BY Contravariant Tensor:[2075] Arppase N quantities A', A? AN in a co-rdinate system (x', x?, .... x’) are related to N other quantities A!, A2, A™ in another coordintae Then A* is called contravariant tensor vectors of the first rank or first order. Similarly suppose N? quantities A is in a co-ordinate system (x',x, ... x“) are related to N? other quantities A™ in another co-ordinate system x, ., x") by the transforamtion equations. pr=1,2..N Then A® is called contravariant components of a tensor of the second rank or rank two,50 | Tensor Analysis 2.2 Lovatiant Tensor{2075] ppese N quantities Aj, Ax - | Ay in a co-ordinate | systen, __x¥) are related to N other quantities A, Ray vos An i anothe, ') by the transformatin equations. (x, co-ordinate system (x"x", N 4 A,= = APE 1, 2, cesseeseelN gar by using summation convention ~ ox? Ay= we Aq Then A, is called covariant tensor of the first rank or first order. Similarly, the N? quantities Agsare called covariant components of tnesor of the second rant if ax ext ” onax _ Be Mines Tensor{2075] ok: quantities A’ in a co-ordinate system Gl, x, _ x¥) are related to N? other quantities A’ in another co-ordinate system x, x) by the transforamtion equations Ox? @x° ant ae ox Then A‘ is called mixed tensor of second rank. Note: A superscript is used to indicate contravariant components whereas a subscript is used to indicate covariant components; an exception occurs in the notation for co-ordinates. Q.1 If A” and B’ are components of two contravariant tensors show that A+B’ is a contravariant tensor of rank two. {T.U 2059] Solution: v Here A” and B° are components of two contravariant tensors in x" and x © ordiante system with transformatoin A” and B4 in x? — . in x 4 co-ordinate system, and x" co-Refresher Book of Physics BSc. 3™ Year | 51 Then, APO = a Ae and Bo = ae Now, A"B? = wees Let AYBY = Cand APBY=C™ a Ox? Ox4 Then, CM = ax awe” Which shows that C*’ (i.e. AYB”) is a contravariant tensor of rank two. Q.2 Show that the velocity of fluid at any point is a contravariant tensor of rank one. Solution: ac The velocity of a fluid at any point has components of “¢ in the co-ordinate _ dx) system x*. In the co-ordinate system x, the velocity is “Gr But by the chain rule, de dx dx* dt dx® dt Hence if follows that the velocity is a contravariant tensor of rank one or a contravariant vector. Q.3 Show that as is not a tensor even though A, is a covariant tensor of rank one. Solution: We know that,52 | Tensor Analysis x. et Differentiating equation (1) with respect to *', We B P ox OAp, OX 9 awaxt axe a _ ax? OA Ox, Oxy aw axt xo ax? &x'OAy, Ox avon ax ow i «can sides is present hence 22 docs no Since the second term on the right sides is pre: Ox? transform as a tensor should. So Bris not a tensor though A, is a tensor of rank one. Q.4 If A" and B, are components of contravariant and covariant vectors respectively. Show that AB, is scalar or invariant. [T.U. 2057] Solution: Suppose A" and B, be contravariant and covariant tensor of rank. one in co- ordinate system (x', x’, covariant tensor of rank one in another co-ordinate system (x', X°, ...... X*) “) and A? and B, are the contravariant and Then the transformation relation is given by ~~ Now, A’B, = 3 ——A"B, OR WB, = ANB, Which shows that A"B,, is scalar or invariantRefresher Book of Physics [Link]. 3“ Year | 53 Kronecker detta , * Q.5 Define Kronecker delta. Is the Kronecker delta i_ fl fori= { is a tensor? 510 fori] Determine its rank and type [T.U. 2058 | OR Prove that a is a mixed tensor of the second rank. OR Find out whether the kronecker delta 5 iiil -{ for i#j i 2 1 fori=j in all co-ordinate system is a tensor? If so, determine its rank and type. OR Show that 3 -( er i i isatensor Whereas 5, -{ meres is not a tensor Solution: i_ (0 forizj The Kronecker delta, denoted by 8 is defined as 8'= {1 fori} In terms of partial differentiation 3 in the co-ordinate system (x', x’, .... x") can be written as If, be the transformation of 3, in another co-ordinate system OO, oocccccsecee KN) then we can write a. 4 FS at. Ox" On! Ont , = Ox’ x ay) (BY using chain rule)$4 | Tensor Analysis & Oy! < Ox ox’ 5 ee = ax at? Which shows that 8, is a mixed tensor of second rank as follows tenso transformation. Again, 5, = 0 ifi+j = lifisj If 5, is a tensor it should follows the transformation as or = For i= by = + |fork=0 + 0 fork = This shows that 5; does not follow the tensor transformation but bj is not a tensor but 6; is a mixed tensor of second a Q.6 Write down the fundamental operations with tensors. Suppose a” and BM are tenosrs. Prove that their sum and difference are tensors. [T.U. 2071] Solution: The following are the fundamental operatoin with tensors. 1, Addition: The sum of two or more tensor of the same rank and type (ie. same number of contravariant indices and same number o! covariant indices) number is also a tensor of the same rank and type Thus, if A‘? and B"? are tensors then CT = A" and BY are tensors then CP = AN? + B" and associative. ™ San 4 18 also tensor. Addition of tensor is commutative 2. Subtraction: The difference of two tensors of the same rank and type iS also a tensor of the same rank and type. Thus if A"? and BY’ are tensors, then D?~ A"? B'? is also tensor. 3. Outer multiplication: The product of two tensors is a tensor whose rank is the sum of the ranks of the given tensors. This product, whichRefresher Book of Physics [Link]. 3™ Year | 55 involves ordinary multiplication of the components of the tensor, is called the outer product. For example AY B? = C'” is the outer product of AY and B?. However note that not every tensor can be written asa Product of two tensors of lower rank, For this reason, division of tensors is not always possible. Contraction: If one contravariant and one covariant index of a tensor are set equal, the result indicates that a summation over the equal indices is to be taken according to the summation convention. This resulting sum is a tensor of rank two less than that of the original tensor. The process is called contraction. For example in the tensor of rank S, A’Z , set r= s to obtain A’ = B™, a tensor of rank 3, Further by setting p = q, we obtain By = C", a tensor of rank one. Inner Multiplication: By the process of outer multiplication of two tensors followed by contraction, we obtain a new tensor called an inner product of the given tensors. The process is called inner multiplication. For example, given the tensors Ay and B,, the outer product is A"? Bs. Letting q = r, and p = s we obtain the inner product A"’B, is obtained. Inner and outer multiplication of tensors is commutative and associative. Quotient law: Suppose it is not known whether a quantity X is a tensor or not. If an inner product of X with an arbitrary tensor is itself a tensor then X is also a tensor. This is called the quotient law. By hypothesisA’? and BY are tensors, so that, Adding them, we get ee Abe iyi POOL Amy ym) ' 1 ox? Ox Subtracting56 | Tensor Analysis Aik _ git) 8 OO oa gra ,- BD oe ont age (Ar-Bd) Then, (A" + B) and (A — BY") are tensors of the same rank and typ, as A™ and BY. Q7 Suppose A™ and B; are tensors. Prove that C' = A''B) is also , tensor. Solution: We must prove that C's’ is a tensor whose components are formed by taking the products of components of tensors A and Bi. Since A" and Bi are tensors and Multiplying, alte. Rox om = Bx? xt axl Ox Which shows that A’'B{ is a tensor of rank 5, with contravariant indices P-q, s and covariant indices r, t thus warranting the notation C™ Q8 Prove that the contraction of the tensor AQ is a scalar or invariant. Solution: Ox! axt ax* We have, Ai = 25% ap Putting j kRefresher Book of Physics BSc. 3” Year | 57 . . , It follows that A; must be an invariant since A is a tensor of rank two and contraction with respect to a single index lowers the rank by two, we are led to define an invariant as a tensor of the rank zero. 25-Symmetric tensor and Skew symmetric tensor Q.9 Define symmetric and skew symmetric tensors. Suppose a tensor (or skew symmetric) with respect to indices p and q in any co-ordinate system, Show that it remains symmetric (or skew symmetric) with respect to p and qin any co-ordinate system. : OR Show that a symmetric tensor is a symmetric in all co-ordinate system. (T.U. 2058 / 2061] Solution: Symmetric tensor: A tensor is said to be symmetric with respect to its covariant or contravariant components if it is unaltered by changing the Position of the covariant or contravariant indices. ie. If A® = A® then A?* is said to be symmetric contravariant tensor if Aga = Ag then Aq is called symmetric covariant tensor. Skew symmetric tensor If sign of @® the tensor is changed on altering its covariant or contravariant indices then it is called antisymmetric or skew symmetric tensor. ue. If A’! = — A® then A is called skew symmetric contravariant tensor. Ag then Agy is called skew symmetric covariant tensor. and 18" remains symmetric in x! co-ordinate system, If BY is skew symmetric Bm” B® Ox x yw @ Ox? Ox. ont Be Ox? Ox Then, B*‘58 | Tensor Analysis 2 B= _ Be and B™ remains skew symmetric in the x co-ordinate system. Thus the above results are, of course, vaild for other symmetric (skey symmetric) tensors. Q.10 Show that every tensor can be expressed as the sum of two tensors, one of which is symmetric and the other skew - symmetric in a pair of covariant or contravariant indices. {TU 2071) Solution: Let us consider a covariant tensor Aw. Then we can write as Aye = 4 (Age + Am) + (Ape An) oF, Ay = By + Cu Where, By =4 (Ay + Ary) and Cy = (Aw An) Now, we have to prove that By, is symmetric tensor and C,, is a skew symmetric tensor. Le. 1 1 By = 7 (Aw+ An) =7 (Am + Ay) By = Buy Hence, By. is symmetric, tensors. 1 Again, C= 3 (Aw— Ay) 1 = = 7 (Am- Aw) Cw = Cw Hence c,, is skew symmetric, tensors. Finally we can say that every tensor can be expressed as the sum of t¥° tensor, one is symmetric and other is skew symmetric,Refresher Book of Phynlcn Sc. 3” Year | 59 Q.11 Prove that any inner product of Ay and BY is a tensor of rank 3, Solution: We know that inner product of two tensor means outer mutliplication followed by contraction. go A ~ S So, AL = apy OF ot and By = axl ext ie Multiplying and letting i =j, we get ER Ox" EX' AK" Ox! = FRA wpe EXP oak OKT OX 55 (@=1ift=p) This shows that A? B® is tensor of rank three. Hence any inner product of the tensor A? and By is a tensor of rank three. Q.12 If ds? = gy dx! dx* is an invariant show that gy is a symmetric covariant tensor of rank two. [T.U. 2071,2076] Solution:Here, gy, can be chosen symmetric. Also since ds’ is an invariant. 6 x? Ox ‘ Ox! © Ox? ox! Showing that gy is a symmetric covariant tensor of rank two, called the metric tensor. ~60 | Tensor Analysis Q.13 Prove that g is a symmetric contravariant tensor of rank two, Solution: We have gxG (j,k) = 8 Where Gj, k) is a cofactor for gj. and g is determinant. GGW(., 4 ee ( oe 2) Since gq is symmetric, GG, K) is symmetric and therefore g* jg symmetric. If B? is an aribitrary contravariant tensor, By = 2pqB? is an arbitrary covariant vector. Now, Multiplying by g we get, s°B, = e888? = BBP (gue= 85) = B (..8)=1 forj=p) Since B, is an arbitrary tensor hence g* is a contravariant tensor of rank 2. Therefore g* is a symmetric contravariant tensor of rank 2. Q.14 Find (a) g (b) g* corresponding to ds? = 5 (dx')’ + 3 (dx’y +4 (ax — 6dx'dx’ + 4dx? dx? Solution: We have ds’ = gy, dx! dx* 1) Comparing (1) with given equation, we get 81 = 5, 82 = 3, B= 4 821 = 82> ~ 3, B= 2= By B= B= 0 Bn Biz Bis 5-30 (a) Now, 8 =| Bi 82 Bs |= | -3 3 2] =4 Bo Bs Bs 0 4 (b) We know, on GG. KB = gf (G G, Kis « cofactor of gy) 3Refresher Book of Physics BSc. 3 Year 161 I «| Here,G (1, 1) = =8 fere,G (1, 1) 4 5.0 G(2,2)= =20 4 =3 2 G(1,2)=- =12 0 4 [oa G (2,3) =- =-10 (2,3) ce I? ; | 7 = =-6 G(1, 3) 02 3 | GG, 1)= =-6 GB,1) 3 -3 :| GQ, v--|oa 62 | Tensor Analysis APB" __BegAPBY a vector. Show that (/(A?A,) (B"B,) = Q.15 Define length of invariant. Solution: Suppose A’ scalar quantity. Then length L of a vector Ap OF L’= ATA, = Ba AvAa or, LI= APA, = gM APAS * We can define the angle 0 be A'By ATR, con® = JAPA, BB) Lats Where L, = Length of A” Lp = Length of BP ie. APA,and BB, are invariant ‘Also, 85q APB" = A°B, is invarient. and A, are arbitrary associated vectors. Then AYA, is P A, is given by tween two vectors A and B, as goA So, Ta aii invariant Note: We can define cos =——Bae?BY _ ; VGPA) BB) as the cosine of the angle between tvo vectors A? and BY. If g,, APB? = ntivsgunad AYB,= 0, the vectors are calle: a eee Q.16 Show that the angles 0, 7 ha» O23 and 03, betw a cars ina dimensional coordinate sateen eh ke cos O)2= + 608 0); = 8 su guign Vang,’ °8 Ou =F Solution: ™ Consider three dimensional co-ordinates curv Ql x? x? S curve (x!, x?, x’) Along x' co-ordinate curve x? and x? ind x form, are constant. Then from the me!"Refresher Book of Physics BSc. 3™ Year | 63 ds? = gi (dx! + go (dx? + gss (dx)? or, ds= Ven dx! (dx? = 0 = dx? = 0 along x') Then, cosine of the angle between Aj and A} is given by Lp cos8)2 = Bra AT AT= Bese ae 6080} = 82 Ven B22 Similarly, cos @,5 =—-8— Ven 833 and = —Su coma = Tess gn Q.17 Prove that for an orthogonal co-ordinates system, the off diagonal components of the metric tensor is zero. Solution: If 2 be the angle between two co-ordinate curve then = — Bi coe Te en For orthogonal co-ordinate 0,2 = 90° : vo cos 90° Vai B22 > B20 Similalry gy, ~ gas = 0 From the fact that &yq ~ Bap B21 = B= B= Oer 64 | Tensor Analysis ol the metric tens Therefore the off diagonal elements / components oF sor are zero for the orghogonal co-ordinate system Q.18 Prove that for the orthogonal co-ordinate system, 1 aie git san and ga = 3 Solution: We have, {lifp=4q eo Beads loit pea = Baa If p=q=! then e By = Be =! or, el'gn +a" eats 7 = 0 for the orthogonal co-ordinate system De = fal Since go: = B31 For orthogonal co-ordinate system | / Sy = Oforpeq i 1D 85a = wlrp=a 2.6 Christoffel's Symbol Q.19 Define christoffel’s symbol of the first and second kind and find out (22, 1}, {12, 2] and (21, 2] in the cylindrical co-ordinates system. Solution: (a) The christoffel's symbols of first kind is given by 4 (Coe , Cr Baw (pa. 1) = 3 ax * ax? ~ ax" If p=q = rthen—e Refresher Book of Physics BSc. 3" Year | 65 =} (ee Se -4 - [pad = (ppp) Ov tax? ax” Ifp=q#rthen 1 (pa. = (pp.]= 3 laa t aye ax? 1 fo - $(0+0-) = —12f00 = Text Ifp=reqthen 1 (Op, 280 {pa.r]= [pap] = 1 (2p Be Se) = 1 (9+ 2ee = $(0+ 8-0) = 12%. = 2 oxi (b) The christoffel’s symbols of 2nd kind are given by (ee Pq =e" [pat] 1 We know g!= 7 7 Ifr 4s then / | - (pq, 1] = 0 , - y* [pq 1] = | pal e Ifr=s {s| 4.8 ie g° [pas] fous Now,if p= q=s, fs | [Pp | fpr] 1 1 een | pp | pa Yon Een OX"66 | Tensor Analysis If p=qes {*}.. {pp.s] = 80 tal “{ypl” eee Oe If p=seq { \_{P\_ fase) (pq! pq) | Ope _1 0 = Zaps Ox! 2 dx (IM Boo) Note: () Ifp. q, rare distinct then (pq, r)=0 (ii) If p, q, s are distinct then k jai’ 2nd part In cylindrical co-ordinates system x! = p,x=$,8=2 Wehave gi= 1,gn=p*andgy=1 Now, to evaluate [22, 1]: Here, (pq, r] = [22, 1] where, p=q=241=1 Then, [pq,r] = [pp, 1] = 1280 = Dag 1(g 1 dp? (22, 1]= -1(B)- 42 --p To evaluate [12, 2} Here [pq,r] = [12, 2] where p= 14 Then, [par] = [pq,q] = 5 (i a) 12 2\.0x" © Ox? Ax =3 (12,2) = [pa,q] = 3(23)Refresher Book of Physics [Link]. 3* Year | 67 To evaluate (21, 2 Here, p=1#q where p=r=2%q=1 1 eg, Then. [pat] = [papl= 75% Légm_ 1égn_1ep° * (20, 21= tna.) = Se = 5 SB a9 =P Hence in cylindrical co-ordinates (2,1)=-p U2,2}=p (21, 2]=p ox) rive transformation law for the christoffel symbols of (a) the first kind (b) the second kind. Solution: eee atiors : (a) Since g et Cy ex? ox! ae at or, x WA OH He PW TY Oy) ae aR at OX ax” a OOK AX OK OR By cyclic permutation of indices j,k, mand p, q, r Baw _ GS Ort Soy? , Oxt _Fet_ SH) Rat ax a ax aXE™” aK OKO ax? ax! ax? OR oe in + g o ae at ax" ax OR” OR OR” OW Substracting (1) from the sum of (2) and (3) and multiplying by } we obtain ‘on using the defination of the christofel symbols of the first kind, Ox? _ xt {pa} + Bogeesseen4) aD atom Ox! Ox* Ox (b) Multiplying (4) by "= S's Org to obtainSince 8g" (pq. 1] = 8" [Pa a-{? janet et f= 5p ion (5) are the required transformation Hence, equation (4) and equal low of christoffels first and second kind. s s s Q.21. Prove (a) [pq. Fl = (ap, FE wf } -| } (©) [pa Fl = ef \ pq) lap Pq. Solution: (a) [pq.1] = L$ Bp) 1p eB ox" Ox? Ox’ (b) (| “ete tw.a-{"} (©) ou ‘|. aug" (pq, 1] = 8 (Pa, #] = [pa, kK] or, (pq, k] = wl | that is, (pq, r] = w{) ‘| Note that multiplying {pq, r] by g™ as the effect of replacing r by s. raising this index and replacing square brackets by braces to yield | . pa Similarly, muluplying i by ge, OF By has the effect of replacing s PY r, lowering this index the replacing braces by squre brackets to yield [par]Refresher Book of Physics BSc. 3" Year | 69 Q.22 Prove that a () Sea = pm, al + lam, Pl, (oy Ses =-" \} - | P } mn. P a «) ("| =3aln ve Solution: eg, imamate) ee (a) [pm q] + fam. p} = +E =) ant Bae Shan “a (by 55 (gs,) = at) = 0. Then a Oa ag" ot St Eo 00rg, Bem ot Multiplying by e” ég* ie 8's a= -e ég* thatis 625 =—g"e*Cim, j]+ Lim, i) (theft + and the result follows on replacing r, k, i, by p. 4, n respectively 2 = 2G (j, k) (sum over k only). (©) We have, since G(j, 1 does not contain gy expiiy, B_ GG, 9. Then, summing over j andr tee fe Ge ote me * apy GG.) 50 = pe ZBt = ge" (ime) + fm.) j r ‘} = =2 e((ed (il) tm 1 j Thus, 2g ax" (*t j a or (3 ~ ome The result follows on replacing j by pand m by 4‘70 | Tensor Anatysis Q.23 Determine the Christoffel symbols of the second kind in (2) rectangular, (b) cylindrical (c) spherical coordinates, Solution: Since for orthogonal coordinates pq = 0 if p #q. ml (a) In rectangular coordiantes, g,, = 1 so that { 0 (b) In cylindrical coordinates, x! = p, x’ = , x’ = z, we have, gy, = | 2 =p’. Bis = 1. The only non-zero Christoffel symbols of the second kind can occur where p = 2. These are {nb = ~ag BFE 0) =-0 tat = {a}-abSP-b2e (©) In spherical coordiantes, x! =r, x*= @, x° = 6, we have g,, = 1, Ba =P, gss = rsin’®. The only non-zero christofel symbols of the second kind can occur where p = 2 or 3. 1) _ 1 ap -16 a} = “et TRO tal > {inl -ag, BPS et fi) _ 14 la... 33 {2\ _ 1 Oy 1 3 \33) > 2p Ox? ~~ Ie |p LF sin’®) = ~ sind coso 13) . (3). dm 1 a, 1 {suf 113) ~ 2gay Ox! “22 sint ap (P sin’®) => {3\ 3) 1 ogy a \32) tal Bans Ox? ~ 2 sink a st") ~ cot 0Refresher Book of Physics [Link]. 3" Year | 71 satrove 2A [0] 28% at {ml} Prove Ron LI ow aw Pa \ Solution: [m| _ ax? Ox" a fs From Q. 21 (b) {i ode lon ax” Multiplying by » We get ox [| &", a Ot on fs} det m = " 8 Wom amage* lea) aig - 28 BA fm} , Fae OR ARK 'PH Bix -— {p] 22 _ ax? ax fm} oa WW oe aw axt Pa Q.25 Show that the goedesics in a Riemannian space are given by ax [| dx? dst ae{ ds ds 7° (TU 2074] Solution: & We must determine the extremum of i Vega?! at using Euler's equations with F ="\ gpa 2 Unit) 5 we have, oF er = (Bai) 2g a?T2| Tensor Analysis pax’ Ban 950 5 oie wi on i kon , Bak Soa 505 ik" this equation becomes Writing Batts" 1 ax? ns ° or, Bad! Hay 0X” + [pa k] 5°" If we use arc leat as parameter, § = 1, § = 0 and the equation 7 dx oF tpg) . ee dx? dx? Multiplying by g*, we obtain “G+ re fs Q.26 Suppose A, and A? are tensors. Show that (a) Ava Ay Is oe ie and (b) ard at ef? A’ are tensors. Solution: (a) Since A; = a ox So, 2Ai A OA, at Ray Om ope Fromg.25 2x. anon Substistuting in (1), DA, _ Ox! an, oF” aap ot Ale A Ox! Ox* pity — OR Ox" A, {a} Bea le Ox! ax* (pq ait ox ntRefresher Book of Physics B.8e. 3” Year | 73 aA, [mlz _ OxP dx" (OA, [8 oh, a= ~~ ( { \a,) en ox! ax \« Pq 3 [s ind oAs 5 le is a covariant tensor of second rank, called the and ex ipq) From question 25 interchanging x and X coordinates, Fe (2 ma fi) oxox! Substituting in (2), oR _ Geax OAT, [Maw ax! ER oxi) ‘lat ae Op OF Lalo gga “Oe oo ax! dA, [M|ox Ox! ox ‘(i © Ox! rf ax® 958 ax! Ok Wt R ox9 OAP {P| ae ax 4 {3} I @ ' ax? y+ Ox* * [sql Ox” gx an fila aa om (dae p ‘) gh kil ax? aes LOx® "Lash 4 ant {>| and axe lel A’ is a mixed tsnsor of second rank, called the mr qs) p covariant derivative of A” with respect to x‘ and written Ay.74 | Tensor Analysis: Q.271f A! and A? represent the same contravariant vector in unprimeg and primed frame of refrence respectively, show that = ox ra Al ox A Solution: ‘Suppose the transformation equation from a rectangular (x, y, 2) system to the (x), Xz, Xs) and (X;, Xz, X3) system are given by X= Np (Ny. Nay Nas Y= Ya(Rty Noy Nas Z= Zi (Ky Kry h X= X2(K1, Kas ads ¥ = Ya (1, Xa, Xa), Z = Zz M1, Xa, %G) Then there exists a transformation directly from the (x,, x2, x3) system to the (%, X2, X3) system defined by Xr =i Rt, ay Hs)s Xp = Xo (Ray Ray X3)y X3 = Ho (Ray Ha, H) oeeee.(2) and conversely from (1) = He or dr = ox, & * xy Ot Gy, b= ay dx, tarde: + a5 des or and dr = Fag, +t 4 oy 2 OR = a; dk, +a dk, +2; dx Then, aydx; + adx, + aydx; = a, dk, + a, +3 BH 0.) From (2) dx, = % Mag, d% 1 dx, dk, ty = 8 6 a, dx, a dx, ay Oey dx, = 8 dns Boy ™ a, dx, dx, dx,Refresher Book of Physica BSc. 3™ Year {75 Substituting into (3) and equating coefficients of dx,, dx;, dx; on both sides, we get, a=, Ss, OH a aR, a By 9, OH, OH mR, yaa Bs 9 MH, OH OA. ‘Now, A can be expressed in the two co-ordinate system as A= Ati + Aga) + Ayay & A= Aja; + Azay + Asay. (5) where A,A and Aj are the contravariant components of A in the two system. Substituting (4) into (5) Aya) + Azar + Asay = Ajay + Apa) + Asay ~ x x 7 = om = (™ 4, 2a (5B Ay + A ox, Ox Ox: ox, OR, OX: + (AeA RH OK On comparing the coefficients, we get . = x ox. AL = A, Ss Ay S4 Ay ~ ox = omy, ~ ox, Ay = A, 2+ A, 24K, & Ay = Ay 22+ A,B A, Ox moh A284 Ky 284A, 22; p= 1,2,3 1 2 3 3 And hence, Ay = & A, 22 where, p=1,2,3 jel ax, Similarly, by interchanging the co-ordinate we see that16 | Tensor Analysis _ x Ay Sapa l23 In the form of contravariant Ara Q.28 Show that total derivative Syt _ adxt a’xt | { k \dx? dxt =e 7 Ne at equal to Ge * | pgs at at What does a* = 0 mean physically? Solution: a - Sided at dt byt a |e dvtdxt [k] dx? dv< fk = [Raf h(a dxt_ dv" s dx? FS gsi” | at ~ dxt {le sf {i wae . i v= gy vis Grand vi =F then at = dx! dx® Changing index 's' by 'p', we get te okt {* bax! at = dx? dxt at * pq) dt dt . : If at = 0, physically the equation is dx fk | ax? ax a * pal dt dt = Which represents the equation of geodesics P Also, a° = 0 means that the intrinsic derivative of along the curve x* — x(t) is zero then the en eas parallely along the curve. It also implies that notice ee acceleration. Christoffel symbols have ppatered| ke eee oth in covarian differentiation and in the differentital equation for od hi a geodesic. This i ce ls,Refresher Book of Physics BSc. 3” year | 77 sts that there may be connection between the two concepts, ‘ant different and geodesics. Since . Bet at a 7 Yad is vero, the covariant derivative along the geodesic is zero. Thus, a geodesic is tangent vector with zero covariant derivative along the curve. Geometrically, geodesics are straight line in space. Q.29 Let A, be a covariant tensor of rank 1. Show that Agar ~ [Link] = RygrAy using the property of covariant derivative. State why Ry, is a tensor. [T.U. 2062] tel ‘C1 Bh) QI oil is By interch: ‘q and 'r' and subtractii find “als sof Be bed ltl faa Mow 7 EL nh {ilfky fi \ | Wil, \pr: tka) &'Ipal ~ Ipql lke} cj by nand we get Aya ~ A, Ri Ag Pa Ap nq is a tensor, Rey Ag is a tensor; and since Ay is an arbitrary tensor, Ry, 18 a tensor by the quotient law. This tensor is called Riemann-Christoffel tensor,7B | Tensor Analysis ' 7 * js an invariant. Qw Prove that dv = dx'dx? en dx" Is a [T.U. 2062, 2063,20¢4) _..(1) [by definition] un ON a f a & a _. dR" [using (1)] & Se ay [ mI = Ve] a = x & ag H gy x Oe Sage a - Vel xr a & gn 5 ix aN & = Vedx'ax. dx" @ = dv This shows that dv is an invariant : 1a Q.31 Show that diva? = Year Vea (T.U. 2062 Solution: The divergence of A’ is the contraction of the covariant derivatio” AP, i.e. the contraction of A’, q or AP, p 7 oa {Ply Then div A"= AP, p = ee [tha svvenenned(I)Refresher Book of Physics BSc. 3“ Year | 79 Now we have to find { , \ pk We know g = ga G(j, k) (sum over k only). ince G{j, k) doesn't contain gy explicitly, am . a, 7 6G) Then summing over j andr Se + BS-ai.n8 ee" (Lim, ¥] + [rm j)) By CX! (Ca ta) ton 3ee~ {)] 7 (ml 7 ae Hence, by replacing j by p & m by k, we get Now, equatioin (1) becomes ea’ (a eat (1a diva, p= B+ (Znve) a= oo ndivAP = ae) Q32. Show that vo- Jeo [vee 4] Solution: The gradient of @ is grad 6 = Vo = &; } 4 covariant tensor of rank one defined as the covariant derivative of 4, written ,. The contravariant tensor of rank one associated with @ , is . wn OY * bx Then, V@= [Link]=div a) As we know that div AP ya [Ve']RO | Tensor Analysis [Derive this relation too, for this see Q. 32] Then equation (1) becomes of ade ee Od v4 Jez [vee a This is the required soulution Q.33 Show that g=J? Solution: Wehave. P= ixtjytkz => Br 83 Now, g = | 81 82 83 |= 8 Bs Bu ox by Gu, Ou - x ey Cu, Cu, xy cus Guy JJ [. = 7 (uy, 3] 8 £ Q.34 Show that g = J Solution: BaRefresher Rook of Physics [Link]. 3™ Year | 81 , Ox! ox! , Ax! ax* axi Ox! Ox ax" ox’ But gn avax axvax Sn Bi Bis Now.g =| 3 ow. & B1 B22 Bs 81 82 Bu 8u 8 Bs = 821 B22 B23 831 B32 B33 ox! ox Ox ax ax ax = JgJ e- eg Q.35 Express the divergence of a vector A? in terms components for (a) cylindrical coordinates, (b) spherical coordinates. Solution: (a) For cylindrical coordinates x X=, =Z, zg 0 p? 0 | =p'and Vg p oo 4 The physical components, denoted by A,, Ay. A, are given By Ap Ven AD AL Ay Ven Ao pA A, Ven AA a Q (Ag) 15, PAD 1 6 Then, div A’ gone)82 | Tensor Analysis (b) For spherical coordinates x! =r, x” = 8, => 10 0 eg - | 0 PO | =F sin’@ and Ve= sino 0 0 Fsin’® The physical components, denoted by A,, Ao, Ay are given by A, = gn AT= Al Ag = Ven A? = 17, Ay = Ves: A® = sind A? Then, div AP= “pares [é (sin A) + (ein OAs) + a ag] a - 5 a 5 CAD ap =r 2 Hsin oA) 5 sind a Q.36 Express the Laplacian of 4, V%, in (a) cylindrical coordinates, (b) spherical coordinates. Solution: ~ ro (a) _ Incylindrical coordinates gy = 1, g22 “3 8333 = 11 Then, we have vo = habed) [alos) a5) 2 1eo eo (9 Ot aR se . 1 (b) In spherical coordiantes gy, = 1, 822 = 7, 833 =F sin’o. Then 1a br O® vo = cs (Vee om) 1 f[af> - manal(" ala eS 10/0) 1 2/(. am) 1 oo 52 (2): ain ve 2 + Fein’ 3b?Refresher Book of Physics fe. 3” Year | 83 Q.37 Calculate the intrinsic derivatives of each of the following tensor, assumed to be differentiable functions of t (a) an invariant ©, (b) AN (6) Abe (d) Abe Solution: ey a = a = see -2, the oridinary derivatives. = Se ert rr © = ae al ** lash 8) at S| jdxt [i] dx? wa ted dt * Igs{ Sat dA n dx’ (ae {f 1 {| X gy PA gh gf (PAim 15) yw 1S | ae @ meat” Vat Ll ma} 5 i) ow {E) y \aat {hata (3p ata {Ef ata) nd aa ash MJ at Atm {8} x det [8] dx? [8] dxt dt “ial A dt mal A! dt ~ Ingl Ai ae J] a det fk]. at left Q.38 Derive tensor form of gradient, divergence and laplacian IT.U. 2073} Solution: a The gradient of @ is grad 4 ~ Vo = 5%; a covariant tensor of rank one defined as the covariant derivative of , written ,. The contravariant tensor of rank one associated with @, is ta OH An gh84 | Tensor Analysis of AP is the contraction of the covariant derivation of The divergence qorA'p AY. ie. the contraction of AY. ve anp= oe PPL Ak nll Then div AP= APP Gx* * [pk ) Pp Now we have to find { ipk We know g = 2a GQ. K) (sum over k only). Since G(, k) doesn't contain Bj explicitly. a. a Gun Then summing over j andr 6g OBy _ ge" ao a ay, ox" GG, ee ox" Se — oe (Gm, 1] + (rm, j)) ~ (al aD bal 1 é_fJ Thus. 5550 = MS: 2p ax i {3} or, = 7 lim! ae inva Hence, by replacing j by p & m by k, we get Now, equatioin (1) becomes ® ro. oA @ diva’, P= “GyFT Zr inafa) a* 2 aM La div A” = eae eA) . Now. 7o= V.V=div (e" 2) ‘As we know that pool. div A ae [Ve.a*] Then equation 2 ) becomes vo Fae “| Vou" | This is the required soulution mw