Building Java Programs

Chapter 3
Lecture 3-3: Interactive Programs w/ Scanner

reading: 3.3 - 3.4

self-check: #16-19
exercises: #11
videos: Ch. 3 #4

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 Interactive programs
 We have written programs that print console output, but it
is also possible to read input from the console.
 The user types input into the console. We capture the input
and use it in our program.
 Such a program is called an interactive program.

 Interactive programs can be challenging.

 Computers and users think in very different ways.
 Users misbehave.

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 Input and System.in
 System.out
 An object with methods named println and print

 System.in
 not intended to be used directly
 We use a second object, from a class Scanner, to help us.

 Constructing a Scanner object to read console input:

Scanner name = new Scanner(System.in);

 Example:
Scanner console = new Scanner(System.in);

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 Java class libraries, import
 Java class libraries: Classes included with Java's JDK.
 organized into groups named packages
 To use a package, put an import declaration in your program.

 Syntax:
// put this at the very top of your program
import packageName.*;

 Scanner is in a package named java.util

import java.util.*;

 To use Scanner, you must place the above line at the top of
your program (before the public class header).
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 Scanner methods
Method Description
nextInt() reads a token of user input as an int
nextDouble() reads a token of user input as a double
next() reads a token of user input as a String
nextLine() reads a line of user input as a String

 Each method waits until the user presses Enter.

 The value typed is returned.

System.out.print("How old are you? "); // prompt

int age = console.nextInt();
System.out.println("You'll be 40 in " +
(40 - age) + " years.");

 prompt: A message telling the user what input to type.

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 Example Scanner usage
import java.util.*; // so that I can use Scanner
public class ReadSomeInput {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner console = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("How old are you? ");
int age = console.nextInt();
System.out.println(age + "... That's quite old!");
}
}

 Output (user input underlined):

How old are you? 14
14... That's quite old!

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 Another Scanner example
import java.util.*; // so that I can use Scanner
public class ScannerSum {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner console = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("Please type three numbers: ");
int num1 = console.nextInt();
int num2 = console.nextInt();
int num3 = console.nextInt();
int sum = num1 + num2 + num3;
System.out.println("The sum is " + sum);
}
}

 Output (user input underlined):

Please type three numbers: 8 6 13
The sum is 27

 The Scanner can read multiple values from one line.

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 Input tokens
 token: A unit of user input, as read by the Scanner.
 Tokens are separated by whitespace (spaces, tabs, newlines).
 How many tokens appear on the following line of input?
23 John Smith 42.0 "Hello world" $2.50 " 19"

 When a token is not the type you ask for, it crashes.

System.out.print("What is your age? ");
int age = console.nextInt();

Output:
What is your age? Timmy
java.util.InputMismatchException
at java.util.Scanner.next(Unknown Source)
at java.util.Scanner.nextInt(Unknown Source)
...

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 Scanners as parameters
 If many methods read input, declare a Scanner in main and
pass it to the others as a parameter.
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner console = new Scanner(System.in);
int sum = readSum3(console);
System.out.println("The sum is " + sum);
}
// Prompts for 3 numbers and returns their sum.
public static int readSum3(Scanner console) {
System.out.print("Type 3 numbers: ");
int num1 = console.nextInt();
int num2 = console.nextInt();
int num3 = console.nextInt();
return num1 + num2 + num3;
}

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 Cumulative sum
reading: 4.1
self-check: Ch. 4 #1-3
exercises: Ch. 4 #1-6

Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education

 Adding many numbers
 How would you find the sum of all integers from 1-1000?
int sum = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ... ;
System.out.println("The sum is " + sum);

 What if we want the sum from 1 - 1,000,000?

Or the sum up to any maximum?

 We could write a method that accepts the max value as a

parameter and prints the sum.
 How can we generalize code like the above?

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 A failed attempt
 An incorrect solution for summing 1-1000:
for (int i = 1; i <= 1000; i++) {
int sum = 0;
sum = sum + i;
}
// sum is undefined here
System.out.println("The sum is " + sum);

 sum's scope is in the for loop, so the code does not compile.

 cumulative sum: A variable that keeps a sum in progress

and is updated repeatedly until summing is finished.
 The sum in the above code is an attempt at a cumulative sum.

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 Fixed cumulative sum loop
 A corrected version of the sum loop code:
int sum = 0;
for (int i = 1; i <= 1000; i++) {
sum = sum + i;
}
System.out.println("The sum is " + sum);

Key idea:
 Cumulative sum variables must be declared outside the loops
that update them, so that they will exist after the loop.

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 Cumulative product
 This cumulative idea can be used with other operators:
int product = 1;
for (int i = 1; i <= 20; i++) {
product = product * 2;
}
System.out.println("2 ^ 20 = " + product);

 How would we make the base and exponent adjustable?

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Scanner and cumulative sum
 We can do a cumulative sum of user input:

Scanner console = new Scanner(System.in);

int sum = 0;
for (int i = 1; i <= 100; i++) {
System.out.print("Type a number: ");
sum = sum + console.nextInt();
}
System.out.println("The sum is " + sum);

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User-guided cumulative sum
Scanner console = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("How many numbers to add? ");
int count = console.nextInt();
int sum = 0;
for (int i = 1; i <= count; i++) {
System.out.print("Type a number: ");
sum = sum + console.nextInt();
}
System.out.println("The sum is " + sum);

 Output:

How many numbers to add? 3

Type a number: 2
Type a number: 6
Type a number: 3
The sum is 11

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 Cumulative sum question
 Write a program that reads two employees' hours and
displays each employee's total and the overall total hours.
 The company doesn't pay overtime; cap each day at 8 hours.

 Example log of execution:

Employee 1: How many days? 3
Hours? 6
Hours? 12
Hours? 5
Employee 1's total hours = 19 (6.3 / day)

Employee 2: How many days? 2

Hours? 11
Hours? 6
Employee 2's total hours = 14 (7.0 / day)

Total hours for both = 33

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 Cumulative sum answer
// Computes the total paid hours worked by two employees.
// The company does not pay for more than 8 hours per day.
// Uses a "cumulative sum" loop to compute the total hours.

import java.util.*;

public class Hours {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner console = new Scanner(System.in);

int hours1 = processEmployee(console, 1);

int hours2 = processEmployee(console, 2);

int total = hours1 + hours2;

System.out.println("Total hours for both = " + total);
}

...

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 Cumulative sum answer 2
...

// Reads hours information about an employee with the given number.

// Returns total hours worked by the employee.
public static int processEmployee(Scanner console, int number) {
System.out.print("Employee " + number + ": How many days? ");
int days = console.nextInt();

// totalHours is a cumulative sum of all days' hours worked.

int totalHours = 0;
for (int i = 1; i <= days; i++) {
System.out.print("Hours? ");
int hours = console.nextInt();
totalHours = totalHours + Math.min(hours, 8);
}

double hoursPerDay = (double) totalHours / days;

System.out.printf("Employee %d's total hours = %d (%.1f / day)\n",
number, totalHours, hoursPerDay);
System.out.println();
return totalHours;
}
}

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 Cumulative sum question
 Write a modified version of the Receipt program from Ch.2
that prompts the user for how many people ate and how
much each person's dinner cost.
 Display results in format below, with $ and 2 digits after the .

 Example log of execution:

How many people ate? 4
Person #1: How much did your dinner cost? 20.00
Person #2: How much did your dinner cost? 15
Person #3: How much did your dinner cost? 25.0
Person #4: How much did your dinner cost? 10.00

Subtotal: $70.00
Tax: $5.60
Tip: $10.50
Total: $86.10

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 Cumulative sum answer
// This program enhances our Receipt program using a cumulative sum.
import java.util.*;
public class Receipt2 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner console = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("How many people ate? ");
int people = console.nextInt();
double subtotal = 0.0; // cumulative sum
for (int i = 1; i <= people; i++) {
System.out.print("Person #" + i +
": How much did your dinner cost? ");
double personCost = console.nextDouble();
subtotal = subtotal + personCost; // add to sum
}
results(subtotal);
}
// Calculates total owed, assuming 8% tax and 15% tip
public static void results(double subtotal) {
double tax = subtotal * .08;
double tip = subtotal * .15;
double total = subtotal + tax + tip;
System.out.printf("Subtotal: $%.2f\n", subtotal);
System.out.printf("Tax: $%.2f\n", tax);
System.out.printf("Tip: $%.2f\n", tip);
System.out.printf("Total: $%.2f\n", total);
}
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 The if statement
Executes a block of statements only if a test is true

if (test) {
statement;
...
statement;
}

 Example:
double gpa = console.nextDouble();
if (gpa >= 2.0) {
System.out.println("Application accepted.");
}

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 The if/else statement
Executes one block if a test is true, another if false

if (test) {
statement(s);
} else {
statement(s);
}

 Example:
double gpa = console.nextDouble();
if (gpa >= 2.0) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Mars University!");
} else {
System.out.println("Application denied.");
}

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 Relational expressions
 A test in an if is the same as in a for loop.
for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) { ...
if (i <= 10) { ...
 These are boolean expressions, seen in Ch. 5.

 Tests use relational operators:

Operator Meaning Example Value
== equals 1 + 1 == 2 true
!= does not equal 3.2 != 2.5 true
< less than 10 < 5 false
> greater than 10 > 5 true
<= less than or equal to 126 <= 100 false
>= greater than or equal to 5.0 >= 5.0 true
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 Logical operators: &&, ||, !
 Conditions can be combined using logical operators:
Operator Description Example Result
&& and (2 == 3) && (-1 < 5) false
|| or (2 == 3) || (-1 < 5) true
! not !(2 == 3) true

 "Truth tables" for each, used with logical values p and q:

p q p && q p || q p !p
true true true true true false
true false false true false true
false true false true
false false false false

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 Evaluating logic expressions
 Relational operators have lower precedence than math.
5 * 7 >= 3 + 5 * (7 - 1)
5 * 7 >= 3 + 5 * 6
35 >= 3 + 30
35 >= 33
true

 Relational operators cannot be "chained" as in algebra.

2 <= x <= 10 (assume that x is 15)
true <= 10
error!

 Instead, combine multiple tests with && or ||

2 <= x && x <= 10 (assume that x is 15)
true && false
false

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 Logical questions
 What is the result of each of the following expressions?
int x = 42;
int y = 17;
int z = 25;
 y < x && y <= z
 x % 2 == y % 2 || x % 2 == z % 2
 x <= y + z && x >= y + z
 !(x < y && x < z)
 (x + y) % 2 == 0 || !((z - y) % 2 == 0)

 Answers: true, false, true, true, false

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