BIRTH CONTROL or

Contraceptive methods
 Index
[Link]. Title
1. Certificate
2. Acknowledgement
3. Introduction
4. Contraception and its features
5. Permanent method of contraception
6. Natural method of contraception
7. Barrier method of contraception
8. Intra uterine devices
9. Hormone releasing devices
10. Female hormonal method of contraception
11. Male contraceptive method
12. Side effects of contraception
13. Medical termination of pregnancy
14. Bibliography
 Certificate
This is to certify that this “Biology Investigatory
Project” on the Topic “Birth control: Contraceptives”
has been successfully completed by of
class XII under the guidance of in
particular fulfillment of the curriculum of Central
Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) leading to the
award of annual examination of the year 20__-20__.

Teacher-In-charge External examiner

 Acknowledgement
· I have taken efforts in this project. However, it
would not have been possible without the kind
support and help of many individuals.
· I am highly indebted to my biology teacher, for her
invaluable guidance which has sustained my efforts
in all the stages of this project.
· I would also like to thank my parents for their
continuous support and encouragement.
· My thanks and appreciations also go to my fellow
classmates in developing the project and to the
people who have willingly helped me out with their
abilities.
 Introduction
· Birth control, also known as contraception and
fertility control, it is a method or device used to
prevent pregnancy, in other words Contraception or
Birth control is a method which allows sexual
intercourse but prevent pregnancy.
· This is the effective method to control increasing
rate of population.
· It improves health facilities and better living
conditions promoted an explosive growth of
population.
· Birth control methods have been used science
ancient times, but effective and safe methods only
become available in 20th century. Some cultures limit
or discourage access to birth control because they
consider it to be morally, religiously or politically
undesirable.
· There are many methods which were employed now
days due to undesirable, harmful and intolerable side
effects and adverse effects, most of the people
encouraged to use so called natural birth control.
· A wide range of contraceptive methods are presently
available which could be broadly grouped into various
categories, namely Natural/Traditional, Barrier,
IUDs, Oral contraceptives, Injectables, Implants and
Surgical methods.
· Though contraceptives are not regular requirements
for reproductive health, one is forced to use them to
avoid pregnancy or to delay or space pregnancy.
CONTRACEPTION
METHODS
 Contraception
A method or system which allows sexual intercourse
but prevent pregnancy.
Features of ideal contraceptives
· User friendly.
· Easily available.
· Effective.
· Reversible in nature.
· No or least side effects.
· Should not interfere with sexual derive and desire.
 Permanent method of contraception
· Surgical methods are generally advised for the
male/female as a terminal method to prevent
pregnancies.
· Surgical intervention blocks gametes transportation
and there by prevent contraception.
· These techniques are highly effective but their
reversibility is very poor.
· Permanents methods are of two type vasectomy and
tuberctomy.

Vasectomy
· It is a permanent method of contraception of males.
· Both vas deferens are legated and cut.
· It is a minor surgical procedure and done free of
cost at Govt. hospitals.
· Sperm production continues after vasectomy but
ejaculated semen is without sperm.
· It is not effective immediately.
· Couple is advised to use other contraceptive methods
for 3 months after vasectomy.

Tuberctomy
· It is a permanent method of contraception for
female.
· A small part of fallopian tubes is removed or tied up
through a small incision on the abdomen or through
vagina.
· It is effective immediately.
· Menstrual cycle continues after tuberctomy.
· The released oocyte is destroyed by phagocytes.
 Natural method of contraception
· If the effect of the methods lasts till the time couple
uses the method and fertility resumes immediately
after or within few months of its discontinuation.
The method is called temporary method of
contraception.
Periodic abstinence
· Periodic abstinence is one such method in which
couples avoid or abstain from coitus from 10 to 17 of
menstrual cycle when ovulation could be expected.
· As chances of fertilization are very high during this
period, it is called the fertile period.
· Therefore, by abstaining from coitus during this
period conception could be prevented.
Withdrawal method
· The male partner withdraws his penis from vagina
just before ejaculation so as to avoid insemination.
· Semen should not be deposited in vagina or even
around vulva.
· High failure rate.
Lactational amenorrhea method
· This method is based on the fact that ovulation and
therefore the cycle do not occur during the period of
intense lactation following parturition.
· Therefore, as long as the mother breast feeds the
child fully chances of conception are almost will.
· High level of protection hormone suppresses
ovulation.
· Effectively work only up to a maximum period of six
month following parturition.
· Chances of failure of this method are also high
· ‘Nirodh’ is popular brand of condom for male.
· Both male and female condoms are disposable.
· It can be self inserted and there by gives privacy to
the user.
 Barrier methods
· In barrier method, ovum and sperms are prevented
from meeting with help of barriers.
· Such methods are available for both males and
females.
· There are four types of barrier methods condoms,
diaphragm, spermicidal agents and douching.
Condoms
· These are barriers made of thin rubber/latex sheath.
· They are used to cover penis in male or cervix and
vagina in female.
· It is used just before coitus so that the ejaculated
semen would not enter into female reproductive
tract.
· It can prevent conception.
· Use of condoms has increased in recent years due to
its additional benefits of protecting the user from
STDs and AIDs.
Diaphragm
· They prevent conception by blocking the entry of
sperms through the cervix.
· They are reusable.
· Diaphragms, cervical caps and vaults are also
barriers made of rubber that are inserted into
female reproductive tract to cover the cervix during
coitus.
Spermicidal agents
· These are available in the form of creams, jellies,
foam and vaginal tablets.
· These are usually used along with barrier methods to
increase their contraceptive effectively.
· These contain chemicals which kills the sperms like
boric acid, zinc sulphate, nonoxynal-y.
Douching
· It is immediate post coital washing of vagina with
strong jet of water.
· Repeated douching is harmful because it disturbs
vaginal pH.
 Intra uterine devices (IUDs)
· Also called intra uterine contraceptive devices
(IUCDs).
· These devices are inserted by doctors or experts
nurses in the uterus through vagina.

Types of intrauterine devices

· Non-medical IUDs example lippes loop.
· Copper releasing IUDs example CuT, Cu7, Multiload-
375.
· Hormone releasing IUDs example progesterone, LNG-
20.
Mechanism of action
· IUDs increases phagocytosis of sperms with in the
uterus.
· Cu ions related suppress sperm motility and the
fertilizing capacity of sperm.
· Cu ions more uterine endometrium unfavourable for
implantation.
· Hormones releasing IUDs in addition make the uterus
unsuitable for implantation and cervix hostile to the
sperms.
· IUDs are ideal contraception for female who want to
delay pregnancy /space between children.
· It is one of the most widely accepted methods of
contraception in India.
Lippes loop
· It is made of plastics (polyethylene) impregnated
with baby and is still used in many parts of the
world.
Copper releasing hormone
· Cu ions suppress sperm motility and also reduce
fertilizing ability of sperms.
Example: CuT, Cu7 and Multiload 375.
Copper-t
· It is a T- shaped device.
· The frame of copper-T is made up of polyethene
coated with BaSO4 to make it radio opaque so that
its presence can be detected by X-ray.
· A Cu wire is wrapped around vertical stem a nylon
thread hangs from it.
· The modern copper containing devices contain more
copper and a part of copper in the form of solid
 sleeves rather than a wire this increases the
efficiency and life span (CuT-380A)
Multiload 375
· It has 375 mm2 of copper wire wound around its
stem.
· The flexible arms are discharged to minimize
expulsion.
· The Multiload 375 and CuT 380A are similar in their
efficiency and performance.
 Hormone releasing devices
· This makes the uterus unsuitable for implantation
and the cervix hostile to the sperms.
· Example: progestasert and LNG-20 (Levonorgestrel
20).

LNG-20 (LEVONORGESTREL 20)

· Long acting reversible contraception (LARL).
· Release the progestrogen Levonorgestrel (initial rate
of 20 microgram per day).
· Efficiency similar to sterilization.
 Female hormonal methods of
contraception
· Oral contraceptive pills.
· Injections.
· Implants.
· Vaginal rings.
Oral contraceptive pills
· By the 1930 Andriy stynhach had isolated and
determined the structure of the steroid hormones
are found that high closes of androgens, estrogens
or progesterone inhibit ovulation.
· They were first approved for contraceptive pills use
in the United States in 1960 and are a very popular
form of birth control.
· There are many different or brands but the average
back is designed to be taken over a 28 day cycle.
· For the first 21 days of cycle, user takes a daily pill
that contains hormones (estrogen and progestogen).
· The last 7 days of the cycle are hormone free days.
· Oral administration of small doses of either
progestrogen or progestogen-estrogen combination is
another contraceptive method used by the females.
· They are used in the form of tablets and hence are
popularly called the pills.
· Pills have to be taken daily for a period of 21 days
starting preferably with in the first five days of
menstrual cycle.
· After a gap of 7 days (during which menstruation
occur it has to be repeated in the same pattern till
the female desires to prevent conception).
Types of oral contraception pills
· Oral pills are mainly of two types:
a. Combined oral pills (containing both estrogen and
progestin).
b. Minipill (contain oral progestin PoPs).

Mechanism of action
· These inhibit ovulation and implantation.
· After the quality of cervical mucus to prevent/retard
entry of sperm.
· Inhibition of motility and secretary activity of
fallopian tubes.
· These are most popular method of contraception
among urban females in India.
· Pills are very effective with lesser side effects and
are well accepted by females.
Side effects
· The most common side effect is break through
bleeding.
· Nausea, vomiting, headache, bloating, breast cancer,
tenderness, swelling of ankles/feet (fluid
retention), weight change may occur etc.
· Irregular periods may occur, especially during first
few months of use.
· Combined oral contraceptive increases the rise of
venous thromboembolism and pulmonary embolism
(embolism: a sudden blocking of artery).
Saheli pills
· It contains a non-steroidal preparation
(centchroman).
· It was developed by Central Drug Research Institute
(CDRI) in Luknow, India.
· It is a “once a week” pill with very few side effects
and high contraceptive value.
· It is taken twice weekly for the first three months
and then once a week.
Ormcloxifine
· It is also known as centchroman, is one effective
estrogen modulators, a class of medicine which acts
on estrogen receptors.
· It is also known as non-steroidal oral contraceptive
which is taken once per week.
· It prevents implantation by blocking estrogen
receptors.
· Now available in India as chhaya, ormeloxifene has
also been licensed under the trade names Nove X-
OS, centron and sevista.
Vaginal rings
· It is a small flexible, plastic ring that is inserted in
vagina.
· It prevents pregnancy by continuously releasing
synthetic estrogen and progestin.
Injectables
· Progestrogen alone or in combined with estrogen can
also be used by females as injections. Example Depo-
Provera etc.
· Their made of action is similar to that of pills and
their effective periods are much longer.
Sub dermal implants
· These are hormone containing devices which are
implanted subdermally for providing long term
contraception (3-5 years).
· Norplant: has taken six small capsules containing
hormone and these are inserted under skin of left
upper arm.
· Implanon: is a single rod-like which is implanted
through a needle.
Male hormonal contraceptive method
· Two delivery method are currently under active
study:
a. Male hormonal contraceptives that can be taken in
pills from by mouth.
b. Male hormonal injections.
Gossypal
· It is extract of cotton.
· It has been studied as male contraceptive pills.
· It decreases sperm count.
· However this is permanent in 20 percent people.
RISUG (Reversible Inhibition of Sperm under Guidance)
· It consists of injecting a polymer get, styrene
malefic anhydride in vas deferens.
· The polymer has a positive charge and when
negatively charged sperm pass through the vas
deferens, the charge differential severely damages
the sperms.
· As of 2011, RISUG is phase III of human testing in
India and has been patented in India, China,
Bangladesh and United States.

Vasal gel
· It is a brand name of polymer gel hormone that is
being tested in the United States.
· Testing on rabbit and primates showed positive
results.
Emergency contraception
· Administrations of progestrogen-estrogen
combination with 72 hours of coitus have been found
to be very effective as emergency contraceptive.
· These could be used to avoid possible pregnancy due
to rape, missed pills or casual unprotected sexual
intercourse.
· Mifepristore and misoprostol, when used in
combination, are more than 95 percent of effective
during the first 50 days of pregnancy.
· Mifepristore is a single pill treatment it has very
high affinity for progesterone receptors.
 Side effects of contraceptives
· Selection of suitable contraceptive method and it use
should always be undertaken in consultation with
qualified doctors.
· Contraceptive are not regular requirements for the
maintenance of reproductive health.
· Their possible ill effects are:
a. Nausea.
b. Abdominal pain.
c. Break through bleeding.
d. Irregular menstrual bleeding.
e. Breast cancer.
 Medical termination of pregnancy
(MTP)
· Intentional or voluntary termination of pregnancy
before full term is called medical termination of
pregnancy (MTP) or induced abortions.
· Nearly 40 to 50 million of MTP are performed in a
th
year all over the world which account to 1/5 of the
total no. of conceived pregnancy in a year.
· MTP has a significant role in decreasing population
though it is not meant for that purpose.
· It was enacted by Govt. of India with the intention of
reducing incidence of illegal abortion and consequent
maternal mortality and morbidity.
· Govt. of India legalized MTP in 1971 with some strict
condition to avoid its misuse.
· Such restrictions are all more important to check
discrimination and illegal female foeticides which are
reported to be higher in India.
· Wheater to accept/legalise MTP or not being
debated in many countries due to emotional, ethical,
religious and aspects.

Medical termination of pregnancy amendment

act 2017
· First 12 weeks of pregnancy require opinion of 1
registered practitioner.
· More than 12 weeks to 24 weeks of pregnancy
require opinion of 2 registered practitioner.

Situation under which MTP can be performed

· If continuation of pregnancy is threat to survival of
the mother.
· If she is a victim of a rape.
· In case of abnormal child.
· If she is mentally unstable.
· If there is failure of contraceptive methods.
· MTP are considering relatively safe during the first
trimester i.e. upto 12 weeks of pregnancy.
· Second trimester abortions are more risky.
 Bibliography
· Eagle wish