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UNIVERSITY OF DAR ES SALAAM
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
TEST
2010/2011 ACADEMIC YEAR
1st SEMESTER
SD 470: DESIGN OF BRIDGES
DATE: 7th January 2011
INSTRUCTIONS
Closed book examination
Duration: 1 hour 45 minutes
Total marks: 100%
Answer all TWO questions given in this paper
Remember to indicate the question answered on the top page of the answer book
Total number of pages including tables and this page is 4
© Dr JK Makunza – 2011
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Problem No. 1.
The transversal section of a concrete bridge shown in Figure 1 has an effective span of
20.00m. The density of concrete is 24 kN/m3 and that of surfacing course material is 20
kN/m3. If there are 37.5 units of HB in which each unit is 2.5 kN per wheel, perform the
following tasks:
Figure 1: Transversal section of bridge
1.1 With respect to transversal section, calculate and sketch the following:
i. HA loading alone
ii. HB loading alone
iii. HA + HB loading combination
1.2 If you were to design, which load case would you choose in 1.1 above? Why?
1.3 Determine the transversal bending moment due to HB loading.
1.4 What is the rationale of providing bearings in bridges?
Problem No. 2
2.1 Differentiate between an abutment and a pier. Support your answer with nice sketches.
2.2 What is the funtion of wing walls in bridges? Sketch at least three types of wing walls.
2.3 If you were to locate a bridge site, which location will you choose; A or B in Fig.2?
Why?
Figure 2: River regime
2.4 Using sketches, differentiate between cable stayed bridge and suspension bridge.
2.5 Why is it necessary to treat the river banks and bed at the bridge site? How can the
treatment be done?
2.6 With few words and sketches, explain about deep foundations and shallow
foundations.
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Design Aids
Table: 1: Notional lanes for design purposes according to the carriageway width
Carriage Width W(m) < 4.6 4.6-7.5 7.6-11.4 11.4-15.2 15.2-19.0
[Link] Notional Lanes W/3 2 3 4 5
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Table 2: HA Loading
Loaded length L (m) < 30m 30m - 379m > 379m
Uniform Load (k N/m/Lane) 30 151 L0.475 9
Knife edge load(kN/Lane) 120
HB Loading
The length of the vehicle is varied for the severest effect by dimensions shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3: HB Vehicle
Figure 4: A combination of HA and HB loading: HB within one notional lane
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Pedestrian and Cycle Track Bridges
The imposed load on pedestrian and cycle track bridges is uniformly distributed and
depends upon the loaded lengths as follows:
If L 30m then P = 5 kN/m2
If 30 < L < 379m then P = 25.2 (L) -0.475 kN/m2
If L > 379m then P = 1.5 kN/m2
Load Combinations
Principal Load Combinations
Combination 1: permanent + imposed loads
Combination 2: permanent + imposed + wind loads
Combination 3: permanent + imposed + constraining loads
Secondary Combinations
Combination 4: permanent + collision loads
Combination 5: permanent + friction loads at bearings
