINING THE CHOICE OF MATERIALS

The various factors which determine the choice of material are

discussed below.
1. Properties:

The material selected must posses the necessary properties for

the proposed application. The various requirements to be satisfied

Can be weight, surface finish, rigidity, ability to withstand

environmental attack from chemicals, service life, reliability etc.

The following four types of principle properties of materials

decisively affect their selection

a. Physical

b. Mechanical

c. From manufacturing point of view

d. Chemical

The various physical properties concerned are melting point, thermal

Conductivity, specific heat, coefficient of thermal expansion, specific

gravity, electrical conductivity, magnetic purposes etc.

 The various Mechanical properties Concerned are strength in

tensile, Compressive shear, bending, torsional and buckling load,

fatigue resistance, impact resistance, eleastic limit, endurance limit,

and modulus of elasticity, hardness, wear resistance and sliding

properties.

The various properties concerned from the manufacturing point

of view are,

Cast ability

Weld ability

Surface properties

Shrinkage

Deep drawing etc.

2. Manufacturing case:

Sometimes the demand for lowest possible manufacturing cost or

surface qualities obtainable by the application of suitable coating

substances may demand the use of special materials.

3. Quality Required:

This generally affects the manufacturing process and ultimately

the material. For example, it would never be desirable to go casting of

a less number of components which can be fabricated much more

economically by welding or hand forging the steel.

4. Availability of Material:

Some materials may be scarce or in short supply. It then

becomes obligatory for the designer to use some other material which

though may not be a perfect substitute for the material designed. The

delivery of materials and the delivery date of product should also be

kept in mind.

5. Space consideration:

Sometimes high strength materials have to be selected because the

forces involved are high and space limitations are there.

6. Cost:

As in any other problem, in selection of material the cost of

material plays an important part and should not be ignored.

Some times factors like scrap utilization, appearance, and non-

maintenance of the designed part are involved in the selection of

proper materials.
 CHAPTER-9

COST ESTIMATION
 CHAPTER-IX

COST ESTIMATION

1. MATERIAL COST.

2. LABOUR COST:

Lathe, drilling, welding, grinding, power hacksaw, gas cutting cost

=Rs

3. OVERGHEAD CHARGES:

The overhead charges are arrived by”manufacturing cost”

Manufaturing Cost =Material Cost +Labour Cost

Overhead Charges =20%of the manufacturing cost

4. TOTAL COST:

Total cost = Material Cost +Labour Cost +Overhead Charges

Total cost for this project =

CHAPTER-10

CONCLUSION
 CHAPTER-X

CONCLUSION

This project is made with pre planning, that it provides flexibility

in operation. Smoother and noiseless operation is obtained.

This project “FABRICATION OF MAGNETIC SHOCK ABSORBER”

is designed with the hope that it is very much economical and help

full to many automobiles.

This project has also reduced the cost involved in the concern.

Project has been designed to perform the entire requirement task

which has also been provided. Thus we have completed the project

successfully.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Design data book -P.S.G.Tech.

2. Strength of Materials -R.S.Kurmi

3. Manufacturing Technology -M.Haslehurst.

4. Design of machine elements- R.s.Kurumi

PHOTOGRAPHY