of Class IX Syllabus SCOPE OF THE CHAPTER een to Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) concepts, Elementary concept a objects and classes, Values and data types, Operators in Java, Input in Java, fathematical Library methods, Conditional constructs in Java, Iterative constructs in Java, Nested for loops CRUX OF THE CHAPTE Object-Oriented Programming—A programming methodology is based on objects which has DATA referred as an attribute and METHODS referred as behaviour of an object. Class—The collection of same types of objects which has some characteristics and behaviour which acts on the data. Class represents abstraction. Object—An object is an instance of its class which has some common characteristics and behaviour of its class. Characteristics of Objects—Identity, Classification, Inheritance and Polymorphism. Token—The smallest individual unit used in a program, e.g., keywords, operators, etc... Keyword—A reserved word which has some special meaning for a language compiler is known as a keyword., e.g. break, continue, int, extends, final etc. Variable—lIt is the named location which holds a data value of a particular data type. Identifier—It is the name which we use to call a particular entity of a program and it should not be a keyword. Literal—The constant value used in a program. Types of Literals — Integer Literal — Floating Literal — Boolean Literal — Character Literal — String Literal Operators—Operators are the connectors which are used to connect two or more expressions logically.4 ICSE Computer Applications Papers Pn ones oE NO SNOT OC ASS SS el * Types of Operators * Arithmetic Operator (Addition) (Subtraction) *(Multiplication) returns quotiont, 0K. 6/2 gives 2 as quotient, value. dor if the operand data types are integers, e.g. 5%2 nder value. It can't be used with floating literals, tors) MDivisiony WM Modulus) — returns remai gives 1 na rem + Increment and Decrement Operators(Unary Operal sand Pre. and Port-IncrementDecrement Operators 44x15 It ia a pre-increment operator; it first increases the kes the updated value in the expression current value of x by 1 and then Kxample: yeromout print (HF Outputs 4 <3 It is m pre-decrement operator; it first decreases the current value of x by 1 and then uses the updated value in the expression: Kxample: int xa ystem.out print (= =”) Outputs 2 x441 IL in A post-incroment operator; it first uses the current value of x in the expression and then increases the value of x by 1. Kexample: int way Systewoul print Uctt) ; [value of x changes to 4 after printing i eae printing its current Outputs 4 noo It post-decrement operator; it first w ont operator; ses the current value of x in i and then decreases the value of x by 1, oe example: int ents fystom.out sprint (=); (value of ees of x changes to 2 after printing its current Outputs 3 * Holational Operators ail * Assignment Operator * Logical Operators &&, IN, !Revision of Class IX Syllabus 5 * Hierarchy of Arithmetic Operators—(a) Parenthesis! )(b)Unary Operators (++ ,—) ©) Library Functions (d) Multiply (*) and Divide (/, % ) whichever comes first scanning the expression from left to right ¢) Addition (+) and Subtraction (-) whichever comes first scanning the expression from left to night * Primitive Data—The fundamental data types are known as primitive data types Their memory size is fixed which cannot be changed, e-¢., int, float, char, boolean, ete Primitive Data Type Sizes with Default Values Data Type Size in Bytes | Size in Bits ‘Default value a byte 1 byte | 8 bits | 0 | short 2 bytes | 16 bits 0 | int 4 bytes | a2 bits 0 | long | 8 bytes 64 bits 0 | float | 4 bytes | s2bits 0.0f | double 8 bytes | 64 bits 0.0d char | 2bytes 16 bits “‘\u0000" boolean | Not Defined false + Reference Data—The user-defined data types are known as reference data types. Their memory size may vary, e.g., class, object, array, ete. * void—It means null. Ifthe method doesn't return any value to another part of the program from wherever the method was called, void is used as return type to such methods, e.g., voir a) * Ternary Operator (?:)—Also known as conditional operator with three operands. It is also known as one-liner replacement for if and else statements. + Block Statement/Compound Statement—A statement which encloses multiple lines within a pair of opening and closing curly brackets { }. * Scope of variable—It states that a variable declared within a block ( | remains alive up to the end of the block. * Different Statements used in Programming — Sequential Statements—Statements which execute one after the other without checking any condition and without skipping any line in the sequence. — Selection/Decision-making Statements—Statements which executes depending on a condition, eg., if else, switch and ternary. — Iteration Statement—Statements that allow the repetition of same statements or instructions till the condition is true, e.g., for, while and do while. — Jump Statement—The statement which allows the compiler to terminate the block or escape the statements conditionally or sends the control outside the block, eg. break, continue and return.£ ICSE Computer Applications Papers — break Statement—It is used (o terminate the excention flow of the block conditionally rent used to xkip the current excention of loop and flow of execution block = continue Statement—t1 is the state send the compiler to the next execution, This statement ehangen the to stop the sequential execution and resume the condition ebeck in the a nt ix used to send the final outcome of the = return Statement—This state function to the block from wherever the function in called. Mathematical Library Methods Methods|Arguments [Return |Pu Bxample jand Types | Type pow) [twodouble [double | returns x’ types where x is given, syatem.out as first argument Output: 8.0 and y is given as | second argument | yble x=2.00, yo 3.007 eprint (Math. pow Oo ¥) sqrt() Jone double |double |returns the double x=9.00; | type square root of system.out print (Math.sqrt Gaye | the number Output:3.0 | lebrt() [one double [double {returns the double x=64.00; type cube root of system.out.print (Math.cbrt (oy; | the number Output: 4.0 | - | fecilt) [one double [double [returns the smallest [double x=10.27 | type double value that is |system.out.print (Math.ceil(x)); | greater than or equal | Output:11.0 to the argument and is equal toa mathematical integer floor) Jone double [double [returns the largest [double %=10.9; type double value that —_| system.out .print (Math. floor (x) ) 7 is less than or equal | Output:10.0 to the argument. and is equal toa mathematical integer round()[one double [long [It rounds up the value| double x=6.5; type and returns the nearest] System. out .print (Math. round (x) ) ; rounded integer Output:7 rint() Jone double [double |It rounds down the value| double x=6.5; type and returns the nearest| System. out .print (Math. rint (x)); rounded integer Output:6.0 labs() Jone as per [returns the absolute | double 6.0; primitive | argum-| value of the System. out.print (Math. abs (x)); data type ent argument Outp 0 data int OF type System.out.print (a); Output: 9Revision of Class 1X Syllabus fmaxt) Jawa primitive |S2Per [Fewrne maximum —Jaoubre-a=25,bo3,5) : ldata type fore [Orme arzuments | system.out print (Math.max (a,b)) : y ent smax (a,b)) : data Output: 3.5 types mini) two as per |returns minimum — [double a=2.5,b=3.5; lprimitive | argum. of two argum data types ent aed -out print (Mat 25 data type random( | no double /returns a pseudo System.out .print (Math. random largument, random double Output: 0.06113138103168769 type number greater than or equal to 0.0 and less than 1.0 IMPORTANT QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS Ql. What is a token? Give examples. Ans. The Java token is the smallest individual unit used in a program which has some meaning to its language compiler, e.g. operators, keywords, identifiers, etc. Q2. What are non-graphic characters? Explain their usage in the Java programming language. ‘Ans. Characters which are represented using escape sequence or special printing character are known as non-graphic characters. These characters are used to produce formatted output in the Java programming language, e.g. \n: new line, \t: tab space, ete. Q3. Name any two OOPs principles. (ICSE 2015] ‘Ans. Inheritance and Abstraction are two OOPs principles in Java. Q4. What is a class? ‘Ans. A class is the collection of same types of objects which has some characteristics and behavior which acts on the data. Q5. Define encapsulation. UICSE 20161 ‘Ans. Binding and wrapping up the methods and the data (on which the method is applied) together into a single unit is called encapsulation. It keeps them safe from being tmisused or mishandled by an outside block of codes. Class represents Encapsulation. Q6. What is inheritance? ICSE 2017] ‘Ans. It is an object-oriented feature through which one class shares the members of another class. Here, the class which allows its members to be accessed by methods of another ‘lass is known as the base class and the class which accesses the members of its base lass is known as the derived class. 7. Define polymorphism. i : ri Polymorphism is one of the features of object-oriented programming through which S the same method may behave differently on same or different classes, e-6. Function Gverloading (methods having the same name but different signature defined Jass.) and function overriding (methods having the same name ithin the same ct as ease signature defined in two or more different classes.)e ICSE Computer Applications Papers Q8. What do you mean by data type? Ans. Data types are means to identify the type of data, To store th we need to declare different types of variables, e.g. int xi Here, variable & which states that the variable x can only store integer values Q9. Define primitive data types in Java. Give examples Ans. ‘The fundamental data types which are not composed of any other data tyPe Sr ae = primitive data types. Primitive data types have constant memory size, e.g. byte, short, int, long, char, ete Q10. What was the hypothetical name of Java? ‘Ans. OAK was the hypothetical name of Java QU. What do you mean by comments in Java? Give examples. ‘ts in Java are used to provide a summary of the pice’ lerstand the code better. The e different types of data, int is the data type of Ans. Comment e of code in the user's language to help future developers und Java compiler skips the comment lines while compilation of the Java code. For example: * Single line comment (//) // Java is a Programming Language. * Multiline comment (/* */) /* Java is a programming language. I love doing programming in Java. “/ UCSE 2016) Q12. What are keywords? Give an example. ‘Ans. Keywords are the reserved words which convey special meaning to it's language compiler, eg. import, int, class, etc. QI3. Define the term byte code. Ans. Java programs are both compiled and interpreted. The Java compiler translates the source code to an intermediate level language called byte code. It is a machine- independent UCSE 2010) code. Q14. What is JVM? Ans. JVM (Java Virtual Machine) is a Java interpreter which converts Java byte code to Machine code. Q15. Name any two types of Java programs. Ans. The two types of Java programs are: (i) Java Applets (ii) Java Applications (Standalone programming) Q16. What is the difference between 50L and 50? Ans. The constant 50L is of type long, whereas the constant 50 is of type int. QI7. What are fields and methods of a class? Ans. A class is mainly divided into two parts. Data Member. (fields or variables) Member Methods. (functions) UICSE 2007)Revision of Class IX Syllabus Qs. Ans. Qis. Ans. 20. Ans. Q2i. Ans. Ans. 23. Ans: Q24. Q25. Ans: tore data for an object to use. Fi instance variable of a class, Members functions are the members in the class, Ids are also known as elass variables or methods which are defined within a class that act on the data What are real constants? Numbers with a fractional part are real constants and are also known as floating point constants. Which of the following is a valid real constant? 5.0, -34.0, +2/4, 5.8E, 42.83, 1.282.9 5.0 — Valid 34.0 = — Valid 42/4 — Invalid (/ not allowed) 5.8E ~ Invalid (exponent digit not specified) 42.E3 ~ Invalid (. not allowed) 1.2E.9 — Invalid (exponent in fraction not allowed) What is a literal? UCSE 2013] A constant value is known as a literal. It never changes throughout the program and gives the exact representation of data, e.g. 23,78.9F, ‘A’, etc. What do you mean by coercion? The conversion in which the lower data type value gets converted to its higher data type value without any intervention of the user is termed as coercion or implicit conversion. Example: double x;int y=5; System.out.println (x); Output: 5.0 [Here, the integer (lower data type) value y automatically converted into double (higher data type) value, i.e. 5.0, without any intervention of the user. This is called an implicit type conversion.] What do you mean by a mixed expression? ‘An expression which contains different types of values is known as a mixed expression. What do you mean by boolean data type? It is a primitive data type which represents the values true or false. Write an if statement to check whether the sum of p and double of q is greater than product of p and q and difference of p and q is more than 4/3 if((p + 2*q>p*q) && (p-q>q/3)) Differentiate between prefix and postfix operators. ae — or ++) updates the current value of the operand before it is being or ++) updates the current value A prefix operator ( ‘used in the expression, whereas a postfix operator ( of the operand after it is being used in the expression.= ICSE Computer Applications Papers Q26. What do you mean by ternary operator? Give an example. Ans: It is a conditional operator with three operands. It is also known as one-liner replacement for if and else statements. In this system, the assignment of the value is based on a condition, egimax = (arb)? a: b: [Here, the value of a is assigned to max only if a is greater than b or else b is assigned to max.] Q27. Rewrite the following using ternary operator: UCSE 2018) if (bil1>10000) 111*10.0/100; discount: else discount=bill*5.0/100; Ans: discount=(bil1>10000) ?bil1*10.0/100:bil1*5.0/100; 28. What do you understand by pure expression? ‘Ans: A pure expression is one which contains the operands of same data types. Q29. Write the equivalent Java expressions for the following mathematical expressions: (@ (wrye de (ia? + b+ 3ab iii) (la + VB)" (iv) 3.14 #7? Ans: (i) (x+y*z) /x (ii) ( (Math. pow (a, 3) +Math.pow (b, 3))+3*a*b Gii) (Math. pow ( (Math. sqrt (a) +Math.sqrt(b)),2) (iv) 3.14 *Math.pow(r, 2) Q30. Rewrite the following using if-else statement. () (2>0)%(a=6):(b=0); (ii) A=G>y)2xy; Ans. (i) if (x>0) a=6; else b: Gi) if (x>y) Bex; else Agy; Q31. Differentiate between source code and byte code. Ans. Source code is the program developed in Java language by the programmer. Byte code is the immediate code which is converted from source code. It is a machine- independent code. Q32. Define fall-through statement in Java. Ans: The fall of control from the matching case without the break being used in the switch block, is called fall-through statement in Java. Q33. Define conditional loop. Ans: A conditional loop runs over a set of instructions as long as a condition is satisfied. To use this type of loop correctly, the instructions must change the condition every time with the help of a loop update expression, until the condition becomes false.Revision of Class IX Syltabus Q34. Ans. Ans. Q36. Ans. Q37. 38. n What is the difference between an object and a class? [_ Crass i : L Object (® Itis a collection of objects, is : objects lection of objects. It generates (i) It is an instance of a class. It gives life A toa class | wi) Seay $ not occupy memory. (ii) Tt occupies memory. Differentiate between abstraction and encapsulation. Abstraction Encapsulation i (2) Ttis an act of representing data members|(i) Binding and wrapping up the methods and of the class without knowing the the data (on which the method is applied) background details. together is called encapsulation. It keeps them safe from being misused or mishandled. (ii) Abstraction is defined as a data type called |(ii) Encapsulation hides the implementation class which separates interface from details. |__ implementation. Differentiate between structured programming and object-oriented programming. ‘Structured Programming 00 Programming (i) Focus is on algorithm and control flow. | (i) Focus is in object model. (i) Algorithm is given importance. (ii) Data is given importance. Give two differences between the switch statement and the if-else statement. [CSE 2014] Tfelse Switch (i) It can evaluate a relational and logical | (i) It can only test for equality. expression, i.e multiple conditions. (ii) It can handle floating point, integer and | (ii) It cannot handle floating-point tests, its character tests. case labels must be an integer or character type. State the difference between = and ators, UCSE 2007) Q39. (It is an assignment operator. (ii) Ex: a=6; assigns the value 5 to the variable a. (i) It isa relational operator. (ii) Ex: a==5; compares the value of the variable a with 5 and checks whether it equals 5 or not Differentiate between implicit and explicit type casting with an example. Implicit Explicit (i) Itis the conversion in which the lower type data gets converted to its higher type without any intervention by the user. It is also known as coercion. (It is the conversion in which the higher type data gets converted to its lower type forcefully by the user. It is also known as type casting.2 Gi) Ex: int x= double y; yexs System.out..printin(y); Output: 5.0 (Here, the lower type data int converted to higher type, i.e. double, automatically without the intervention of the user.) ICSE Computer Applications Pap, Ex: double xe (int) syatem.out print in Gai Output: 6 (Horo the higher type data double converteg | to lower type, ie. int, forcefully by the unr, 40. State the difference between while and do-while loops. Ans.| While Do-While (i) Itis an entry-controlled loop. (ii) Condition is checked at the beginning of the loop. (iii)Does not execute if the condition is false (i) It ia an exit-control (ii) Condition is checked at the end of the loop. (iii) Executes once even ifthe condition is falne Q41. What is the difference between a break statement and a continue state they occur in a loop? ment? When do (ICSE 2013) Ans.{ break continue (i) It is used to terminate the loop and send the control outside the loop. (ii) Ex. for(int i=l;i<=5;it+) { if (i==3) break; System.out.print1n (i); } Output: 1 2 (i) It is used to skip the current execution of the loop and send control to the next| execution. (ii) Ex. for(int i { Lpis=5pitt) ifti continue; System.out.printin(i); | 3) ) Output: Q42. Why is a class called a factory of objects? [ICSE 2009) Ans: Basically, the class is an object maker or object factory. It contains all the statements needed to create an object, as well as the statements to describe the operations that the object will be able to perform. Q43. Why is Java platform-independent? Ans: Java is compiled to an intermediate code name as byte code which is a machine independent code, This makes Java a platform-independent programming language Q44, How does Java act as both programming language and a platform? Ans: Java can be used to write instructions to create various ty; software; so it is considered as a programming language. to run highly interactive application software on network. is also considered as a platform. es of computer applications On the other hand, it is used ‘ed computer systems, thus, itRevision of Class IX Syllabus Q45. Ans: Q46. a7. Ans: Q51. Ans: 52. Ans: Q53. Ans: 13 What 's the Write Once and Run Anywhere (WORA) characteristic of J Java is a pl: qition ee Programming language and Java programs need to be 'ese can run on any platform without making any change in the coding Only the Java intery eee preter needs to be ch aracterist lava 7 ane nee janged. This characteristic of Java is known as What is JDK? java? ‘The Java Developme is ironme) el 8 pment Kit is an environment to develop Java Applica el mh levelop Java Applications and Applets. (Java Runtime Environment (JRE) (ii) Java Interpreter (JVM) (iii) Java Compiler (javac) (iv) Java archiver (jar) (v) Documentation Generator (javadoc) What is API? Java API is a set of classes and interfaces that comes with the JDK. It is a collection of Java library routines that performs basic programming tasks. Define package in Java. Name any two packages used in Java A package is a group of related classes, interfaces and subpackages. Two packages used in Java are java.io and java.util. Name any four features of Java. The four features of Java are as follows. (i) Object oriented (ii) Platform-independent (iii) Secured (iv) Robust Explain the use of the dot operator (.) in Java. ‘The dot operator (.) is also known as separator or a period used to separate a variable or method from a reference variable and it is also used with objects to call instance members (non-static) of a class from class methods (static methods). Explain the use of the new operator in Java. ‘The new keyword is used to create a new object in Java. It allocates memory to the object. Ex: