TJPHO SOLUTIONS

Solutions for the problems of TJPHO 2023

Authors
Darsh Kedia
Sanidhya Saraf
Yashvardhan Pattanashetti

1
Contents
1 Hydrostatic Equilibrium 4
1.1 Part (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2 Part (b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.3 Part (c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.4 Part (d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

2 Tunnel Through a Planet 7

2.1 Part (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2 Part (b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

3 Pendulum with Drag Force 9

3.1 Part (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.2 Part (b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

4 Hookean Springs 11
4.1 Part (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.2 Part (b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.3 Part (c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.4 Part (d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

5 Nonlinear Spring Forces 13

5.1 Part (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
5.2 Part (b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
5.3 Part (c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
5.4 Part (d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

6 Pendulums 16
6.1 Part (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
6.2 Part (b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
6.3 Part (c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
6.4 Part (d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
6.5 Part (e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
6.6 Part (f) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

7 Classifying Equilibria 20
7.1 Part (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
7.2 Part (b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
7.3 Part (c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
7.4 Part (d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
7.5 Part (e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
7.6 Part (f) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

2
8 Double Pendulum Pandemonium! 23
8.1 Part (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
8.2 Part (b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
8.3 Part (g) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

3
1 Hydrostatic Equilibrium
1.1 Part (a)
We consider an elemental box of Earth’s atmosphere and analyze the forces present on it
namely, gravitational force and atmospheric pressure difference. Note that this part of the
problem assumes no variation in ”g” or in the density ”ρ”.

The elemental box under consideration has area A and height dz.

Gravitational force on element can be calculated as follows:

FG = mg
= V ρg
= (Adz)ρg

4
 ∴ (P − dP )A = P A + (Adz)ρg
dP
= −ρg
dz

1.2 Part (b)

dP −Gm(r)
= ρ(r)
dr r2

dm = 4πr2 drρ(r)

Z r
∴ m(r) = 4πr2 drρ(r)
0

r  r 
−G
Z Z
dP 2 2
= 2 ρ(r) 4πr drρ(r) Where 4πr drρ(r) = M
dr r 0 0

1.3 Part (c)

r
−G
Z
dP
= 2 ρ(r) 4πr2 drρ(r)
dr r 0

r
−G
Z
dP  r  r
= 2 ·C 1− 4πr2 dr · C 1 −
dr r R 0 R

 
dP −G 4 r  r
= 2 · πCr3 − ·C 1−
dr r 3 R R

4r r2
 
dP r
= −GπC 2 − 1−
dr 3 R R

P r
4r r2 4r2 r3
Z Z  
2
dP = −GπC − − + 2 dr
0 R 3 R 3R R

5πGC 2 R2 24r2 28r3 9r4

 
P = 1− + −
36 5R2 5R3 5R4

1.4 Part (d)

5πGR2 C 2
Pcentre =
=P
36
It is increased by ∆P , so Pcentre = P + ∆P
We can assume that the original C is replaced by some C’ such that

5
 5πGR2 C 2
= P + ∆P
36

C0 2 ∆P
( ) =1+
C P

Gm(r) 4 r
Field at general r given by: = GπCr( − )
r2 3 R

4
New field will be given by: GπCr( − 1) = g (∵ at surface, r = R)
3

GπCr
=g
3

r r
g0 C0 ∆P 36∆P
= = 1+ = 1+
g C P 5πGR2 C 2

r
0 36∆P
g =g 1+
5πGR2 C 2

6
2 Tunnel Through a Planet
2.1 Part (a)
−GM mr
F =
R3

−GM mr
ma =
R3

−GM r
a=
R3

GM
ω2 =
R3

r
GM
ω=
R3

r
R3
T = 2π
GM

s
R3
T = 2π
Gρ 43 πR3

r
3π
T =
ρG

r
π
T =
G

T = 2.1703 · 105 s

2.2 Part (b)

Taking origin at centre of Earth,

−GM mr
F =
R3

d2 x −GM r
2
=
dt R3

7
Let x(t) = A sin ωt + φ
x(t) = x sin ωt + φ (∵ A = x)
π
At t = 0, x(t) = x =⇒ φ =
2
π
x(t) = x sin ωt +
2
x(t) = x cos ωt

8
3 Pendulum with Drag Force

3.1 Part (a)

From conservation of energy,

1 1
mv 2 + mg(0) = m(0)2 + mgh
2 2
1 2
mv = mgh
2
p
v = 2g (∵ h = l = 1m)

3.2 Part (b)

dv
= g cos θ − βv 2
dt
dθ
v=l
dt 
dv v dv
=
dt l dθ
1 d(v)2
 
dv
=
dt 2l dθ
2
d(v)
∴ = 2g cos θ − 2βv 2 (∵ l = 1m)
dθ
Let v 2 = y and θ = x
dy
= 2g cos x − 2βy
dx

9
When θ = 0, velocity of pendulum is zero, therefore

y(0) = 0

Inputting these equations in Wolfram Alpha, we get

θ = 1.551258 · · ·
dv
We want maximum speed of pendulum, so =0
dt

=⇒ g cos θ − βv 2 = 0
10 cos 1.551258
v=
0.01
m
v = 4.4199
s

10
4 Hookean Springs
4.1 Part (a)
F = −kx
ma = −kx (∵ F = ma by Newton’s 2nd Law)
−kx
a=
m
d2 x −kx
2
= ẍ =
dt m

4.2 Part (b)

x(t) = A sin ωt
ẋ = Aω cos ωt
ẍ = −Aω 2 sin ωt
kx
−Aω 2 sin ωt = −
m
k
−Aω 2 sin ωt = − A sin ωt
m
k
ω2 =
m
r
k
ω=
m
2π
If ’t’ increases by , then argument of sine increases by 2π, so the system returns to
ω
its original state.

r
2π m
Time Period = = 2π
ω k

4.3 Part (c)

From mechanical energy conservation, we obtain:

Kinetic Energy + Potential Energy = Total Mechanical Energy

1 1 1
mv 2 + kx2 = kA2
2 2 2
m(ẋ)2 + kx2 = kA2
k 2
(ẋ)2 = (A − x2 )
m
r
k 2
ẋ = (A − x2 )
m

11
4.4 Part (d)
r
dx
k 2
(A − x2 )
=
mdt
r
dx k
√ = dt
2
A −x 2 m

Let x = A sin θ
dx = A cos θdθ

r
A cos θdθ k
p = dt
A2 − A2 sin θ 2 m

Z θ
r Z t
k
dθ = dt
0 m 0
r
k
θ= t
m

r
k
x = A sin θ = A sin t
m
r r
dx k k
=A cos t
dt m m
2π
If ’t’ increases by r , argument of trigonometric functions increases by 2π and the
k
m
system returns to original state.

r
m
∴ Time Period = 2π
k

12
5 Nonlinear Spring Forces
5.1 Part (a)
F = −kxn
[F ] = [−kxn ]
M LT −2 = Ln
T −2 ∝ Ln−1
n−1
T ∝L −2

1−n
T ∝L 2

1−n
T ∝A 2

5.2 Part (b)

1−n
T = kA 2

 
1−n 1−n
dT = kdA A 2 −1
2
  1−n
1 − n dA(kA 2 )
dT =
2 A

 
1−n (∆A)T
∆T =
2 A

5.3 Part (c)

kxn+1
PE =
n+1

kAn+1
Etotal =
n+1

 1
 n+1
(n + 1)E
A=
k

Energy is conserved,
2
kxn+1

1 dx
∴E= m +
2 dt n+1

2
kxn+1

1 dx
m =E−
2 dt n+1

13
 2
2kxn+1 1
  
dx
= 2E −
dt n+1 m

m(dx)2
(dt)2 = 
2kxn+1

2E −
n+1

  12
r
m  1 
dt = dx 
n+1 

2E  2kx
1−
2E(n + 1)

 −1
2kxn+1
r 
m 2

dt = dx 1−
2E 2E(n + 1)

kAn+1
∵E=
n+1

r  −1
kxn+1

m(n + 1) 2

dt = dx 1−
2kAn+1 kAn+1

 x n+1  −1
r 
m(n + 1) 2
dt = dx 1−
2kAn+1 A

 x n+1  −1
r
Z T Z A 
m(n + 1) 2
dt = 4 dx 1−
0 0 2kAn+1 A

 x n+1  −1
r Z A 
m(n + 1) 2
T =4 1− dx
2kAn+1 0 A

5.4 Part (d)

Substituting n=2 in the integral derived in Part (c), we get

r
3m
Z A   x 3  −1
2
T =4 1− dx
2kA3 0 A

r
48m
Z A   x 3  −1
2
T = 1− dx
2kA3 0 A

14
Evaluating the integral using Wolfram Alpha, we get

√
πAΓ( 34
r 
48m
T =
2kA3 Γ( 65 )

Calculating this to three significant figures again using Wolfram Alpha, we get

r
m
T = 6.869
kA

15
6 Pendulums
6.1 Part (a)

d2 θ
ml2 = −mgl sin θ
dt2

As θ << 1
d2 θ −mglθ
=
dt2 ml2

d2 θ −gθ
=
dt2 l

r
g
ω=
l

s
l
T = 2π
g

16
6.2 Part (b)
1
mgl(1 − cos θ) + ml2 ω 2 = const
2

dθ dω
mgl sin θ + ml2 ω =0
dt dt

−mgl sin θ dω
=
ml2 dt

d2 θ −g sin θ
=
dt2 l

ωdω −g sin θ
=
dθ l

ω θ
−g sin θ
Z Z
ωdω
=
ω0 dθ 0 l

ω 2 − ω02 g
= (cos θ − cos θ0 )
2 l

2g
ω 2 − ω02 = (cos θ − 1)
l

r
2g
ω= ω02 + (cos θ − 1)
l

Z T Z θ
dθ
dt = 4 r
0 0 2g
ω02 + (cos θ − 1)
l

Z θ
dθ
T =4
0
2g
(cos θ − 1)
l

6.3 Part (c)

At equator, Coriolis forces will not have any effect on the motion of pendulum, Only the
centrifugal force from Earth’s rotation is felt.

17
 geff = g − Ω2 R
s
l
T = 2π
g − Ω2 R

6.4 Part (d)

At North Pole, the effects of centrifugal force are not experienced. Assuming negligible
changes in its z-coordinate given θ << 1, suppose the oscillation of pendulum is along points
I, O and P, we find the Coriolis forces to be 2Ωẏ and 2Ωẋ in the positive x and y directions
respectively.

6.5 Part (e)

x
Tx ≈ −T and T ≈ mg (balances weight)
l
y
Ty ≈ −T
l
−mgx
Tx ≈
l
−mgy
Ty ≈
l

18
6.6 Part (f )
gx
ẍ = 2ẏΩ −
l
and
gy
ÿ = 2ẋΩ −
l

19
7 Classifying Equilibria
In a U-x variation, the local maxima’s and minima’s are the points of unstable and stable
equilibrium respectively while any inflections that appear in the variation are points of neu-
tral equilibrium.

We know that

dU
F (x) = −
dx
dU
= −F (x)
dx
d2 U
= −F 0 (x)
dx2

7.1 Part (a)

F (x) = x(x − 1)(x − 2)(x − 3)(x − 4)
dU
= −x(x − 1)(x − 2)(x − 3)(x − 4)
dx
dU
= 0 at x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
dx

d2 U
= −(5x4 + 40x3 − 105x2 + 100x − 24)
dx2
d2 U
At x = 0, 2, 4, >0
dx2
d2 U
At x = 1, 3, <0
dx2
Thus, the points of stable equilibrium are x = 1, 3 while the points of unstable equilib-
rium are x = 0, 2, 4.

7.2 Part (b)

F (x) = sin x2
dU
= − sin x2
dx
dU √
= 0 at x = nπ ∀ n ∈ Z+ ∪ {0}
dx

d2 U
= −2x cos x2
dx2
√ d2 U
At x = 2nπ, < 0 (n ∈ Z+ ∪ {0})
dx2
p d2 U
At x = (2n + 1)π, > 0 (n ∈ Z+ ∪ {0})
dx2
√
Thus, the points of stable equilibrium are x = 2nπ while the points of unstable equi-
p
librium are x = (2n + 1)π ∀ n ∈ Z+ ∪ {0}.

20
7.3 Part (c)
F (x) = sin x3
dU
= − sin x3
dx
dU √
= 0 at x = 3 nπ ∀ n ∈ Z+ ∪ {0}
dx

d2 U
= −3x2 cos x3
dx2
√3 d2 U
At x = 2nπ, < 0 (n ∈ Z)
dx2
p d2 U
At x = 3 (2n + 1)π, > 0 (n ∈ Z)
dx2
√
Thus, the points of stable equilibrium are x = 3 2nπ while the points of unstable equi-
p
librium are x = 3 (2n + 1)π ∀ n ∈ Z.

7.4 Part (d)

U (x) = x3 − x2 − x
dU
= 3x2 − 2x − 1
dx
dU 1
= 0 at x = − , 1
dx 3

d2 U
= 6x − 2
dx2
1 d2 U
At x = − , <0
3 dx2
d2 U
At x = 1, >0
dx2
1
Thus, the point of stable equilibrium is x = − while the point of unstable equilibrium
3
is x = 1.

7.5 Part (e)

U (x) = ex sin x
dU
= ex (sin x + cos x)
dx
dU 3π
= 0 as x → ∞ and at x = nπ + ∀ n ∈ Z+ ∪ {0}
dx 4

d2 U
= 2ex cos x
dx2
3π d2 U
At x = 2nπ + , < 0 (n ∈ Z+ ∪ {0})
4 dx2
3π d2 U
At x = (2n + 1)π + , > 0 (n ∈ Z+ ∪ {0})
4 dx2

21
 3π
Thus, the points of stable equilibrium are x = 2nπ + while the points of unstable
4
3π
equilibrium are (2n + 1)π + ∀ n ∈ Z+ ∪ {0}. Also as x → ∞, neutral equilibrium is
4
achieved as an inflection point arises.

7.6 Part (f )
U (x) = Ck 12 x−12 − Ck 6 x−6
dU
= 6Ck 6 x−7 − 12Ck 12 x−13
dx
dU √
6
= 0 as x → ±∞ and at x = k · 2
dx

d2 U
= 156Ck 12 x−14 − 42Ck 6 x−8
dx2
√
6 d2 U
At x = k · 2, >0
dx2
√
Thus, the point of unstable equilibrium is x = k· 6 2 and as x → ±∞, neutral equilibrium
is achieved as inflection point arises.

22
8 Double Pendulum Pandemonium!

8.1 Part (a)

x1 = L1 sin θ1
y1 = −L1 cos θ1
x1 = L1 sin θ1 + L2 sin θ2
y1 = −L1 cos θ1 − L2 cos θ2

8.2 Part (b)

x˙1 = θ˙1 L1 cos θ1
y˙1 = θ˙1 L1 sin θ1
x˙2 = θ˙1 L1 cos θ1 + θ˙2 L2 cos θ2
y˙2 = θ˙1 L1 sin θ1 + θ˙2 L2 sin θ2

1 1
K= m1 (x˙1 2 + y˙1 2 ) + m2 (x˙2 2 + y˙2 2 )
2 2

1 1
K= m1 L21 θ˙12 + m1 (L21 θ˙12 + L22 θ˙22 + 2L1 L2 θ˙1 θ˙2 cos θ1 − θ2
2 2

U = −(m1 + m2 )gL1 cos θ1 − m2 gL2 cos θ2

23
 1 1
K +U = m1 L21 θ˙12 + m1
2 2

(L21 θ˙12 + L22 θ˙22 + 2L1 L2 θ˙1 θ˙2 cos θ1 − θ2 − (m1 + m2 )gL1 cos θ1 − m2 gL2 cos θ2

d
(K + U ) = 0
dt

m1 L21 θ˙1 θ¨1 + m2 L21 θ˙1 θ¨1 + m2 L22 θ˙2 θ¨2 + m2 L1 L2 [θ˙2 cos θ1 − θ2 θ¨1
+ θ˙1 cos θ1 − θ2 θ¨2 − θ˙1 θ˙2 sin θ1 − θ2(θ˙1 − θ˙2 ]
+ (m1 + m2 )gL1 sin θ1 θ˙1 + m2 gL2 sin θ2 θ˙2 = 0

8.3 Part (g)

x1 = −L1 sin θ1
y1 = L1 cos θ1
x1 = −L1 sin θ1 − L2 sin θ2
y1 = L1 cos θ1 + L2 cos θ2

24
 Replacing L1 with −L1 and L2 with −L2 gives us the equation for an inverted double
pendulum.

m1 L21 θ˙1 θ¨1 + m2 L21 θ˙1 θ¨1 + m2 L22 θ˙2 θ¨2 + m2 L1 L2 [θ˙2 cos θ1 − θ2 θ¨1
+ θ˙1 cos θ1 − θ2 θ¨2 − θ˙1 θ˙2 sin θ1 − θ2(θ˙1 − θ˙2 ]
− (m1 + m2 )gL1 sin θ1 θ˙1 − m2 gL2 sin θ2 θ˙2 = 0

25