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Fruits
Mango:
 Botanical name: Mangifera indica
 Family: Anacardiaceae
 Origin: Indo-Burma region
 Ideal temperature for mango cultivation 24-270c.
 Viability of Stone 30 Days
 Soil: alluvial to lateritic soils except in black cotton soil having poor drainage.
 pH: slightly acidic (does not perform well in soils having pH beyond 7.5.)
 The temperature of 5-16°C for different varieties is ideal for storing.
 Mangoes are highly susceptible to low temperature injury. Loss of flavor and
development of undesirable softening are major symptoms of chilling injury.
 Mango fruits contain highest Vitamin-A (4800 IU) followed by papaya (2020 IU).
 Training is done in 2-3-year-old plants.
 Mango seed kernels contain 9.5% protein.
 In India, mango is available from March to mid-August.
 Intercropping can be done up to 5-6 years in mango orchard.
 Conventional system: square system, Spacing: 10 x 10 m, 100 plants/ha.
 Propagation methods:
 Veneer grafting popular method in Northern India.
 Mango stones take about 15-25 days for germination.
 Inarching grafting is the most popular method in South India (Commercial
propagation).
 Epicotyl grafting commercially practiced in Konkan region of Maharashtra.
 Polyembryonic rootstocks: Mylepalium, Goa, Kurrnukan, Olour, Chandrakaran,
Bellary, Bappakkai
 Bappakkai is the best polyembryonic rootstocks for Neelum cultivar.
 Pruning time in south India: August-September.
 Heading back in mango done at November-December.
 Types of flowers: Male and hermaphrodite.
 Type of pollination: Cross pollination
 Pollinator: House Fly
 Prevention of pre-harvest fruit drop in mango: 2,4-D @ 20 ppm, NAA @ 50 ppm
 Fruit type: Fleshy drupe
 Optimum storage temperature: 13°C
 Good mango varieties contain 20% of TSS
 Kent, Tommy Atkins, Alphonso and Kesar varieties are more demand in the
international market.
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 Alphonso (Ratnagiri), Dashehari (UP), Kesar (GJ) and Banganapalli (AP) that are
currently in demand in the in the international markets are produced and exported
from India.
 Dwarfing cultivars: Ambalavi, Kalapady
 North Indian mangoes Langra and Dashehari are alternate bearers
 "Off season mango (Fruit maturity: January to February) : Kanyakumari district
of Tamilnadu due to microclimate; Cultivars: Neelum, Rumani, Bangalora
 Most popular varieties in North India: Dashahari, Chausa
 Canning variety: Alphonso
 Off season variety: Niranjan
 Mutant variety: Rosica
 Promising dwarfing genotype: Creeping
 Most suitable variety for canning purpose: Alphonso and Dashehari
 The combination of waxing (3%) along with hot-water treatment results in good
quality fruits with extended storage life.
 Individual wrapping of fruit imparts uniform colour and reduces shrinkage.
 Hydro-cooling at 12°-15°C and holding for 2 weeks at 15°C followed by storage
for 1 week at ambient temperature gives good storage life to fruits.
 Varities and its hybrids:

Hybrids Parents Special features

Ambika Amrapali × Janardhan Pasand Late ripening variety
Arunika Amrapali × Vanraj
Pusa Peetembar Amrapali × Lal sundari Yellow colour variety,
suitable for uniform
packaging (due to oblong
fruit shape)
Pusa Arunima Amrapali × sensation Regular bearer
Pusa lalima Dashehari × sensation Red colour variety (bright red
peel colour)
Pusa pratibha Amrapali × sensation Regular bearer (red peel
colour)
Pusa Shreshth Amrapali × sensation Regular bearer
Mallika Neelum × Dashehari Regular bearer- Mid season
Amrapali Dashehari × Neelum Regular bearer, Desert
variety
Ratna Neelum x Alphanso Regular bearer
Sindhu Ratna × Alphonso 1St Seedless Variety in World
Arka Udaya Amrapali × Arka Anmol
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Arka Aruna Banganapalli × Alphonso Regular bearer- suitable for
HDP
Arka puneet Alphonso × Banganapalli Regular bearer- Suitable for
canning
Arka anmol Alphonso × Janardhan Pasand Regular bearer- Suitable for
export
Manijra Rumani × Neelum -
Sai Sughanda Totapuri x Kesher Free From Malformation

1. Banana
 It is also known as Antique fruit crop/Tree of Wisdom/Tree of Paradise/Adams
fig/Kalpataru/Plant paradise: Musa spp
 Origin of Musa acuminata: Malaysia
 Origin of Musa balbislana: Burma
 Humid tropical herb.
 It is a day neutral plant.
 Monocotyledonous, monocarpic, herbaceous perennial herb.
 Banana fruit rich source of Potassium (450 mg)
 Rich source of energy (137 K. Ca/100g)
 Edible bananas are mostly hybrids of the two species.M. acuminata, M. balbisiana.
 They set fruits by parthenocarpy.
 Ripe banana Contain 27% Sugar
 Chilling injury occurs less than 120C
 Optimum temperature for banana cultivation: 20-30 C
 Climate: Humid tropic plant. Temperature with an average of 23°C.
 Soil: Deep well – drained soil with abundant organic matter.( Depth – one meter)
 Soil pH: 6.5 – 7.5 found to be optimum.
 Better quality banana: Mid subtropical condition (Better aroma and crisp pulp).
 Fruit type: Berry
 Inflorescence type. Spadix (Female and Hermaphrodite flower)
 Botanically, rhizome is a modified form of stem
 Propagation: sword suckers mostly preferred, 4 months old Sword sucker of 1-2
kg weight and 80-120 cm heights having a piece of underground stem.
 Emerging new suckers is known as "peepers"
 Most widely used tissue culture in banana: shoot tip culture.
 Popular tissue culture variety in India- Grand Naine
 Season of planting:
 Wet land – Feb-April: Poovan, Rasthali, Monthan
 April – May: Nendran, Robusta
 Water requirement for banana: 1,800-2,200 mm per Plant per Year
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 Irrigation: Drip irrigation – 15 lit/ plant/ day from planting to 4th month.
 20 lit/plant / day from 5th to shooting and 25 lit/plant/day from shooting till 15
days prior to harvest.
 Banana exhausting crop it requires large quantity of fertilizer.
 Banana is a heavy feeder of potassium.
 Multi-storey system is commonly followed in coastal Karnataka and Kerala.
 Banana is grown as a rain fed crop in west coast and hills South India
 Special practices:
 Mettoking: After harvesting, the pseudostem should be cut leaving a stump of
about 0.6 m height, the left-over stump with its stored food material continues
to nourish the daughter sucker gtill it withers & dries up.
 Propping: Pseudostem requires support at the time of bunch emergence
 Bunch cover: covering bunches with dried leaves or perforated polythene sheet
enhances the fruit quality. Bunch covering is essential practice in Dwarf
Cavendish and Silk group for attractive fruits.
 Denavelling: Removal of male bud after completion of the female phase.
 Desuckering: Removal of surplus and unwanted suckers from banana plant.
Two ways of de-suckering: Pouring of Kerosene oil and damaging with
crowbar, 2,4-D
 Desuckering is done at 3 times in a year
 Thrashing: Removal of old, dry & diseased parts of plant.
 Dehandling: Removal of false fingers of bunch.
 Climacteric fruit
 Spacing:
 Tallest varieties: 3m×3m
 Dwarf varieties: 1.8m×1.8m
 Harvesting stage: 100-150 Days from flower emergence, disappearance of
angles.
 Storage temperature 130c And 85-95% RH For 2-3 Weeks
 Varieties: Dwarf Cavendish, Robusta, Grand naine, Poovan, Champa, rasthali,
Lady finger
 Nendran And Chipsona is suitable for chips.
 Lady finger (Resistant to bunchy top virus)
 Viral diseases of banana
 Banana Streak - Transmitted by citrus mealy bug –Planococcus citri
 Bacterial diseases
 Tip over or heart rot (Erwinia carotovora)
 Seen mostly in tissue cultured plants.
 Important varieties grown in India:
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Common Synonym Genome Specific features
name
Dwarf Basrai AAA  Resistant to Panama wilt
Cavendish  Leading commercial cultivar, 50%
of the total banana production
Robusta Bombay AAA  Semi-tall clone of Dwarf
Green Cavendish
Grand France AAA  Tall mutant clone of Dwarf
Naine Cavendish
 Internationally accepted variety
 Popular all over India
Rasthali Martaman AAB  Choicest table variety
 Problem: hard lumps and fruit
cracking (peel splitting)
Poovan Champa AAB  Resistant to Panama wilt
 Severely affected by Banana
streak virus
 Perennial banana system in plains
Nendran Plantain AAB  Good keeping quality (15 days)
 Most prized cooking variety in
kerala
 Exporting banana variety products
 Suitable for banana chips
Red Sevazhai AAA  Long duration of cropping system
Banana (16 months), grown only backyard
gardens (Tamil Nadu and kerala)
Kunna - AB  Popular dessert variety
Lady Australia AB  Resistant to bunchy top virus
finger

 Specific features:
 Cavendish banas occupies 63% of cultivars grown in Indian banana industry
 Rasthali is grown for premium price in the market
 Ney Poovan is becoming commercially importance in South India
 Nendran grown for mainly table and processing industry
 Most AAA banans are used as dessert bananas
 ABB cultivars are generally hardier and more disease resistant than the other
triploid genomic groups.
 They are used primarily for cooking. Better-known clonal subgroups of the ABB
cultivars e.g., Bluggoe and Monthan
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
FATOM-1 Early flowering mutant of Grand Naine (G9)

Dwarf Cavendish and Robusta are widely adopted commercial bananas

Cooking banana varieties: Monthan, ney Vannan, nendran

Varieties suitable for multi-storey system: Povan and Ney Poovan (Semi-tall
banana)
 Resistant to biotic and abiotic stress: Poovan
 Excellent quality banana variety: Rasthali
 Physiological disorders:
 Goose flesh: dry winter season
 White leaf: unbalanced N
 Blue disease: Mg deficiency
 Hard lump: pinkish brown, firm pulp than the usual soft pulp occurs in
[Link], tastes like immature or unripe fruits
Citrus
 Citrus: Citrus spp
 Rutaceae: 2n-18
 Cross Pollinated crop.
 Inflorescence: cymose
 Citrus is Micronutrient loving Plant
 Citrus is a mesophyte tree
 Study of cultivation of citrus: Citriculture
 3rd most important fruit crop after Mango, Banana
 Classification:
1. Acid group:
 Acid lime : Citrus aurantifolia
 Rangpur lime : C. limonia
 Lemon : Citrus limon
2. Orange group :
 Sweet orange : Citrus sinensis
 Sour orange : Citrus aurantium
 Multiple leaf orange : C. multifolia
3. Mandarin group : (loose jacket)
 Coorg mandarin, Nagpur
 Santra and Kodai orange: C. reticulata
 Willow leaf mandarin : [Link]
 King mandarin : C. nobilis
 Kinnow mandarin : King x willow leaf
4. Pummelo and grapefruit group:
 Pummelo : C. grandis
 Grapefruit : C. paradise
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5. For Lime and Lemon:
 pH: 6.5-7
 Planting: Dec-Feb & June-Sep
 Healthy Seedling may be planted during June-Dec.
 Acid Lime is propagated by seeds due to polyembryony.
 Lemons can be propagated by budding on trifoliate orange or Rangpur Lime (Citrus
limonica)
 Commonly used rootstocks:
 Rough Lemon: Trifoliate orange
 Rangpur Lime: Sour Lime
 Crop starts bearing from 3rd year after planting.
 Acid lime can be stored for 6-8 weeks at 8-10oC & 85 % RH.
 Lemons for 8-12 weeks at 7-8.5oC at 85-90 % RH.
 Yield: 25 t/ha/year.
 Mandrin Orange: Tangerin / Loose skinned or Jacket orange:
 Temperature: 10-35oC
 pH- 5.5 to 6.5.
 Varieties and their Region:

Varieties Region
Khasi Orange Assam & Meghalya
Coorg Orange Karnatka
Desi Punjab & H.P.
Kinnow Punjab
Nagpur Santra Nagpur (Mature in January-February)

 Season: November – December

 Spacing: (6×6) m
 Planting during May-June & Sep- Oct
 Kinnow HDP- (1.8×1.8) m
 Commercially propagated by seeds.
 Harvest: Starts bearing from 3-5 years after planting in budded plants.
 In case of seedlings 5-6 years.
 Yield: 15-20 t/ha/year.
 A smll crop can be obtained from 4-year-old tree & yield will be higher from
7th year.
 From flowering to maturity: 9 months
 Storage: Stored for many months at 8-10oC & 85-90 % RH.
 Under room temperature, they can be stored well for 3-4 weeks.
 Highly polyembryonic species
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 It occupies 50% area under citrus spp. Cultivated in India
 Mandarins are mostly grown as rainfed condition in India
 Mandarin grown frost free tropical and subtropical regions in India
 Kinnow mandarin grown in alluvial soils
 Kinnow mandarin highly adopted to arid and semiarid irrigated zones of Punjab
 Kinnow mandarin: is the cross of King x Willow leaf
 Interspecific hybrid developed by Dr. H.B. frost at Citrus Experiment station,
California, USA in 1915
 Kinnow was introduced to India (Punjab)-1959
 Kinnow popular in Semi-arid irrigated zone of Punjab and Haryana
 Polyembryony type
 Fruits maturity: Mid-January
 Most of the commercial mandarin cultivars propagated by seeds
 Commercially propagated by T budding (Kinnow and Nagpur Mandarin)
 Commercial mandarin in japan: Satsuma mandarin (seedless)
 Spacing:
 Kinnow: HDP using Troyer citrange as a rootstock: 1.8 m x 1.8m, 3000 plants/ha.
Square system
 Nagpur mandarin: 6 m x 6 m using rough lemon rootstock
 Crop regulation:
 Root pruning is practised in Central and Southern India
 Mandarin blooming period: 3 time/year in South and Central India
 Ambe Bahar: February flowering: Fruit Drop (serious problem)
 Mrig Bahar: June flowering
 Hasth Bahar: October flowering
 Mandarian are highly susceptible to: Water logging.
 Mandarin, sweet orange, acid lime, and grapefruit are highly polyembrynic.
 Spacing of lime, lemon, and sweet orange is 6m×6m.
 Kinnow (King Orange x Willow Leaf) Devloped in USA in 1935 and introduced in
India in 1959 In Panjab.
 Kinnow can be grown in HDP by using Troyer citrange as a rootstock by spacing
the plants at 1.8m×1.8m.
 Sweet orange: C. sinensis
 Rangpur lime is the best rootstock for mosambi.
 ‘T’ budding, or patch budding are most common methods for propagation of sweet
orange.
 Kagzi lime: C. aurantifolia known as Acid lime/Sour lime.
 Acid lime is commonly propagated by seeds
 Kagzi lime is the indicator plant for Tristeza
 Citrus canker is most serious disease of Acid lime.
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 Kinnow mandarin, however, commercially successful in north Indian states like
Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan (under subtropical climate with winter season)
 All citrus fruits are tree ripened (non-climacteric)
 TSS of most of the citrus groups: 8-12%
 Varieties of Kagzi lime(Acid lime): Pramalini(Tolerant to canker)
 Vikram(Offseason and bunch bearing habit)
 Chakradhar(Seedless variety)
 Sai sarbati(Tolerant to tristeza and canker)
 Balaji
 Varieties of sweet orange: Mosambi, Blood red malta, Hamlin, Jaffa, Valencia,
Satgudi, Pineapple, Shamouti
 From flowering to maturity, it takes 9 months.
 Storage: Green coloured fully ripe mandarins can be stored successfully at 8 -10º
C with 85 – 90% RH
 Lime and lemons are stored at 10-12oC with 90-95% RH
6. Sweet Orange:
 pH-6.6-7.5
 Varieties and their regions:
Varieties Region
Mosambi Maharashtra & Andhra Pradesh
Malta (Common) Punjab & Haryana
Satgudi Andhra Pradesh
Malta (Blood red) Punjab

 Ideal season- July to september

 Propagation by budding and rootstocks used are Rangpur Lime and Rough
Lemons.
 Spacing: (7×7) m
 Harvest: yield of crop starts bearing from 5th year after planting.
 Economic yield: upto 20 years after planting.
 Yield: 25-30 t/ha
7. Grapefruit:
 Origin: Malaysia
 Monoembryonic spp.
 Propagation- Air Layering
 Other important varieties of citrus fruit:
 Citrus unshui: Satsuma Mandrin (Seedless)
 Ponkan
 Citrus nobilis (King Mandrin)
 Emperor
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 Clementine (Monoembryonic)
 Kinnow (King× Willow Leaf)
 Dancy tangerine
 Rootstocks used in citrus:
 Rough Lemon: Resistant to tristeza
 Sour Orange
 Sour Lime
 Cleopatra mandarin
 Trifoliate orange
 Citranges: Resistant to citrus nematode
 Rangpur lime: tolerant to Phytophthora foot rot resistant to tristeza virus.
 Karna Khatta: Mostly cultivated in North India.
Grapes
 Botanical name: Vitis vinifera
 Chromosome no.: 2n-38
 Cross Pollinated crop
 Origin: Caucasia-Asia minor
 Study of wine/Cultivation of grapes is known as Viticulture
 Science of wine making: Enology
 Well – drained rich loamy soil with pH of 6.5-7.0.
 Soil depth should be almost 1 m.
 Aroma (Muscat Flavour) In grape due to Methylantranilate.
 Skin Of berry is coverd with wax layer which is called cutin.
 It is subtropical fruit crop but adopted to tropical conditions.
 Summer temperature should not exceed 35°C for grapes cultivation.
 Temperature range for flowering: 18-21°C.
 Tartaric acid is commercially extracted from grapes.
 Type of inflorescence Panicle.
 Type of fruit: Berry
 Type of parthenocarpy: Stermospermocarphy
 Edible portion: Pericarp and placenta.
 Leading raisin grape variety: Thompson seedless.
Propagation and rootstocks:
 Commercially propagation – Hardwood stem cutting
 Phylloxera resistant root stock: Vitis riparia, V. rupestris
 Nematode resistant root stock: Dogridge, Salt creek
 Saline tolerant : Solanis, 1616
 Commercially used growth regulator for cutting : IBA @ 2000 in 10 seconds by
Quick dip method preferred.
 Time of planting: North India- Feb to March
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 Time for cutting: October
 Best grafting for rootstocks: Wedge grafting
 Ready for harvest: 100-120 days after pruning.
 Training: Bower system best for production of potential yield. (80 % in India)
 Pruning:
 Single Pruning: Mostlyin North India (Jan-Feb)
 Double Pruning: Mostly in Maharashtra. Also called as back pruningor foundation
pruning or summer pruning.
 Pruning in Sep.-Oct is called as Forward pruning or fruit pruning or winter pruning.
 Girdling: Removal of ring bark from the trunk: increase the fruit set and fruit size.
 Time of pruning in North India: December to January
 Ideal TSS for processing grapes: 15 0 Brix
 Ideal TSS for raisin grapes: 17° brix Brix
 Export purpose: TSS more than 180 Brix
 20-23°brix is the standard.
 Grapes can economically be stored up to 40-45 days in cold storage. The optimum
storage temperature recommended is -2 to -1.5°C.
 Fe deficiency of grapes is most common in Black soil.
 Major nutrient deficiency in grapes growing area in the world: Mg
 Arka Hans (White Wine) - Bangalore Blue x Anab-e-Shahi
 Arka Neelmani (Red Wine)- Black Champha x Thompson seedless
 Important varieties: Seedless varieties: Crimson seedless, Flame seed less,
Thompson seedless, Perlette, Arka vati, Arka Neelamani, Sonaka Seedless
 Seeded variety: Arka Kanchan, Arka shyam, Muscat, Red globe, Bangalore Blue,
Anab-e-Shahi
 IARI Varieties: Pusa Urvashi, Pusa Navrang, Pusa Swarnika, Pusa Aditi, Pusa
Trissar
 IIHR varieties: Arka Swaeta, Arka majesty, Arka chitra, Arka soma, Arka trishna,
Arka Krishna
 Varieties of special purpose:
 Rasin grapes: Thompson seedless, Arkavati
 Wine grapes: Bangalore blue, Thompson seedless
 Coloured seeded: Banagalore blue, Gulabi
 Coloured seedless: Beauty seedless, shared seedless
 White seeded: Anab-e-shahi, Dilkhush (Clone of Anab-e shahi)
 White seedless: Perlette, Pusa seedless, Thompson seedless.
 Varieties and their region:

Varieties Region
Anab-e-shahi Andhra Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Karnatka
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Bangalore Blue Karnatka
Bhokri Tamilnadu
Gulabi Tamilnadu
Kali Sahebi Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh
Perlette Punjab, Haryana & Delhi
Thompson seedless Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Tamilnadu, Karnatka

 Specific features of varities:

 Self-thinning variety: new perlette
 Cane pruned varities: Pusa seedless, kishmish Charni, Gulabi
 Leading raisin grape variety: Thompson Seedless
 Super Pruned varieties: Perlette, Pusa Seedless, perlette, Black Champa
 Induced table mutants: New Perlette, Niagara, Robin, Cardinal
 Table grapes: Thompson Seedless, Bangalore Blue and Beauty seedless, Arka
Shweta, Arka Majestic and Arka Chitra
 Raisins:
 Raisins are typically sun-dried, but may also be water-dipped, or dehydrated.
 They are produced mostly from seedless varieties such as Black corinth or
Sultana (syn. Thompson seedless)
 The World's largest producers of raisins: Turkey
 Raisin grapes in India: Thompson Seedless, Black Corianth, Gold, Kishmish
beliseedless with high sugar content
 Popular raisin grape variety: Arka Vati and Thomson Seedless
 Juice variety in Tamil Nadu: Gulabhi, Bangalore Blue
 Teinturier variety in India: Pusa Navrang
 Popular raisin grape variety: Thompson seedless and Arka Vati
 Yield
 Seedless: 15 t/ha/yr
 Muscat: 30 t/ha/yr
 Anab-e-shahiand Arka hybrids: 20 t/ha/yr
 Storage Life:
 Anab-e-shahi: 40 days
 Muscat-45 days
 Thompson seedless- 30-60 days
 Storage life in room temperature-7 day
Papaya
 Botanical name: Carica papaya
 Family: Caricaceae
 Origin- Tropical America
 Chromosome no.: 2n= 18
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 Important species:
 Mountain papaya: vasconella candamarcensis (Previously known as Carica
candamarcensis)
 Frost resistant species: V. Candamarcensis and V. pentagona
 Hardiest species: V. quercifolia
 Monoecious species: V. monoica
 The edible fruits are found only in Carica papaya. C. candamarcensis known as
'mountain papaya'
 Tropical fruit tree, mainly grown as a backyard tree.
 Introduced in India during 16th century.
 Soil and climate
 Papaya performs well in tropical climates where summer temperature ranges from
350 C to 38oC.
 It cannot tolerate very hot summer or frost, this limits cultivation in Northern
India.
 Dry warm climate tends to increase sweetness of the fruits.
 Tamil Nadu is an ideal home for growing papaya because of the mild temperatures
and freedom from mosaic and leaf curl virus diseases.
 Papaya is a highly cross-pollinated crop.
 Sensitive to frost, strong winds and highly susceptible to water logging or stagnation.
 Yellow fruit colour pigment of papaya: Due to presence of caricaxanthin.
 Latex is obtained from green papaya fruit.
 Enzyme present in dry latex of papaya (Papain)- Pepsin
 Papain can be also dried artificiaIly at temperature of 50 to 55°c which will attain
better colour and quality.
 Optimum temperature for:
 Papaya cultivation: 30-350C
 Seed germination: 300C
 Vegetative growth: 21-330C
 High temperature (>350C) leads to female sterility.
 Type of fruit: Large fleshy berry.
 Type of inflorescence: Axillary panicles
 Papaya seed is enclosed with gelatinous layer: Sarcotesta.
 Commercially propagated by Seeds
 Seed rate – 500 g/ha.
 Gynodioecious variety: 250-300 gm/ha.
 Dioecious variety: 400-500 gm/ha.
 Two seeds in gynodioecious type or 5 to 6 seeds in dioecious type' should be sown
per poly bag.
 In dioecious varieties: 1:15-20 (male: female).
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 At low temperature perfect flowers on the male tree.
 Spacing: 1.8×1.8 m and Pits of 45cm x 45cm x 45cm size
 High density planting (HDP): 1.2 m×1.2 m (6400 plants/ha): Suitable variety :
Pusa Nanha.
 Spacing for papain production: 1.6m×1.6m
 Best time for planting: Beginning of the South- West monsoon in most parts of
India.
 In south India, June to October and January to March are suitable for planting.
 Planting time:
 Spring: Feb- March
 Monsoon: June- July (Best time)
 Autumn: Oct- Nov
 Irrigation: Water stagnation should be avoided. In most parts of India; papaya are
irrigated once in 8 or 10 days.
 K is required for TSS content of latex and the enzyme activity.
 Best storage of seeds at 10oC (Best for retention of seed viability)
 Growth regulators: GA (50 ppm), ethrel (200ppm) SADH (250ppm) and phosphon
- D (2500ppm) increase the femaleness in dioecious types.
 Milky latex obtained from 70-90 days old mature fruits.
 Transgenic variety: Sunup and Rainbow, Hawaii
 Gynodioecious cultivars: Solo, Sunrise solo, Taiwan (blood red coloured), Thailand,
Waimanalo, Pusa delicious, Pusa majesty, Coorg honey dew,
 Dioecious varieties: Pusa giant, Pusa dwarf, Co-5, Pant C-1, Betty, Hatras gold,
Pusa nanha.
 Surya: Sunrise Solo × Pink flesh Sweet
 High carotene content: Sunrise Solo
 Suitable for papain production: Pusa Majesty
 Highest papain variety: CO-5
 The world first transgenic papaya variety: SunUp
 First transgenic commercially variety: Rainbow
 Harvesting and yield: First crop available in 12-14 months from the time of planting.
 Papaya gives economic crop upto 2 years and thereafter it declines drastically.
 Fruits can be stored for a period of 1-3 weeks at a temperature of 10-13oC & 85-90
% RH.
 High humidity: 80-85 % and temperature 24-26oC promote powdery mildew.
Guava
 Apple of tropics/Poor man’s apple
 Botanical name: Psidium guajava
 Origin- Peru
 Family: Myrtaceae
PrePared by akash sir
 Introduced by Portuguese 17th century in India.
 It is a self-pollinated crop.
 PH ranging from 4.5 to 7.5
 Optimum temperature -23-28oC
 Most suitable fruit crop for Jelly making due to presence of high pectin content.
 Highly sensitive to water logging and frost.
 Trees are resistance to drought.
 Type of fruit: Multiple seeded berry
 Type of inflorescence: Cyme
 Highly cross-pollinated crop (Honeybees)
 Method of propagation: Stooling
 Commercially propagated method: Inarch grafting
 When propagated through seeds, starts bearing from 4-5 years and from vegetative
method it takes 2-3 years.
 Recently CISH, Lucknow recommended wedge grafting suitable for rapid
multiplication.
 Best time of planting: June to July
 Planting: spacing of 5m x 5m.
 Preferable training system: Open center
 Guava yields thrice in a year viz., rainy, Winter and summer
 Guava flowers twice a year, first in April-May for rainy season crop and then in
August – September for winter season crop, In South India, there is a third crop
with flowers appearing in October.
 Bahar Treatment:

Bahar Water stress Flowereing Fruiting

Ambe Bahar (Feb) December-Jan Feb-March July- Aug
Hast Bahar (Oct) August- September Oct- Nov March- April
Mrig Bahar (June) 3 weeks of April June- July Nov.- Dec

 Preferred bahar season:

 South India- Ambe bahar
 North India- Mrig bahar
 Mrig bahar: Most preferred (winter crop) because fruits highly superior in quality.
 Crop Regulation- Practice of Taking winter crop instead of rainy season crop (To
escape the attack of Fruit Fly)
 Harvesting: Time required from flowering to fruit maturity: 130-150 days.
 Harvesting stage: Green firm stage
 For long time: Half mature fruit
 Yield: 800 number of fruits weighing 20-25 kg may be obtained from guava.
PrePared by akash sir
 Average yield: 9t/ha
 10-year-old plant yields: 1000-1500 fruits/year.
 Storage: Mature green & partially ripe guavas are stored at 8-10oC for 2-3 weeks
 Fully ripe guavas- 5-8oC for 1 week at 90-95 % RH
 Varieties:
 Hybrid-45- Allahabad Safeda x Sardar
 Behat Coconut – Seedless Variety
 Arka Mridula- Soft seeded Dwarf Var,
 Pant Prabhat, Harijha(Popular in Bihar),
 Allahabad Safeda(Most popular in Allahabad UP)
 Allahabad Surkha (Pink flesh and large fruited variety
 Chittidar (Highest TSS guava variety (Small red dot presence in skin
 Lucknow-49 known as Sardar
 Arka kiran, Arka Rashmi (Both are pink flesh)
 Apple color (Red skinned variety)
 Lalit (Red color pulp)
 Hafsi (Red flesh)
Litchi
 Queen of subtropical fruit/Fruit of high commerce
 Botanical name: Litchi chinensis
 Family: Sapindaceae
 Chromosome no.: 2n=30
 Origin: South China
 Introduce to India during 18th century period.
 Climatic and soil requirements
 A warm subtropical climate is ideal for the growth and flowering in litchi.
 The winter should be cool as well as dry and devoid of frost (minimum temperature
150C).
 For flowering – 16-22oC with light rainfall.
 For fruit set - 18-24o C with medium humidity.
 During harvest - 24-28oC with bright sunlight and high relative humidity.
 During new flush, 28-30oC with high RH and heavy rainfall.
 The soil pH should be around 5.5.
 Major acid present in the fruits is malic acid.
 Largest producer of litchi in the world: China
 Red colour skin of fruits is due to anthocyanin.
 Starts bearing 6th year onwards.
 Type of inflorescence: Branched panicle
 Flower are petalless.
 Type of fruit: One seeded nut.
PrePared by akash sir
 Edible portion: Aril
 Seedlessness is due to stimulative parthenocarpy.
 Commercially propagated by air layering or gootee or marcottage (July to
September) from 1 year old shoots.
 Girdling done to control the timing of flushes to start when temperatures are ideal
for flowering.
 Harvesting time: May to June
 Highly perishable fruit.
 Post-harvest losses in litchi production about 20-25%
 Non-climacteric fruit.
 Swarna roopa (Seedless)- Highest resistant to fruit cracking 1st variety developed
in India
 Regular bearer varieties: Shahi, Rose Scented & Dehradun
 Alternate bearing: China
 Fruit bunch bearing clone: Shahi
 Flowering, harvest and yield:
 Litchi trees vegetatively propagated come to flower at the age of 3 –5 years.
 Fruits are harvested as bunches, precooled and then stored at 0oC to 1oC.
Botanical classification of temperate fruits:

Fruit Scientific Som Flower Family Type of

crop name atic colour fruit
chro
mos
ome
num
ber
(2n)
Apple Malus 34 White to Rosaceae Pome
domestica pink
Pear Pyrus 34 White Rosaceae Pome
communis (Presenc
e of grit
cells)
Quince Cydonia 34 White or Rosaceae Pome
oblonga pink
Peach Prunus persica 32 Pink Rosaceae Drupe
Plum Prunus spp. 32 White Rosaceae Drupe
Almon Prunus 32 White Rosaceae Drupe
d amygdalus
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Aprico Prunus 32 Yellowish Rosaceae Drupe
at armeniaca red cheek
Walnut Juglands regia 32 - Juglandac Indehisc
eae ent
drupe
Peacan Carya illioensis 32 - Juglandac Nut
ut eae
Pistachi Pistacia vera 30 - Anacardia Dry
o ceae drupe
Europe Castanea sativa 24 - Fagaceae Nut
an
Chestn
ut
Persim Diospyros spp. 60 White Ebenacea Berry
mon e
Cultiva Olea europea 46 - Oleaceae Drupe
ted var. communis
olive

Apple
 Botanical name: Malus domestica
 Family: Rosaceae
 Cidar- Fermented wine prepared from apple
 Start Bearing from 8yr And the Economic life 30 yr
 Chromosome no.: 2n=34
 Origin: Southwestern Asia
 King of temperate fruit/Symbol of health/Premier fruit
of the world.
 It requires 1000 hours of uninterrupted chilling below 7oC.
 A well drained, slightly acidic (pH 6.5 – 6.7)
 Most widely grown temperate fruit in the world.
 Dry temperate region is most suitable for apple cultivation.
 Warm days with 12-15 o C and cool night with 7 – 8o C is favorable for production
of quality fruits in large quantities.
 Apple bowl in India: Himachal Pradesh
 Ideal temperature for growing season is around 21-240C
 Tempreture for pollen germination and Fruit setting- 21.1-26.7 C
 Among the fruits Apple have long storage Life.
 Type of fruit: Pome
 Edible portion: Fleshy thalamus(mesocarp)
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 Varieties: Red Delicious, Golden Delicious, Mclntosh, Lal Ambri
 Dwarfing Rootstocks: M9, M27, M4, M26, MM-106
 Tongue grafting is the ideal method of grafting scion cultivar on the root stock
 Common method of propagation of clonal rootstock of apple: Stooling or mound
layering.
 Most critical period of water requirement in apple: April to august
 Most common method of planting system: Square system
 Major problem: Alternate bearing
 Apple is climacteric fruit.
 Storage temperature: -1.1 to 00c, 85-90% RH, Storage period: 4-8 month
 Harvesting Time- Sep- Dec
 Red delicious is most popular variety in India.
 Ambri: Longest shelf life and indigenous variety of India
 Harvest and yield
 Fruit matures within 130-150 days- after full bloom stage.
 Fully mature when start developing color can be harvested. The normal yield
ranges from 100 – 150 tonnes/ ha in medium density planting.
Pear:
 Pyrus communis
 Family: Rosaceae
 Chromosome: 2n = 2x = 23,
 Origin: Western China
 More tolerant to wet soils but less tolerant to drought than apple
 Italy is the largest producer of pear in the world
 Browning of pears is due to polygalacturonase enzyme activity
 Major acid: Malic acid
 Commercial propagation method: T budding or tongue grarfting
 Quince:
 Commonly used rootstock in the southern India: Country pear (Pyrus pyrifolia)
 Planting time: june-July to October-November
 Training system: Modified central leader system
 Most of the pear cultivars grown in hills are partially self-fruitful
 Intergeneric sterile hybrids:
Sterile Hybrids Parents
Mule Troth Early Peach x Wild goose Plum
Kamdesa Peach x sand cherry
Pyronia Pear x Quince

 Harvesting stage for canning and distant market: Fully mature but firm and green
 Fire blight of pear (Most serious disease) is caused by bacteria (Erwinia amylovora)
PrePared by akash sir
 Physiological disorders:
 Storage disorder: Core break down and scald
 Free from storage disorders: Anjou
 Boron deficiency: Corky tissue, Calyx end rot and blossom blast
 Calcium deficiency: Black end and Cork spot
 Boron deficiency: fruit cracking
 Core break down or brown heart is due to abnormal cool season
 Hard end of pear is due to abnormal cool season
 Hard end of pear is due to unfavourable water conditions
 Pink end is due to abnormal cool season preceding harvest
Plums and prunes
 Prune: Plum with high sugar content.
 Wine and brandy from varieties of high sugar and sorbitol
 Seed oil -40-50%.
 Climate:
 Japanese plum – sensitive to frost (spring flowering) if no spring frost – good.
 Origin
 European plum – Europe
 Japanese plum - China
 Cherry plum - Europe, West Asia
 American plum - N. America
 Modified leader – more common in India.
 Harvest
 Total economic life span 25-35 years.
 Maturity indices: TSS – 12.5°B for European plum
PEACH AND NECTARINES
 Soil: Ideal pH – 5.8 to 6.8.
 Yield: 7-10 tonnes/ha
 Precooling + 0°C storage with 85-90% RH 28-36 days storage.
 Chilling hours at 7.2oC.
 Temperatutre less than 2-3oC does not break dormancy
Ber
 Botanical name: Zyzyphus mauritiana
 Family: Rhamnaceae
 Chromosome no.: 2n=48
 Origin: India or Indochina
 Hardy salt tolerant fruit
 Ideal tree for arid and semi-arid culture.
 Climatic and soil requirements:
 India ber- tropical and subtropical regions
PrePared by akash sir
 Chinese ber-temperate region.
 It can tolerate a high temperature of even 40 o C. It can be grown in an extreme
moisture stress.
 In alkaline soils with high PH (even upto 9.5) and sodic soil.
 It tolerates salinity even to an extent of [Link] per cm. [Link] can be used
even for biological reclamation of saline soils.
 Flower colour: Greenish to yellow.
 Seed dormancy due to hard endocarp.
 Commercially propagated: T or shield budding.
 Best time of planting: July to September
 Type of training system: Modified leader system
 Pruning time for north Indian condition: Mid to end of May
 June to august is the best period for budding for getting maximum bud-take
 Spacing for HDP: 5m*5m
 Low rainfall- 6x6 m
 High rainfall- 8x8 m
 Flowering time: Sept. to Nov.
 Non-climacteric fruit
 Varieties: Gola, Seb , Kaithali, Mehrun, Darakhi, Banarasi, Dandan, Elachi,
 Gola: Early variety(Tolerant to Saline soil)
 Mid-season: Kaithali, Mundia
 Late variety: Umaran
 Tikadi (Tetraploid): Commercial variety of Z. rotundifolia
 Seed dormancy due to hard endocarp
 Best time of planting: July to september
 Type of training system: Modified leader system
 Pruning:
 Ber requires heavy prunig every year
 Flowers bore at current season growth
 Pruning time for north Indian condition: mid-to end of May
 Spacing for HDP: 5m x 5m
 Flowering time: August or September to November
 Non-climacteric fruit
 Katta Paul: Apple’ variety-fruit resembles in shape and colour with apple.
 The tree is a host plant for rearing lac insect (Tachardia laccad). Lac insect rearing
helps in the production of lac. The powder of ber roots has very many medicinal
properties such as cure for ulcer, fever and wounds. The stem bark powder is a
remedy for diarrhea.
 Normal harvesting: Oct-Nov
 Mature time: (March) 150-175 days after flowering
PrePared by akash sir
 Harvesting in North india: Dec- April
 Average yield of 10-20-year-old tree- 100-200 kg/year
 Storage at 3oC, 85-90 % RH for 30-40 days.
Aonla
st
 Fruit of the 21 century /Indian Goose Berry/ Amritphal fruit
 Botanical name: Emblica officinalis
 Family: Euphorbiaceae
 2n=28
 Origin: Central to southern India
 Climate and soil requirements:
 A subtropical fruit can thrive very well in tropical humid conditions also.
 If young plants are protected from both extremes of temperature, the mature trees
can tolerate right from freezing (00C) to as high as 460C.
 In a well-drained loamy soil, the amla trees grow faster
 They also fairly tolerate alkalinity in soils (pH 8.5) and irrigation water.
 Type of fruit: capsule
 Type of inflorescence: Racemose
 Edible portion: Mesocarp & Endocarp
 Propagation by patch budding in north India
 Training System use Modified central leader system
 Budding time: Mid May to mid-August
 Planting time: February to march
Varities Specific feature
Banarasi Early maturity, Shy bearing, Prone to heavy dropping
of fruits, Best For Murramba
Krishna(NA-5) Big, fruited variety
Balwant(NA-10) Fruits skin yellowish with pink tinge
Fransis(Hanthi Jhool) Highly susceptible to necrosis TSS of 120brix
Kanchan(NA-4) Regular bearing, Preferred for pulp extraction
industries
NA-6 Best for candy
Chakiya Alternate bearer, Ideal for making pickles

 Flowering to fruiting: 8 months

 Irrigation during April-June one in 15 days will help to encourage fruit set and
prevent fruit drop. Annual water requirement of 777.6 liters per tree.
 Harvesting time: December to Jan
 Economic yield starts at 4-5 year after planting.
 Harvest and yield:
 Grafted or budded plants -from 5th year or 6th year.
PrePared by akash sir
 Average yield -150 kg/tree/year.
Pomegranate
 Fruit of paradise/National fruit of Iran
 Botanical name: Punica granatum
 Family: Punicaceae
 Origin: Southwest Asia (Iran)
 Pomegranate yields the best quality fruits in areas of cool winter and hot dry summer.
 For proper fruit development and maturity and sweetness, a temperature of 35 – 38o
C is needed.
 Pomogranate juice is usefull for Leprosy Disease
 Red colour in aril and skin due to presence of Anthocyanin.
 National Research center for Pomegranate is located at Solapur, Maharashtra.
 Pomegranate taste is due to Citric acid
 Fruit type: Balusta (Fleshy berry)
 Type of Inflorescence: Hyphanthodium
 Common method of propagation: cutting or Air layering
 Ideal Time for Planting – July – Aug
 Multistem training system is followed in India
 Wild type Anar is known as Daru
 Three distinct flowering season-
 Ambe Bahar: January to February flowering & June- August Harvesting (Most
common favoured by farmers, practised in high rainfall and humid areas.)
 Mrig Bahar: June to July flowering and nov-jan Harvesting (Preferred in dry
Areas)
 Hasth Bahar: Sept. to Oct. flowering and Feb. to April harvesting (Preferred for
Export purpose)
 Non climacteric fruit
 Fruit ready for harvest : 120-130 days After fruit set
 Harvesting stage: Colour change to Yellowish red.
 The fruits are ready for harvest in about 5-7 months after the appearance of
blossoms.
 During 4th year the tree bears25-30 fruits
 After 10th year tree bears 150-200 fruits per year.
 Cultivars and varieties :
 Hard seeded types :
 Kandhari
 Musker Red
 Alandi or Vadki
 Kabul
 Soft seeded types:
PrePared by akash sir
 Dholka: It is the commercial variety of Gujarat.
 Paper Shell
 Spanish Ruby
 Ganesh - Selection from Alandi, Very soft seeded, well known as cultivar.
 CO-1: It is a selection developed at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University,
Coimbatore with purple aril and soft seeds.
 Miridula : Fruit weight about 250 g juice sweet, TSS 16.32%, acidity 0.47%.
Seeds softer than Ganesh.
 Ruby: A multiple cross hybrid developed at IIHR, for aril colour and seed
mellowness. Ganesh x Kabul
 Amlidana : It is an F1 hybrid (Ganesh x Nana)
 Other varities
 Bhagwa(Kesar): Leading variety in Maharashtra, Also known as Sinduri,
Mastani, Jai Maharashtra
 Jyoti: Grow in Gujrat
 Phule arkata, Goma Khatta, Hyti, Muscat
 Wonderfull – Origin from USA Avg. Fruit Size -700 gm
 Solapur Lal: Biofortified variety (High Fe & Zn)
 Storage:
 At 0oC, 80-85% RH for 2 months
 At 5oC, 90-95 % RH for 2 months
 Internal Break down/Blackenning of arils: Disintegration of arils in matured fruits
is serious malady
 Fruit cracking of pomegranate is due of deficiency of
 Calcium, boron and potash
 Soil moisture imbalance
 Sudden fluctuation of day and night temperature
Datepalm (Century Plant)
 Botanical name: Phoenix dactylifera
 Origin- Iraq And Egypt
 Family: Palmae
 Monocotyledons, unbranched stem tree
 Dioecious fruit crop
 Fermented Product- Arrack
 Drink of Datepalm- Debbis
 Date palm tolerate high soil salinity.
 Ideal mean temperature for flowering and ripening
of fruits: 25-290c.
 Type of Inflorescence: spadix
 Type of Fruit: Drupe
 PrePared by akash sir
 Type of pollination: Highly cross pollination
 Male: Female- 2-3:100
 Commercially propagation: Seeds, Offshoots
 Wt. of Matured Offshoots 25-35 kg
 Spacing:
 Commercially spacing of 6 to 8 metre is adopted.
 In India a spacing of 3 – 4 metre is adopted.
 Metaxenia is a common problem in Datepalm.
 In India date harvested at Doka Stage (70-80% moisture).
 Soft dates harvested at pind stage
 For fresh eating dates are harvested or preferred at dang (Translucent and starts
softening) stage.
 For fresh consumption dates are harvested at peak of Doka (Colour turns green to
yellow) stage
 For storage purpose dates are harvested at tamar or pind (Attain full mature) stage.
 Varities-Halawy (Most popular variety in India) and Khunezi.
 Semi-dry: Dayari, Thoory.

 Processing:
 The fruits have to be harvested at doka stage during June – August.
 The fruits harvested at doka stage have to be dipped in boiling water for 5 minutes
followed by dehydration in electric oven at 500C for 160 hours or in solar drier
to obtain best quality ‘Chhuhara’ which is the commercial date or produce of
commerce.
 Doka fruits are useful for processing of Chhuhara (recovery would be 33 –
35%.)
 The different stages of development of fruit are as follows:

Name Arabic name Stage Fruit quality

Gandara Chimiri 4-13 Weeks after Hard, Green Colour
pollination
Doka Khalal 13-17 weeks after Hard, yellow, pink or red
pollination may
be sweet or astringent,
Edible
stage.
Dang Rutab 17-21 weeks after Fruits soften at tip, edible
pollination stage.
PrePared by akash sir
Pind Tamer 21-22 weeks after Fully ripe 60-84% TSS,
pollination edible stage.

Pineapple
 BN: Ananas comosus
 Varieties: Kew, Mauritius and Queen
 Recently State Fruit of Tripura.
 Soil and Climate:
 Mild tropical climate is best suited.
 Can be grown in plains under shade.
 Soil pH 5.5 to 7.0 is preferable
 Optimum temperature is from 15oC to 32oC.
 High temperature over 35oC is unfavourable
for development.
 Exposure of pineapple to temperature < 7oC results in chilling injury.
 Planting: Use suckers and slips of 300-350 g weight for planting.
 Season: July – September
 Propagation:
 Main propagated materials; crown, slips, suckers
 Crowns (fruit tops) produces fruits at after 18-24 months
 Slips (shoots borne on vestigial fruits at the base of the fruit), produces fruits at
after 15-20 months.
 Suckers (shoots borne at any position on the stem) produces fruits at after 12-17
months
 Ideal plant material: slips (350 g) and sucker (450 g)
 Best planting material: slips (300-450 g)
 After cultivation: To increase the size of the fruit, 200-300 ppm NAA should be
sprayed after fruit formation.
 Crop duration: 18-24 months
 Yield: 50 t/ha
 A plant crop and two ratoon crops are normally taken and in Mauritius variety
up to five crops can be taken.
 For long distance transportation, fruits are held at 7oC for 10-20 days.
 Storage:
 In tropical areas, partially ripe, healthy and undamaged pineapple could be stored
for almost 20 days when refrigerated at 10-13oC, with RH 85-90 %.
 Fruits harvested in early stage of ripening are stored at 7-10oC.
 Disorders:
 Multiple crowns: In variety kew
 Fruit and crown fascination: Ca or Zinc deficiency or high fertility of soil.
PrePared by akash sir
Jack fruit
 BN-Artocarpus heterophyllus
 Recently declared as State fruit of Kerela
 Edible portion: The fleshy carpel (which is botanically the perianth) .
 Hundred-gram edible portion contains (88 Kcal of energy)
 The timber is valuable in construction and furnishing.
 Climatic and soil requirements:
 Jack grows well and gives food yield in warm humid climate.
 Temperature-22-35o C will be ideal.
 It cannot tolerate frost as well as drought.
 pH 6.0 – 6.5 and perfect drainage is ideal.
 Propagation and planting:
 Commercially inarching on 10 months old jack seedlings is done to produce
vegetative progenies.
 Rudrakshi and A. hirsute are also used as rootstocks.
 Training: Jacks are trained to single stem, for a height of 1.5 – 2 M and then scaffold
branches should be permitted to arise.
 The male inflorescence (catkins) is seen in the current season growth while female
catkins are produced as cauliflorus (on trunk and main scaffold).
 Harvest and yield:
 Normally jack starts producing fruits from 7th – 8 th year onwards.
 Grafted plants can start yield from 4th to 5th year itself.
 Normally the fruits will be available from March to June.
 Even in plains certain genotypes bear an off-season crop during October –
December.
 The yield ranges from 20 to 100 fruits/tree.
 The fruit weight varies from 10 to 30 kg.
Sapota
 Botanical name: Manilkhara achras
 Climate and soil requirement: Tropical fruit.
 It prefers dry and humid areas. Coastal climate is the best suited. It is a hardy tree.
 Optimum temperature-11°C and 34°C.
 Propagation: Grafted plants on Manilkhara hexandra (Pala) root stock.
 Commericial Propagation: Inarching/ Approach grafting
 Season of planting-June to December.
 Spacing: 8 x 8 m.
 High density planting 8 x 4 m
 Harvest: Mature fruits are dull brown in colour. Dried spines like stigma at the tip
of fruit falls off easily when touched.
 Yield: 20-25 t/ha/year
PrePared by akash sir
 Yield starts from 3 rd year of planting.
JAMUN
 BN: Syzygium cumini
 Family: Myrtaceae.
 It is a evergreen tree of tropical and subtropical regions.
 Origin: India or East Indies.
 Hardy fruit. It is drought tolerant.
 Flowering and fruiting: The flowering start in first week of March and continues
upto April end.
 The pollination is done by honeybee, houseflies and wind.
 Harvest and yield: The seedling trees start bearing after 10 years, while the
vegetatively propagated progenies come to bearing in 5- 6 years.
 However, if necessary they can be stored for 3 weeks at 9oC and 85 – 90% RH.
 They yield ranges from 70 – 100 kg /tree/ year.
MANGOSTEEN
 BN: Garcinia mangostana
 Mangosteen is queen of fruits
 Large tree growing up to 10-15 m.
 It is considered as the finest fruit of the world.
 Native to Malay Archipelago and Moluccas islands.
 Fleshy soft, well-developed aril is the edible portion
 Propagation:
 Vegetative propagation: Air-layering, grafting or budding
 Plants are planted at 10 m x 10 m spacing.
 Harvest and yield:
 Harvested at 90 days after full bloom when they are completely mature but still
green.
 Starts bearing in 7 years.
 2 crops (August – October (main crop) and April-June)
 A 20 years old tree will yield 23-25 kg.
 Physiological disorders
 Gamboge and fruit splitting
 Heavy and continuous rains during fruit ripening favour gambodge and fruit splitting
in certain locations
PLUMS AND PRUNES
 Prune: Plum with high sugar content.
 Wine and brandy from varieties of high sugar and sorbitol
 Seed oil -40-50%.
 Climate:
 Japanese plum – sensitive to frost (spring flowering) if no spring frost – good.
PrePared by akash sir
 Origin
 European plum – Europe
 Japanese plum - China
 Cherry plum - Europe, West Asia
 American plum - N. America
 Modified leader – more common in India.
 Harvest
 Total economic life span 25-35 years.
 Maturity indices: TSS – 12.5°B for European plum
PEACH AND NECTARINES
 Soil: Ideal pH – 5.8 to 6.8.
 Yield: 7-10 tonnes/ha
 Precooling + 0°C storage with 85-90% RH 28-36 days storage.
 Chilling hours at 7.2oC.
 Temperatutre less than 2-3oC does not break dormancy