Screeners Certification

Page 1 of 110 SECRET

Handout

Trainee Reference Book

For

Screeners Certification Course

This SECRET Document is

Published by

Bureau of Civil Aviation Security (BCAS)

Revised By INDGO ASTI on August 2017

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INDEX

S.NO CONTENTS PAGE NO

Screeners certification test syllabus(theory/Practical) 5
1 Terminology 6-9
2 Threat to civil Aviation Security 10-12
3 X-ray Theory/safety precautions/meaning of film safe/CTP/TIP 13-36
4 IEDs/Dangerous Goods/Prohibited items 37-45
5 Security control measures-registered baggage/cargo/OBC/speed 46 –52
post/mail/sensitive store/human remains/perishable
6 Cargo Security 53-62
7 Pre-embarkation screening of hand bags/frisking of pax 63-68
8 Use of DFMD/HHMD 69-77
9 Procedure of Carriage Prisoner/Inadmissible passenger & Deportee 78-79
10 Catering security 80-81
11 Behaviour Detection 82-84
12 Explosive detector-Principle & operation of different models 85-90
13 Security procedure for dealing with Special Needs 91-95
14 Quiz 96-97
15 AVSEC orders/Circulars 98-100
16 Abbreviations 101-103

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Intentionally Left Blank.

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Syllabus for Screener Certification Test

TOTAL MARKS -100

THEORY-60 MARKS Minimum pass marks for theory paper will be 48 marks
out of 60 means 80%

PRACTICAL-40 MARKS Minimum pass marks for practical test will be 32 marks out
of 40 means 80%.

Aggregate of the candidate hence should be equal to or above 80%, to be declared

pass

Theory Test

 Threats to Civil Aviation.

 X-BIS (Theory, Specifications Safety precautions and its use)
 Do‘s and Don‘ts for screeners.
 Types of prohibited articles, IED and carriage of weapons
 Security control measures for- registered bags / cargo/courier
 Security control measures for Catering
 Pre-embarkation screening of hand bags/Pat-down search/use of HHMD/DFMD
 Different screening concepts and how to maintain sterility of SHA
 Behaviour Detection of passenger and documents check.
 Aircraft search and protection of parked aircraft.
 Explosive detector-Principle & Operations of different models.
 General awareness of equipments

Practical Test

 Conduct of CTP test 04 marks

 Response/reaction on threat image detection 05 marks
 Interpretation of Image 10 marks
 Feeding of Baggage 02 marks
 Manual check of Baggage 03 marks
 Frisking of Passengers 10 marks
 Pre-ops check of DFMD 02 marks

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 Use of HHMD 04 marks

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Terminologies Related To AVSEC and Vital Installations at Airport

Terms that are defined in the International Civil Aviation Vocabulary (Doc 9713) and the
Annexes are used in accordance with the meanings and usages given therein. A wide
variety of terms are in use throughout the world to describe facilities, procedures and
concepts for airport operations and planning. As far as possible, the terms used in this
document are those which have the widest international use.

Accompanied hold baggage. Baggage which is accepted for carriage in the hold of an aircraft
and which is checked in by the passenger who is on board.

Aircraft in flight. An aircraft from the moment when all its external doors are closed following
embarkation until the moment when such doors are opened for disembarkation.

Aircraft security check. An inspection of the interior of an aircraft to which passengers may have
had access and an inspection of the hold for the purposes of discovering suspicious objects,
weapons, explosives or other dangerous devices, articles and substances.

Aircraft security search. A thorough inspection of the interior and exterior of the aircraft for the
purpose of discovering suspicious objects, weapons, explosives or other dangerous devices,
articles or substances.

Appropriate authority for aviation security. The authority designated by a State within its
administration to be responsible for the development, implementation and maintenance of the
national civil aviation security programme.

Baggage. Personal property of passengers or crew carried on an aircraft by agreement with the
operator.

Cabin baggage. Baggage intended for carriage in the cabin of an aircraft.

Cargo. Any property carried on an aircraft other than mail, stores and accompanied or
mishandled baggage.

Cargo Building-A building, through which cargo passes between air and ground transport and in
which processing facilities are located, or in which cargo is stored pending transfer to air or
ground transport.

Cargo Area-All the ground space and facilities provided for cargo handlings. It includes aprons,
cargo buildings and warehouses, vehicle parks and roads associated therewith.

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Catering stores. All items, other than catering supplies, associated with passenger in-flight
services, for example newspapers, magazines, headphones, audio and video tapes, pillows and
blankets, and amenity kits.

Catering supplies. Food, beverages, other dry stores and associated equipment used on board
an aircraft.

Co-mail. Abbreviation of aircraft operator company mail, shipped within the company’s network
of stations.

Co-mat. Abbreviation of aircraft operator company materials, shipped within the company’s
network of stations.

Courier service. An operation whereby shipments tendered by one or more shippers are
transported as the baggage of a courier passenger on board a scheduled aircraft operator
service under normal passenger hold baggage documentation.

Diplomatic pouch (bag). A shipping container having diplomatic immunity from search or
seizure.

Explosive Detection System (EDS). A system or combination of different technologies which has
the ability to detect, and so to indicate by means of an alarm, explosive material contained in
baggage, irrespective of the material from which the bag is made.

Explosive Device Detection System (EDDS). A system or combination of different technologies

which has the ability to detect, and so to indicate by means of an alarm, an explosive device by
detecting one or more components of such a device contained in baggage, irrespective of the
material from which the bag is made.

Integrated/consolidated cargo. A consignment of multi-packages which has been originated by

more than one person, each of whom has made an agreement for carriage by air with another
person other than a scheduled aircraft operator.

Interline baggage. Baggage of passengers subject to transfer from the aircraft of one operator
to the aircraft of another operator in the course of the passenger’s journey.

Known consignor.

For cargo: The originator of property for transportation by air and who has established business
with a regulated agent or aircraft operator.

For mail: The originator of mail for transportation by air and who has established business with a
regulated postal authority/administration.

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LAG. Liquids, aerosols and gels, in any volume, for sale at airport outlets (excluding food and
beverages for consumption in the airport premises and not intended for carriage into the
aircraft passenger cabin) or on board aircraft during the day(s) of the journey, either in the
airside area or in a security-restricted area.

Mail. Dispatches of correspondence and other items tendered by and intended for delivery to
postal services in accordance with the rules of the Universal Postal Union (UPU).

Mishandled baggage. Baggage involuntarily, or inadvertently, separated from passengers or

crew.

Regulated agent. An agent, freight forwarder or any other entity who conducts business with an
operator and provides security controls that are accepted or required by the appropriate
authority in respect of cargo or mail.

Restricted / prohibited articles. Articles which are, in the specific context of aviation security,
defined as those articles, devices or substances which may be used to commit an act of unlawful
interference against civil aviation or which may endanger the safety of the aircraft and its
occupants, or installations and the public.

Sabotage. An act or omission, intended to cause malicious or wanton destruction of property,

endangering or resulting in unlawful interference with international civil aviation and its
facilities.

Screening. The application of technical or other means which are intended to identify and/or
detect weapons, explosives or other dangerous devices, articles or substances which may be
used to commit an act of unlawful interference.
Note.— Certain dangerous articles or substances are classified as dangerous goods by Annex 18
and the associated Technical Instructions for the Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air (Doc
9284) and must be transported in accordance with those instructions.

Security. Safeguarding civil aviation against acts of unlawful interference. This objective is
achieved by a combination of measures and human and material resources.

Security test. A covert or overt trial of an aviation security measure which simulates an attempt
to commit an unlawful act.

STEBs. Security tamper-evident bags that should only be used for the sale of LAGs by airport
outlets or on board aircraft.

Sterile area. That area between any passenger inspection or screening control point and aircraft
into which access is strictly controlled. (Also known as Security restricted area.)

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Threat Image Projection (TIP). A software programme approved by the appropriate authority
which can be installed on certain X-ray machines. The programme projects virtual images of
threat articles (e.g. guns, knives, improvised explosive devices) within the X-ray image of a real
bag under examination or complete virtual images of bags containing threat articles, and
provides immediate feedback to the X-ray machine operators of their ability to detect such
images.

Trace detection equipment. Technology system or combination of different technologies which

has the ability to detect very small amounts of explosive materials, and so to indicate, by means
of an alarm, those materials contained in baggage or other articles subjected for analysis.

Transfer passengers/baggage. Passengers/baggage making direct connections between two

different flights.

Unaccompanied baggage. Baggage that is transported as cargo and may or may not be carried
on the same aircraft with the person to whom it belongs.

Unclaimed baggage. Baggage that arrives at an airport and is not picked up or claimed by a
passenger.

Unidentified baggage. Baggage at an airport, with or without a baggage tag, which is not picked
up by or identified with a passenger.

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Chapter 2

Threat to Civil Aviation

Threats to Civil Aviation Operations

 Unlawful seizure of aircraft ‘in flight’ (hijacking)
 Unlawful seizure of aircraft on the ground.
 Sabotage of aircraft / airport facilities
 Hostage-taking on board aircraft or on aerodromes
 Forcible intrusion on board an aircraft, at an airport or on the premises of an aeronautical
facility.
 Introduction on board an aircraft or at an airport of a weapon of hazardous device or
material intended for criminal purposes.
 Communication of false information such as to jeopardize the safety of an aircraft in flight or
on the ground, of passengers, crew, ground personnel or the general public at an airport or
on the premises of a civil aviation facility.

Emerging Threats
 Suicide attack on ground facilities
 Misuse of aircraft as a weapon of mass destruction
 Misuse of nuclear and other radioactive substances
 Threat from Chemical & biological weapons
 Air to air attack by aircraft or by missile
 Ground to air attack by missiles
 Cyber terrorism
 Attack through electronic systems to misguide the air traffic communications to the aircraft
 Attack by magnetic systems
 Off airport facility attack
 Unruly passengers
 Unauthorized transportation of dangerous goods
 Man Portable Air Defense System (MANPADs)

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Security Measures at Airports

 Anti-hijacking measures
 Anti sabotage measures
 Anti Terrorist measures
 Security of personnel

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Major Hijacking incidents in India and countermeasures deployed

30 January 1971 First hijacking in India from Srinagar to Lahore

10 Sept. 1976 Hijacking of Indian Airlines flight to Lahore from Delhi Airport

29 Sept. 1981 Indian Airlines flight hijacked from Delhi to Lahore

24 Dec 1999 Indian Airline IC-814 hijacked from Kathmandu taken to Amritsar-Lahore-
Dubai-Kandahar

Anti hijacking measures

 Frisking of passengers and search of hand baggage
 Armed support to frisking / searching staff
 Escorting of passenger to aircraft
 Apron and perimeter security
 Security of catering items
 Surveillance in Departure areas
 Use of electronic aids-DFMD,HHMD,XBIS,CCTV
 Secondary Ladder Point Checks
 Pre flight security checks / search of aircraft
 Deployment of sky marshals
 On the job supervision by airline staff

Major Sabotege Incidents in Civil Aviation

02 Aug 1984 Bomb explosion in Chennai Airport

23 June 1985 Sabotage of Air India aircraft Kanishka Tragedy over Atlantic Ocean.
Explosion at Narita airport (Japan) during transfer of baggage to Air India
aircraft.

LTTE attack on Colombo Apt.

24 July 2001
Pan Am 103 incident resulted in death of 259 persons on board aircraft, as
21st Dec 1988 well as 11 persons on the ground at Lockerbie (Scotland).

Anti sabotage measures

 Screening and protection of registered baggage until loaded into aircraft hold
 Identification / Reconciliation of registered baggage

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 Anti sabotage check of aircraft at originating station

 Guarding of aircraft
 Access control of aircraft
 On the job supervision by airline staff
 Security of air crew baggage / aircraft document bags / fuel
 Security of catering items
 Security of cargo, courier, human remains, postal mail, company stores
 Non acceptance of last minute items by passengers
 Passengers to ensure they are aware of contents of their baggage’s

Major Terrorists attack at Airports:-

24 July 2001 LTTE attack on Colombo Apt.

January 2010 A passenger exploded himself in the Moscow airport

Moscow Airport
Attack

Measures against terrorist attacks

 Guarding of aircraft and airport facilities
 Apron / airport access control
 Deployment of Quick Reaction Teams (QRT)
 Perimeter wall of standard height
 Perimeter road for patrolling
 Perimeter lighting
 Watch towers \ Patrolling- foot or mobile
 Police stations in close proximity of airport
 Efficient communication system

Security of personnel
 Airport entry permit (AEP) / Airport Entry Card (AEC) issued after security vetting/
background checks
 Display of AEP/AEC to detect misuse
 Frisking of all AEP/AEC holders before entry to airside
 Never leave your baggage unattended
 Never lend your uniform / AEP to others
 Never accept a packet for carriage without screening
 On the job supervision / surveillance
 Always display a positive security attitude

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Chapter 3

X-BIS (Theory, Specifications and its use)

Introduction
Detection of Explosive Detection System (EDS) and Explosive Devices Detection System (EDDS) is
the most important function for X-ray screeners. They should be able to intelligently interpret
the images of items from the passengers’ baggage and identify the suspected items such as
weapons, IEDs, bombs, dangerous goods, chemicals and other banned items. An X-RAY screener
should know the basic principle and theory X-ray.

An X-ray operator should be able to answer the following question:-

1. What is the purpose of this system?

2. Why is it here?
3. What do we think it will do for us?
4. What problem will it address?

X-ray Theory
On November 8, 1895 Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen discovered a new kind of radiation which he
called X-rays.

X-rays are waves of electromagnetic energy which form part of the electromagnetic spectrum,
along with other waveforms such as radio waves, microwaves, infrared waves, UV waves and
gamma waves.

Human eyes are sensitive to the particular wavelength of visible light, but not to the shorter
wavelength of higher energy X-ray waves. X-rays are approximately 1000 times shorter than the
wavelength of light, and are a highly penetrating form of radiation which can pass through many
materials that are otherwise opaque – X-rays can even expose photographic film that is
enclosed where visible light is unable to get to it.

X rays will pass uninterrupted through low-density substances, whereas higher-density materials
will reflect or absorb the X rays because there is less space between the atoms for the waves to
pass through.

The standard unit for measuring the quantity of ionizing radiation is Roentgen denoted by - R.

Properties of X-ray: -
 They are invisible.

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 They move in straight lines, and at the speed of light.

 They cannot be deflected by means of a lens or prism.

 They pass through matter. The degree of penetration depends on the kind of matter,
and the energy of the x-ray concerned.
 They are ionizing radiation, they liberate electrons in matter.
 They impair or destroy living cells.

X – Ray BIS Requirement

 A high detection rate

 A unequivocal differentiation between hazardous and non-hazardous substances has to
be ensured.
 Low false alarm rate
 Inspection of entire bag as well as partial bag areas
 Integrated image device
 Detection category of small amounts even below ICAO/TSA standard
 Throughput up to 400 bags per hour.

Detection Requirement

X – ray-screening equipment is required for use in detecting both metallic and non-metallic
objects. These items may be concealed in any form of luggage carried or placed on board an
aircraft .The list of items to be identified includes:

 Firearms both metallic and non-metallic

 Firearms components
 Ammunition of all calibers
 Grenades and other fragmentation/ blast weapons
 Knives, batons, swords etc
 Explosives, military and commercial
 Detonators and timing devices
 Electrical and electronic items
 Power sources

X-ray Baggage Inspection System

X ray techniques
Simple single energy transmission x-ray scanners do not provide enough information to make
the explosive search automatic and method to extract more information is needed. Dual energy,
dual-axis and backscatter technologies allow the determination (or at least approximation) of a
materials mass absorption coefficient and effective Z number. Computer tomography scanners

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can extract enough information to calculate the material’s density’s as well as its mass
absorption coefficient.

Differences between Single & Multi Energy System

Single Energy X-ray System

a) One Level of X-ray is used
b) Monochrome Images (Black And White)
c) Cannot distinguish materials according to atomic numbers
d) Scans objects slice by slice

Multi Energy X-ray System / Dual Energy

a) Two Levels of X-ray Energy used
b) Distinguishes between materials according to Atomic Numbers
c) Displays Colour Images
d) High level of penetration
e) Materials are divided into groups – Organic Mixed / Inorganic

The technology used X-ray BIS / latest technology worldwide are as under
a) Single energy
b) Dual energy
c) Backscatter
d) Computer tomography
e) Thermal neutron activation
f) False fast neutron analysis (PFNA)
g) Nuclear quadruple response

X-ray BIS Inbuilt Protection

The in built safety measures in X-ray BIS are: -

1. Low X - ray Dose “Radiation emitted from the cabinet x-ray system shall not exceed an
exposure of 0.5mR/hr. at any point five cm outside the external surface. This specification limits
exposure to a user in normal operation.

2. Lead Curtains – Lead curtains at both entry and exit prevent scattered x rays that may occur
from escaping whenever the inspected and items enter or leave the unit.

3. Lead Shielding – Lead shielding in the unit prevents the emission of scattered x-rays
independent of the covering panels. This ensures safe operation even with external panels
removed.

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4. Interlocks – If an attempt is made to generate x-ray with a critical panel missing an interlock
will sense this and prevent x-ray from being generated.

Film Safe
X – Ray radiation does not affect all objects in a typical piece of luggage or attaché case, except
for the film in photographic cameras.

Films indeed will respond to x-rays but lesser than that of normal light owing to the much
shorter wavelength. As the wave length of X-ray is shorter, they are much less easily absorbed
by the film components. Photographic films can fog to some minute degree

Security x-ray systems are designed to minimise the total accumulated dose that an item
receives during inspection. Total accumulated dose of 0.15mr/h will not fog even the highest
speed films (1600 ASA)

Electronics and magnetic based items, such as floppy discs, are unaffected. While it was true
that unprocessed photographic film is somewhat sensitive to X – ray damage from modern
systems are quite rare.

Modern X-Ray machines are Film Safe due to the following reasons:

 Constant movement of conveyor belt

 Low X-ray dosage
 Fan beam geometry

Pre Operation Check X Ray BIS

Before operating the X-ray equipment:

 All service panels should be closed and locked.
 The lead curtains must all be hanging down, and in good condition.
 All emergency switches must be in the released (out) position.
 There should be no objects in the inspection tunnel.
 Check that nothing is obstructing the conveyor belt.
 Small items with loose belts or loose packaging and items which cannot be placed firmly on
the conveyors must be placed into appropriate plastic containers to avoid damages.
 Make sure there is a table available for physically searching baggage.
 Make sure that the conveyor belt and monitor screen are not dirty.
 Check the exterior of the x ray machine for loose wires disconnections.
 While the X-ray unit is activated ensure that nobody sits or stands on the conveyors or
touches moving parts.
 One must not inspect human being and living animals.

Switching on the X-ray machine:

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 Check that machine is plugged in.

 Insert key into control panel and switch machine on.
 Adjust brightness and contract controls.
 Test the forward, stop and reverse movement of the conveyor belt.
 Test the X ray monitor image definition by using the manufactures test piece (CTP)
 Fill the CTP Log sheet.

Components of X-ray Baggage Inspection System

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Standard XBIS Keyboard Switches and Its Functions

1 2 3 4 15 14 16 4

1 5 8 7 9 10 6 11 12 13

Image Display Keys Board

1. B1 – Negative image or Inverse (INV / NEG)

When this key is pressed the image is displayed in reverse i.e black becomes white and vice
versa.

2. B2 – Image display mode Organic Stripping (OS+) or Inorganic Material Key (IM):
When this key is pressed all colors are removed expect for blue. This will highlight any
inorganic materials.

3. B3 – Organic only plus (o2+) or Organic material Key (OM)

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When this key is pressed, all colors are removed except for orange. This will highlight any
organic materials.

4. B4 – Black / White X – ray image (BW) or Black and White Key (B + W)

When this key is pressed, all color information from the image is removed and black and
white image is displayed.

5. B5 – Display mode super-enhancement (SEN) or Crystal Clear Key (CC)

When this key is pressed, it brings out the details in both light and dark areas
simultaneously.

6. B6 – Image display mode with higher penetration (HIGH) or High Density Key
When this key is pressed, the presentation of high density
objects is enhanced.

7. Variation Key: It varies the currently active image display mode

8. P1: Acknowledging message /entries

Returning to parent menu
Activating a function
Accepting a proposed action

9. P2: Canceling entries and

Returning to parent menu

10. P3: Marking the suspect bag

11. Control Keys: Used for controlling the conveyor /reviewing /stop the conveyor

12. Navigator: Used for selection of zoom function and for selection of
functions in
screen menus and windows

13. Emergency Stop Button: To quickly switch off conveyor, X-ray Generators and Monitors

14. Power On Indicator: Shows that x-ray unit is switched on

15. Wait Indicator: Shows that x-ray unit is not ready for operation
16. Radiation Indicator: Warns of the emission of x-rays

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ECIL – Rapiscan Key Board

Standard XBIS Keyboard Switches And Its Functions ECIL

Forward Key (FWD): When this key is pressed the conveyor belt will start. Any object on the belt
will proceed to the inspection tunnel for scanning.

Stop Key (STOP): When this key is pressed, the conveyor belt will halt. (Note: If this key is
pressed during scanning of an object, the belt will stop then reverse a few centimeters. This is to
ensure that when “ Forward” is selected again, no part of the object is missing from the image.)

Reverse Key (REV): When this key is pressed, the conveyor belt will travel in the reverse
direction.

Zoom selection Keys (1 to9): The image on the screen is divided into nine segments, each
corresponding to a position on the keypad. E.g When key 1 is pressed the top left corner of the
image is selected; this area is then expanded to full screen size. If the key held down then times
four zoom mode is entered. The zoomed area is then divided into a further nine segments, any
of which can be selected and zoomed up.

Zoom Key (Zoom): This key pressed when it is required to return to a normal full size image.

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Inorganic Material Key (IM): When this key is pressed all colors are removed expect for blue.
This will highlight any inorganic materials.

Black and White Key (B + W) : When this key is pressed, all colour information from the image is
removed and black and white image is displayed.

Inverse Key (INV): When this key is pressed the image is displayed in reverse i.e black becomes
white and vice versa.

Organic material Key (OM): When this key is pressed, all colours are removed except for
orange. This will highlight any organic materials.

Crystal Clear Key (CC): When this key is pressed, it brings out the details in both light and dark
areas simultaneously.

High Density Key : When this key is pressed, the presentation of high density objects is
enhanced.

Low density Key (LOW): When this key is pressed, the presentation of less dense objects in
enhanced.

EPX key (EPX): When this pressed, square box will appear on the screen using the tracker ball,
move the box next to the object under suspension and clip the left button. The computer will
analyze the image and the potential threat item will displayed in red, with a lightened square
around it.

Menu Key (MENU): This key gives a more through description of the functions available in the
Image Processing Section of the keyboard.

Search Key (SRCH): If this key is pressed, when the bag exits the tunnel, the Search lamp will
illuminate, and a buzzer will sound. This indicates to security personal that the bag at the exit of
the tunnel needs to be searched.

Mode key (MODE): This key enables access to some of the lesser-used image processing
functions detailed below.

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X-Ray Imaging / Interpretation

When an item is X-rayed, some of the X-rays pass straight through and some are absorbed and
do not come out the other side. It is the density (Atomic Weight) and thickness of materials that
determine how easily X-rays pass through them.

The lower the density of any material, the more transparent the material is to X-rays and the
lighter the image will be on security X-ray equipment.

The denser an item is, the darker the image will be. If no X-rays can penetrate an item, because
of it extreme density or thickness, it will produce a totally black image (X-ray Opaque)

The term “X-ray Signature” refers to the patterns an item produces on the X-ray machine
monitor. An item’s X-ray signature differs in several important respects from an ordinary
photographic (optical) image. The main difference is that the X-ray image is formed as a function
of the x-rays’ absorption when passing through material, whereas a photographic image is
formed by light reflecting from an object’s surface.

So a photographic image gives information about an object’s exterior, whereas X-ray supplies
information about the composition, density and thickness of an object’s internal structure.
That’s why many objects look so different under X-ray to how they look in reality.

The x-ray screener is faced with identifying these silhouettes, artificially coloured to represent
any of three main categories of materials:

Atomic Colour
Group Description
Number Identification
Mainly ORGANIC material containing elements like
Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Carbon, Many explosives
Group 1 01 – 10 ORANGE
(e.g C3 15 (NO3)3 nitroglycerine, plastics such as acrylic
material, paper, textile, food, wood, water.
Mainly INORGANIC material like light / medium heavy
metals like Aluminum, sodium, chlorine, cooking salt.
Group 2 11 – 19 GREEN
NOTE: There is an overlapping of ORGANIC &
INORGANIC substances
This group is composed of Heavier Metal / INORGANIC
Group 3 20 – 75 BLUE substances like Steel, Zinc, Tin, Titanium, Chromium,
Iron, Nickel, Copper, Zinc, Silver etc.
This group is of substances that cannot be penetrated by
Group 4 75+ OPAQUE X-ray / absorbed by the item like Lead, Platinum,
Bismuth, and Uranium.

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Note:
Low density organic materials, such as paper, wood, clothing, foodstuffs and plastics will show
up as various shades of orange. Explosives are organic materials, so will appear as an orange
shadow - the darkness of the shadow will depend on the thickness of the explosive material.

Explosives may not ALWAYS appear orange if they are masked by inorganic materials - then the
colour shown will be a composite of the two materials.

Denser, inorganic materials such as metals, glass, chinaware will show as green or blue.

Items with a mixture of both organic and inorganic materials will show up as green. Very high
density materials, such as lead, will show up as black. Material containing lead (e.g. lead crystal)
will also appear black, and will mask other material.

The X-ray operator should take into account the shading of the various colours as, obviously,
layers of a less dense material will show up as similar to a dense material - for example a box of
photocopying paper will appear a very dark orange, in fact almost black.

Colors of items on X – ray Monitor

1. Wood Orange
2. Glass Green
3. Iron Blue
4. Copper Blue
5. Paper Orange
6. Clothes Orange
7. Gold Blue
8. Silver Blue
9. Lead Opaque
10. Knife Blue
11. Gun Blue
12. Book Orange
13. Plastic Orange
14. Explosive Orange
15. Zinc Blue
16. Sugar Orange
17. Salt Green
18. Leather Orange
19. Tin Blue
20. Power Source Blue
21. Liquid Orange
22. Detonator Copper-Blue, Aluminum-Green
23. Mechanism Green / Blue

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Categorization of Contents

SAFE
Baggage / cargo under this category will be tagged as Security Checked and forwarded

SUSPECT
Baggage / cargo under this category will be segregated and subjected to Physical Checks
through the searcher

THREAT
Baggage / cargo under this category will be held back in the tunnel and reported to higher
authorities (Supervisor) and Police. Take other action in accordance with local standard
operating procedures.

Location of Generator

The image of an object depend son the placement of the object on the conveyor belt. The
placement depends on the location of the X–Ray generator. The advantages and disadvantages
are given below:

TOP DOWN BEAMER

 Advantages
Low conveyor belt
Space Saving Design
Handling of Bulky Baggage

 Disadvantages
Performance Limitation

DOWN TOP BEAMER

 Advantages
Magnification of Objects
High Performance X – ray
Space Saving Design

 Disadvantages
Conveyor belt
Handling of Bulk Baggage

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SIDE BEAMER
 Advantages
Low conveyor belt
Handling of Bulky Baggage
High Performance

 Disadvantages
Machine Dimension - Consume more space
Easy access for passenger traveling with small children

DUAL GENERATOR X-BIS is required as per AVSEC Circular-11/2017.

The Genarator on Side & Top, or

The Genarator on side or bottom

BCAS Specifications

BCAS Regulations (BCAS Circular No. 11/2017 dated 04.08.2017)

S. No. Particulars
1 Generator 02 individual Independent X-ray generator
with dual view image
2 Power Supply 230V AC 50Hz power supply & Fluctuation
170V to 260 V
3 Tunnel size Confirmed to the purpose
4 Penetration 30MM of steel or more
5 Resolution 40SWG
6 X-ray Image 1280X1024 pixels
7 Zoom facility 16X
8 X-ray must be Film/Food safe
9 Radiation level 0.1 m R/hr. at a distance of 05cm from
external housing
10 Lead coded curtain Hanging straight & not damaged
11 Ideal rollers To be provided at either end of tunnel
12 X-ray beam divergence To be provide for complete image of bag
without corners cut
13 Machine fails to penetrate a item Visual & Audio alarm should be generated
14 TIP Installed
15 Image Enhancement Should be available
16 Conveyor Belt speed 0.18 and 0.3 mtrs per second(lesser speed is

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acceptable for cargo screening

17 All software features of machine Should be activated & password protected
18 All software features Controlled from Key board/mouse/touch
screen of machine only
19 Online recording facility Recording to be retained for minimum
14days
20 Software controlled facility Should be available
21 Operating Temperature 0 degree C to 40 degree C
22 Company Manufacturing ISO Certification
equipment
23 Software Enhancement Easily implemented of new technique
24 Through put shall 400bag per hour & 200 for cargo
25 Manufacture should submit NOC from Atomic Energy Board
26 Machine should be recalling of image 15-20 Previous images

BCAS Regulations
Minimum 10% of X-ray screened baggage should, at random, be marked for physical
examination in normal conditions

In alert situation or vulnerable flights minimum 25% to 30% of X-ray screened baggage should,
at random be marked for physical examination.

Responsibilities of the official agencies operating X–Ray BIS

Each X – BIS requires to be manned by three-trained personal per shift.

Screening Officers:
The following officers (trained and certified) will be deployed when screening is taking place:-

Load Officer -1
X-Ray Officer -1
Officers for manual hand search/ -2
Explosive detection test

At airports which have limited traffic, 1 officer may suffice for manual hand search / explosive
detection test. Load Officer may also not be required and his duty may be performed by X-Ray
Officer or the Manual Hand-Search/Explosive Detection Test Officer, as the case may be.

The above officers shall be trained and certified screeners and shall be rotated after 20 minutes.

Duties of Load Officer:

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 The load officer will also be known as profiler

 Check the itinerary of passenger
 The load officer must be positioned at the ‘input’ end of the X-Ray machine.
 The Officer will place the bag in centre of conveyor belt.
 He will ensure that
(a) Bag is placed correctly into the tunnel of X-BIS.
(b) 30 cm distance between 02 bags.

 If any passenger tries to put his hand inside the tunnel, he will stop the conyeoor belt by
using emergency buttons.

Duties of X-Ray Officer:

 Conduct anti sabotage check of machine.
 Check the machine is plugged in
 Check there is no loose wire connection
 Check wire are not torn
 The idle rollers are in working condition.
 The Lead coated curtain are hanging straight and not damaged
 Check tunnel is empty
 Check conveyor belt is good condition
 No water or oil spilled in the tunnel.
 All emergency buttons are in released condition
 Proper registers are kept at X-BIS
 The X-Ray Officer will always be in a position to study the X-Ray image and maintain
easy operation of the controls.
 The X-Ray Officer will examine the contents of each bag and its image on the monitor.
 If any IED/Weapon is detected then stop the conveyor belt.
 Ensure bag must be in the tunnel.
 Inform Supervisor.
 The X-Ray Officer will not continuously view images on the X-Ray monitor for periods
exceeding 20 minutes.
 If any unauthorized articles are present, or if there is doubt as to the contents of the
bag, the bag will be referred for manual hand search and/or explosive detection test.
 Only when the Officer is satisfied that the baggage is free of any unauthorized articles,
he will check the bag for further processing.
 The Officer will not leave his position unless relieved or until the screening point is
closed.

Duties of Manual Hand Search/Explosive Detection Test Officers:

 Ensure proper table is available.
 Ensure strapping machine is available and in working condition.
 Adequate number of Security stickers & Locktaineers are available.

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 One or two officers to be detailed for conducting manual hand search and /or explosive
detection test to be available.
 If the X-ray officer has not said anything about the bag, the physical searcher will affix
security sticker and hand over the to passenger.
 Also conduct random check of bags as per SOP.

 When a X-ray officer has identified the bag suspicious and advise physical searcher to
physically check the bag.
 Will identify the passenger and confirm that bag belongs to him/her.
 Wish the passenger and tell him/her to open the bag.
 Check the reconstruction of bag.
 Check outer pocket first.
 Check the top portion of bag first.
 Check the main bag as per SOP.
 Check the falls bottom.
 If satisfied close the bag and affix security sticker.
 If any prohibited item is found as per AVSEC Order 5/2005 then takes action as per SOP.
 Ensure that passenger goes directly to Check-In – Counter.
 If found opening the bag bring passenger back to to X-ray for re-screening the bag.
 Maintain the registers.

X – ray BIS maintenance register – It shall contain the machine model / make
distinctive number name of manufacture purchase price and date of installation on
the first page. From second page onwards, it will contain the time and date of
breakdown nature of complaint date and time of arrival of repairer date and time
when machine is set to order . Last column will give the name and signature of
official agency personnel who accepts the machine as repaired.

a) Dangerous goods register - Details of dangerous goods detected or not permitted to be

carried or permitted to be carried in safe condition will be entered. Following particulars
Will be entered: -
1) Date and time
2) Name of pax / flight No / Aircraft
3) If weapon then details of license
4) Dangerous item detected
5) Condition of packing of dangerous goods (ammunition if loaded / batteries off (if
permitted how it was repacked)

Supervisors should regularly monitor efficiency, alertness and professional competence of an

operator on duty. Persons not up to the mark will be taken off the X- ray BIS and shall be
deployed back only after training / refresher course.

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Additional documents based on requirement

 Screener rotation / Sticker consumption register
 Baggage physical check register
 Copy of certified screener’s certificate
 CTP Log Sheet

Items that may present difficulties to the X-ray Operator while Screening:

While screening the x-ray operator may come across certain items that may be difficult to
screen. This will include:

 Wrapped presents and gifts

 Children’s toys
 Crutches, canes, walking sticks
 Urns containing human remains
 Religious objects, valuable jewellery and paintings

Rules for X-Ray Operators

An X-ray Operator may carry out Hand Search of the baggage during the screening process if:
(a) A Dark Object is noticed on the Monitor
(b) An Item seen on the screen cannot be identified.
(c) Wires on the Screen.
(d) Pale Stick like Object.
(e) Liquids in Bottles.

Typical screening point Log will contain:

 Location of screening point

 Time and date of concurrence
 Airline flight number and destination
 Details of prohibited items detected (weapon/knife)
 name of security person who detected item
 reference to property disposal form

Influence on the screening process

X ray screeners are subjected to pressures from various sources like working environment,
commercial staff, regulatory agencies, airport management and passengers etc. Environmental
factors are poor lighting: faulty lay out, poor working conditions etc The human factors are low
salary, lack of training, confidence, hostile co-workers etc. Major factors influencing screeners
are:-

Poor or no training Selection of security staff Lack of supervision

(quality)

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Poor signs (person unable to Any display of aggressive Congested screening area
understand the environment) attitude
Confused screening point Passenger pressure Air carrier pressure
layout
Pressure from seniors Protocol requirement Over expectations
Language difficulties Temporary separation from Time deadline for aircraft
earlier jobs departure
Cancellation / delay of flights Lack of facilities Inefficient PA system /
announcements
Prying eyes into personal Possible first time experience Fear of unknown
possessions of passenger
Lack of confidence Lack of experience Increased surprise checks
Known Personality / political Lack of co-ordination from Non co-operation from
influence other agencies passengers
Poor lighting Long hour of duties Insufficient motivation
Influence / acquaintances Sympathy factors Discussions
Constant announcements of
PA systems

Advantages & Disadvantages of X-Ray BIS

Advantages: Disadvantages:
Film Safe Human factor is vulnerable
Only trained / qualified staff can use the
Does not cause any hazard to food and drugs
machine
Consignments bigger than the tunnel size
Time saving
cannot be screened
Convenience to passenger Operator skills lost if not used regularly
Less manpower required Cost and availability of the machine
Baggage can be checked for IED/ Weapon/
Regular maintenance & calibration is required
Dangerous goods without opening it
Contents obscured by dense items - Lack of
penetration of X-rays
Complex items hard to interpret

Do’s and Don’ts for X Ray Operators

Although x ray machines may very in type and manufacture, there are common safety
precautions to be taken before operating any x ray equipment. X ray equipment manufactures
give certain safety rules. A list of Do’s and Don’ts is given below:-

Do’s for Screeners

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 Always switch ON and OFF the x ray machine using the key switch only. When the key
switch is ON the UPS inside the X ray machine is also ON.
 Ensure that no person puts a hand or any part of the body into the inspection tunnel
while the X ray unit is activated.
 Ensure that baggage or freight items do not pile up or stack inside or at the end of the
inspection tunnel. A gap of 30 cm from one bag to another is recommended.
 Use the emergency stop switches to shut down the x ray machine incase of emergency.
 Keep away open containers with liquids or any other non-solid materials as well as dirty
objects from all parts of the x ray unit and from the feed and discharge conveyors.
Containers with liquids or non-solid materials may only be scanned after having been put
into appropriate plastic containers.

 If liquid are spilled on the belt or inside the unit, remove the power or shut down the x
ray machine immediately.
 Check the lead curtains closing the input and output of the inspection tunnel for tears
and missing segments
 Check the conveyors of your x ray unit for damages and dirt as well as for items caught
in the conveyors.

Don’ts for Screeners

 Do not look into the laser beam of the bar code scanner, which is available as an
accessory, and do not point the beam at other persons.
 Do not sit or stand on the conveyor, even when the system is switched off.
 Do not touch the conveyor belt when the system is in operation.
 Do not keep the baggage on the conveyor belt of the x ray machine with force or push
the baggage into the x ray tunnel.
 Don’t keep any unwanted items (tea, liquid or eatable etc) near the keyboard, or on the
machine.
 Do not allow passenger to insert the baggage bigger than the prescribed size inside the
X ray tunnel.
 Do not paste any paper or put rubber stamp on the panels or cover of x ray machine.
This makes the look untidy.
 Do not cover the verification openings of the x ray unit and the monitors.

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Combined Test Piece (CTP)

CTP(Combined Test Piece) is a Kit to check the serviceability of the X-BIS as per the BCAS
specification(AVSEC Circular-011/2017).

CTP is to be used as a quick routine test carried out daily to ensure that equipment is working
properly and satisfactory image is obtained as per the minimum specifications given by the
Regulatory Authority. The results of the test should be recorded.

Combined Test Piece (CTP) Tests

Single wire resolution test This test is mounted on perpex sheet-A set of un-insulated
copper wires of size 26 SWG, 30 SWG, 35 SWG, 38 SWG, 40
SWG and 42 SWG are placed on the Perspex sheet. The wires
are laid out in ‘S’ shaped curves. The wires are placed behind
varying thickness of aluminum.

Requirement is-Un-insulated copper wire of 40 SWG should be

seen clearly

Object is to check the connectivity

Useful Penetration test This test consists of 03 aluminum step wedges of 3/16, 5/16 &
7/16 & wires are laid from 26 SWG to 42 SWG.

Requirement is-30 SWG should be seen clearly under the

second step wedge 5/16.

Objective is- to detect hidden connectivity

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Material Discrimination test This test consist off- Sugar & Salt is kept in two container

Requirement is Sugar will appear in ORANGE color & Salt will

appear in GREEN color.

Object is-to distinguish between organic & Non organic

material.

Simple penetration test This test Consist off-02 MM steel step wedges are place
together from 16mm to 30mm. A lead strip is placed beneath
the steel step wedges.

Requirement is- Lead strip must be seen clearly beneath 30

MM of steel.

The objective is to check the penetration level of X-ray on

30mm Steel Step wedge

Spatial resolution test The test consists off-Mounted on square copper plate with 08
horizontal & vertical gratings.

The requirement is – All gratings MUST be seen clearly.

The objective is- to distinguish between over lapping & mixed

together images.

Thin Metal Imaging This test consist off- 0.5mm steel strips are placed over each
other in a semantically order.

The requirement is- to check the penetration level on 0.1mm

steel step strip.

The objective is-to check the penetration level of X-ray on a

thinnest part of the metal.

GOLDEN PRINCIPLE :-

DENSER THE OBJECT DARKER THE COLOUR. THINER IS THE OBJECT LIGHTER IS THE
COLOUR

Method of Use

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The CTP is used for a quick routine of XBIS check carried out daily. It should be placed on the
belt depending on the X-ray source and detector arrangement. The details shown on screen
should be recorded giving information like date, time, machine number and type supervisors
name and other remarks.

The CTP may be viewed by using image-enhancing facility till the operator is satisfied that the
machine is working properly.

After the CTP test the CTP log sheet to be filled and record to be maintained for 01 year for
audit.

Supervisory staff should do the CTP test at least once in a week.

Threat Image Projection

Introduction
Threat image projection is a computer software programme installed on modern X-ray
machines. The programme projects realistic / fictional images of threat articles (e.g. gun, knife,
improvised explosive devices.) within the X-ray image of a real bag under examination.

The operator’s task as with real threats is to detect these threat images whenever they occur. To
indicate that a threat image has been detected, the appropriate button on the control panel is
pressed. The system provides immediate feedback to the operator on the accuracy of individual
performance to be built up over time.

The Benefits of TIP are:-

 Screeners receive increased exposure- to images of threat items especially rarely seen
threat items such as improvised explosive devices.

 Immediate feedback- on the accuracy of response, i.e. hit, miss, and false alarm.

 Increased alertness- as screeners will be aware that images will be presented but not
when they will be presented.

 Increased motivation- of screeners.

 Tailored training for screeners- It is a specific training for a specific Trainee to specific
need in area where he is weak in detection.

 Supervisory Feedback- supervisor can access his screener if he requires more training or
not.
Feedback Report:

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By means of the TIP system, complete X-ray image of fictitious baggage items containing threat
objects are automatically projected, at arbitrary intervals, among the images of real baggage
items. The feedback will come automatically on the screen as under:-

HIT / Detected Objects – Green Colour

Ok you have correctly identified a fictional GUNS threat!

Pl Check the bag to make sure there are no real threat!

Ok You have correctly identified

Missed objects BOMB threat!!
a fictional

Pl In this case both the threat and the bag are not real threats!

Missed Objects – Red Colour

Ok you did not identify a fictional GUNS threat!

Pl Check the bag to make sure there are no real threats!

Ok You did not identify a fictional BOMB threat!

Pl In this case both the threat and bag are not real!

False Alarm /Aborted projections – Yellow Colour

Ok A fictional GUNS threat was cancelled!

Pl Check the bag to make sure there are no real threats!

Ok A fictional BOMBS threat was cancelled!

Pl In this cancelled image both the threat and the bag were not real!

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Chapter 4
Recognition Of Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs)

Introduction:
Airports and airlines are soft targets for terrorist attacks. Any sabotage / explosion at airports or
in aircraft shatter public confidence in the State machinery. Such acts have high news-value and
the terrorist group gains publicity with very low investment. 11 September 2001 incidence has
opened new chapter in aviation history where fuel-laden aircraft has been used as a weapon of
mass destruction. The Colombo incident on 24th July 2001 exposed the weakness in perimeter
security system.

A bomber has all the advantages. He can choose the time, target, territory, means of
placements and almost infinite variety of IEDs. An IED is designed to explode the way the
bomber wants to have it. He can incorporate a delay from 5 minutes to 194 days, which enables
him to be miles away, continent away, months away before the actual explosion occurs. An IED
can be planted during the day and it will explode when darkness set in and vice versa. It is
difficult to track down the Bomber in many bomb explosions.

The threats to civil aviation are from passengers, their hand/checked baggage, employees,
airline service personnel, contractors’ employees, cargo, courier, mail, transfer baggage,
perimeter etc. The X-ray screeners have very important role in detection of explosives.

WHAT IS AN IED

An IED is the explosive device designed, fabricated, placed and activated with an intention of
causing injury/death or to create panic and chaos amongst public or to cause intensive
damage to property.

These IED could be of any size and shape. They could be manufactured in any innocuous objects
such as brief case, suitcase, Tiffin carrier, sweet packet, gift item, Radio, Laptop computer, TV,
VCR, Telephone, Cycle, Scooter, Car, Vehicle etc. It may be operated electrically or mechanically

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and designed to explode while handling or by use of any delay mechanism or remote control
etc.

Improvised Incendiary Device (IID):

This is a type of explosive device which burns and bursts. Difference between an IED & IID

IED has a shattering effect IID burns and bursts

It is activated by primary explosive which
It is activated by a spark or matchstick
provides the required amount of shock
Examples: TNT; RDX; PETN; SEMTEX Examples: FIRE CRACKERS

A standard IED mechanism consists of: -

(a) Explosives
(b) Detonator
(c) Power source
(d) Switches (Bomb Initiating Mechanism)

Explosive Device Components

Effects Of Explosion

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You would have seen that a number of people are killed immediately after an explosion.
Explosion resulted in loss of lives and severe damage to the property. The major effects of
explosions are: -

a) Blast over pressure High pressure may generate up to 40, 00,000 PSI.
(250lbs pressure is required to damage the lungs.)

Velocity of Detonation-25,000 KMPH.

(50lbs pressure will damage ear drums).

b) Fragmentation Speed of fragment may be up to 6000 KMPH.

c) Thermal effect Temperature 3000 – 4000 0 C

d) Translation Bodies are lifted up to 30 to 60 Ft and thrown hundreds

meter away.

e) Earth and water shock Damage takes place miles away.

f) Secondary effects Fire, Damage to Building/crack

(i) Explosives
Most commonly used explosives by terrorists today are RDX, TNT, PETN, SEMTEX, C4, Dynamite,
gelatine, sheet explosive, flex-x etc. Terrorist may manufacture / prepare improvised explosive
at home or laboratories such as Chlorate mixture, ANFO, fire cracker mixture etc. It is not
necessary that explosives have to be smuggled or stolen from legitimate manufacturers or
suppliers. The improvised explosive could be manufactured even from urine, aspirin tablets,
weed killers, insecticides, napalm etc.

(ii) Detonator
All high explosive needs a detonator to initiate them. It may be electrical or non electrical. There
have been incidents where improvised detonators are manufactured in plastic or non-metallic
tubes to avoid detection.

(iii) Power Sources

Power sources of bomb could be from normal batteries such as 1.5V, (pencil and torch cells), 6V,
9V etc. There are flat batteries, which can be used for letter bombs. Latest batteries area
manufactured in pure plastic containers, which are difficult to view in x-ray machine.

(iv) IED Initiating Mechanism

There are four types of IED mechanism swichtes

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(a) ANTI HANDLING

(b) DELAYED
(c) AMBIENT CONDITION
(d) REMOTE CONTROL

Anti Handling Bombs

Many bombs are targeted at innocent people, security agencies or bomb technician in such a
way that when it is inadvertently removed, lifted or opened it may explode. It is generally made
of anti-handling switches and these bombs are too dangerous to handle. They rely on
concealment or disguise. During war, mines and grenades are strapped on the bodies of dogs to
destroy the enemy concentration of tanks. The anti-handling switches area also meant to
eliminate unsuspecting target. Anti-handling switches may vary from small micro switch to
improvised switch such as cloth-peg or loop made from normal electrical wire. Inadvertent or
careless handling will certainly activate the bomb causing serious damage to the target. The
anti-handling switch may employ any one or combination of the principles. It is more sort of
booby-traps to kill or main the unsuspecting targets.

Delayed Bombs
The delayed bombs may have a delay varying from 5 minutes to 5000 hours today. For earlier
days, delay was achieved by normal clockwork mechanism like watch or timepiece. Today, many
sophisticated timer mechanism are available in the market. Delay can also be used by chemicals
cleverly concealed in ordinary objects and these chemicals when come in contact with
Improvised explosives causes fire or explosion. Chemicals such as sulphuric acid, cupric chloride,
nitric acid slowly seats away the metal, the breaking of metallic wire will trigger the firing
mechanism. The training of Bomb Technician in construction, function and operating principle is
absolutely essential for efficient bomb disposal operations.

E.g. Clock Work; Electronic Timer; ABCD /PTD Timer; Thermal; Material Fatigue; Chemical;
Collapsing Circuit; Electro Chemical; Water Drip; Water Add; Expanding Seeds; Pyrotechnics.

Ambient Condition Switches

The triggering mechanism is activated by environmental factors such as gas, smoke acoustic,
barometric, humidity, proximity etc. A bomb may be planted during the day and activate the
same when darkness sets in or by the principle of difference in pressure variation. The sound
from small bomb can be used to activate a bigger bomb. There is a tendency among the public
to crowd near a suspected bomb, the very proximity to noise created by curious on lookers or
security people will activate the bomb.

Whenever a suspected object is located, crowding of public near the bomb must be prevented
and the area evacuated immediately.

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E.g. Proximity; Gass/ Smoke Sensitive; Barometric/ Humidity; Transient Sensitive; X-Ray
Sensitive; Infrared Sensitive; Metal Sensitive; Acoustic Sensors; Light/Dark Sensitive.

Remote Control Bomb

Normal remote control bombs are activated by transmission of electromagnetic waves. Remote
bombs will have a transmitter with the bomber and receiver at the target with explosive. The
range of radio control device depends on line of sight and power of transmitter. Range from
10mtr to 1000mtrs is very common. A remote control bomb assassinated Lord Mount batten.

Another method of remote explosion is by means of a wire connecting from bomber to the
intended target. Such command wire bomb can be easily activated up to a distance of one KM.
The terrorists had used these bombs in Punjab and Andhra Pradesh very frequently.

E.g. Radio Control; Fm Transmission; Command Wire; Post Office System; Infra-Red Beam; Laser;
Cell Phone; Pager; PC IED; Sat Phones.

Recognition Explosives

S. No. Explosive Colour Physical form

1 TNT Pale Yellow Flex Per/block
2 RDX White Crystalline
3 PETN White Crystalline
4 PEK Yellow Cartridge/plastic mass
5 LTPE Black Flexible
6 Semtex Black/orange Slurry
7 Tetryl Yellow Granular/Powder
8 Sheet Expl White Flexible
9 C–4 White Plastic / Putty like substance
10 Cordtex Chocolate & White Cord
11 Gun powder Black Granular

Pyrotechnic
12 Safety Fuse Dirty black Yarn/jute bounded

Civil Explosives
13 Gelatin Yellow Stick
14 Dynamites Yellow Cartridge wrapped in paper
15 Ammonium Nitrate Fuel Greenish Slurry with white crystal of

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Oil Ammonium Nitrate

16 Weed Killer Bitter Taste
Home Made Explosive
Sodium Chlorite(weed
17
Killer)
18 Sugar White Crystalline
19 Ammonium Nitrate White Crystalline
20 Nitrobenzene Bitter Taste
21 Wax White
22 Aluminum Powder powder
23 Fuel Oil
Liquid Explosives
24 Ammonium Nitrate White Crystalline
25 Sodium Per Chlorate
26 Astrolite-G
27 Binex
28 Nitro Glycerin
29 Kinepack

Differences between low explosive and high explosive

S. No. Low Explosive High Explosive

1 It can not be detonated It has to be detonated with the help of
detonating waves
2 Very Hygroscopic It is non-hygroscopic
3 It needs confinement to use as an No need of confinement
explosive
4 Not very safe to handle It is very safe to handle

Places and Methods of Concealment:

Places of Concealment: The places of concealment are usually:

 On the person or in clothing;
 In vehicles;
 In carry-on baggage; and
 In checked baggage.
 On aircraft
 In cargo

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Weapons and devices used in the past have also been disguised, dismantled and camouflaged.

Methods of Concealment (Disguised and concealed explosives):

In order to overcome the security problems of transporting explosives across frontiers, terrorists
have adopted various methods and techniques for disguising and concealing such materials so
that they appear as innocent example.
 Small pieces (approx 50 g) of blasting gelatin (nitroglycerin based) explosives embedded
with pistachio and other nuts covered with icing sugar and wrapped in cellophane to give
the appearance of Arab sweetmeat
 TNT cast into shapes such as dolls heads, animals, wall plaques etc
 Concealed explosives and IEDs: Explosives concealed in shaving cream tubes, liquid
explosives hidden in bottles to look like whisky or wine.
 Explosives concealed within a birthday cake
 Plain detonators with a short length of safety fuse attached, concealed inside felt tip pens
(The ink cartridges having been removed)
 Detonators concealed inside cigarettes, in the soles or heels of shoes and in the handler of a
suitcase
 IEDs built into luggage in a manner that detection by x-ray is made more difficult by
explosive and components being concealed behind the lining of the case.
 Grenades (and weapons) concealed in wine bottles

Latest Order on Regarding Items Banned For Carriage In Hand Baggage On Board
Flights Operating From Civil India Airports and Indian Registered Aircraft from Foreign
Airports

NOTE: The above list is not exhaustive but indicative of items, which can endanger civil
aviation security.

Procedures regarding the carriage of liquid items/gels/pastes or items of similar consistency

(CIRCULAR 18/2006):

(i) No passenger boarding an aircraft will be allowed to carry in his hand baggage or
on his person liquid items/gels/pastes or items of similar consistency, except
medicines/inhalers accompanied by prescriptions as well as baby food;

(ii) A passenger boarding an aircraft shall, however, be allowed to carry separately,

in
small quantities required for the duration of journey, liquid items/gels/pastes or items
of similar consistency in one clear transparent resalable one liter size plastic bag.
Each item should, however, not exceed 100 ml in quantity. The contents of the plastic

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bag must fit comfortably within it and will be subjected to prescribed screening and
security checks in addition to the passengers carry on baggage;

(iii) Liquids/gels/aerosols will include beverages, shampoos, suntan lotions, creams,

Toothpastes, hair gels, hair sprays and other items of similar consistency;

(iv) Flight crew/cabin crew members in uniform are exempt from the prohibition
of
carrying on board liquids/gels/aerosols. They will, however, carry such items in
small quantities required for their itinerary;

(v) Aircraft operators will provide wide publicity to the above instructions and
advise passengers to declare at the security check points items carried in conformity
with instructions at (ii) above.

2. Existing instructions, already in force, restricting the carriage of only one hand baggage of the
prescribed dimensions (besides the one liter size plastic bag mentioned at (ii) above) on board an
aircraft, shall continue.

3. The above instructions shall be implemented with immediate effect.

Procedures for carriage of Duty Free items by departing passengers on

board the aircraft at airports in India (CIRCULAR NO. 15/2006)..

In partial modification of this Bureau Circular No. 14/2006 dated 11.8.2006 (prohibiting
carriage by passengers in cabin baggage or on person of liquid items/ gel/paste or items
of similar consistency except medicine/ inhaler accompanied by prescription and baby
food), the following procedures for carriage of duty free items purchased from duty free
shops at airports in India shall be followed with effect from 1st September, 2006:-

1. Security Procedures for the duty free shops located outside security hold area.

(i) Duty free items shall be sold under proper cash receipt incorporating the
name of the passenger and his seat no./ name of Air Carrier.

(ii) The items will, however, not be handed over to the passenger at the Duty
Free Shop.

(iii) The items shall be kept in a uniquely identifiable bag (bearing the name of the
Duty Free Shop alongwith the following inscription “Duty Free Items”). The
cash receipt will be attached to the bag.

(iv) It shall thereafter be the responsibility of the owner of the Duty Free Shop to get the
bag (containing the duty free items sold to a passenger) checked at the security check

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points before entry to the SHA and have these delivered to the concerned passenger
at the gate of the aircraft.

(v) The owner of the duty free shop shall be liable to ensure that no prohibited/dangerous
goods are kept and sold at the duty free shop which may be used to commit unlawful
interference.

(vi) It shall also be the liability of the owner of the duty free shop to ensure that security
vetted employees on his rolls are used for delivering duty free items to passengers at
the gate of the aircraft.

(vii) Screeners of CISF/ State/ UT Police shall be responsible for carrying out thorough
checks of the duty free bags through X-ray BIS/ physically as well to ensure that the
bags do not contain any dangerous goods so as to preclude any possibility of
unlawful interference with civil aviation operations.

2. Security Procedures for duty free shops which are located in the security hold
area.

(i) The instructions mentioned in para 1 above shall be followed.

(ii) However, in order to ensure that the items sold by duty free shops located in the
Security Hold Area do not contain any dangerous good , the following procedures
shall be observed:

(a) All items shall be subjected to thorough security checks at the time of induction.It
shall thereafter be the responsibility of the owner of the Duty Free Shop to ensure a
secure environment for his operations to preclude any unauthorized intervention at his
premises.

(b) It shall also be the responsibility of the owner of duty free shop to carry out daily anti-
sabotage checks of the shop to ensure that there are no dangerous goods in the shop to
preclude possibility of unlawful interference with civil aviation operations.

***

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Chapter 5

Security control measures-registered Bag/ Cargo/OBC /speed post

/mail /sensitive store / human remains /perishable.
(REFERENCE CIRCULAR NO 06 / 2003, 34/2005, AVSEC order-01/09 and 08/2008)

Security control measures for Accompanied Hold baggage:

(Extracts from CIRCULAR No. NO- 34 /2005 Dated: 22.8.2005)

Policy

In order to prevent weapons, explosives or any other dangerous devices which may be used to
commit an act of unlawful interference with aviation, the carriage or bearing of which is not
authorized, from being introduced by any means whatsoever onto an aircraft engaged in civil
commercial aviation, no item of originating accompanied hold baggage, transfer-baggage and or
interline baggage shall be loaded onto the aircraft unless it has been security screened and
cleared as per the prescribed norms.

It is responsibility of the concerned airline operator to ensure that all items of accompanied hold
baggage, unaccompanied hold baggage, transfer-baggage and interline baggage are subjected to
security procedures prescribed in this circular before loading such items onto an aircraft
engaged in civil commercial aviation.

Security procedures

General Principles:
Airline Operators should ensure that hold baggage is accepted only from Passengers holding
confirmed tickets, and only by a responsible employee or authorized representative of the
Operator.

Baggage once accepted from a passenger shall be protected from unauthorized access until the
time the baggage is returned to the passenger at the destination or transferred to another
aircraft operator.

Baggage originating from places other than airport check-in counters shall be protected from
the point it is checked-in until it is placed on board an aircraft.

Technical equipment used for the screening of baggage has limitations. To compensate for such
limitation or to introduce a random Element into the selection process, an additional manual
hand search of hold baggage is required after being screened by technical means.

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Selection of hold baggage for hand search by X-ray operator should always be made using the
principle of reasoned selection and in a consistent manner throughout the period hold

baggage is being processed. Reasoned selection means that the selection is based on the X-ray
image, concentrating the effort on those bags most likely to conceal a prohibited/dangerous
item.

It is imperative that the screening of baggage should not cease when an Unauthorized single
weapon or device is detected since multiple weapons, devices or dangerous items can be
present in a hold baggage.

Hold baggage which cannot be cleared by X-Ray screening process should be referred for
explosive detection test/manual hand search. Even than baggage cannot be satisfactorily
cleared by the total screening process inclusive of manual hand search be denied loading into
the aircraft.

In the interest of effective security and passenger facilitation, a manual search of the hold
baggage should be conducted in accordance with the following basic guidelines:-

(a) The searcher should be tactful, courteous and use caution.

(b) It is important to adopt a systematic approach so that no items or areas of the bag are
overlooked.

(c) Baggage must be matched with the correct person/owner and positioned on the search table
so that the owner can open the bag, but not interfere with the conduct of the search.

(d) Items found in baggage which could conceal a prohibited article should be opened or
subjected to screening by X-ray or other explosive detection equipment.

Screening and clearing of hold baggage

All items of originating accompanied hold baggage shall be screened and cleared by one of the
following methods:-

(i) 100% manual hand search; and (b) Screening by X-Ray or Explosive Trace Detection system
for items, which cannot be adequately cleared by manual hand search.

(ii) 100% screening by X-Ray BIS; and (b) Manual hand search on a continuous random basis
where the percentage of baggage including suspect baggage so searched within a particular
period shall not be less than 10% to 15% of the total baggage during that period.

(iii) 100% screening by X-Ray BIS; and (b) screening by Explosive Detection System (EDS) unit
approved by BCAS, on a continuous random basis where percentage of bags so screened during

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a particular period including suspect baggage shall not be less than 10% of the total baggage
screened during that period.

(iv) (a) 100% screening with an automatic X-Ray system (level one); and (b) screening by the
operator, online or otherwise, of all the bags/items rejected by the system at (a) above (level II);
and (c) screening of all bags/items rejected at (b) above with an EDS unit approved by BCAS and
cleared by the operator using tools of the machine (level III). (v) (a) 100% screening with an EDS
unit approved by BCAS; and (b) Manual hand search of all bags/items rejected at (a) above.

Note:

(A) Manual hand search will be done in the presence of the relevant passenger. So, in case
screening is done after check-in process the passenger will be located by the concerned airline
operator and required to be present during search of his baggage.

(B) If a bag is not cleared after applying security controls mentioned at serial No’s (iii) and
(iv) above, it will be subjected to thorough manual hand search in presence of the concerned
passenger.

(C) If the passenger is not located, the BDDS and ASG/ Police will be called by the screener
to handle the suspect bag and to take further necessary action as per prescribed drill
.
Diplomatic bags transported as hold baggage shall be screened in accordance with procedure
prescribed vide AVSEC Order No. 2/2002 dated 1.7.2002.

Method for Manual Hand Search

Manual hand search of the baggage will be carried out as follows:-

(a) Physical inspection of hold baggage should always be carried out in the presence of the
person presenting it;

(b) Particular attention should be paid to the lining, rims, studs, zip fasteners, locks, hinges,
wheels and handles to identify signs of tampering or repair which may indicate the concealment
of a prohibited/dangerous article?

(c) The contents of the bag should be removed layer by layer, each being examined until the bag
is empty. The empty bag should then be lifted by hand and assessed for balance and empty
weight. If there is suspicion that that the bag is not of uniform weight or not of a weight
consistent with being empty, the bag itself should be examined for concealment of
prohibited/dangerous items, if necessary, it should be screened by X-Ray.

(d) Electrical items that might conceal a firearm, weapon or explosive device (e.g. razors,
calculators, radios, clocks, cameras, personal stereos and their cassettes/CD’s/DVD) should be

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examined to ensure they have not been tampered with, or of the expected weight, are balanced
and have no additional batteries. If necessary, an item should be screened by X-Ray to ensure
that it has no additional power source or that there is no organic material within what should be
an inorganic shell.

(e) Articles such as vacuum flasks, books, umbrellas and crutches should be examined in
sufficient depth, by X-Ray, if necessary, to establish their bonafide;

(f) Attention should be given to the contents of containers and bottles capable of holding
volatile liquids. Liquids shall be rejected when there are grounds for suspecting that they may be
used to commit an unlawful act;

(g) Screener should examine for greasy stains and small holes in the exterior of the case
and for the smell of almonds, nail polish, glue, perfume or other masking vapours, which might
indicate the presence of explosives;

(h) While checking the hold baggage physically, it should be ensured by the Screener that
the hold baggage is repacked properly in the presence of the passengers and their belongings
are not left around or tampered with.

Protection of hold baggage:

Following security measures will be applied to protect the hold baggage from unauthorized
interference:-

In case screening is done before check-in process

(a) Security straps/stickers: Security stickers shall be applied to the screened hold baggage.
In case there are pockets in the hold baggage, security seal shall be applied to all pockets. After
that baggage will be strapped to prevent the introduction of any prohibited items therein. In
the event of a pocket being found unsealed at the check-in counter or in the baggage make-up
area, security seal shall be applied only after pocket has been searched or baggage is re-
screened. All security seals, straps, stickers shall be strictly controlled to prevent unauthorized
use.

(b) Surveillance from X-Ray screening points to check-in counters the area between the
security check point of hold baggage and check-in counters shall be kept close under watch by
security personnel of the concerned aircraft operator to prevent unauthorized interference with
screened hold baggage.

(c) Acceptance of screened hold baggage by check-in staff, Check in staff of the aircraft operator
will not accept hold baggage unless security sticker/security seals are affixed on it and these are
intact. No baggage will be checked-in unless it has been subjected to prescribed security

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controls. If any bag needs to be opened for any reason (customs checks etc.) after it has been
security cleared, it will be done in the presence of security staff of the concerned airlines that
will reseal the bag after ensuring that the bag is not contaminated.

In case screening is done after Check-in process

Passenger questioning and passenger identification will be undertaken by the Check-in

staff/ security staff of the airline operator. Proxy check-in in individual cases will not be
allowed. However, group check-in or family check-in may be permitted after verifying
the credentials. Following questions may be asked –

a) Is it your baggage?
b) Did you pack it yourself?
c) Do you know the contents?
d) Was the baggage in your custody throughout?
e) Are you carrying some electronic/electrical goods?
f) Did you accept any gift/packet etc. from some other person?

If answer to any of the above question raises doubt, the passenger along with his hold
baggage shall be referred to the security supervisor of the airline operator, who will
ensure thorough check of the passenger and his entire baggage before allowing him to
check-in and proceed further.

What security control to be provided after baggage is screened:-

1. Sealing-plastic strapping/Security sticker and locktainer.
2. Safeguarding- Passenger should not open it take it to check in counter.
3. Supervision/Escorting-From check in counter to Conveyor belt and from BMA (BSA) till it
loaded in aircraft.
Protection during movement over conveyor belt
In case screening is done before check-in process, the conveyor belt from check-in point
to the baggage make-up area shall be provided with a transparent overhead cover to
protect the hold baggage during its movement up to baggage make-up area. It shall be
ensured that only authorized personnel have access to the screened hold baggage.
Surveillance in Baggage Make-up Area (BMA) and during movement to aircraft hold:

(i) Baggage make-up area shall be designated as a special security zone and only specially
authorized persons will be allowed to enter into it.

(ii) An Officer of ASG will be detailed in the Baggage make-up area. He will be positioned in
such a way so as to ensure a clear view of all the bags coming on the conveyor belt.

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(iii) The Baggage make-up officer shall check that all bags have the relevant destination tag
attached.

(iv) If a bag is found without a destination tag attached, the baggage will not be permitted to
be loaded into baggage trolleys/containers. The Airline representative will be informed of
it.

(v) Apron patrols either mobile or foot will pay particular attention to baggage
trolleys/containers moving between baggage make-up and the aircraft hold. This is to
minimize the risk of any unauthorized article being introduced.

(vi) The Airlines staff will normally search the hold of the aircraft before loading. However, in
cases of alert, the hold will be searched by security officers of the airline operator or
aviation security group. The search will be thorough enough to ensure that no
unauthorized article is present.

Protection of aircraft operators’ documents.

When not attended by staff, boarding passes, baggage tags, security stickers and seals
and other documents shall be protected from unlawful access.

Security measures for un-accompanied/mishandled baggage:

When an item of hold baggage is separated from its owner through breakdown of the baggage
handling system, airline will take following actions;

a) The baggage shall be protected from unlawful access by staff of the concerned airline
operator.
b) It will be stored in a secured room provided for this purpose.
c) The baggage will be subjected to prescribed security controls to ensure that it does not
contain any explosive or other sabotage device, before it is loaded on to the aircraft for
transportation as unaccompanied baggage.
d) The baggage which is suspected to have been left deliberately by the passenger will be
treated as ‘suspect baggage’ and handled as per prescribed drill.

Transfer baggage:
Transfer-baggage may not be screened again if it has already been subjected to prescribed
security procedures, but it shall be reconciled and protected from unauthorized interference as
per the procedure laid down in this circular.

Interline baggage:
Interline baggage shall be treated like originating accompanied hold baggage and subjected to
the same security procedures as given in this circular for originating accompanied hold baggage.

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Procedure when a weapon or explosive/ explosive device or any other dangerous

good is detected.

Following procedures will be followed in respect of such baggage:

In case a firearm and/ or ammunition is detected during the screening process and the
passenger has not declared it before hand as per the norms, necessary action will be taken as
per the instructions issued in this regard vide, BCAS Circular No. 31/2005 dated 28.7.2005.

(a) During screening of a bag if the x-ray officer believes that anything contained in the bag
constitutes an immediate threat, the officer will stop the machine with the bag inside and
do;

i) Inform his security supervisor and APSU/ASG/ Police control room about it.
ii) The ASG/ Police will detain the passenger and take necessary legal action
against him.
iii) ASG/ Police will also call the services of bomb disposal squad to remove the
bag from x-ray BIS, and to diffuse any explosive device in it.
iv) In case screening is done after the check-in process, the x-ray officer will
inform the concerned airline operator besides his supervisor and APSU/ASG/ Police
control room.
v) The airline operator will try to locate the passenger who has booked the bag
and if found, will hand him over to APSU/ASG/ Police. APSU/ASG/ Police will take
action as mentioned above.

Accompanied Hold Baggage can be screened by:

(Responsibility Airport/Airline operator)

1. X-BIS, In Line screening and CTX

2. Physical Check
3. Check by ETD/EVD

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Chapter 6
Cargo Security

Security standards throughout the civil aviation industry have improved over the years and that
the potential terrorist has had to adjust accordingly, choosing a softer (more vulnerable) point of
attack.

Definition:

“Any property carried on board an aircraft other than mail, stores and accompanied or
mishandled baggage.”

What is Air Cargo

Nature of the Threat to cargo:

• Threat from incendiary/explosive devices
• Barometric trigger activate at pre-determined attitude
• Timing mechanism (mechanical/electronic) can be programmed to activate after
extended period.
• Combination of both

How cargo moves (International):-

How the cargo move (Domestic sector):-

CONSIGNER - FRIEGHT FORWARDER/AIRLINE - CONSIGNEE

Why is cargo vulnerable:-

 Volume carried increasing – Aircraft is seen as fastest mode of transportation

 Cargo system well known
 Able to target specific flights
 Difficult to screen – Nature and size of cargo
 Low risk to terrorist – cannot be identified after the attacks.

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IATA SCREENING CODES

IATA codes identifying cargo and mail subject to methods to screening:

PHS Physical inspection and/or hand search

VCK Visual check
XRY X-ray equipment
EDS Explosive detection system
RES remote explosive scent tracing explosive detection dogs
FRD Free running explosive detection dogs
VPT Vapor trace
PRT Particle trace
MDE Metal detection equipment
SIM Subjected to flight simulation
AOM Subjected to any other means.

New security statuses:

NSC Cargo has not been secured yet for Passenger or All - Cargo Aircraft.
SPX Cargo secure for Passenger and All - Cargo aircraft
SCO Cargo Secure for All - Cargo Aircraft Only

New Screening Exemption Codes:

SMUS Small undersized shipments

MAIL Mail
BIOM Bio-medical samples
DIPL Diplomatic bags or diplomatic mail
LFSM Life-saving materials
NUCL Nuclear materials
TRNS Transfer or transshipment

The agency deals with Cargo:-

Airline/Freight Forwarder
Known Consigner
Regulated Agent

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Account Customer

Types of Cargo
 Perishable Cargo (PER)
 Valuable Cargo (VAL)
 Live animals (AVI)
 Diplomatic mail (DIP)
 Company Stores ( Co-mail / Co-mat)
 Human Remains (HUM)
 Trans Shipment Cargo
 Express cargo / Courier
 Secret sensitive cargo
 Postal Mail

Security measures for Perishable cargo

 Letter from the agency concerned
 X- ray screening by Airline staff
 Physical Check
 No Cooling Off

Security measures for – VAL (High Value Goods)

 On receipt a Log entry to be made
 Security checks as any other cargo
 Stored in Strong Room if flight is not available.
 Place the consignment under lock in vehicle & escort up to aircraft.
 Load it in the hold and ensure hold is closed in his/her presence.
 Back to cargo office and make a log entry.
 Inform the destination airport.
 The destination airport security in charge detail security staff.
 The security staff shall off load the consignment from aircraft first.
 Load it in vehicle under lock and escort it to cargo warehouse.
 Make a log entry and hand over to consignee.

Security Measures for–AVI

 Health/ physical condition of pet.
 Check that no item is attached to the body of animal.
 Tell the owner to hold it and check with HHMD.
 Certificate from Veterinary Doctor if pet is pregnant.

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 The cage should be sturdy.

 Cage / Box to be examined by X-BIS/ Physical Inspection.
 Pet must be in the cage & cage must be locked.
 Live Animals (AVI) not to be put through X-ray.

Security Procedures for Diplomatic mail bag

Reference document: AVSEC Order 05/2002:-

 Visible external marks of their character

 Contain only diplomatic documents or articles intended for official use.
 Name and address of the consigner & Consignee must be available on diplomatic bag

Security Controls for Diplomatic Bag:

1. Diplomatic bags transported as cargo / registered baggage

 Screened by X-ray
 In case of any doubt the security staff will not open & check.
 In case of serious doubts, Protocol Division of the Ministry of External Affairs will be
informed to clear your doubt.
 Such suspicious baggage shall not be transported until and unless the doubts are cleared to
the satisfaction of security staff.

2. Diplomatic bags carried as hand baggage

 Diplomatic Bags carried as hand baggage is exempted from Security Checks provided above
identification marks.
 Concerned courier/ person will be allowed to go till the Aero bridge/Parking bay to hand
over / receive the diplomatic bag.
 One person of ASG must accompany him/her.
 Pre-embarkation security checks shall be carried out on the person accompanying the
diplomatic bags and other bags carried by him should be security checked
 The holder of a diplomatic bag must submit a certificate by concerned diplomatic mission
stating that the packages constituting the diplomatic bag do not contain any substance
which would be dangerous and harmful to the aircraft or its passengers.

Security Measures for–Co-Mail/Co-Mat

 Must have a visual identification mark of character on packets.
 Must be cleared by X-ray/ Physical check.

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 Co-Mails can be handed over to cabin crew.

 Co-Mats to be loaded in hold
 A record to be maintained by airline.

Guidelines by Regulatory Authority – HUM

(a) Certificates Required for Human Remains (Domestic)

• Death Certificate
• Police clearance certificate
• Embalming certificate
• Identity proof of deceased

Security control:
a) Identity of person/ relative who accompanies shall be established
b) In case no relative/ person accompany the human remains shall be X-Rayed.
c) In the absence of x-ray machine human remains shall be inspected visually

(b) Certificates Required for Human Remains (International)

• Death Certificate
• Police clearance certificate
• Embalming certificate
• Clearances from Embassy concerned
• Cancelled passport

Security Control:

a) Identity of person/relative who accompanies shall be established

b) In case no relative/person accompanies the human remains will be X-Rayed.
c) In the absence of x-ray machine human remains shall be inspected visually

Trans-shipment Cargo
 Trans Shipment Cargo shall be screened at originating station.
 Escorted by security staff and loaded in aircraft.
 At transit station the Trans Shipment cargo to be escorted and handed over to next
airline /freight forwarder for screening.
 After screening the Trans Shipment cargo to be escorted and loaded in aircraft.

Secret Sensitive Store

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 Verify the credibility of forwarding agency

 Identity of delivery person.
 Certificate from booking agency/ Department for packing, Contents, Supervision &
accessibility.
 Permission from Appropriate authority (BCAS) for transportation/ Exemption from
checking

Security measures for Postal Mail: (Below 200gm)

 Security declaration certificate from Post Master

 X-ray Screening/Physical check certificate by Postal Agency
 Escorted by postal Authority.
 Transported to destination station
 In case of doubt/ High alert the postal mail to be screened/ physically checked.

Security measures for Postal Mail: (Above 200gm)

 Security declaration certificate from Post Master

 X-ray Screening/Physical check certificate by Postal Agency
 Escorted by postal Authority.
 In spite of screening/physical check by postal authority the Airline will screen it.
 While screening if any prohibited item is found the same consignment to be handed
over to local police and a case to be registered against the postal authorities.

Courier Bags-For definition refer terminology.

On Acceptance:

 Courier bags must be accepted 02 hours before the flight.

 Contents of each bag must be mentioned in manifest.
 The ID card of person delivering the bags must be verified.

 The signature of authorized signatory must be tallied with the records.

 If no courier is escorting than it will be transported as Express cargo.

Security measures for Courier bags:

 X-ray screening by Airline security.

 Minimum 10% Physical inspection at random
 An IATA restricted article certificate to be issued by sender.

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Security measures for Express cargo (time bound material collected from door to
door):

 Contents of each bag must be mentioned in manifest.

 The ID card of person delivering the express cargo.

Security measures for Express cargo bags:

 X-ray screening by Airline security.

 Minimum 10% Physical inspection at random
 An DG article certificate to be issued by sender.

Security Measures for Unaccompanied Consignments of Courier Companies:-

(a) Such consignments shall be checked at separate terminal provided by AAI/ aerodrome
operators.

(b) Thorough physical checking of individual packets contained in the consignment to the
satisfaction of the airline operator where x-ray BIS machines are not available.

(c) Wherever X-ray BIS machines are available such consignments are to be screened at least
from two angles.

(d) If the security measures enumerated in b) and c) above are not possible such
consignments shall be cooled off for 24 hours prior to dispatch.

(e) The courier companies forwarding such consignments shall furnish a declaration
certificate.

Known & Unknown Cargo

“Known cargo” is defined as:

a) A cargo consignment received from a regulated agent or known consignor to which

appropriate security controls have been applied; or

b) A consignment of unknown cargo which has been subjected to appropriate security

controls

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“Unknown Cargo” is defined as:

A Cargo consignment received from an unknown consignor will be considered unknown

cargo, which must be subjected to appropriate security controls. Known cargo can also be
considered unknown cargo, if security of the consignment was not maintained after
security controls had been applied.

Cargo Acceptance Procedures:

 Visual inspection of consignment to establish it is not damaged/tampered with.

 Check of shipping documentation
 Establishing the identity of the consignor/ person delivering
 Protecting the consignment from unlawful interference from the time of acceptance
 Consignment security declaration form to be filled by the consignor delivering the
goods.

Protection of Cargo
 Cargo and mail to be carried on an aircraft are protected from unauthorized
interference from the point security controls are applied until departure of the
aircraft.
 Before cargo is loaded into the aircraft, aircraft operator’s security, staff to ensure
that no cargo consignment is allowed unless it has passed through the prescribed
security control.
 After security check of the cargo consignments, security sticker to be pasted /
affixed.
 Security measures as mentioned above shall be specifically indicated in the cargo
manifest which should signed by Airlines Security & APSU/ASG before it is
loaded in the aircraft.
Methods of Screening of cargo:

 Visual Checks of cargo including document checks

 Screen by X-ray – (For prohibited / objectionable items)
 Search by Hand – In case X-ray Machine is not available / cannot be x-ray screened
due to size etc.
 Explosive trace or vapor detection
 24hrs Cooling Off – In case X-ray/physical checks and oversize of cargo is not
possible then the cargo is required to be cooled off for 24hrs and adequate entry in
register for the same is to be made.

 Flight Simulation chamber (Decompression Chamber)

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o Flight simulation chamber is specially

designed to simulate / reproduce the
changes in physical conditions
encountered in an aircraft in flight on the
ground itself. e.g. pressure , temperature,
movement and altitude thus reducing the
risk of attacks in the air. Explosive if
present in a bag will get triggered on
ground itself thus saving the passengers
and aircraft.

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the consignment forwarded by us as courier bags or cargo does
not contain any of the following items:-

1. IATA restricted articles.

2. Weapon /ammunition
3. Explosive material/explosive devices
4. Chemicals and inflammable items.
5. Currency/Gold/Silver/Jewellery and any other precious or semi-precious items.
6. Electronic items/Televisions/VCRs/VCPs/Radios/Transistors/Computers parts,
Calculators/Transformers/Alarm Clocks etc.
7. Bulk commodities like washing machines/cooking ranges/microwave ovens etc.
8. Bulk pharmaceuticals
9. Drugs (Narcotics)

It is further certified that:-

The Courier / Express Cargo consignments details of which have been given in the
manifest of each bag have been checked from security angle in our premises and do not
contain any prohibited or dangerous item which may cause unlawful interference with
civil aviation operations. The courier / express cargo has been protected from the time it
was tendered to and accepted by us at our acceptance location. In case any of the above
banned/dangerous items are found in our bags the concerned air carrier is authorized to
ban the transportation of our consignment and we are also aware that we will be liable
for action for violation of any prescribed rules/regulations/laws on the subject. Seal
Signature of the
Responsible Officer of the courier company

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Name :
Designation
Date:

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Annexure-B to Circular No.6/2003

PROHIBITED AIR ARTICLES

Acetone, Acetylene (Liquid or Dissolved), Acids (Except Citric and Tartaric Ammonia
ammonium Per Soleplate, Ammonium Nitrate, Ammunition (Except Safety Cartridges),
Attack Benzene, Benzoline, Batteries charged, Calcium Carbide Camphide Camphore Oil,
Carbon Bisulphide, Carbolic Acid (in steel Cylinder), Carbolic Acid Gas, Cartridges of all
kinds (Except Safety Cartridges) Celluloid & Xsionite or other similar substances,
Chlorate of Potash, Chlorate of
Soda, Colloidal Cordites, Dynamite Ether Eau Oxygen, Explosives of all kinds (including
Percussion Caps, Film unless packed in Fireproof Metal Containers, Firework and
Crackers, Photographic Fulmmating powder, Gases of any description (under Pressure),
Gun Powder, Hydrogen Peroxide, Kerosene Matches, Luciter & Percussion all kinds,
Meal Worms Methylated Spirit Naptha, Natrium Peroxide Nitrate of Soda, Nitro
Glycerine, Nitro of Lime Calcium, Paraffin Peticium & its products (Excepting when used
as fuel and contained in tank provided for the purpose), Phosphorus, Pyridine
Pyrotechnics, (other than those required for the Navigation of A/C, Rocket Safety
Dynamite, Fuses (with or without Detonators, Saltpetre, Spirites or wine, Varnish etc
containing Spirits Cellulose Nitrate Plates, Chloride of lime, compressed Air Bottles of
Gases, Explosive Rivets Permanent Magnets, Mercury Oxide, Metallic Mercury radium
and Radio Active Materials, Sulphur dioxide Bleaching Powder, any form of combustible
material having a Flash point below 790F, Anything dangerous or obnoxious or which
may cause inconvenience to passengers and all such goods which are prohibited for
carriage under the Indian Aircraft Rules 1934. For restricted articles its packing and
labeling etc., please refer to the book named IATA REGULATION RELATING TO THE
CARRIAGE OF RESTRICTED ARTICLES BY AIR.

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Chapter 7
Pre-embarkation screening of hand bags / frisking of passenger / and use
of HHMD/ DFMD

Refer AVSEC ORDER-06/2015(Exempted category) &; Passenger Screening Concept (Module-9 of

AVSEC Basic) & Refer AVSEC Cir 23/2005)

Physical Inspection of Baggage (When Physical Inspection of Baggage required):-

1. When an X-ray image is not clear.

2. When a prescribed percentage check of baggage is required.
3. In the event of the breakdown of X-ray equipment
4. As prescribed in local standard operating procedures and conducted when higher level of
threat exists either locally or internationally
100% physical search is required for
a. a specific flight
b. a series of flight
c. certain airline/s
d. all flights
Layout and organization of physical Baggage search area
a. ensure sufficient table/counter space available
b. Table/counter placed between searcher and passenger
c. Position baggage so that searcher and passenger can see the contents but that other
Passengers cannot

BASIC SEARCH RULE (Behavior of search Team Personnel)

a. Wish the passenger
b. Consent of passenger
c. Use gloves for searching the bag
d. Be courteous and tactful, but also cautions
e. Thank the passenger for their cooperation
f. Be cautious of sharp objects, especially hypodermic syringes
g. Check systematically

Recommended Techniques for physically searching Baggage:-

a. If possible, search the clothing without removing the items from the bag.

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b. Start at the top, search Top, Search the left side, then the centre and then right side
d. Exert pressure from the TOP to feel between the layers from above and below.
e. If baggage has more than one compartment, search each compartment before moving on
to next one.

f. Develop a methodical systemic procedure and follow the same method for each piece of
baggage

Special attention should be paid to:

a. wrapped gifts and presents
b. aerosol containers
c. Bottles containing liquids
d. Cameras, radios and electrical items

Manual Hand Search

For Cabin Baggage / Accompanied Hold Baggage

a) RANDOM SEARCH–all bags should be subjected to random searches. On average one

bag in ten should be hand searched. This number may be changed in cases of higher risk.

b) Before a hand search is carried out, the owner of the bag must be identified and their
consent is obtained.

d) The owner of the bags must be present when the bag is being searched.

e) Search should be performed in a designated search area, allowing the passenger

privacy.

f) Cabin baggage of a female passenger will be searched by a female screener

only.but

g) Female can search the male bag.

h) When a person requests hand search of a computer, Video camera or similar

articles, the articles must be examined by following means :-

i) That the equipment being searched operates satisfactory and,

ii) It is apparent that the items is new or in almost new condition and,
iii) There is no sign of the case being tempered with or modified including case holding
screw damage and,
iv) The behavior of the passenger does not give cause for concern and ,

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v) There is no other reason to be concerned as to the items or its contained

h) The owner of the bag being searched should not be allowed access to the bag or
its contents until search is completed.

i) If a person refuses to allow a bag to be searched, the officer should inform the
Supervisor who will direct what action is to be taken. At no stage the person or bag is
permitted past the screening point before clearance is given.

j) Any unauthorized articles found during search will be dealt with in accordance
with prescribed norms.

k) After completing the search or any action arising from it, the officer shall on
being satisfied that it is safe to do so, return the bag to the owner and allow the person to
proceed.

Method for Hand Search

Hand search of an individual’s accompanied/cabin baggage should be carried out as follows:

a) The physical inspection of cabin baggage should always be carried out in the
presence of the passenger.

b) Baggage should be opened, and examined to ensure that there is no false

bottom.

c) Particular attention should be paid to the lining, trim, seams, rims, studs, zip
fasteners, locks, hinges, wheels and handles to identify signs of tampering or repair which
may indicate the concealment of a prohibited article;

d) The contents of the bag should be removed layer by layer, each being examined
until the bag is empty. The empty bag should then be lifted by hand and assessed for
balance and empty weight.

e) Electrical items that might conceal a firearm, weapon or explosive device (e.g.
razors, calculators, radios, clocks, cameras, personal stereos and their cassettes) should be
examined to ensure they have not been tampered with, or of the expected weight, are
balanced and have no additional batteries;

f) Articles such as vacuum flasks, books, umbrellas and crutches should be

examined in sufficient depth, by X-ray if necessary, to establish their bonafide;

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g) Attention should be given to the contents of containers and bottles capable of

holding volatile liquids. Liquids shall be rejected when there are grounds for suspecting
that they may be used to commit an unlawful act;
h) Screener should examine for greasy stains and small holes in the exterior of the case and
for the smell of almonds, nail polish, glue, perfume or other masking vapors, which might
indicate the presence of explosives;

h) While checking the hand baggage physically, it should be ensured by the

screener that the hand baggage is repacked properly in the presence of the passengers and
their belongings are not left around or tampered with.

i) It shall also be ensured that hand baggage of female passengers are checked by
a female screener only;

How to check false bottom of baggage

a. Insert a scale from inside and one outside of baggage if there is a difference in
measurement then that bag has false bottom: or
b. Remove the items from bag and weigh it, if still found heavy then it may contain false
bottom.

REMEMBER that objects such as lead crystal have been used to Hide/disguise
prohibited items such as guns and weapons

Special inspection required for the following:

Dangerous Substances:
a. Aerosol containers: check contents by weight and feel test spray
b. Bottles containing liquids: Unscrew unsealed bottle cap and smell contents

Special Items:
a. Check camera contains film by examining number indicator.
b. If films empty, ask passenger to open camera

Radio and electrical items:

a. Ask passenger to operate the item and also to open battery compartment.
b. Check tightness of seal to see if any screws removed or paint chipped off screw head

Typical response Action if prohibited items detected:

. Remain Calm and polite- do not alarm passenger
. Notify supervisor immediately by pre- arrange signal
. Notify police if silent alarm exists.
. Do not allow passenger to board the aircraft
. Do not try to restrain or use physical force

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Typical Response Action if Dangerous Article detected:

. Remove the item from the baggage and notify supervisor.
. Notify airline representative who will arrange for the item to be carried on board in
accordance with the airline’s security procedures
. Obtain a receipt from the airline representative.
. Enter the details in the screening point log.

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The Three Basic Screening Concepts

Decentralized screening concept

Semi Centralized screening concept
Centralized screening concept

De–Centralized Screening Concept

• Passenger Screening is carried out at boarding gate

• Passengers screened immediately before boarding
• Screening take place in airline time
• Staff/equipment must be available to handle passenger load in less time
• Screening point manned only when screening is in progress
ADVANTAGE-
-Reduce transfer of Arms/dangerous devices
-To be staffed only during screening
- Access through the gate search point needs to be secured when not in use.

DISADVANTAGE-
-Large no of screening staff/ Equipments required,
- Delays in aircraft departure can adversely affect security staff deployment
and rotation.

Semi-Centralized Screening Concept

• Area specially designed to hold passengers awaiting particular flight

• Area is sterile and access is controlled
• Doors leading to loading bridge/ramp kept locked until actual boarding begins
• Less staff/equipment required as more time available to screen
• Screening point manned only when screening is in progress

Advantage Semi-Centralized screening concept:-

• Fewer Staff/Equipment Required

• Less Pressure to Examine Passenger

DISADVANTAGE

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• To be secured when not in use

• Large area to controlled and secured

Centralized Screening Concept

• Located at the entrance to a concourse

• Continuous screening process is involved no relationship to specific flight.
• More personnel/equipment required to handle increased volume

 Advantage of centralizad plan

-Fewer Staff and equipments are required.,
-More time available
- To be staffed only when screening is in progress.
- Passenger facilitation is easier due to more time being available

 DISADVANTAGE

-less equipment are available

-Requires security of large area
-All access points to the concourse area must be controlled to maintain
sterility

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Chapter 8

Multi Zone Door Frame Metal Detector & Hand Held Metal Detector

Introduction

The multi zone door frame metal detector (MZDFMD) / walk through metal detector
(WTMD) is designed to detect metal objects a passenger are carrying with them.

Operation is based on electromagnetic pulsed-field technology

Parts of DFMD

 Transmitter Panel
 Receptor Panel
 Cross Piece
 Remote Control Unit
 Electronic Unit

Recommendation for selection site for installation of DFMD

 STATIC METAL
o Large static/Stationery metal should be 10cm(04inches) away from DFMD

 NO FLOOR VIBRATION
- Floor should be even and solidly supported to prevent Vibration

 MOVING METAL OBJECTS

o Large moving metal objects should be kept away from DFMD at 01m from DFMD

 RADIATED ELECTRICAL INTERFERENCE

o Distance between Electrical Interference sources and Receiver Coil should be 0.5m to
4m (20-157inches)

 Conducted Electrical Interference

o Plug the power cord to a line not sharing any heavy loads like large electric motors

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 DFMD shall work satisfactorily without any deterioration in performance with the
temperature range of 0 to +45C with RH up to 95% non condensing.

 The total weight should not be more than 50.5KG.

 The DFMD resets itself within 03 seconds after an alarm condition..

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Pre Operational Check Of DFMD:

1. Check the plug is connected to the Main Supply

2. Power supply to be 160 – 260 V AC
3. Operating temperature to be between 0 – 50 degree Centigrade
4. Operating frequency should be so set that there is no interference
5. Carry out checks by using OTP (30gm piece of aluminum)
6. Not more than 1-2 LEDs should be glowing when no one passes through the DFMD

Checking the serviceability:

The Pre-operation check of DFMD should be carried out before startup at every shift

 Remove all metallic objects from the body

 Not more than 1-2 LED’s should be glowing when no one passes through the DFMD.
 Use OTP (Operating Test Piece), which is a 10 x 10 Sq cms steel plate.
 Place it on different parts of the body and pass through the DFMD-08 times.
 When all eight zones are covered, place the OTP in front of the body and pass through.
 Next pace the OTP in the back portion of the body and pass through.
 Multiple threat items are independently detected in different zones
 Out of the ten times at least eight times the DFMD should give a correct alarm.

Monitoring DFMD:

The DFMD has eight overlapping zones. On detection of metallic items the lights in that
particular zone will glow indicating the location of the item on the body. DFMD also gives an
audible alarm. Further checks can be done using HHMD or Physical Search procedure.

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Response to Metal Detector Alarm

In case the DFMD/WTMD/AMD alarm is activated, or whenever the screener deems it

necessary, the relevant person will be subjected to additional screening.

If the alarm in DFMD/AMD indicates presence of metal in the shoes, then the person will be
required to remove his shoes and thereafter again screened through DFMD. The shoes will be
screened through X-ray.

Additional screening will be done by means of:–

(a) Handheld metal detector, or
(b) Pat down search, or
(c) By combination of both the above means.

If a person objects to proceed through the DFMD on medical ground or otherwise:

 He / She will be allowed passage through alternative way by the frisking officer and then
subjected to screening by HHMD / or by Pat Down Search.

 If a person refuses to undergo screening, the frisking officer will inform the supervisor,
who will direct what further action is to be taken.

The concerned person will not be allowed entry past the screening point. Only when satisfied
that a person is not carrying any prohibited or dangerous article, the screening officer shall allow
the person to proceed to screening point

Advantages and Disadvantages of DFMD

Sr. No. Advantage Disadvantages

1 Helps in Identifying Metals Proper Distance to be maintained between
the passengers or else it may give false
alarm
2 Gives an idea of the location of the Detects only metallic items, replicas made of
metallic items, as only lights in that other materials or components of IED may
zone will glow not be identified.
3 Faster way to check passengers. Safe Detects the metallic items in specific range
for passengers who are pregnant only
and with pace makers.
4 Easy to operate Not portable

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Examples of display signals:

If not in use no more than 1-2 LEDs should be illuminating..

It gives two type of alarm such as audio & Visual.

The visual alarm will appear in electronic unit in the form of RED Lights. It will show the
density of metal a passenger in his/her possession.

The Audio alarm will display on vertical light segments, which can be lighted separately
to indicate the position of the detected item(s). Each of the eight independent detection
zones of the METOR 200 consists of three vertical light segments. It gives a rough idea
about the location of metallic items in a passenger.

SPECIFICATION FOR DOOR FRAME METAL DETECTOR

1. Sensitivity

DFMD should have uniform sensitivity across the aperture Metal object Which
shoiuld produce identical alarm when passedthrough any portion within frame.

The DFMD should have multi-zone capability with uniform sensitivity in all zones.

The system should be capable of detecting ferrous/non ferrous & metallic when
bassed through the archway concealed on the body of the person irrespective of the
orientations, weight, size and shape of the object.

2. APERTURE SIZE

The height of the DFMD-02mtrs and distance between transmitter/Receptor panel

will be .75 meters to .85 meters.

3. SPEED OF PASSAGE

The performance of the DFMD should be independent of the speed of the person
passing through, as a person’s foot may swing through the archway without touching
the ground, or may come to rest on the ground between the archway pillars.

4. INTERFERENCE REJECTION

Moving metal beyond one mtr from DFMD should not affect performance of
the DFMD.

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5. ALARM INDICATION

There should be both visual and audible alarms. It should be possible to adjust
volume of the audible alarm.

The unit shall be able to work with out any manual adjustment for power variations
over voltage range from 160 V to 260 AC.

6. STABILITY

The DFMD shall be manufactured by firms having ISO 9000 certification.

7. SECURITY

DFMD resets itself within three seconds after an alarm condition.

8. HEALTH AND SAFETY

DFMD shall be Cardiac pacemaker, Magnetic tape & Film safe, Supplier shall submit
certification to this effect with supporting documents.

9. COMMISSIONING & TESTING

DFMD should be tested with Combined test piece and as per method prescribed by
the BCAS

10. STATIC METAL COMPENSATION

It may be necessary to install DFMD close to fixed sheets or pieces of metal, which
form part of the building or its fittings.

11. OPERATING TEMPERATURE

DFMD shall work satisfactorily without any deterioration in performance within the
temperature range of 0 to +45 C with RH up to 95 % non-condensing.

13. CALIBRATION
DFMD shall have in built feature of auto calibration.

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Hand Held Metal Detector

The HHMD is screening equipment, which is used to detect metallic items carried by passenger
on person. It works on electromagnetic pulsed-field technology

Parts of HHMD

a. Handle
b. Switch
c. Power Indicator(LED)
d. Sensing Coil
e. Battery Section

The weight of HHMD should not exceed-250gm.

It detect-05gm of metal

Specification of HHMD (prescribed by BCAS)

 Should be able to detect metals without being in direct contact with it.
 Operating temperature : 0 – 45 degree centigrade
 Weight should not exceed 250gms
 Should be safe for pacemakers
 Should have both audio and visual alarms.
 Easily disposable / replaceable / rechargeable batteries.
 Indicator to indicate battery status.

Advantages and Disadvantages of HHMD

Sr. No. Advantage Disadvantages

1 Helps in Identifying Metals both Cannot detect non metallic items
ferrous and non ferrous
2 Easy to use Cannot detect non metallic replicas of
prohibited items. Materials or components of
IED may not be identified.
3 Touch free checks for passenger Cannot detect plastic explosives
4 Quick and user friendly May malfunction and give false alarm

TESTING OF HAND HELD METAL DETECTOR

• Must be tested before each search
• Check that battery is fully charged
• Hold detector 2.5 cm (1”) from watch, belt buckle or metal object and test that it is
detecting presence of metal

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• Adjust audio control knob as necessary

Use Of Hand Held Metal Detector

 Ensure the HHMD is working properly.
 Greet passengers and ask for permission to frisk
 Ensure passenger is not holding or carrying any items
 Passengers shall empty their pockets for all metallic items, place these in a tray /
divestment container and pass through X-ray or search physically.
 Ask the passenger to stand on the platform if provided.
 Demonstrate to the passenger the correct way to stand if required.
 Stand slightly to one side of the passenger and hold the metal detector
approximately 01 inch (2.5cms) from the body.
 Move the detector over the entire body systematically (front & back)
 If the alarm sounds, ask passenger to check the area and to display any items found.
 Re-scan the area to confirm that all items have been removed.
 Frisking of a lady to be done by lady only.

REMEMBER – NO SEARCH, NO FLY

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Hand-Held Metal Detector

Search Diagram Check Head Area

Check Front
and Rear of Body

Follow Systematic
method of search
Raised Platform
for checking
Shoes /Boots

Chapter 9

Procedure for Carriage of Prisoners, Deportee and In-admissible

Passenger
Reference document: AVSEC Circular 42/2005 & AVSEC order-08/2011, Instructions for carriage
of prisoners / person under judicial custody / administrative control.

The following general guidance material refers to persons in lawful

custody i.e. persons under arrest or convicted criminals under escort.

Procedure:
 No aircraft operator shall allow a prisoner and escorting officers as passengers unless prior
permission is obtained from the BCAS by the concerned policing authority that is
responsible for transportation of such prisoner with escorts by air.

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 The policing authority requiring transportation of a prisoner by air shall send their request in
writing to the Commissioner/Regional Dy Commissioner of Security(CA),BCAS at least
7(seven) days in advance.

 The policing authority responsible for carriage of a prisoner by air shall indicate classification
of such prisoner as dangerous or otherwise in their application addressed to BCAS.

 A prisoner should not be transported on board an aircraft unless escorted by one or more
policing authority officers.

 Policing authority officers or other authorized persons should notify a responsible

representative of the operator well before the date it is proposed to transport a prisoner or
as soon as practicable in an emergency, the identity of the person being escorted, the flight
on which transportation has been arranged, and whether or not the escorted person is
considered dangerous.

 Escorting officers shall ensure that a prisoner does not carry contraband, weapons, matches
or other potentially dangerous items.

 Escorts shall be equipped with adequate restraining devices to be used in the event they
determine that restraint is necessary .Under normal circumstances a prisoner should not be
shackled to any part of the aircraft, including seats, tables etc.

 Escorts shall not carry arms, mace, teargas or similar incapacitating gas generating devices
or any dangerous goods /prohibited items specified by the BCAS on board the aircraft.
Weapon and ammunition if any may be allowed in registered baggage as per instructions in
force.

 Escorts shall adequately identify themselves to security personnel, security check points,
flight attendants and pilot in command.

 Any other security personnel and passengers authorized to carry firearms on board the
aircraft should be made aware of the transportation of a prisoner and escorts and their
location.

 A prisoner along with escorts should be boarded before all other passengers and
disembarked after all other passengers have left the aircraft.

 They should be seated as far as to the rear of the passenger cabin as is possible but not in a
lounge area or next to /directly across from an exit.

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 They should only be seated in a row for two or more seats and at least one escort should sit
between the escorted person and any aisle.

 They should be accompanied at all times and kept under surveillance including visits to the
lavatory.

 No intoxicating beverage shall be served to escorts or prisoner while on board the aircraft.

 Prisoner may be served food at the discretion of escorts by should not be provided with
metal utensils or a knife.

 Aircraft operator should not accept a prisoner and escort(s) as passengers unless
concurrence has been obtained in advance from the BCAS and other operators that may be
involved en route and at the intended final destination. In such cases sufficient advance
notification must be given to operator so that prior agreements can be obtained.

Dangerous Prisoners
At least two escorts should be required for each prisoner considered dangerous by the escorting
agency or in the judgment of a responsible representative of the operator. Not more than one
such prisoner and escorts should be carried on any one flight.

Persons suffering from mental illness

A person suffering from mental illness that is deemed to be a threat to the safety of a flight may
be accepted for transportation if accompanied by an attendant physically capable of coping with
untoward actions by that person during the flight and skilled in administering sedatives as
required and authorized by an appropriate doctor. If a mentally disturb person requires sedation
prior to departure each portion of the flight should last no longer than the effective duration of
the sedative administered. The aircraft operator, on the advice of representatives of the
operators medical and security staffs, as appropriate, should be permitted to deny boarding to
such a person.

Deportees

A person who had legally been admitted to a State by its authorities or who had entered a State
illegally, and who at some later time is formally ordered by the competent authorities to leave
that State.
Each request for transportation should be evaluated and the operators consulted to determine
if the person is threat to the safety of the flight or if additional measures such as escorts are
necessary.
The administrative and financial arrangements for removal of such persons are the responsibility
of the government ordering the deportation.

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The primary responsibility of escorting a deportee is of immigration Law Enforcement Agency of

the deporting country

Inadmissible persons (sometimes referred to as “refusals’’).

A person who is or will be refused admission to a State by its authorities. Such persons normally
have to be transported back to their State of departure, or to any other State where the persons
are admissible, by the aircraft operator on which they arrived.

Powers of Pilot In Command:-

a. Security staff to inform the PIC about travel of Prisoner/Deportee/Inadmissible passenger

b. PIC can deny on reasons of security (AVSEC Order-08/2011), but he has to give in writing for
the reason of denial.

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Chapter 10

Protecting Aircraft Catering Uplift

Reference document : Avsec Order 07/2004 - Catering Security; Avsec Order 13 /2011 Security
Programme of Catering Companies; Circular 25/2006 - Security controls for catering supplies.

Role of the Caterer

 File a security programme to BCAS for approval
 Appoint a Chief security officer
 All staff must be on the pay-roll of caterer
 All the staff attended security awareness training
 CSO will be responsible of security of catering establishment
 Must have written agreement with suppliers.
 The supplier will deliver the RAW material at the caterer promises.
 The RAW materials has to be physically checked on receipt at Caterer establishment (Incase
the same is in container then remove from the container and check) & then keep them
under lock and key in stores.
Role of the BCAS:-

 Verify the character & antecedent of caterer.

 Approval of Security programme.
 Conduct check of caterer once in a year
 If found lacuna then cancel the license.

Role of Airline operator:-

 Must have a written agreement with caterer.
 Detail the staff from Preparation-presetting & transportation stages.

Preparation Stage:-
 The airline security staff shall be present and ensure NO Prohibited items is not inserted
while preparation of food.

PRE-SETTING STAGE:-

 Inspect the Food cart from all the sides for any prohibited items.
 Check the food items from the trays by weight before loading in food carts.
 After loading the food carts to be sealed and closed by security stickers & plastic seals.
 The record of all the seals used in catering must be kept as record for 07 days.

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TRANSPORTATION STAGE:-

 Place the plastic stickers on the front shutter.

 Conduct the Anti-sabotage check of Hi-Lift.
 Allow loading of food carts in the high- Lift.
 No staff should travel where the food carts are stored.
 Ensure the shutter is down with a Padlock with security sticker and plastic seals.
 Also ensure there is NO-GAP between Floor and Shutter.
 If there is gap, inform caterer and make a log entry.
 At the access gate, the ASG will check the Hi-Lift is sealed, Check the AEP & frisk the driver
and other occupant of Hi-Lift.
 All the catering staff shall enter in aircraft after frisking and searching of their AEP and
making entry in AER.
 Off-load the food cart in aircraft under the supervision of security staff.
 On the arrival of cabin cre, they will check the seals oof food carts are intact.
 If the load increases, then the food items to be taken out from High –Lift and loadecd in
aircraft.
 The security in-charge of Airline shall inspect the flight kitchen once in 03 months.
 The report of inspection must be forwarded to BCAS

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Chapter 11

Behavior Detection

Definition

Behavior Detection of passenger is a systematic observation of passenger, his baggage and

documents to classify them on the basis of behavior, kinesis (eye movement) and body language
as threaten or non threaten, so that the maximum attention to be paid to the selective
passenger.

Behavior Detection is carried out by:-

a. Passenger
b. Baggage
c. Document

Type of passenger

1. Threatening
2. Non threatening

Question to be asked
 Does this bag belong to you
 Are you aware of the content of bag
 Who packed the bag, when and where
 Has anybody handled the bag
 Was the bag always with you
 Do you have any gift items in your bag
 Do you have any electronic items in your bag
 Are you coming from hotel or home

Regular Passenger
Regular passenger-who does not displays any suspicious signs of appearance and behavior &
documentation; or

if there are any suspicious signs, they have been resolved or having a positive sign

Positive signs
 Traveling with family comprising of husband, wife and one or more children

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 Employee of the Airline holding employers identification card

 VIP, Diplomats, Celebrities for which data has been provided to the Airline

 Homogenous Groups-Passengers Traveling in a group provided they are:

o Known to the group leader
o Must have a common background. e.g. school, Religious
o No addition or deletion of members during the itinerary
o Does not displays any suspicious signs on Appearance & Behaviour

Suspicious Signs
 No eye contact
 Nervous behavior
 Impatient
 Over observing security procedures
 Abnormal gait
 Passenger in a hurry
 Contradictory replies
 Pretending sick passenger to gain sympathy
 Posing as very important person (VIP)
 Secret eye contact with others
 Repeated contact over phone
 Seating in isolation
 Insufficient knowledge origin / destination
 Pretending sick passenger to gain sympathy
 Posing as very important person (VIP)
 Secret eye contact with others
 Repeated contact over phone
 Seating in isolation
 Insufficient knowledge origin / destination

What are the tools available for behavior detection:-

1. Machine readable travel Document(MRTD)

2. HHMD/DFMD
3. X-BIS
4. CCTV
Action on discovery of a suspicious passenger:

- Keep him under surveillance

- Inform Screener at X-BIS
- Inform Check-in counter

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- Inform ASG to keep Pax. Under CCTV.

- Mark the corner of boarding pass & inform ASG in sterile area.
- ASDG to keep him under surveillance till he boards aircraft
- Verify documents

Chapter 12
Explosive Detectors

Explosive Vapor & Explosive Trace detector

Principle ops of different mode

Explosive detection system

A device or combination of devices and procedures which are intended to detect
amounts and types of explosives in passengers checked and carried hand baggage

Explosive vapor detector :It works on Gas Chromatography Technology

The explosive vapor detectors are capable of detecting small quantities of explosives
provided the explosives vapor is available in the container

Explosive trace detector : It works on Ion Mobility Spectrometry Technology

Trials and tests of explosive trace detection equipment confirm that is highly effective in
detecting minute traces of explosive material where they are present

 Able to detect explosives of small magnitude.

 The detection can be done by sniffing vapors in an Explosive Vapor Detector or
 by sampling traces of particulates or
 by utilizing both methods depending on the scenario.
 Most explosive detectors in the market today can detect both vapors and
particles of explosives.

CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD EXPLOSIVE DETECTOR

 Sensitivity- lowest amount of explosive a detector can detect reliably. Most

explosives have a very low vapor pressure and give out very little vapor. The
detector with the highest sensitivity will be the best in detecting vapors of
explosives reliably.

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 Light Weight-Portable explosive detectors need to be light weight as possible to

allow users to not fatigue when holding them.

 Size-Portable explosive detectors need to be as small as possible to allow for

sensing of explosives.

 Cold Start up Time and Analysis Time-This should be as brief as possible to allow
for immediate use of the detector in emergencies.

Principles on which explosive detectors function

Specificity: Able to distinguish between explosive and non-explosive materials

Sensitivity: Able to detect minimum quantity of explosive
Selectivity: After detection is able to select the type of explosive

An Explosive Detector has got three main components:

1. Sampling System
2. Analytical system
3. Data processing system

Sampling System
The function of sampling system is to collect a sufficient quantity of explosive from the
environment and present it for analysis. Vapours are usually collected by drawing air
through a material to which the vapours stick. This material is then introduced into the
analytical substance.

In case of trace detectors, wiping surfaces with a small piece or cloth usually does
searching for particulate tracing. Sometimes a device similar to a vaccum cleaner may
be used to transfer particles onosome sort of filter then to the instrument.

Analytical system
The analysis of the vapour derived from the sample is usually done in two steps.
Vapours of different types are first separated from one another. This is usually done
either by a technique called gas chromatography or by ion mobility spectroscopy.

Data processing system

It is the combination of separation and detection that gives system its ability to
discriminate between materials. All of them produce an electrical signal varying with

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time. This signal rises and falls giving a series of peaks. The position of each peak in time
allows it to be recognized as a particular substance. The height and area of each peak
are related to the amount of substance present. The identification and measurement of
peak is carried out automatically by computer software allowing an alarm to be
generated and the type of explosive to be indicated.

Difference between EVD/ETD

 EVD ETD
a, captures vapours from explosives. a, captures particles over the surface

b, can detect explosive up to 05gms b, can detect explosive up to 100 nanogm

c, lighter in weight c, heavier in weight

d. Detect explosive as RDX,PETN, TNT, d. Detect explosive as RDX,PETN, TNT,

Dynamite, SEMTEX,C4,HMX, Dynamite,SEMTEX,C4,HMX
Ammonium Nitrate with programmable
detection capability

e. False alarm rate-less than 3% typical e False alarm rate- Less than 2%
alarm rate. typical alarm rate.

f. Warm up time-Approx. 20-30 minutes f. Warm up time-Approx.20-30 minutes

g. Analysis time- Less than 10 sec per sample. g. Analysis time- Less than 10 sec per
sample
h.Weight- less than 2kg. h. Weight- less than 40kg

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Explosive Detection Equipment Advantages

 Detect small amounts of explosive

 Portable
 No size restriction for consignment being searched
 Less interpretation of results required

Explosive Detection Equipment Limitations

 Do not detect all explosives

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 Expensive
 Not readily available
 Training required
 Warm up time is very high(20m)
 Regular calibration and maintenance
 Sampling time
 Sampling techniques
 Multi-layered packaging

Specification of EVD/ETD
o Should be capable of detecting explosives contained in baggage.
o Must not pose a health hazard
o Should be able to operate on DC battery as well as 230V AC
o Should be light in weight and easily portable
o Warm up time should not be more than 40min
o Throughput rate of 120 samples/hr

SPECIFICATIONS FOR EXPLOSIVE VAPOUR DETECTORS (EVD) Appendix - J

The Explosive Vapour Detectors are capable of detecting small quantities of

explosives provided the explosive vapour is available in the container. Due to low
vapour pressure of plastic explosive made of RDX and PETN, it is difficult to detect
plastic explosives. Detection capabilities of explosives have been enhanced by
marking the same with a agent named DMNB as per the ICAO convention on“
Marking of Plastic Explosive”. The specifications given below are applicable for both
marked and unmarked explosives.

2. Specifications:

Detection Capacity : Detect explosives such as RDX,PETN, TNT, Dynamite,

SEMTEX, C4, HMX, Ammonium Nitrate etc. with programmable

Detection capability.

Detection Technology : Based on the latest technology in explosive detection.

Sensitivity : Capable of detection Explosive minimum of 5 gm in operational

conditions.

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Selectivity : less than 3% typical false alarm rate.

Analysis Time : Approximate 10 Sec per sample.

Sample collection : i) Air collection for vapour.

ii) Surface wipe for trace particle/using filter/vacuum pump unit.

Warm up time : Approx. 20-30 minutes.

Power : 110/220 V , 50/50 Hz. 30w, Auto Sensing.12 volt DC

Detection mode : Explosive mode. Optional - narcotic.

Signal processing: i) Variable integration time.

ii) Plasma gram component.
iii) Recognition of multiple explosives in particulate/vapour
mode.

Weight (Hand Unit) : Less than 2 kg

Calibration : Automatic calibration

SPECIFICATION FOR EXPLOSIVE TRACE DETECTORS (ETD). Appendix `K’

The equipment shall meet the minimum specifications:-

Detection Capacity:Detect explosives such as RDX, PETN, TNT, Dynamite,

SEMTEX, C4, HMX, and Ammonium Nitrate etc. with programmable

Detection Technology: Based on the latest technology in explosive detection.

Sensitivity: Capable of detection Explosive minimum of 100 ng in operational/

laboratory conditions.

Selectivity : <2% typical false alarm rate.

Analysis Time : Approximate 10 Sec per sample.

Sample collection-Surface wipe for trace particle/using filter/vacuum pump unit.Air

collection for vapour

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Warm up time : Approx. 20-30 minutes.

Power: 110/220 V, 50/50 Hz. 30w, Auto Sensing. 12 volt DC

Detection mode : Explosive mode. Optional - narcotic

Signal processing i) Variable integration time.
ii) Plasmagram component
iii) Recognition of multiple explosives in particulate/vapour mode.
Weight (Hand Unit) : Less than 40 kg. (Portable unit)

Calibration : Automatic calibration.

2. Stages of evaluation

The test shall be conducted in different stages starting from checking configuration
data on technical parameters, system calibration, data collection etc. The proper
record of details should be maintained. These stages are:-

Configuration details–checking of technical parameters.

Operational and environment data
System calibration
Threshold verification
Test article selection
Pretest activities

Data collection
Problem reporting
Post test activities.

The test team will check the details of technical parameters claimed by suppliers are
in conformity with the specification issued by the BCAS. The equipment shall meet
the specification as given below:-
.
a. Explosives detected-RDX, PETN, TNT, PEK, Sheet explosives, LTPE, Ammonium
Nitrate, Gelatin etc

b. Susceptibility to interference (i.e. including specific interference’s tending to mask

the explosive): minimum

c. Sensitivity/ sensitivity loss: Nanogram level of explosive

d. Response(s) time to the explosives: 6 seconds

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e. Sampling methods: swipe and vapour mode

f. False alarm rate: less than 2 %

g. Time taken for recalibration: not more than 2 minutes

h. Warm up time: 20 to 30 minutes

i. Environmental limits: operating temperature – 20 to +50oC, relative humidity 95%

non-condensing.

j. Safety factors and regulations: should meet National Safety regulations

k. Human intervention requirements: minimum

l. System design overview: as per specification.

m. Response time and processing rate of the equipment: 10 sec.

n. Physical requirements; and weight less than 40 kg/ portable.

o. Functional and performance capabilities:detect service and commercial explosive

as given in the specifications.

p. Supporting data regarding training, maintenance and availability of spares

Chapter 13

SECURITY PROCEDURES SCREENING OF DISABLED / PRM PASSENGERS

(Reference document AVSEC CIRCULAR 04/2014)

Screening of Wheelchair Passengers

1) When a passenger arrives at a screening point in a wheelchair / scooter, he/she must be
accompanied either by another travelling passenger or a representative of the airline
before he proceeds through security. The accompanying passenger or representative of
the airline is responsible for the passenger throughout the whole process of screening;
2) If a passenger arrives at a screening point in a wheelchair and he/she is not accompanied
by another travelling passenger or Jet Airways representative, the airline’s Customer
Service should be contacted for assistance;

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3) At the screening point, depending upon the ability of the passenger to walk, he/she will be
requested to walk through the DFMD unaided. If he/she cannot walk, it is the responsibility
of the accompanying travelling passenger or airline representative to push the passenger
in the wheelchair unless it is self-driven;
4) There may also be non-travelling support personnel in attendance to board the aircraft and
lift the passenger into his / her seat. This support person must be accompanied.
5) If there is a requirement for the passenger to be lifted at the screening point, the support
person or the airline representative will perform the lifting for the passenger.
6) The support person will be escorted by an airline representative at the time of boarding/
disembarkation.
7) If the passenger can stand but cannot walk, he/she can be screened by undergoing a pat-
down while he/she stands beside the wheelchair or scooter.
8) If a passenger cannot stand, he/she should be offered a chair for screening and subjected
to a pat-down thereafter.
9) If there is an alarm by the DFMD, HHMD or other technology, the same must be resolved.
If the alarm cannot be resolved, the passenger will not be permitted beyond the
checkpoint.
10) The passenger’s wheelchair or scooter will be inspected, including the seat cushions and
any pouches/ pockets. It will be tested for traces of explosives. Removable pouches will be
x-ray screened.
11) Any carry-on bag or document with the wheelchair passenger shall be passed through the
x-ray screening.

12) If a person objects to proceeding through the DFMD on justified medical or other ground,
he/she will be allowed passage through alternative way by the frisking officer and then
subjected to screening by pat down search and HHMD where permissible.
13) If a person refuses to undergo screening, the frisking officer will inform the supervisor, who
will direct what further action is to be taken. The concerned passenger will not be allowed
entry past the screening point.
14) Only when satisfied that a person is not carrying any prohibited or dangerous article, the
screening officer shall allow the person to proceed beyond the screening point.

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Screening of Passenger with Prosthetics

1) During screening of prosthetics ASG/APSU may use X-ray, ETD and visual check depending
on the circumstances.
2) The passenger should inform the ASG/APSU of the existence of a prosthetic, his or her
ability and of any need for assistance before screening begins. Passengers can use
Notification Card to communicate discreetly with security officers. However, showing this
card or other medical documentation will not exempt a passenger from additional
screening when necessary.
3) Dignity and privacy of the passengers should be borne in mind during the entire process of
security screening. Where the officer needs to see the prosthetic, care should be taken
against exposing any sensitive areas. ASG/APSU will also use technology to test the
prosthetic for traces of explosive material. If explosive material is detected, the passenger
will have to undergo additional screening.
4) Passenger with prosthetics or braces/support appliances must be accompanied by an Jet
Airways representative, preferable of the same gender as the passenger.
5) The airline staff and any other accompanying person shall be frisked and checked before
allowing them access to the passenger with prosthetics at the screening point.
6) The passenger will first pass through the DFMD and necessary security checks.
7) The passenger should then be taken to a private screening point and made to sit
comfortably. He/she will receive additional screening including a pat-down. If necessary,
screening through ETD trace will be adopted. While dealing with prosthetic device and
during taking off and putting on of clothes, privacy of the passenger should be maintained.
8) Screening of the prosthetic appliance will include x-ray screening, ETD detection and visual
inspection. During visual inspection, care should be taken that sensitive parts are not
exposed.
9) The screening in the private screening area will be carried out by two officials, one to
handle the HHMD and pat-down and the other to inspect the prosthetics, braces and
support appliance and subject them to additional screening.

Screening of Passengers who cannot Remove Shoes, Medical Device or Bandages

1) Passengers who cannot remove their shoes due to a medical condition should inform the
supervisor, SHA before screening.
2) Passenger can be screened using DFMD and/or a whole body pat-down.
3) The shoes may be subjected to additional screening like ETD, etc.

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4) Passengers can be screened without disconnecting external medical devices and

submitting them for x-ray. Such devices include Insulin pumps, Hearing aids, Cochlear
implants, Spinal stimulators, Bone growth stimulators and Ostomies.
5) Under most circumstances, a passenger can conduct a self-pat-down of these devices
followed by ETD screening of his/her hands.
6) The devices should also be physically checked against any outside interference in the
manufacturing.
7) Casts, braces and support appliances will be thoroughly inspected without exposing
sensitive areas as far as possible. ETD screening will also be used to test for traces of
explosive materials, where possible.

8) In case of bandages and/or dressing, while caution will be observed during pat-down, it
needs to be ensured that the covered area is free of threat item. Metal detector,
observation and self-pat-down followed by ETD checks may suffice in most cases.
9) Passengers with metal implants will be subjected to a thorough pat-down, and the metal
alarm should be resolved satisfactorily. The full body pat-down should include the
following :
a) It should concentrate on upper legs and torso;
b) Special attention should be given to the chest and abdomen areas of the body;
c) Particular focus should be on any skin surface abnormalities or wires or tubes exiting
the body that may be signs of an implanted device.

Screening of Passengers with Service Animals (Guide Dog)

If the passenger has a service animal, the instructions issued by AVSEC Circular no. 6/2001 shall
be implemented. If the service animal is permitted to be carried on board the following
instructions shall be followed :
1) The animal must be wearing a harness, vest, or other identifier that it is a service animal;
2) The passenger must maintain control of the animal at all times;
3) The passenger should not be separated from the service animal;

4) The screening officer should ask for permission of the passenger before touching the
animal.
5) Service animals are screened using walk through metal detector followed by a pat-down.
There are three options:
a) The service animal goes first and the passenger follows holding the leash; or
b) The passenger goes first holding the leash and the service animal follows; or
c) The passenger and the service animal go together.

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6) Regardless of who goes through the metal detector first, the screening officer will perform
a physical inspection of the animal and its belongings (collar, harness, leash, backpack, vest
… etc). The belongings will not be removed from the animal.
7) The passenger should not make contact with service animal (other than maintain control
of the leash) until the animal has been cleared.
8) Medication for serving animals will be subjected to x-ray and other screening, if required,
separately. These also should be separated from other items in the passenger carry-on.

Ambulance Passengers
Due to exigencies of their exceptional medical conditions/illness, some passengers are directly
taken through the security gates to the aircraft for boarding. In such cases, as far as possible, the
Airport Operator should provide its own ambulance.

1) The passenger and all occupants of the vehicle should be subjected to a pre-embarkation
security check at the security gate by the ASG/APSU staff under the supervision of an
officer not below the rank of an Inspector. The ambulance should be permitted to proceed
to the aircraft only after this check has been completed;
2) In case the ambulance is privately owned or hospital provided, it must be led by follow- me
vehicle of the airport operator. The ASG/APSU staff shall check to ensure that the vehicles
do not carry anything objectionable and are not being accompanied by unauthorized
persons or persons who have no need to be in the vehicles. Such ambulance will be
escorted by ASG/APSU staff;
3) All occupants of the vehicles, unless exempted, must be screened at the gate before
allowing entry into the airport;
4) The movement of the ambulance should be coordinated well in advance by the airline with
CASO and airport operator.

Screening of Medication and Associated Supplies

1) All medications and associated supplies (i.e. syringes, sharps disposal container, pens,
infusers … etc) are allowed through the checkpoint only after they have been screened.
2) Medication and related supplies are normally x-rayed.
3) Passengers have the option of requesting a visual inspection of medications and associated
supplies with due reason.
4) Any medication that cannot be cleared visually must be submitted for x-ray screening.
5) BCAS has issued detailed guidelines regarding carriage of liquids, aerosols and gel (LAGs)
on board vide AVSEC Circular No. 18/2006. Medically necessary LAGs are permitted in

excess of 100 ml on need basis after they have been screened. These items are subject to
additional screening through visual inspection and ETD swipe, if necessary.

If a passenger has medically necessary LAGs, he or she needs to :

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1) Limit the amount to what is reasonably necessary for the itinerary;

2) Separate these items from the other LAGs;
3) Declare the items; and,
4) Present these items for additional inspection on reaching the security check point.

X-ray Screening of Respiratory Equipment

1) Supplemental oxygen and other respiratory related equipment are permitted through the
check-point once they have been screened. This will be subject to DGCA regulations also.
2) If a passenger can disconnect from the oxygen, the oxygen container will undergo x-ray
screening.
3) Passengers who cannot disconnect from respiratory equipment will be screened by
undergoing a pat-down.
4) Respiratory equipment that is not x-rayed will be visually and physically inspected, and will
be subject to ETD screening.

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Take the following quiz. If you do not get all of the questions correct,
please review that section again.

1. If possible, one should sit down when speaking with a person who uses a
wheelchair.

True False

2. When talking with a person who is deaf and is accompanied by a sign language
interpreter, speak directly to the interpreter.

True False

3. The first thing to do when greeting a person who is using a guide dog is to kneel and
pet the dog.

True False

4. You should always have a pen and pad of paper available.

True False

5. Asking a person with speech impairment to repeat themselves will only make
matters worse.

True False

6. Only people who are legally blind may bring service dogs into the Airport terminals.

True False

7. If you are not sure how to assist a person with a disability, asking them for advice
will embarrass them. Just use your best judgment.

True False

8. It is okay to touch the arm of a person who is deaf in order to get their attention
before speaking to them.

True False

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9. When giving directions to a person who uses a wheelchair, telling them about
distance and ramps puts unnecessary emphasis on their disability.

True False

10. When guiding a person who is blind, let them take your arm.

True False

Answers

1. For an extended conversation, pull up a chair if convenient. It is also okay to kneel on

one knee.-True

2. Always talk with the person directly, not to a travel companion or assistant.- False

3. Never engage with a guide dog without first asking permission. Remember, they are
working- False

4. Absolutely! They can come in handy in a variety of scenarios. -True

5. Don’t assume you know what the person is trying to say. Ask for clarification. - False

6. Anyone with any disability may utilize a service animal.-False

7. The person with the disability knows best the method and degree of assistance
needed. Ask, then follow their direction.-False

8. The best method of getting the attention of a person who is deaf or hard of hearing is
to wave, but is also okay to touch or tap the shoulder or back of the arm.-True

9. It is very helpful to persons who use wheelchairs to know distances, level changes,
and ramp locations. You should also consider weather conditions and time constraints-
False

10. You should let the person know that you are to their right or left, and announce that
your elbow is extended for them to take-True

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AVSEC ORDERS/CIRCULARS

Circular no. - 10 /2002 TARMAC TRANSFER OF PASSENGERS.

Circular no. - 29 /2002 procedure for carriage of weapons and ammunition by Personal
Security Officers VVIPs /VIPs and/ or persons)

CIRCULAR NO.-26 / 2003 weapon up to the terminal building by PSOs accompanying the
VVIPs

AVSEC circular-21/2004 use of hand gloves during frisking

AVSEC Circular-25/2004 BCAS specification for equipments

AVSEC circular-14/2005 carriage of Kirpan by air

AVSEC order-23/2005 Physical search of passenger/Hand baggage

AVSEC circular-25/2005 Security check of Photographic equipment and film

AVSEC circular-31/2005 Procedure for carriage of weapon

Circular no-34 /2005 Procedure for screening of hold baggage

Circular no-38/ 2005 Carriage of authorized firearm and / or ammunition by Units of

armed forces / Para-military forces while traveling by a civil
commercial flight.

Circular no- 42/2005- Carriage of Prisoners

Circular no-43/2005 contingency plan for handling aircraft hijack situation

AVSEC circular-02/2006 Ladder point check by airline

AVSEC circular- 4/ 2006 Carriage of licensed firearm and / or ammunition by a

sportsperson while traveling by air

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AVSEC circular- 13/ 2006 aircraft operator to collect security removed items belonging to
passengers from the security check point in the SHA and hand
these over to the passengers at the destination

AVSEC Circular 14/2006 Use of LAGs

AVSEC circular-16/2006 Re-certification of screeners

AVSEC circular-18/2006 Not more than 100ml liquid items/gel/paste or items of similar
consistency (except medicine/ inhaler accompanied by
prescription and baby food to be allowed in the hand baggage

Corrigendum Carriage of licensed firearms and /or ammunition by a

sportsperson while traveling by air- BCAS Circular No. 33/2005

Avsec order-05/2009 Arun Run Mishra committee

Avsec order 06/2009 Exemption of pre embarkation check

AVSEC circular-08/2008 Comprehensive circular for cargo

AVSEC circular - 15/2006 Carriage of duty free items

AVSEC circular - 18/2006 Carriage of aerosols and GELs

AVSEC circular-16/2010 Screening of passenger through ETD

AVSEC circular-21/2010 prompt communication to COSCA/Addl COSCA

AVSEC circular-05/2010 carriage of weapon by SPG personnel in Hold Baggage

AVSEC Circular-14/2016 Permission of carriage of Arms & Ammunition by SPG personnel

AVSEC order-08/2011 potentially disruptive passenger

AVSEC order-10/2011 Security measures for co-mail & Co-mats

AVSEC order-24/2011 Screening Equipments at Cargo SHA entry points

AVSEC order-06/2015 Exemption from Pre-embarkation security check at airports

AVSEC circular-16/2014 Categorization of airports

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AVSEC circular-09/2012 Instruction on use of satellite phone services in India

AVSEC circular-04/2014 SOP for screening of passengers with spl. Needs

AVSEC Circular-10/2016 security procedure of Tarmac transfer.

AVSEC Circular-01/2017 Measures to facilitate transport/Transfer of organs at Airports

AVSEC Circular-04/2017 Dispensing with stamping of hand baggae tag

AVSEC Circular-08/2017 Carriage of Arms & Ammunition by passenger

AVSEC Circular-11/2017 Minimum specification of X-BIS

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ABBREVIATIONS
AAI AIRPORTS AUTHORITY OF INDIA
AC AERODROME COMMITTEE
ACI AIRPORTS COUNCIL INTERNATIONAL
ACOS (CA) ADDITIONAL COMMISSIONER OF SECURITY
ACS ASSISTANT COMMISSIONER OF SECURITY
ADP AIRSIDE DRIVING PERMIT
AEP AERODROME ENTRY PASS/ PERMIT
AEC AIRPORT ENTRY CARD
AMD ARCHWAY METAL DETECTOR
ANFO AMMONIUM NITRATE IN FUEL OIL

APSC AIRPORT SECURITY COMMITTEE

APSU AIRPORT SECURITY UNIT
ARC ARCHIVE IMAGE

ASG AVIATION SECURITY GROUP

AVSEC AVIATION SECURITY

AWB AIRWAY BILL
AWG AMERICAN WIRE GAUGE
AWO AIR WORTHINESS OFFICER

BCAS BUREAU OF CIVIL AVIATION SECURITY

BDDS BOMB DETECTION & DISPOSAL SQUAD

BIPPS BIOMETRIC INTEGRATED PASSENGER PROFILING SYSTEM
X-BIS X-ray BAGGAGE INSPECTION SYSTEM
BSA BAGGAGE SORTING AREA
BMA BAGGAGE MAKEUP AREA
BTAC BOMB THREAT ASSESMENT COMMITTEE
BTCF BOMB THREAT COMMUNICATION FORM
BTCL BOMB THREAT CHECK LIST
BTCP BOMB THREAT CONTINGENCY PLAN
BTRC BOMB THREAT REVIEW COMMITTEE

B+W/ BW BLACK AND WHITE

BWAF BOMB WARNING ASSESMENT FORM

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CC CRYSTAL CLEAR
CAPPS COMPUTER AIDED PASSENGER BEHAVIOUR DETECTION SYSTEM
CASO CHIEF AERODROME SECURITY OFFICER
CBD CHEMICAL BIOLOGICAL DEVICE
CCS CABINET COMMITTEE ON SECURITY
CCCR CENTRAL COMMITTEE CONTROL ROOM
CCTV CLOSED CIRCUIT TELEVISION
CGO CARGO

CLIP CALLER LINE IDENTIFICATION PROCEDURE

CMG CRISIS MANAGEMENT GROUP

COE CONTROLLER OF EXPLOSIVES

COSAH COMMITTEE OF SECRETARIES ON AIRCRAFT HIJACKING
COSCA COMMISSIONER OF SECURITY CIVIL AVIATION

CTCP COUNTER TERRORIST CONTINGENCY PLANS

CTP COMBINED TEST PIECE

CTX COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY X-RAY

DAW DIRECTOR AIR WORTHINESS

DCAS DIRECTORATE OF CIVIL AVIATION SECURITY
DCOS DEPUTY COMMISSIONER OF SECURITY
DFMD DOOR FRAME METAL DETECTOR

DGCA DIRECTORATE GENERAL OF CIVIL AVIATION

DIP DIPLOMAT

EDS EXPLOSIVE DETECTION SYSTEM

EDDS EXPLOSIVE DEVICE DETECTION SYSTEM

EOD EXPLOSIVE ORDINANCE DISPOSAL

EPX ENHANCED PERFORMANCE X-RAY
ETD EXPLOSIVE TRACE DETECTOR
ETDS EXPLOSIVE TRACE DETECTION SYSTEM
EDTS EXPLOSIVE DETECTION TOMOGRAPHY SYSTEM
EVD EXPLOSIVE VAPOUR DETECTOR
EVDS EXPLOSIVE VAPOUR DETECTION SYSTEM

HAD HIGH DENSITY ALERT

HDB HIGH DENSITY BLINKING
HHMD HAND HELD METAL DETECTOR

HMTD HEXA METHYLENE TRIPEROXIDE DIAMINE

HMX HIGH MELTING EXPLOSIVES

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HUM HUMAN REMAINS

IATA INTERNATIONAL AIR TRANSPORT ASSOCIATION
ICAO INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATION
IAF Indian Air Force
INTERPOL INTERNATIONL POLICE

IED IMPROVISED EXPLOSIVE DEVICE

IFSO IN FLIGHT SECURITY OFFICER
IID IMPROVISED INCENDIARY DEVICE
IM INORGANIC MATERIAL
IMS ION MOBILITY SPECTROMETRY
INV INVERSE
LAGs LIQUIDS, AEROSOLS, AND GELS
LED LIGHT EMITTING DIODE

LTPE LOW TEMPERATURE PLASTIC EXPLOSIVE

MANPADS MAN PORTABLE AIR DEFENCE SYSTEM

MRTD MACHINE READABLE TRAVEL DOCUMENT

NCASP NATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION SECURITY PROGRAMME

NCASQCP NATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION SECURITY QUALITY CONTROL PROGRAMME
NCASTP NATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION SECURITY TRAINING PROGRAMME
NSG NATIONAL SECURITY GAURD
OM ORGANIC MATERIAL
O2 ORGANIC ONLY
OS ORGANIC STRIPPING
OTP OPERATING TEST PIECE
PER PERISHABLE
PETN PENTA ERYTHROTOL TETRA NITRATE
PFNA PULSED FAST NEUTRON ANALYSIS
PIDS PERIMETER INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEM
PIN PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION NUMBER
PSc PSEUDO COLOUR
PTI POSITIVE TARGET IDENTIFICATION
RCB RESUME CURRENT BAG
RDCOS REGIONAL DEPUTY COMMISSIONER OF SECURITY
RDX RESEARCH & DEVELOPED EXPLOSIVE
RTVS REAL TIME VIEWING SYSTEM
SARP STANDARD & RECOMMENDED PRACTICE
SEN SUPER ENHANCEMENT
SOP STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE
SPG SPECIAL PROTECTION GROUP
SRA SECURITY RESTRICTED ARTICLES
SRCH SEARCH
STEB SECURITY TAMPERED EVIDENT BAG
SWG STANDARD WIRE GAUGE
TATP TRI ACETONE TRI PEROXIDE
TIP THREAT IMAGE PROJECTION

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TNT TRI NITRO TOLUENE

TSA TRANSPORT SECURITY ADMINISTRATION
VCS VARIABLE COLOUR STRIPPING
VDU VISUAL DISPLAY UNIT
VDZ VARIABLE DENSITY ZOOM
VEH VARIABLE EDGE ENHANCEMENT
VG VARIABLE GAMMA
VPB VIEW PREVIOUS BAG
VZM VARIABLE ZOOM
WSO WATCH SUPERVISORY OFFICER
WTMD WALK THROUGH METAL DETECTOR
X-BIS X-RAY BAGGAGE INSPECTION SYSTEM
REM Rontgen Equivalent Man
TCV THREAT CONTAINMENT VESSEL
MRTD MACHINE READBLE TRAVEL DOCUMENT

Issued on: Nov 2017 SECRET Revision-First