ZOOLOGY

UNIT-1: Animal Kingdom

Characteristics-
 Multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophic
 Cells without cell wall
 Capable of movement and locomotion
 Possess nervous system and sense organs
 Reproduce sexually

Introduction
 30 phyla have been recognized [10 major]
 Animals are classified on the basis of presence or absence of notochord
 Notochord- a mid dorsal tubular supportive rod made up of vacuolated cells
 Non-chordates and chordates
 Invertebrates and vertebrates
 ‘Chorda’= string and ‘ata’= bearing

Animal phyla
• Phylum- Porifera
• Phylum- Cnidaria/ Coelenterata
• Phylum- Ctenophora
• Phylum- Platyhelminthes
• Phylum- Aschelminthes
• Phylum- Annelida
• Phylum- Arthropoda
• Phylum- Mollusca
• Phylum- Echinodermata
• Phylum- Hemichordata
• Phylum- Chordata

Criteria for classification

• Grades of organization- cellular, tissue, organ system
• Body plans- cell aggregate, blind sac and tube within tube
• Body symmetry- radial, bilateral and asymmetry
• Germ layers- diploblastic and triploblastic
• Body cavity [coelom]- acoelomate, pseudocoelomate and coelomate

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• Segmentation/ metamerism
• Skeleton- exoskeleton and endoskeleton
• Types of circulation of body fluids- open and closed
• Notochord

Classification
Phylum- Porifera
 Pore bearing
 Solitary as well as colonial, mostly marine, sedentary
 Cellular grade organization/ cell aggregate plan
 Most show asymmetry
 Many cells with little division of labour
 Colony of different types of cells-
o choanocytes
o archeocytes/ amoebocytes
o pinacocytes

• Body with ostia and osculum

• Body wall shows outer epidermis and inner gastrodermis separated by mesohyl containing supporting
structures like spicules & spongin fibres
• Spongocoel
• The water is circulated through ‘canal system’
• Reproduction- asexual as well as sexual
o Asexual reproduction by fragmentation and gemmule formation
o Sexual reproduction by formation of gametes and internal fertilization
• Larval stage- amphiblastula
e.g.- Scypha, Euspongia, Euplectella

Phylum- Coelenterata/ Cnidaria

• Possess coelenteron [gastro-vascular cavity]
• Sedentary, some free swimming
• Radially symmetrical, tissue grade organization
• Diploblastic with blind sac pattern
• Dimorphic / Two body forms- polyp and medusa
• Polyp- cylindrical, sessile, feeding form
• Medusa- umbrella shaped, free living, reproducing form
• Metagenesis
• Mouth is surrounded by tentacles
• Tentacles bear specialized cells- cnidocytes with nematocysts [for offence and defense]
• Primitive nervous system- nerve net
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• Reproduction- asexual and sexual
o Asexual reproduction by budding and regeneration
o Sexual reproduction by gamete formation
• Larval stage- Planula
e.g.- Hydra, Aurelia, Physalia, Adamsia, Diploria, Gorgonia, Obelia

Phylum- Ctenophora
• Very few members hence considered as minor phyla
• Commonly called comb jellies or sea walnuts
• Exclusively marine, free swimming
• Diploblastic, radially symmetrical, blind sac pattern, tissue level organization
• Bioluminescence is a characteristic feature
• Cnidoblasts are absent hence acnidarians
• Collablasts [sticky cells] present
e.g.- Pleurobrachia, Ctenoplana

PORIFERA CNIDARIA CTENOPHORA

Distinctive feature Porous body Cnidoblasts present, body Body jelly like with 8
with coelenteron comb plates
Habitat Aquatic [fresh & marine Aquatic [fresh & marine Aquatic- exclusively
water] water] marine
Motility Sedentary Sedentary, some free Free swimming
swimming
Body plan Cell aggregate plan Blind sac plan Blind sac plan

Level of Cellular level Tissue level organization Tissue level

organization organization organization
Symmetry Asymmetrical Radially symmetrical Radially symmetrical
Germ layers Diploblastic Diploblastic Diploblastic

Digestion Intracellular Intra and extracellular Intra and extracellular

Segmentation Absent Absent Absent

Special feature Canal system Metagenesis- polyp and Bioluminescence

medusa forms
Mono/ dioecious Bisexual Bisexual Bisexual
Reproduction Asexual & sexual Asexual & sexual Only sexual
reproduction reproduction reproduction
Fertilization & Internal & indirect Internal/ external & External & indirect
development indirect
Examples Sycon Physalia Pleurobrachia
Spongilla Adamsia Ctenoplana
Euspongia Pennulata
Gorgonia
Meandrina
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Phylum- Platyhelminthes
• Parasitic forms have cuticle on body, hooks and suckers
• Digestive system incomplete, in some absent
• Excretion by flame cells/ protonephridia
• Nervous system with nerve ring and nerve cord
• Hermaphrodite, show self fertilization
• Larval stage- Miricidium
• High power of regeneration
e.g- Planaria, Taenia, Fasciola

Phylum Aschelminthes
• The body of aschelminthes is long, cylindrical and circular in cross-section hence the name round worms.
• They are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic and pseudocoelomate.
• Thread worms/ round worms, mostly parasitic
• Body wall muscular covered with cuticle
• Body wall with longitudinal muscles
• Digestive system complete
• Excretion by canals and giant cell called renette cell.
• Nervous system with nerve ring and nerves
• Sexes separate, some show sexual dimorphism
• Fertilization internal
• Larval stage- rhabditiform, filariform
e.g- Ascaris, Wuchereria, Ancylostoma

Phylum- Annelida
• Ring worms/ segmented worms [metamerism]
• Free living, some parasitic
• Aquatic, some burrowing
• Bilaterally symmetrical, metameric segmentation, true coelomate
• Some develop a red-brown band in the anterior region at maturity called clitellum
• Body wall with longitudinal and circular muscles
• Locomotion by setae, parapodia and suckers
• Digestive system complete
• Respiration- cutaneous i.e. through skin
• Excretion and osmoregulation- by nephridia
• Nervous system- nerve ring and nerve cor4.
• Nerve cord is double, ventral, solid and ganglionate4.
• Circulation- closed, Hb in plasma
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• Mostly hermaphodite, some unisexual
• Larval stage- Trochophore [earthworms do not have larval stage]
• Some sanguivorous [Leech saliva contains hirudin- an anticoagulant]
e.g- Pheretima, Nereis, Hirudinaria

PLATYHELMINTHES ASCHELMINTHES ANNELIDA

Distinguishing Flat worms Round worms Segmented animals
character
Habitat Aquatic Aquatic, some terrestrial Aquatic, some
terrestrial
Motility Free swimming, mostly Mostly parasitic Free swimming, some
parasitic parasitic
Body plan Blind sac plan Tube within tube plan Tube within tube plan
Level of Organ & organ system Organ system organization Organ system
organization level organization organization
Symmetry Bilateral Bilateral Bilateral

Germ layers & Triploblastic, Triploblastic, Triploblastic,

coelom acoelomate pseudocoelomate coelomate
Digestive system Incomplete Complete complete
Segmentation Absent Absent Presentation

Excretion Flame cells Protonephridia Nephridia

[protonephridia]
Mono/ dioecious Bisexual Unisexual, sexual Bisexual/ unisexual
dimorphism
Reproduction Asexual as well as sexual Sexual Sexual
Fertilization & Self fertilization & Internal & direct/indirect Internal/ external &
development indirect direct/ indirect
Examples Planaria Ascaris Nereis
Fasciola Wuchereria Pheretima
Taenia Ancylostoma Hirudinaria

Phylum Arthropoda
• This is the largest phylum of Animalia which includes insects.
• They have jointed appendages (arthros-joint, poda-appendages).
• They are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, segmented [metamerism] and eucoelomate animals.
• The body consists of head, thorax and abdomen.
• Omnipresent
• Solitary, some colonial
• Free living [barnacles are sedentary]
• Parasitic arthropods are sanguivorous
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• Chitinous exoskeleton, exhibit moulting/ ecdysis
• Possess legs for locomotion, some have wings
• Digestive system- complete with fore, mid and hind-gut
• Mouthparts evolved for chewing, biting, etc
• Respiratory organs are gills, book gills, book lungs or tracheal system.
• Circulatory system is of open type with haemocoel
• Excretion takes place by green glands or by malpighian tubules or coxal glands
• Nervous system- nerve ring and nerve cord
• Sense organs- antennae, compound eyes, taste receptors
• Sexes separate, show sexual dimorphism
• Fertilization is usually internal. They are mostly oviparous.
• Development may be direct or indirect.
• Larval stage- Nauplius
• Some show parthenogenesis
• Some exhibit polymorphism
• Some economically imp, some harmful
Classification-
• Class- Crustacea. E.g- Prawn, Crab, Lobster
• Class- Insecta. E.g- Cockroach, Locusta, Bombyx, Apis, Limulus, Laccifer, Butterfly
• Class- Arachnida. E.g- Spider, Scorpion, Tick, Mite
• Class- Myriapoda. E.g- Centipede, Millipede

Phylum Mollusca
• 2nd largest phylum
• Wide spread habitats: Marine, Freshwater or Terrestrial
• Benthoic, some pelagic
• Body plan: tube within tube, bilateral symmetry
• Body with head, foot and visceral hump
• Visceral hump enclosed in mantle which secretes calcareous shell
• Mantle cavity has gills/ ctenidia for respiration and excretion
• Digestive system complete [‘U’ shaped in gastropods]
• Mouth has file-like rasping organ called radula
• Locomotion by arms or foot
• Circulatory system- open, blue pigment [haemocyanin] in blood
• Excretion by organs of Bojanus.
• Nervous system with 3 pairs of ganglia connected by commissures and connectives
• Sense organs- sensory tentacles, eyes and osphradia
• Dioecious, oviparous and indirect development
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• Larval stage- Veliger

Classification-
• Class- Polyplacophora. E.g- Chaetopleura
• Class- Gastropoda. E.g- Pila, Aplysia
• Class- Pelecypoda. E.g- Unio, Pinctada [pearl oyster]
• Class- Cephalopoda. E.g- Loligo, Sepia
• Class- Scaphopoda. E.g- Dentalium

Phylum-Echinodermata
• Body covered with spines
• Exclusively marine
• Solitary, some gregarious, benthoic
• Adult radially symmetrical, larvae bilaterally
• Triploblastic, coelomate with different shapes
• Endoskeleton of calcareous ossicles
• Respiration by peristomial gills, papillae, respiratory tree, etc
• Digestive system- complete with mouth on oral side, anus on aboral side
• Carnivorous feed on molluscs
• Locomotion with arms and tubefeet
• Circulatory and excretory system absent
• Sexes separate
• Fertilization external, development indirect
• Larval stage- bipinnaria [star fish]
• Water vascular system-
Madreporite
Stone canal
Ring canal
Radial canal
Lateral canal
tubefeet

• Nervous system- nerve ring and radial nerves

• Dioecious, some bisexual
• Fertilization external, development indirect
• They have a remarkable power of regeneration
e.g- Asterias, Ophiothrix, Echinus, Cucumaria, Antedon
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ARTHROPODA MOLLUSCA ECHINODERMATA
Distinguishing Jointed appendages Soft body with mantle Spiny bodied
character invertebrates
Habitat Omnipresent Aquatic, some terrestrial Exclusively marine
Symmetry Bilateral Bilateral, asymmetry in Adults- radial symmetry
some Larvae- bilateral
Body divisions Head, thorax & Head, foot & visceral Star shaped, spherical,
abdomen mass cylindrical
Segmentation Present Absent Absent
Skeleton Chitinous Calcareous shell Calcareous ossicles
Locomotion Legs, wings in some Foot and arms Water vascular system
[WVS]
Respiratory organs Gills, bookgills, Feather like gills in Peristomial gills, Water
booklungs or trachea mantle cavity vascular system
Excretory system Malpighian tubules, Organ of Bojanus Absent
green glands [kidneys]
Sensory structures Antennae, eyes, Sensory tentacles on Tube feet of WVS
statocyst head
Nervous system Nerve ring and nerve Ganglia connected by Nerve rings and radial
cord commissures and nerves
connectives
Fertilization & Internal, direct or External or internal, External and indirect
development indirect indirect
Examples Apis Pila Asterias
Bombyx Pinctada Echinus
Laccifer Sepia Antedon
Anopheles Loligo Cucumaria
Culex Octopus Ophiura
Aedes Aplysia
Locusta Dentalium
Limulus Chaetopleura

Phylum Hemichordata
• Worm-like marine animals
• Organ-system level of organization.
• Link between non-chordates and chordates
• Found in burrows of sand
• Commonly called acorn worms
• Body vermiform, fragile, unsegmented
• Body consists of proboscis, collar and trunk
• Buccal cavity has buccal diverticulum
• Mostly free living,
• Rhabdopleura sedentary
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• Bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, coelomate
• Feed on micro-organisms by ciliary action
• Digestive system complete
• Circulatory system- open, blood colourless
• Nervous system embedded in epidermis on dorsal and ventral sides
• Respiration through paired gills which open by gill slits
• Excretory organ is proboscis gland/ glomerulus
• Fertilization external, development indirect
• Larval stage- Tornaria
e.g- Balanoglossus, Saccoglosus, Rhabdopleura

Phylum- Chordata
• Haemoglobin in RBCs

• Blood flow forward in ventral, backward in dorsal vessels

• Chordates are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, have a well developed coelom and a complete digestive
system

• Chordates are further classified based on changes in notochord

• All vertebrates are chordates but all chordates are not vertebrates
Phylum Chordata is divided into three subphyla:
Subphylum Urochordata
Subphylum Cephalochordata
Subphylum Vertebrata

Urochordata
• Exclusively marine
• Commonly called tunicates
• Soft body covered with test [tunicine]
• Notochord in the tails of larvae
• Tail gets lost during metamorphosis
• Pharynx with many gill slits
• Many pharyngeal gills
• Closed circulatory system
• Larval stage- Tadpole
e.g- Herdmania, Salpa, Doliolum

Cephalochordata
• Exclusively marine
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• Also called lancelets partly buried in sea bed
• Small fish like
• Notochord throughout length present throughout life
• Myotomes are present
• Closed circulatory system
• Larval stage- Ammocoetes
e.g- Branchiostoma [Amphioxus]

HEMICHORDATA UROCHORDATA CEPHALOCHORDATA

Distinguishing Connecting link Notochord in the tail of Notochord head to tail
character larvae
Habitat Marine Marine Marine
Symmetry Bilateral Bilateral Bilateral
Body divisions Proboscis, collar and Sac like tunic with 2 Elongated, fusiform
trunk canals
Circulatory system open open closed
Respiratory organs Gills Gills Skin, little by gill slits
Excretory system Proboscis gland Diffusion through body Nephridia
[glomerulus] surface
Nervous system Two nerve cords Brain & nerves Dorsal nerve cord
Fertilization & External & indirect Internal & indirect External & indirect
development
Examples Balanoglossus, Ascidia, Branchiostoma
Saccoglossus, Salpa,
Rhabdopleura Doliolum,
Herdmania
Connecting link between
non-chordates and
chordates

Subphylum Vertebrata
Division Agnatha
• This division includes the lowest or most primitive vertebrates, which are without jaws.
• They include only one class of living vertebrates, the cyclostomat1.

Class Cyclostomata
• All living members of the class Cyclostomata are ectoparasites on some fishes.
• They have an elongated body bearing 6-15 pairs of gill slits for respiration.
• Cyclostomes have a sucking and circular mouth without jaws.
• Their body is devoid of scales and paired fins.
• Cranium and vertebral column cartilagenous
• Circulation closed, heart 2- chambered
• Digestive system without stomach
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• Intestine with typhlosole
• Reproductive system with one gonad, no gonoduct
• Fertilization external
• Marine but migrate to fresh water for spawning [anadromous]
e.g- Petromyzon [Lamprey], Myxine [Hag fish]

Division Gnathostomata
Superclass: Pisces
• Aquatic, streamlined body
• Poikilothermic
• Exoskeleton of scales
• Endoskeleton- cartilaginous or bony
• Locomotion by paired and unpaired fins
• Respiration by gills
• Heart- 2 chambered, venous
• Oviparous
• Fertilization- external or internal
• Development- direct or indirect
• Presence of lateral line sense organs [Rheoreceptors]

Chondrichthyes Osteichthyes
Cartilagenous endoskeleton Bony endoskeleton
Gills- 5 pairs without operculum Gills- 4 pairs with operculum
Placoid scales Cycloid and ctenoid scales
Heterocercal tail fin Homocercal tail fin
Ventral mouth Terminal mouth
Demersal pelagic
Air bladder absent Air bladder present
Males with claspers Males without claspers

Class- Chondrichthyes
• Notochord is persistent throughout life.
• Heart- 2 chambered, venous

Class- Osteichthyes
• It includes both marine and fresh water fishes with bony endoskeleton.
• They have four pairs of gills which are covered by an operculum on each side.

CYCLOSTOMATA CHONDRICHTHYES OSTEICHTHYES

Distinguishing Circular jawless mouth, Cartilaginous jawed fish Bony jawed fish
character eel like [Notochord persists]
Habitat Marine or fresh water Marine or fresh water Marine or fresh water
Symmetry Bilateral Bilateral Bilateral
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Skeleton Cartilaginous Cartilaginous Bony

Locomotion Unpaired median fins Unpaired and paired fins Unpaired and paired fins
Respiratory organs Gills without operculum Gills without operculum Gills with operculum
Excretory system Kidneys Kidneys Kidneys
Nervous system Brain & spinal cord Brain & spinal cord Brain & spinal cord
Fertilization & External & indirect Internal & indirect External & indirect
development
Examples Petromyzon, Myxine Scoliodon, Bombay duck,
Trygon, Stromateus
Torpedo Exocoetus,
Pristis Hippocampus,
Sphyrna Pomfret,
Pristis Labeo,
Catla
Clarias
Protopterus
Lepidosiren
Betta
Pterophyllum

Division Gnathostomata
Superclass Tetrapoda:
• These animals bear two pairs of appendages.
• Some animals like snake are limbless.

Class Amphibia
• As the name indicates (Gr., Amphi : dual, bios, life), amphibians can live in aquatic as well as terrestrial
habitats.
• Most of them have two pairs of limbs. Body is divisible into head and trunk. Tail may be present in some. The
amphibian skin is moist (without scales). The eyes have eyelids.

Class Amphibia
• A tympanum represents the ear. Alimentary canal, urinary and reproductive tracts open into a common
chamber called cloaca which opens to the exterior.
• Respiration is by gills in larvae
• In adults, respiration by lungs, skin and buccopharynx

Class Reptilia
• The class name refers to their creeping or crawling mode of locomotion (Latin, repere or reptum, to creep or
crawl).
• They are mostly terrestrial animals and their body is covered by dry and cornified skin, epidermal scales or
scutes.
• Tympanum represents ear.
• Limbs, when present, are two pairs.
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Class Aves
• The characteristics features of Aves (birds) are the presence of feathers and most of them can fly
• They possess beak. The forelimbs are modified into wings.
• Endoskeleton is fully ossified (bony) and the long bones are hollow with air cavities (pneumatic).
• The digestive tract of birds has additional chambers, the crop and gizzard.
• Females with ovary and oviduct only on one side
• Teeth and urinary bladder absent

Class Mammalia
• The most unique mammalian characteristic is the presence of milk producing glands (mammary glands)
• The skin of mammals is unique in possessing hair.
• Enucleated RBCs
• Presence of diaphragm
• Parental care
• External ears or pinnae are present. Different types of teeth are present in the jaw [heterodont].

AMPHIBIA REPTILIA AVES MAMMALIA

Habitat Dual mode Terrestrial Aerial Terrestrial
Thermoregulation Poikilothermic Poikilothermic Homeothermic Homeothermic
Exoskeleton Absent Scales, scutes Feathers, scales Hair, fur
Endoskeleton Bony Bony Pneumatic bones Bony
Locomotion Limbs Limbs, creeping Wings, limbs Limbs
Respiration Cutaneous & Pulmonary Pulmonary with Pulmonary
pulmonary air sacs
Heart 2 chambered 3 chambered Imperfectly 4 Perfectly 4
chambered chambered
Eggs Oviparous Oviparous Oviparous Viviparous
Fertilization Fertilization- Internal Internal Internal
external
Development Indirect Direct Direct Direct
Rana Naja Columba Pteropus
Hyla Hemidactylus Psittacula Rattus
Bufo Chelonia Struthio Macaca
Salamandra Crocodilus Kiwi Elephus
Ichthyophis Testudo Aptenodytes Camelus
Chameleon Corvus Canis
Bangarus Neophron Felis
Vipera Passer Equus
Pavo Macropus
Ornithorhynchus
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EXERCISE- [LEVEL 1]
1. Phylum cnidaria includes
1. Cockroach 2. Balanoglossus
3. Planaria 4. Hydra
2. Animals are broadly classified into
1. Agnatha and gnathostomata 2. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes
3. Chordates and non chordates 4. Producers and consumers
3. ------- is made up of tightly packed vacuolated cells.
1. Nerve cord 2. Notochord 3. Heart 4. Pharyngeal gill
4. in term chordata, 'chorda' means
1. Back 2. String 3. Bearing 4. Column
5. The ectoparasites like leeches are
1. Sanguivorous 2. Predatory
3. Frugivorous 4. Carnivorous
6. ------- are sedentary arthropods
1. Grasshoppers 2. Millipedes
3. Bugs 4. Barnacles
7. Arthropods shed off their exoskeleton periodically. This is called
1. Moulting 2. Regeneration
3. Parthenogenesis 4. Metamerism
8. Triploblastic animals possess an additional third germ layer called
1. Ectoderm 2. Mesoderm 3. Mesoglea 4. Endoderm
9. In platyhelminthes, the ------- system is made up of flame cells
1. Cirulatory 2. Nervous 3. Digestive 4. Excretory
10. -------- is the largest and most successful phylum
1. Mollusca 2. Annelida 3. Chordata 4. Arthropoda
11. Complete digestive system means
1. Absence of digestive system
2. Intracellular digestion
3. Single opening in the digestive system
4. Presence of mouth and anus
12. The term solitary means
1. Attached to substratum 2. Flat 3. Live alone 4. Free swimming
13. In mollusca, the asymmetry in body is due to
1. Parthenogenesis 2. Torsion
3. Ecdysis 4. Shell
14. ------ is the space between the body wall and alimentary canal.
1. Coelom 2. Coelenteron 3. Mesoglea 4. Gastrovascular cavity
15. Members of platyhelminthes are
1. With coelenteron 2. Acoelomates
3. Pseudocoelomates 4. With cell aggregate plan
16. Presence of water vascular system is a characteristic of phylum
1. Annelida 2. Arthropoda 3. Mollusca 4. Echinodermata
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17. In some animals, like cockroach, the body cavity is filled with bloo4. This is called
1. Coelenteron 2. Haemolymph
3. Haemocoel 4. Haemopoiesis
18. Body segmentation is called
1. Metamerism 2. Coelom 3. Symmetry 4. Body plan
19. ------- has exoskeleton as well as endoskeleton.
1. Earthworm 2. Cockroach 3. Cobra 4. Snail
20. The term annulus means
1. Joint 2. Ring 3. Curved 4. Stiff
21. In mollusca, --------- are present for testing the purity of surrounding water.
1. Osphradia 2. Organs of bojanus
3. Protonephridia 4. Commissures of ganglia
22. Fish shows
1. Bilateral symmetry 2. Radial symmetry
3. Asymmetry 4. Blind sac pattern
23. Penial setae are for ----- in ascaris
1. Copulation 2. Excretion 3. Nutrition 4. Circulation
24. Cellular grade of organization without tissue formation is seen in
1. Hydra 2. Taenia 3. Aurelia 4. Sponge
25. Animals without vertebral column are called
1. Chordates 2. Non- chordates 3. Invertebrates 4. Vertebrates
26. Identify invertebrate chordate group from the following.
1. Cephalochordata 2. Agnatha
3. Gnathostomata 4. Cyclostomata
27. Identify the odd one w.r.t. category.
1. Herdmania 2. Doliolum 3. Amphioxus 4. Salpa
28. Lancelets belong to subphylum
1. Hemichordata 2. Cephalochordata
3. Urochordata 4. Vertebrata
29. -------- are also called tunicates.
1. Hemichordates 2. Urochordates
3. Vertebrates 4. Cephalochordates
30. Lampreys and hagfishes are
1. Cyclostomes 2. Cephalochordates
3. Urochordates 4. Gnathostomes
31. -------- does not have paired fins
1. Scoliodon 2. Saw fish 3. Myxine 4. Labeo
32. ------ are male copulatory organs in cartilagenous fish.
1. Barbels 2. Claspers 3. Pelvic fins 4. Operculum
33. --------- is a bony fish.
1. Hippocampus 2. Electric ray
3. Saw fish 4. Hammer headed shark
34. ------- has 5 pairs of gills
1. Labeo 2. Shark 3. Bombay duck 4. Pomphret
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35. Super class tetrapoda does not include class
1. Amphibia 2. Aves 3. Chondrichthyes 4. Reptilia
36. The skin is moist and glandular in
1. Fish 2. Sea snakes 3. Amphibians 4. Birds
37. Amphibians have ------------ heart.
1. 2 chambered 2. 3 chambered
3. Imperfectly 4 chambered 4. Perfectly 4 chambered
38. One of the following reptile is viviparous.
1. Crocodile 2. Tortoise 3. Viper 4. Lizard
39. Pentadactyl digits with claws are present in
1. Reptiles2. Fishes 3. Amphibians 4. Invertebrates
40. ------- is an adaptation of aerial mode of life.
1. Poikilothermy 2. 3 chambers in the heart
3. Presence of exoskeleton 4. Stream-lined body
41. Identify WRONG statement.
In birds,
1. Fore limbs are modified into wings 2. Scales are absent
3. Homeothermy is observed 4. Pneumatic bones are present
42. To increase buoyancy, the birds have
1. Feathers 2. Boat shaped body
3. Webs in toes 4. Air sacs
43. Identify odd one with reference to exoskeleton of mammals.
1. Hooves 2. Nails
3. Scales 4. Fur
44. External ears pinnae are present in
1. Reptiles2. Mammals 3. Aves 4. Amphibians
45. ------- is a marsupial mammal.
1. Bat 2. Duck billed platypus 3. Whale 4. Kangaroo

Q. RESPONSE Q. RESPONSE Q. RESPONSE

1 ①②③④ 16 ①②③④ 31 ①②③④
2 ①②③④ 17 ①②③④ 32 ①②③④
3 ①②③④ 18 ①②③④ 33 ①②③④
4 ①②③④ 19 ①②③④ 34 ①②③④
5 ①②③④ 20 ①②③④ 35 ①②③④
6 ①②③④ 21 ①②③④ 36 ①②③④
7 ①②③④ 22 ①②③④ 37 ①②③④
8 ①②③④ 23 ①②③④ 38 ①②③④
9 ①②③④ 24 ①②③④ 39 ①②③④
10 ①②③④ 25 ①②③④ 40 ①②③④
11 ①②③④ 26 ①②③④ 41 ①②③④
12 ①②③④ 27 ①②③④ 42 ①②③④
13 ①②③④ 28 ①②③④ 43 ①②③④
14 ①②③④ 29 ①②③④ 44 ①②③④
15 ①②③④ 30 ①②③④ 45 ①②③④
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

EXERCISE- [LEVEL 2]
1. Which one is incorrect?
I. Porifera: cellular level of organization
II. Cnidaria: Tissue level of organisation
III. Platyhelminthes and Molluscs : Organ level of organization
IV. Annelids, Arthropods, Echinoderms: Organ system level of organization
(1) All are correct (2) II and IV
(3) II and III are correct (4) Only III
2. Which one is incorrect?
(1) Notochord is present in adult vertebrates
(2) Notochord is present in urochordates in larval stage
(3) Chordates have pharyngeal gill slits
(4) Chordates have dorsal heart
3. I. Presence of choanocytes
II. Internal fertilization
III. Development is indirect
IV. Spicules as a part of skeleton
V. Hermaphrodite.
The above characteristics belongs to which of following phylum

(1) Cnidaria (2) Porifera (3) Platyhelminthes (4) Ctenophore

4. Which of the following characteristics is not associated with members of Cnidaria/Coelenterate?
(1) Alternation of generation (metagenesis between polyp and medusa)
(2) Nematocysts, Gastrovascular cavity, extracellular and intracellular digestion
(3) Mostly marine, sessile with radial symmetry
(4) Triploblastic forms
5. I. Extracellular and intracellular digestion
II. Exclusively marine, radially symmetrical,diploblastic, tissue level of organization
III. Bisexual, fertilization, external and indirect development
IV. No asexual reproduction
The above characters are shown by
(1) Cnidaria (2) Porifera (3) Ctenophore (4) Mollusca
6. Pleurobrachia and Ctenoplana are
(1) Sponges (2) Ctenophores (3) Flatworms (4) Roundworms
7. What is common among Taenia, Fasciola and Planaria?
(1) All are coelomate (2) All are endoparasites
(3) All have flame cells for osmoregulation (4) All are free living
8. Which of the following is pseudocoelomate animal ?
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Ancylostoma (2) Limulus (3) Pila (4) Gorgonia

9. Choose the incorrect option w.r.t Annelida

(1) Closed circular system (2) Nereis – Aquatic, Dioecious
(3) Pheretima and Leech – Monoecious (4) Ganglia connected to dorsal nerve cord

10. What is correct w.r.t. to given figure

(1) Monoecious (2) Closed circulatory system

(3) Internal fertilisation (4) Indirect development only
11. Which of the following is a feature of Echinodermata ?
(1) Acoelomate with radial symmetry (2) Water vascular system for locomotion
(3) Reproduction by asexual and sexual means (4) Development is direct
12. Which one is wrong combination?
(1) Mollusc – Pila, Chaetopleura (2) Ascehelminthes – Muscular pharynx
(3) Echinodermata – Larvae bilaterally symmetrical (4) Medusa form – Sedentary
13. Which one is a link between chordates and nonchordates?
(1) Sphenodon (2) Balanoglossus (3) Crocodialia (4) None of these

14. Observe the following diagrams and click the correct option with their respective classes

(1) A – Cyclostomata, B – Chondrichthyes, C – Chondrichthyes

(2) A – Osteichthyes, B – Chondrichthyes, C – Chondrichthyes
(3) A – Osteichthyes, B – Chondrichthyes, C – Osteichthyes
(4) A – Osteichthyes, B – Chondrichthyes, C – Cyclostomata
15. Which of the following is not found in the class – Cyclostomata ?
(1) Kidneys for excretion (2) Lateral paired gill slits
(3) A notochord at some stage of development (4) Scales as exoskeleton
16. Which of the following traits is not shared by both the hemichordate and chordate?
(1) Notochord (2) Gills (3) Bilateral symmetry (4) Coelomate condition
17. Protochordates includes
(1) Urochordata + Hemichordata (2) Hemichordata + Vertebrata
(3) Vertebrata + Cephalochordata (4) Urochordata + cephalochordate
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
18. Which of the following statement is correct?
I. In Urochordates have tunic as a cover
II. In Cephalochordates notochord extends from head to tail and is persistent through the life
III. All vertebrates are chordates but all chordates are not vertebrates
IV. Notochord gives rise to spinal cord in vertebrates
(1) All except iv (2) Only II and IV are correct
(3) All are correct (4) All except II
19. Which one (s) is not cartilaginous fish?
(1) Carcharodon, Trygon (2) Exocoetus, Catla, Clarias
(3) Scoliodon (4) Pristis

20. Which of the following is not a characteristic of class Chondrichthyes?

(1) Gills slits are separate and without operculum (2) They are predaceous
(3) Air bladder is present (4) Notochord is persistent through the life
21. Teeth forming scales are
(1) Cycloid (2) Ctenoid (3) Gonoid (4) Placoid
22. Which one is false
(1) Both cartilaginous and bony fishes are dioecious
(2) Cartilaginous fishes show sexual dimorphism
(3) Male cartilaginous fish has claspers
(4) Cartilagenous fish shows external fertilization

23.

How many of the following features belong to the above organism

(i) Terrestrial – habitat (ii) Endodermal scales
(iii) Four – chambered heart (iv) Separate sexes
(v) Internal fertilisation (vi) Viviparous
(1) All 6 (2) 5 (3) 4 (4) 3
24. Which of the following traits is not characteristic of amphibians?
(1) Skin is moist and without scales
(2) Cloaca is present
(3) Dioecous, external fertilization, oviparous, indirect development
(4) Eggs with calcareous shell
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
25. All are cold blooded animals except
(1) Fishes, Amphibia, reptiles (2) Birds and Mammals
(3) Only mammals (4) Only birds
26. Reptiles and Aves (Birds) show similarities in all except
(1) Dioecious forms (2) Oviparous, internal fertilization
(3) Presence of crop and gizzard (4) Direct development
27. Pneumatic bone, 4 chambered heart occur in
(1) Reptiles (2) Mammals (3) Aves (4) Cyclostomata
28. 4 chambered heart is in
(1) All reptiles, birds, mammals (2) All birds, crocodile, all mammals
(3) Only Mammals, birds (4) Only mammals
29. Birds have bipedal locomotion as it
(1) Increases rate of locomotion (2) Has modified fore limbs for flight
(3) Reduces weight (4) Has no fore limbs
30. Which group has all viviparous animals ?
(1) Kangaroo, Delphinus, Pteropus, Blue whale (2) Lion, Bat, Whale, ostrich

(3) Platypus, penguin, Bat (4) Shrew, bat, cat, Corvus

31. The cross section of the body of an invertebrate is given below. Identify the animal which has this body
plan.

(1) Cockroach (2) Round worm (3) Planaria (4) Earthworm

32. Which one of the following groups of animals is correctly matched with its, characteristic feature
withoutany exception?
(1) Reptiles : show both direct and indirect development
(2) Chordate: possess a mouth with an upper and a lower jaw
(3) Chondrichthyes: possess cartilaginous endoskeleton
(4) Mammalia : gives birth to young ones.
33. Find odd one out
(1) Pteropus (2) Balaenoptera (3) Ornithorhynchus (4) Macropus

34. What will you look for to identify the sex of the following?
(1) Female Ascaris – sharply curved posterior end (2) Male Ascaris – Gonapophyses
(3) Female cockroach – anal cerci (4) Male shark – claspers borne on pelvic fins
35. Mark the incorrect statement for the phyla, Ascehelminthes to Echinodermat1.
(1) All groups represent organ – system level of organization (2) All are triploblastic
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(3) All show tube within tube pattern (4) All show bilateral symmetry
36. Given are the four matches of phyla with their characteristic cells
A. Coelenterate – Nematocytes
B. Porifera – Nematocytes
C. Porifera – Choanocytes
D. Platyhelminthes – Nephrocytes
Mark the option that has both correct matches
(1) A, C (2) B, C (3) C, D (4) B, D
37. Sea horse is
(1) A marine mammal (2) A marine fish
(3) Hippopotamus (4) Antelope
38. Salpa and Doliolum belong to
(1) Cephalochordata (2) Hemichordate
(3) Tunicate (4) Cyclostomata
39. Mark the incorrect match
(1) Placoid scales: Trygon (2) Operculum : Labeo
(3) Air bladder: Torpedo (4) Viviparous : Scoliodon

40. An aquatic living fossil, with ancient origin & many primitive characters which respires through book gills is
(1) Limulus (2) Apis (3) Laccifer (4) Bombyx
41. Which one of the following pairs of animals are similar to each other pertaining to the feature stated
against them?
(1) Macacca and Ornithorhyncus – Three chambered heart
(2) Garden lizard and Crocodile – Three chambered heart
(3) Ascaris and Ancylostoma – Metameric segmentation
(4) Sea horse and flying fish – Cold blooded (poikilothermal)
42. Choose the incorrect pair, w.r.t. Cnidarians
(i) Pennatula – Sea pen (ii) Physalia – Sea fan

(iii) Adamsia – Sea anemone (iv) Gorgonia – Portuguese – man – of war

(1)i and iv (2) i and ii (3) ii, iii, iv (4) ii and iv
43. Find the odd one out
(1) Anopheles (2) Limulus (3) Aedes (4) Culex

44. The main body parts common to all Molluscs are the
(1) Foot, Radula and the Mantle (2) Foot, Visceral mass and mantle
(3) Visceral mass, Mantle, shell (4) Foot, Radula, Visceral mass
45. The genera of Mollusca with wrong common name is
(1) Dentalium – Tusk Shell (2) Sepia – Cuttlefish
(3) Loligo – Squid (4) Pila – Chiton
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Q. RESPONSE Q. RESPONSE Q. RESPONSE

1 ①②③④ 16 ①②③④ 31 ①②③④
2 ①②③④ 17 ①②③④ 32 ①②③④
3 ①②③④ 18 ①②③④ 33 ①②③④
4 ①②③④ 19 ①②③④ 34 ①②③④
5 ①②③④ 20 ①②③④ 35 ①②③④
6 ①②③④ 21 ①②③④ 36 ①②③④
7 ①②③④ 22 ①②③④ 37 ①②③④
8 ①②③④ 23 ①②③④ 38 ①②③④
9 ①②③④ 24 ①②③④ 39 ①②③④
10 ①②③④ 25 ①②③④ 40 ①②③④
11 ①②③④ 26 ①②③④ 41 ①②③④
12 ①②③④ 27 ①②③④ 42 ①②③④
13 ①②③④ 28 ①②③④ 43 ①②③④
14 ①②③④ 29 ①②③④ 44 ①②③④
15 ①②③④ 30 ①②③④ 45 ①②③④
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
QUESTIONS FROM PREVIOUS NEET EXAMS
NEET-2013
1. Match the name of the animal (Column I), with one characteristics (Column II), and the phylum/class
(column III) to which it belongs :
Column-1 Column-2 Column-3
(1) Petromyzon Ectoparasite Cyclostomata
(2) Ichthyophys Terrestrial Reptilia
(3) Limulus Body covered by chitinous exoskeleton Pisces
(4) Adamsia Radially symmetrical Porifera

2. Which of the following are correctly matched with respect of their taxonomic classification ?
(1) Flying fish, cuttlefish, silverfish – Pisces
(2) Centipede, millipede, spider, scorpion-Insecta
(3) House fly, butterfly, tsetsefly, silverfish-Insecta
(4) Spiny anteater, sea urchin, sea cucumber-Echinodermata

3. Which group of animals belong to the same phylum ?

(1) Malarial parasite, Amoeba, Mosquito
(2) Earthworm, Pinworm, Tapeworm
(3) Prawn, Scorpion, Locusta
(4) Sponge, Sea anemone, Starfish

4. One of the representatives of Phylum Arthropoda is :

(1) cuttlefish (2) silverfish (3) pufferfish (4) flying fish

NEET-2014
5. Planaria possess high capacity of :
(1) alternation of generation (2) bioluminescence
(3) metamorphosis (4) regeneration
6. A marine cartilaginous fish that can produce electric current is :
(1) Trygon (2) Scoliodon (3) Pristis (4) Torpedo

7. Select the Taxon mentioned that represents both marine and fresh water species :
(1) Cephalochordata (2) Cnidaria (3) Echinoderms (4) Ctenophora

NEET-2015
8. Which of the following represents the correct combination without any exception?
Characteristics Class
(1) Body covered with feathers, skin moist and glandular, fore Aves
limbs form wings, lungs with air sacs
(2) Mammary glands, hair on the body, pinnae, two pairs of Mammalia
limbs
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(3) Mouth ventral, gills without operculum, skin with placoid Chondrichthyes
scales, persistent notochord
(4) Sucking and circular mouth, jaws absent, integument Cyclostomata
without scales, paired appendages

9. Which of the following animals is not viviparous ?

(1) Whale (2) Flying fox (Bat) (3) Elephant (4) Platypus

NEET- I [2016]
10. Which of the following characteristic features always holds true for the corresponding group of
animals?
(1) 3 chambered heart with one Reptilian
incompletely divided ventricle
(2) Cartilaginous endoskeleton Chondrichthyes
(3) Viviparity Mammalia
(4) Mouth with upper and lower jaw Chordata

11. Which of the following features is not present in the Phylum – Arthropoda
(1) Jointed appendages (2) Chitinous exoskeleton
(3) Metameric segmentation (4) Parapodia

12. Which one of the following characteristics is not shared by birds and mammals? .
(1) Warm blooded nature (2) Ossified endoskeleton
(3) Breathing using lungs (4) Viviparity

NEET II [2016]
13. Choose the correct statement:
1) All reptiles have a three–chambered heart
2) All pisces have gills covered by an operculum
3) All mammals are viviparous
4) All cyclostomes do not possess jaws and paired fins

NEET 2017
14. In case of poriferans the spongocoel is lined with flagellated cells called
(1) Ostia (2) Oscula (3) Choanocytes (4) Mesenchymal cell

15. An important characteristic that Hemichordates share with Chordates is

(1) Absence of notochord
(2) Ventral tubular nerve cord
(3) Pharynx with gill slits
(D) Pharynx without gill slits

16. Which among these is the correct combination of aquatic mammals?

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Seals, Dolphins, Sharks
(2) Dolphins, Seals, Trygon
(3) Whales, Dolphins Seals
(4) Trygon, Whales, Seals

NEET 2018
17. Which of the following animal doesnot undergo metamorphosis?
(1) Starfish
(2) Moth
(3) Tunicate
(4) Earthworm

18. Which of the following animal is not a homeotherm

(1) Psittacula
(2) Camelus
(3) Chelone
(4) Macropus

19. Identify the vertebrate group from the following group characterized by crop and gizzard in the digestive
system
(1) Osteichthyes
(2) Aves
(3) Amphibia
(4) Reptilia

NEET 2019
20. Match the following organisms with their characteristics.
Column-1 Column-2
a. Pila i. Flame cells
b. Bombyx ii. Comb plates
c. Pleurobrachia iii. Radula
d. Taenia iv. Malpighian tubules

a b c d
1 iii ii iv i
2 iii ii i iv
3 iii iv ii i
4 ii iv iii i

21. consider the following features:

a. organ system level of organization
b. bilateral symmetry
c. true coelomates with segmentation of body
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
select the correct option of animal groups which possess all the above characters
1. Annelida, Mollusca, chordata
2. Annelida, arthropoda, chordata
3. Annelida, arthropoda, Mollusca
4. Arthropoda, Mollusca, chordata

NEET2020
22. Which of the following statements are true for the phylum-Chordata ?
(a) In Urochordata notochord extends from head to tail and it is present throughout their life.
(b) In Vertebrata notochord is present during the embryonic period only.
(c) Central nervous system is dorsal and hollow.
(d) Chordata is divided into 3 subphyla : Hemichordata, Tunicata and Cephalochordata.

(1) (d) and (c)

(2) (c) and (a)
(3) (a) and (b)
(4) (b) and (c)

23. Match the following columns and select the correct option.
Column-1 Column-2
(a) Gregarious, polyphagous (i) Asterias
(b) Adult with radial symmetry and larva with bilateral symmetry (ii) Scorpion
(c) Book lungs (iii) Ctenoplana
(d) Bioluminescence (iv) Locusta

a b c d
1 i iii ii iv
2 iv i ii iii
3 iii ii i iv
4 ii i iii iv

24. Match the following columns and select the correct option.
Column-1 Column-2
(a) 6 - 15 pairs of gill slits (i) Trygon
(b) Heterocercal caudal fin (ii) Cyclostomes
(c) Air Bladder (iii) Chondrichthyes
(d) Poison sting (iv) Osteichthyes

a b c d
1 ii iii iv i
2 iii iv i ii
3 iv ii iii i
4 i iv iii ii
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

25. Bilaterally symmetrical and acoelomate animals are exemplified by :

(1) Ctenophora (2) Platyhelminthes
(3) Aschelminthes (4) Annelida

NEET 2021
26. Match the following

Column-1 Column-2
a. Physalia i. Pearl oyster
b. Limulus ii. Portugese man of war
c. Ancylostoma iii. Living fossil
d. Pinctada iv. Hook worm

a b c d
1 ii iii i iv
2 iv i iii ii
3 ii iii iv i
4 i iv iii ii

27. Which of the following organisms bears hollow and pneumatic bones
1. Neophron
2. Hemidactylus
3. Macropus
4. Ornithorhynchus

28. Read the following statements

a. metagenesis is observed in Helminthes
b. echinoderms are triploblastic and coelomate animals
c. round worms have organ system level of organization
d. comb plates present in ctenophores help in digestion
e. water vascular system is a characteristic of Echinoderms
choose the correct answer from the options given below
1. c,d and e are correct
2. a,b and c are correct
3. a,d and e are correct
4. b,c and e are correct

29. Match the following

Column-1 Column-2
a. metamerism i. coelenterata
b. canal system ii. ctenophora
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
c. comb plates iii. annelida
d. cnidoblasts iv. porifera

a b c d
1 iv iii i ii
2 iii iv i ii
3 iii iv ii i
4 iv i ii iii

Q. RESPONSE Q. RESPONSE Q. RESPONSE

1 ①②③④ 16 ①②③④ 31 ①②③④
2 ①②③④ 17 ①②③④ 32 ①②③④
3 ①②③④ 18 ①②③④ 33 ①②③④
4 ①②③④ 19 ①②③④ 34 ①②③④
5 ①②③④ 20 ①②③④ 35 ①②③④
6 ①②③④ 21 ①②③④ 36 ①②③④
7 ①②③④ 22 ①②③④ 37 ①②③④
8 ①②③④ 23 ①②③④ 38 ①②③④
9 ①②③④ 24 ①②③④ 39 ①②③④
10 ①②③④ 25 ①②③④ 40 ①②③④
11 ①②③④ 26 ①②③④ 41 ①②③④
12 ①②③④ 27 ①②③④ 42 ①②③④
13 ①②③④ 28 ①②③④ 43 ①②③④
14 ①②③④ 29 ①②③④ 44 ①②③④
15 ①②③④ 30 ①②③④ 45 ①②③④
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ANSWERKEYS-

LEVEL-1

1–4 2–3 3–2 4–2 5–1 6–4 7–1 8–2 9–4 10 – 4

11 – 4 12 – 3 13 – 2 14 – 1 15 – 2 16 – 4 17 – 3 18 – 1 19 – 3 20 – 2
21 – 1 22 – 1 23 – 1 24 – 4 25 – 3 26 – 1 27 – 3 28 – 2 29 – 2 30 – 1
31 – 3 32 – 2 33 – 1 34 – 2 35 – 3 36 – 3 37 – 2 38 – 3 39 – 1 40 – 4
41 – 2 42 – 4 43 – 3 44 – 2 45 – 4

LEVEL-2

1–4 2–4 3–2 4–4 5–3 6–2 7–3 8–1 9–4 10 – 3

11 – 2 12 – 4 13 – 2 14 – 1 15 – 4 16 – 1 17 – 4 18 – 1 19 – 2 20 – 3
21 – 4 22 – 4 23 – 4 24 – 4 25 – 2 26 – 3 27 – 3 28 – 2 29 – 2 30 – 1
31 – 3 32 – 3 33 – 3 34 – 4 35 – 4 36 – 1 37 – 2 38 – 3 39 – 3 40 – 1
41 – 4 42 – 4 43 – 2 44 – 2 45 – 4

QUESTIONS FROM PREVIOUS NEET EXAMS

1–1 2–3 3–3 4–2 5–4 6–4 7–2 8–3 9–4 10 – 2

11 – 4 12 – 4 13 – 4 14 – 3 15 – 3 16 – 3 17 – 4 18 – 3 19 – 2 20 – 3
21 – 2 22 – 4 23 – 2 24 – 1 25 – 2 26 – 3 27 – 1 28 – 4 29 – 3