1.

Absence of Crime - simply means the condition or state where no criminal activities
are occurring or are observed within a particular area or timeframe.
2. Accessory - Person who aids, abets, or assists another in the commission of a crime,
liable as a principal under Philippine law.
3. Accomplice - Person who knowingly and voluntarily participates in the commission of a
crime as a partner or associate of the principal offender.
4. Accountability - Holding law enforcement officials responsible for their actions.
5. Accused - Person formally charged with committing a criminal offense.
6. Acquittal - Court judgment or verdict that a person accused of a crime is not guilty and
is cleared of all charges.
7. Actus Reus - Latin term meaning "guilty act," referring to the physical act or conduct
that constitutes a criminal offense.
8. Adjudication - The legal process of resolving a dispute; the process of judicially
deciding a case.
9. Administrative Law - The body of law that regulates the operation and procedures of
government agencies.
10. Admission of Guilt - Voluntary acknowledgment or confession by the accused of
committing a criminal offense, admissible as evidence against them in court.
11. Admission - Voluntary acknowledgment by the accused of committing a crime, often
used as evidence against them in court.
12. Adversarial System - Legal system where two opposing sides (prosecution and
defense) present their cases before a neutral judge or jury
13. Affidavit of Desistance - Sworn statement by a complainant or witness in a criminal
case voluntarily withdrawing or recanting allegations against the accused.
14. Affidavit - Sworn statement or written declaration of facts, used as evidence in court
proceedings.
15. Affirmative Defense - Legal argument or defense raised by the accused asserting facts
or circumstances that justify or excuse their actions in committing the alleged crime.
16. Alibi - A defense that the accused was elsewhere when the crime was committed.
17. Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) - Methods of resolving disputes outside of court,
such as mediation and arbitration.
18. Amicus Curiae - An impartial advisor to a court of law in a particular case.
19. Amnesty - An official pardon for people who have been convicted of political offenses.
20. Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act - Philippine law penalizing public officials for acts
of graft and corruption, including bribery and unethical conduct.
21. Anti-Hazing Law - Philippine law prohibiting hazing and regulating initiation rites in
fraternities, sororities, and similar organizations.
22. Anti-Terrorism Act - Philippine law providing measures to prevent and combat
terrorism, including enhanced surveillance, prosecution, and penalties for terrorist acts.
23. Anti-Torture Act - Philippine law prohibiting torture and other cruel, inhuman, or
degrading treatment or punishment, punishable by law.
24. Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act - Philippine law penalizing human trafficking offenses,
including recruitment, transport, and exploitation of persons for forced labor or sexual
exploitation.
25. Anti-Wiretapping Law - Philippine law prohibiting the unauthorized interception,
recording, or divulging of private communications.
26. Appeal Bond - Security posted by an appellant to ensure payment of court costs and
damages if the appeal is unsuccessful.
27. Appeal - Process by which a higher court reviews the decision of a lower court in a
criminal case to determine if legal errors were made.
28. Arbitration - The use of an arbitrator to settle a dispute.
29. Arraignment - The initial court appearance where charges are read, and pleas are
entered.
30. Arrest - Act of apprehending a person suspected of committing a crime, carried out with
a warrant or under certain circumstances without one.
31. Arrest Warrant - Written order issued by a judge or magistrate authorizing the arrest of
a person accused of a crime.
32. Arson - The criminal act of deliberately setting fire to property.
33. Assault: Intentionally causing harm or injury to another person.
34. Asset Forfeiture - The confiscation of assets derived from criminal activity.
35. Asylum - The protection granted by a nation to someone who has left their native
country as a political refugee.
36. Attorney-Client Privilege - A legal principle ensuring the confidentiality of
communication between lawyer and client.
37. Autopsy - A post-mortem examination to discover the cause of death.
38. Bail Bond - A written promise signed by the accused to secure release from jail before
trial.
39. Bail - Security or bond deposited to ensure an accused person's temporary release from
custody pending trial.
40. Ballistics - The study of the dynamics of projectiles for crime scene investigation.
41. Battered Woman Syndrome: A psychological condition caused by prolonged domestic
violence.
42. Battery - The actual physical contact that results in harm to another person.
43. Bench - Term referring to the judge or judges sitting in a courtroom during legal
proceedings, typically elevated above the courtroom floor.
44. Bench Trial - A trial by judge, as opposed to a trial by jury.
45. Body-Worn Camera - A camera worn by law enforcement officers to record
interactions.
46. Bribery: Offering money or favors to influence the actions of someone in a position of
power.
47. Brief - A written statement submitted by each party in a case outlining the arguments
and supporting evidence.
48. Bukang Liwayway - Term for early morning roll call in Philippine jails.
49. Burden of Proof - Responsibility of the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused
beyond a reasonable doubt in a criminal trial.
50. Bureau of Corrections (BuCor) - Manages national penitentiaries and rehabilitation
centers for convicted criminals.
51. Bureau of Jail Management and Penology (BJMP) - The agency responsible for the
administration of jails and the safekeeping and development of inmates.
52. Burglar - Entry into a building illegally with intent to commit a crime, especially theft.
53. Burglary - The unlawful entry into a building with the intent to commit a crime, typically
theft.
54. Capital Punishment - The legally authorized killing of someone as a punishment for a
crime.
55. Case Law - Law established by the outcome of former cases.
56. Chain of Custody - The documented process that records the sequence of custody,
control, transfer, analysis, and disposition of evidence.
57. Chain of Evidence - Documentation and procedures to maintain the integrity and
continuity of physical evidence from collection to presentation in court.
58. Charge - Formal accusation of a criminal offense filed by the prosecutor against the
accused, specifying the alleged criminal acts.
59. Child Abuse - Physical, sexual, or emotional maltreatment or neglect of a child.
60. Child Sexual Abuse: Sexual exploitation or molestation of a child.
61. Circumstantial Evidence - Indirect evidence that implies a fact but does not directly
prove it, such as motive, opportunity, or behavior.
62. City Prisoners - Individuals detained or serving sentences in city jails, typically for
lesser offenses or while awaiting trial.
63. Civil Commitment - The involuntary confinement of individuals deemed to be a danger
to themselves or others.
64. Civilian Review Board - An oversight body tasked with investigating complaints against
the police.
65. Civil Law - A system of law concerned with private relations between members of a
community.
66. Civil Liberties - Individual rights protected by law from governmental interference.
67. Civil Rights - The rights of citizens to political and social freedom and equality.
68. Class Action - A lawsuit filed by one or more plaintiffs on behalf of a larger group.
69. Client - Person represented by a lawyer in legal proceedings, including criminal defense
or prosecution.
70. Closing Arguments - The final arguments made by each party to summarize their case.
71. Common Law - Law derived from custom and judicial precedent rather than statutes.
72. Community Corrections - Non-incarceration programs for offenders, such as probation
and parole.
73. Community Legal Clinics: Facilities offering legal advice and assistance to community
members.
74. Community Notification - Informing the community about the presence of sex
offenders.
75. Community Oriented Policing System (COPS) - Law enforcement approach focusing
on community engagement, crime prevention, and problem-solving.
76. Community Policing - A strategy that focuses on building ties and working closely with
community members.
77. Community - Population within a defined geographic area, often engaged in crime
prevention and support for law enforcement efforts.
78. Community Service Orders - Sentences requiring offenders to perform unpaid work for
the community.
79. Community Service - Unpaid work that an offender is required to do instead of going to
prison.
80. Commutation of Sentence - Reduction or mitigation of a convicted person's sentence
by executive authority or pardon.
81. Commutation - The action or the process of reducing a judicial sentence.
82. Compensation for Victims - Financial or non-financial assistance provided to victims of
crimes to address their losses, injuries, or suffering.
83. Compensation - Something, typically money, awarded to someone in recognition of
loss, suffering, or injury.
84. Complainant - A person who makes a formal accusation or charge.
85. Complaint - A formal legal document stating the facts and legal reasons for a lawsuit
86. Concurrent Sentence: Sentences for multiple crimes served simultaneously.
87. Confession Admissibility - The criteria under which a confession can be used in court.
88. Confession - A formal statement admitting that one is guilty of a crime.
89. Confidential Informant - A person who provides privileged information about a person
or organization to an agency.
90. Consecutive Sentence - Sentences for multiple crimes served one after another.
91. Consented Search - Search conducted with the voluntary permission of the individual
whose property or premises are being searched.
92. Conspiracy - Agreement between two or more persons to commit a criminal act, with
intent and purpose to achieve a criminal objective.
93. Contempt of Court - Behavior that disrespects or disobeys the authority, justice, and
dignity of the court.
94. Continental - Legal system based on Roman law principles, in contrast to common law
systems.
95. Conviction - A formal declaration that someone is guilty of a criminal offense.
96. Coroner - Public official responsible for determining the cause of death in cases
involving sudden, suspicious, or unnatural deaths.
97. Corporate Crime - Offenses committed by corporations, such as fraud or insider
trading.
98. Correctional Facility - Broad term encompassing prisons, jails, detention centers, and
other facilities designed for incarcerating and rehabilitating offenders.
99. Correctional Officer - An officer responsible for the custody, safety, and security of
inmates.
100. Correction - Efforts and programs aimed at rehabilitating and reforming
offenders within the criminal justice system.
101. Corruption - Dishonest or fraudulent conduct by those in power.
102. Counterfeiting - Producing fake currency, goods, or documents.
103. Court Clerk - Court personnel responsible for managing case files, records, and
administrative tasks in courtrooms and judicial offices.
104. Court - Government institution where legal disputes, including criminal cases,
are adjudicated and resolved by judges or magistrates.
105. Court Interpreter - Linguist or translator appointed to facilitate communication
between parties in court who speak different languages or dialects.
106. Court of Appeals (CA) - Intermediate appellate court that reviews decisions of
lower courts, including criminal cases, before they are elevated to the Supreme Court.
107. Court Order - Written directive issued by a judge or magistrate commanding
specific actions, such as arrest warrants, search warrants, or orders for production of
evidence.
108. Court Reporter - Professional trained to record verbatim transcripts of court
proceedings using stenographic machines or recording equipment.
109. Courtroom - Physical space where judicial proceedings, including trials,
hearings, and sentencing, take place under the authority of a judge or magistrate.
110. Court Stenographer - Professional trained to transcribe verbatim records of
court proceedings, including testimony and statements made during trials.
111. Crime Laboratory - Facility equipped with scientific equipment and expertise to
analyze forensic evidence in criminal cases.
112. Crime Mapping - The use of geographic information systems to conduct spatial
analysis of crime.
113. Crime Prevention - Strategies and measures implemented to reduce the
occurrence of criminal activities within communities.
114. Crimes Against Humanity: Widespread or systematic attacks against civilians,
such as genocide or ethnic cleansing.
115. Crime Scene Investigation (CSI) - The process of collecting evidence from a
crime scene.
116. Crime Scene - Location where a criminal offense occurred, preserved for
forensic investigation to gather evidence.
117. Crime - Violation of laws that can result in criminal prosecution and punishment
under Philippine law.
118. Criminal Code - Set of laws defining criminal offenses, penalties, and
procedures for prosecution and punishment in the Philippines.
119. Criminal Complaint - Formal document filed with the court alleging that a
person has committed a criminal offense.
120. Criminal Intelligence - Information compiled, analyzed, and disseminated to
anticipate, prevent, or monitor criminal activity.
121. Criminal Investigation and Detection Group (CIDG) - Unit within the Philippine
National Police responsible for investigating complex and high-profile criminal cases.
122. Criminal Investigation - Systematic process of gathering evidence, information,
and facts to solve crimes and identify perpetrators.
123. Criminalization - The process by which behaviors and individuals are
transformed into crime and criminals.
124. Criminal Justice System - Network of institutions, agencies, and processes
responsible for enforcing laws, adjudicating criminal cases, and punishing offenders.
125. Criminal Law - Body of laws that define criminal offenses, establish penalties,
and regulate the prosecution of individuals accused of committing crimes.
126. Criminal Liability - Legal responsibility and accountability for committing a
crime, subject to penalties under Philippine law.
127. Criminal Negligence - Failure to exercise reasonable care or caution that results
in injury or harm to others, constituting a criminal offense under Philippine law.
128. Criminal Procedure - The rules governing the process of criminal prosecution.
129. Criminal Profiling - Behavioral analysis technique used to identify
characteristics and motives of criminals based on evidence and crime scene analysis.
130. Criminal Record - A documented history of a person's criminal convictions.
131. Criminal Rehabilitation -Efforts to reform and reintegrate offenders into society.
132. Criminal Syndicate: A group engaged in organized crime, often spanning
multiple illegal activities.
133. Criminal Trespass - Unlawfully entering or remaining on someone else's
property.
134. Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) - Teams designed to assist individuals
experiencing a mental health crisis.
135. Cross-examination - Questioning of a witness by the opposing party in court to
challenge their testimony or credibility.
136. Custodial Interrogation - Questioning of a suspect in police custody.
137. Custodial Investigation - Process of questioning a suspect who is in police
custody to gather evidence or obtain a confession, regulated to prevent coercion.
138. Custody - Legal status of being held in confinement, either pending trial or
serving a sentence in a correctional facility.
139. Cybercrime: Criminal activities conducted via the internet or digital technologies.
140. Cybercrime Prevention Act - Philippine law addressing offenses committed
through digital or electronic means, such as hacking, online fraud, and cyber-attacks.
141. Dangerous Drugs Act - Philippine law regulating and penalizing offenses
related to illegal drugs, including possession, trafficking, and manufacturing.
142. Dashboard Camera: A camera mounted on a police vehicle dashboard to record
incidents.
143. Day Reporting Center - A facility where offenders report daily for supervision
and services.
144. Death Penalty - Capital punishment imposed by the state for the most serious
crimes, currently suspended in the Philippines.
145. Death Row - The place where prisoners are held awaiting execution.
146. Decree - An official order issued by a legal authority.
147. Decriminalization - The reduction or abolition of criminal penalties in relation to
certain acts.
148. De-escalation Techniques - Methods used by law enforcement to reduce the
intensity of a conflict or potentially violent situation.
149. Defense Attorney - Legal counsel representing individuals accused of crimes,
ensuring their rights are protected and providing a defense in court.
150. Department of Justice (DOJ) - The government department tasked with
implementing the rule of law and administering justice, overseeing public prosecutors
and legal matters.
151. Detention Center - Facility where individuals accused of crimes are held
temporarily before trial or sentencing, separate from long-term prisons.
152. Detention Prisoners/Detainee - Individuals held in custody while awaiting trial
or investigation of criminal charges.
153. Deterrence - Theory that punishment deters individuals from committing crimes,
influencing behavior through fear of consequences.
154. Direct Evidence - Evidence that directly proves a fact, such as eyewitness
testimony or video footage of a crime.
155. Direct Examination: The initial questioning of a witness by the party who called
them to testify.
156. Disciplinary Action - Measures taken to correct or punish misconduct.
157. Discovery - The pre-trial procedure where parties obtain evidence from each
other.
158. Disorderly Conduct: Behavior that disturbs the peace and order of society.
159. Diversion Program - An alternative program to divert offenders from traditional
criminal justice processes.
160. DNA Analysis - Using DNA to identify individuals involved in crimes.
161. DNA Database - A system for storing and retrieving DNA profiles.
162. DNA Testing - Analysis of DNA samples from crime scenes or suspects to
establish biological relationships or identify individuals involved in criminal activities.
163. Docket - A court's calendar showing the schedule of cases it is to hear.
164. Domestic Violence: Physical, emotional, or psychological abuse between
intimate partners.
165. Domestic Violence Shelter - A safe place for individuals escaping domestic
violence.
166. Double Jeopardy - Legal principle that prohibits an individual from being tried or
punished twice for the same offense after acquittal or conviction.
167. Drug Court - A court designed to handle cases involving drug-addicted
offenders.
168. Drug Enforcement - The regulation and control of illegal drugs.
169. Drug Manufacturing: Illegally producing controlled substances.
170. Drug Possession: The unlawful ownership or control of illegal substances.
171. Drug Smuggling: Importing or exporting illegal drugs across borders.
172. Drug Trafficking - The illegal trade involving the cultivation, manufacture,
distribution, and sale of substances subject to drug prohibition laws.
173. Due Process - Legal principle that ensures fair treatment and procedural rights
for individuals involved in legal proceedings, including criminal trials.
174. Emergency Response - The reaction of law enforcement and other agencies to
an emergency situation.
175. Entrapment - Inducing someone to commit a crime in order to prosecute them
for it.
176. Environmental Crime: Offenses against the environment, such as illegal
dumping or pollution.
177. Equal Protection - The principle that all people must be treated equally under
the law.
178. Evidence-Based Policing - The use of data, analysis, and research to guide
police decision-making.
179. Evidence - Information presented in a trial to prove or disprove a fact.
180. Exculpatory Evidence - Evidence that tends to establish the innocence of an
accused person or mitigate their culpability.
181. Execution of Sentence: The carrying out of a sentence imposed by a court.
182. Executive Orders - Directives issued by the President of the Philippines.
183. Exigent Circumstances - Situations that justify a warrantless search or seizure.
184. Expert Witness - A witness who provides testimony based on their expertise in a
particular field.
185. Extradition -
186. Expiation or Atonement - Concept of making amends or restitution for
wrongdoing, often considered in sentencing and rehabilitation.
187. Expungement - The process of sealing or erasing a criminal record.
188. Extortion - The practice of obtaining something, especially money, through force
or threats.
189. Extradition Treaty - International agreement between countries allowing for the
extradition of fugitives accused or convicted of crimes to face justice in the requesting
country.
190. Extrajudicial Killings - Killings carried out without legal process or judicial
oversight.
191. Eyewitness Identification - The process of identifying a suspect by witnesses.
192. Eyewitness Testimony - Evidence provided by someone who witnessed the
event in question.
193. Family Counseling - Support services provided to families of offenders.
194. Family Court - A court that handles cases involving family issues such as
divorce, child custody, and domestic violence.
195. Felony - Serious criminal offense punishable by imprisonment exceeding one
year, under Philippine law.
196. Field Training Officer (FTO) - A veteran officer who trains new police recruits.
197. Fingerprint Database - A system for storing and retrieving fingerprint data.
198. Fingerprinting - The recording of fingerprints for identification purposes.
199. Fiscal - Another term for a public prosecutor or district attorney who represents
the government in criminal cases.
200. Foreclosure: Legal process by which a lender repossesses a property due to
non-payment of a mortgage.
201. Forensic Evidence - Scientific evidence obtained through analysis and
examination of physical materials, such as DNA, fingerprints, or ballistics, to establish
facts in a criminal investigation.
202. Forensic Psychologist - Specialist who applies psychological principles and
techniques to assess individuals involved in criminal cases, such as suspects, victims, or
witnesses.
203. Forensic Science - The application of scientific methods to solve crimes.
204. Forgery - The crime of making a false document in order to deceive someone.
205. Fraud - Wrongful or criminal deception intended to result in financial or personal
 gain.
206. Frustrated Felony -
207. Fugitive: A person who is fleeing from custody or justice, often to avoid arrest or
prosecution.
208. Geneva Conventions: International treaties that set standards for humanitarian
treatment in war.
209. Genocide - Deliberate and systematic extermination of a national, racial, ethnic,
or religious group, recognized as a crime under international law.
210. Good Behavior Allowance: Reduction of sentence for good conduct while in
prison.
211. Good Conduct Time Allowance (GCTA) - Reduction of a prisoner's sentence
based on good behavior and compliance with rules and regulations in correctional
facilities.
212. Government Transparency - Openness in government actions and decisions,
ensuring accountability to the public.
213. Graft - The use of political authority for personal gain.
214. Grand Jury - A jury that determines whether there is enough evidence to indict a
person and proceed to trial.
215. Grassroots Campaign - A movement driven by the politics of a community.
216. Guardian ad Litem - A guardian appointed to represent the interests of a minor
or incompetent person in legal actions.
217. Guilty - Found to have committed a crime or offense after legal proceedings.
218. Habeas Corpus- A legal principle ensuring that a person cannot be held without
being charged with a crime.
219. Halfway House - A transitional living facility for those reentering society from
prison.
220. Hate Crime - A criminal offense motivated by prejudice against a certain group.
221. Hearing - Formal proceeding before a court or administrative tribunal where
evidence is presented and legal arguments are made.
222. Hearsay - Statement made outside of court by a person who is not available for
cross-examination, generally not admissible as evidence.
223. Holding Cell - A small room in which prisoners are temporarily held.
224. Home Confinement - A sentence requiring offenders to remain in their homes
except for approved activities.
225. Home Rule - Principle granting local governments the authority to manage and
govern local affairs, subject to national laws.
226. Homicide: The killing of one person by another, whether intentional, accidental,
or justified.
227. House Arrest - Alternative to imprisonment where a convicted offender is
confined to their residence under electronic monitoring, subject to conditions.
228. Human Rights - Fundamental rights and freedoms inherent to all individuals,
protected by law, including those accused or convicted of crimes.
229. Human Security Act - Legislation aimed at combating terrorism.
230. Human Trafficking - The illegal trade of humans for the purposes of forced
labor, sexual slavery, or commercial sexual exploitation.
231. Hung Jury - Jury that cannot reach a unanimous verdict or decision, resulting in
a mistrial and possibly a retrial of the case.
232. Identity Theft: The unauthorized use of someone else's personal information for
financial gain.
233. Illegal Drugs: Substances whose production, sale, or possession is prohibited
by law.
234. Immigration Hold - Detention of a foreign national by immigration authorities
pending investigation or deportation proceedings.
235. Immunity - Protection from prosecution or legal consequences granted to
individuals in exchange for cooperation in criminal investigations or trials.
236. Impartiality - Equal treatment of all rivals or disputants; fairness.
237. Impeach - Legal process to remove a public official from office for misconduct or
unlawful behavior.
238. Implicit Bias - Attitudes or stereotypes that affect understanding, actions, and
decisions in an unconscious manner.
239. Incapacitation and Protection - Strategy in criminal justice aimed at removing
offenders from society to prevent them from committing further crimes.
240. Inchoate Crimes - Criminal acts that are incomplete or in the preparatory stage,
such as attempt, conspiracy, or solicitation, punishable under Philippine law.
241. Indictment - Formal charge issued by a grand jury or prosecutor, indicating that
there is sufficient evidence to proceed with a criminal trial.
242. Information (charging document) - Formal written accusation filed by a
prosecutor before the court, detailing the criminal charges against the accused.
243. Inmate - A person confined to an institution such as a prison.
244. Inquest - A judicial inquiry to ascertain the facts relating to an incident, such as a
death.
245. Inquest Proceeding - Judicial inquiry conducted by a coroner or magistrate to
determine the cause of death in cases of unnatural or suspicious deaths.
246. Inquisitorial System - Legal system where judges play an active role in
investigating and gathering evidence in criminal cases, contrasting with adversarial
systems.
247. Insider Trading: Illegally trading stocks based on non-public information.
248. Institutional Correction - Rehabilitation and reform of offenders within
correctional facilities, focusing on education, vocational training, and behavior
modification.
249. Insular or National Prisoners - Individuals serving sentences in national
penitentiaries under Philippine jurisdiction.
250. Intelligence Gathering - The process of collecting information relevant to an
investigation.
251. Internal Affairs - A division of a law enforcement agency investigating
allegations of wrongdoing.
252. International Law: The rules and principles governing relations between states.
253. Interpol - International Criminal Police Organization, facilitating cooperation and
coordination among law enforcement agencies worldwide to combat transnational crime.
254. Interrogation - Formal questioning of suspects or witnesses by law enforcement
authorities to gather information or obtain confessions related to criminal investigations.
255. Interrogation Techniques - Methods used by law enforcement to elicit
information.
256. Interview - Informal conversation or questioning conducted by law enforcement
or legal professionals to gather information or assess individuals' statements.
257. Involuntary Confession - Statement or admission made by the accused under
duress, coercion, or threat, generally inadmissible as evidence in court.
258. Jail - Facility where individuals accused of crimes are held while awaiting trial,
typically operated by local or city governments.
259. Judge: A public official appointed to decide cases in a court of law.
260. Judgment - Final decision or ruling by a court in a criminal case, determining the
guilt or innocence of the accused and imposing penalties or sentences.
261. Judicial Ethics - Standards of conduct and principles governing the behavior
and responsibilities of judges and judicial officers in the administration of justice.
262. Judicial Independence - The concept that the judiciary should be independent
from other branches of government.
263. Judicial Misconduct - Inappropriate behavior by judges.
264. Judicial Review - The power of courts to review the actions of the executive and
legislative branches.
265. Judiciary - The judicial authorities of a country; judges collectively.
266. Jurisdiction - Authority granted to courts or law enforcement agencies to
interpret laws, apply legal principles, and enforce judgments within defined geographic
or subject limits.
267. Jury - Group of citizens selected to hear evidence and determine the verdict in
criminal trials, a feature in some Philippine courts.
268. Jury Instructions: Instructions given by a judge to the jury concerning the law
applicable to the case.
269. Justice - Principle of fairness and equity in the application of laws and
administration of legal proceedings, ensuring rights and protections for all individuals.
270. Justifiable Homicide: A killing that is legally justified, such as in self-defense or
defense of others.
271. Juvenile Court - A court with jurisdiction over cases involving minors.
272. Juvenile Delinquency - The habitual committing of criminal acts or offenses by
a young person.
273. Juvenile Detention: Secure facilities for juveniles awaiting court hearings or
serving short sentences.
274. Juvenile Detention Center - A facility for the temporary care of juveniles
pending court disposition.
275. Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act - Philippine law establishing a system of
juvenile justice focused on the welfare and rehabilitation of children in conflict with the
law.
276. Juvenile Justice System: The system of laws, policies, and practices regarding
minors accused of crimes.
277. Juvenile Justice - System of laws, policies, and procedures concerning young
persons accused of or convicted of criminal offenses, emphasizing rehabilitation and
welfare.
278. Kangaroo Court: An unofficial, unauthorized court that disregards legal
standards and procedures, often resulting in unfair treatment.
279. Kidnapping - The unlawful abduction or transportation of a person against their
will.
280. Killing - The act of causing death to another person, which may or may not be
unlawful depending on circumstances.
281. Kleptocracy - A government characterized by corruption and theft of public
funds for personal gain.
282. Knife Crime - Criminal offenses involving the use of knives or other bladed
weapons.
283. Knowingly - With awareness or understanding of the facts or circumstances.
284. Law Enforcement - Agencies and personnel responsible for enforcing laws,
investigating crimes, and maintaining public order and safety.
285. Law Enforcement Code of Ethics - Guidelines and principles designed to help
officers conduct themselves honorably.
286. Legal Aid - Government-provided or funded assistance to individuals who
cannot afford legal representation, ensuring access to justice.
287. Legal Aid Society: Organizations providing legal services to low-income
individuals.
288. Legal Counsel - Lawyer or attorney providing advice, representation, and
advocacy to individuals involved in criminal proceedings.
289. Legal Custody: The legal right to make decisions about the care and upbringing
of a child.
290. Legal Ethics - The code of conduct governing proper professional behavior in
the practice of law.
291. Legal Fictions - Assumptions or presumptions of fact made by courts for the
purpose of administering justice, often used to fill gaps in the law or resolve ambiguities.
292. Legal Precedent - Previous court decisions and rulings that serve as
authoritative guidelines for deciding similar legal issues or cases in the future.
293. Legal Reform - The process of examining existing laws and advocating and
implementing changes in a legal system.
294. Legislation - Laws, considered collectively.
295. Life Imprisonment - A type of sentence where the offender is to spend the rest
of their life in prison.
296. Lineup - A process in which a witness identifies a suspect from a group of
people.
297. Litigation - The process of taking legal action.
298. Lock-up Jails - Temporary holding facilities operated by law enforcement
agencies for short-term detention of individuals accused of crimes.
299. Magistrate - A civil officer who administers the law.
300. Malfeasance - Wrongful or unlawful conduct by a public official in the
performance of their duties, constituting a criminal offense.
301. Mandate - An official order or commission to do something.
302. Mandatory Sentence: A sentence determined by law that must be imposed
regardless of other circumstances.
303. Manslaughter: The killing of another person without malice or premeditation.
304. Martial Law - The imposition of direct military control of normal civilian functions
by a government.
305. Maximum Security Prison - A prison designed to hold the most dangerous
criminals with high levels of custody.
306. Mediation - Intervention in a dispute to resolve it.
307. Medium Security Prison - A prison with a moderate level of custody.
308. Mens Rea - Latin term meaning "guilty mind," referring to the intention or
knowledge of wrongdoing necessary to commit a crime.
309. Mental Health Crisis - A situation in which an individual is experiencing acute
mental distress.
310. Mental Health Services - Services provided to address the mental health needs
of offenders.
311. Metropolitan Trial Courts (MeTC) - Handles criminal cases involving minor
offenses and misdemeanors within metropolitan areas.
312. Minimum Security Prison - A prison with the least restrictive level of custody.
313. Miranda Rights - Rights of a person in custody, including the right to remain
silent and the right to legal counsel, based on the Miranda warning.
314. Miranda Warning: The right to remain silent and the right to an attorney.
315. Misdemeanor - Lesser criminal offense punishable by imprisonment for one year
or less, or fines, under Philippine law.
316. Misfeasance - Improper or negligent performance of an official duty or act,
resulting in harm or injury to others, punishable under Philippine law.
317. Mistrial - Trial declared invalid or aborted due to significant legal errors, jury
misconduct, or other circumstances that prevent a fair trial.
318. Modern Concept - Current principles, practices, and approaches in the
administration of criminal justice, adapted to contemporary societal needs and legal
frameworks.
319. Money Laundering: The process of making illegally obtained money appear
legitimate.
320. Motion - A formal request made to a judge for an order or judgment.
321. Mugshot - A photograph of a person's face, especially one made for police
records.
322. Municipal Prisoners - Individuals detained or serving sentences in municipal
jails, typically for minor offenses or while awaiting trial.
323. Municipal Trial Court (MTC) - Local courts handling minor criminal and civil
cases.
324. Murder - The unlawful premeditated killing of one person by another.
325. Mutual Legal Assistance - International cooperation between countries to
exchange information, gather evidence, and assist in criminal investigations and
proceedings.
326. Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty (MLAT) - Agreements between countries for
sharing information and assisting in criminal investigations.
327. Narcotics: Drugs that induce sleep or dull the senses, particularly opioids and
opiates.
328. National Bureau of Investigation (NBI) - Conducts criminal investigations,
gathers intelligence, and assists in the prosecution of criminal offenses.
329. Nonfeasance - Failure of a public official to perform a required duty or act,
resulting in harm or injury to others, punishable under Philippine law.
330. Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) - An organization independent of
government involvement.
331. Non-institutional Correction - Rehabilitation and community-based programs
aimed at reintegrating offenders into society without incarceration.
332. Objection - Formal protest or challenge raised by legal counsel during court
proceedings against evidence, testimony, or procedural matters.
333. Obstruction of Justice - The crime of obstructing prosecutors, investigators, or
other government officials.
334. Office of the Ombudsman - Investigates and prosecutes government officials
involved in corruption.
335. Old Bilibid Prison - Historic prison facility in the Philippines, previously operated
as the national penitentiary.
336. Old Concept - Traditional or outdated principles, practices, or approaches in the
administration of criminal justice, contrasted with modern reforms.
337. Ombudsman - An official appointed to investigate complaints against
government officials and agencies, promoting transparency and accountability.
338. Opinion - A judge's written explanation of a decision of the court.
339. Order - A command issued by a court or judge requiring a person to do or not do
something.
340. Ordinance - A piece of legislation enacted by a municipal authority.
341. Ordinary Jails - Correctional facilities operated by local governments for the
detention of individuals awaiting trial or serving short-term sentences.
342. Organized Crime: Criminal activities carried out by structured groups, often
involving illegal goods or services.
343. Overcrowding: A condition where the number of individuals in a prison or
detention facility exceeds its capacity.
344. Pardon - Executive act granting forgiveness or clemency to individuals convicted
of crimes, typically reducing or canceling their sentence.
345. Parole Board - A panel that decides whether an offender can be granted parole.
346. Parole - Conditional release of a prisoner from incarceration before the
completion of their sentence, subject to compliance with parole conditions.
347. Penal Code - Legal document containing statutes defining crimes and their
punishments within the Philippine legal system.
348. Penal Colony - A settlement used to exile prisoners and separate them from the
general population.
349. Penalty - Punishment imposed by a court upon conviction for a criminal offense,
reflecting the severity of the crime and its impact on society.
350. Penology - Study of punishment and correctional treatment of offenders within
the criminal justice system, focusing on rehabilitation and deterrence.
351. People of the Philippines - Legal term representing the state as the prosecuting
party in criminal cases, acting on behalf of the public interest.
352. Peremptory Challenge - Right of a prosecutor or defense attorney to dismiss a
potential juror without stating a reason, limited by number under Philippine law.
353. Perjury - Criminal offense of knowingly making false statements under oath or
affirmation in a judicial proceeding.
354. Philippine Coast Guard (PCG) - Maritime law enforcement agency responsible
for enforcing laws and regulations in Philippine waters and coastal areas.
355. Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA) - Government agency tasked
with enforcing laws against illegal drugs and combating drug trafficking in the
Philippines.
356. Philippine Immigration Act - Law governing immigration, visas, and the entry
and departure of individuals into and from the Philippines.
357. Philippine National Police (PNP) - The primary law enforcement agency
responsible for maintaining peace and order, preventing crimes, and enforcing laws
throughout the Philippines.
358. Phishing: Attempting to obtain sensitive information by disguising as a
trustworthy entity online.
359. Plaintiff - A person who brings a case against another in a court of law.
360. Plain View Doctrine - Legal principle allowing law enforcement officers to seize
evidence or contraband visible and apparent without a warrant during lawful activities.
361. Plea Agreement: Negotiated agreement between the prosecution and defense
where the accused agrees to plead guilty in exchange for certain concessions.
362. Plea Bargaining - Negotiation process between the prosecution and defense to
reach a mutually acceptable agreement for a lesser charge or sentence in exchange for
a guilty plea.
363. Plea - Response by the accused to criminal charges, typically entered as guilty,
not guilty, or nolo contendere (no contest) in court.
364. Police Academy - An institution for the training of police officers.
365. Police Brutality - The use of excessive force by police officers.
366. Police Discretion - Authority granted to law enforcement officers to decide when
and how to enforce laws, issue warnings, or make arrests based on individual
circumstances.
367. Policy Advocacy - Efforts to influence public policy and resource allocation
decisions.
368. Precedent - Legal principle established by a court decision that is subsequently
followed by courts in similar cases or situations.
369. Preliminary Hearing - A hearing to determine if there is enough evidence to
proceed to trial.
370. Preliminary Investigation - Inquiry conducted by a prosecutor to determine if
there is sufficient evidence to file formal charges against the accused.
371. Presidential Pardon - Executive power to grant clemency or forgiveness to
individuals convicted of crimes, usually issued by the President of the Philippines.
372. Presumption of Innocence: The principle that an accused person is considered
innocent until proven guilty.
373. Presumption of Innocence - Legal principle that a person is considered
innocent until proven guilty in a court of law.
374. Presumption of Regularity - Legal principle that official acts performed by
public officers are presumed to be regular and done in the ordinary course of duty.
375. Pretrial Conference: A meeting between the parties and the judge before trial to
simplify issues and discuss settlement.
376. Pre-Trial - Stage in criminal proceedings before trial where legal counsel for both
parties meet to discuss evidence, witnesses, and procedural matters.
377. Preventive Detention: Detaining an accused person before trial to prevent
further crimes.
378. Principal - Person who directly commits a crime or who directly causes another
person to commit a crime through instigation or assistance.
379. Prision Correccional - Imprisonment for a fixed period ranging from 6 months
and 1 day to 6 years.
380. Prision Mayor - Imprisonment for a fixed period ranging from 6 years and 1 day
to 12 years.
381. Prisoner Rights - The legal rights and protections afforded to individuals in
prison.
382. Prisoners who are on Safekeeping - Individuals held in custody for their safety
or security, separate from the general prison population.
383. Prison - Facility where individuals convicted of crimes serve sentences longer
than one year, focusing on incarceration, rehabilitation, and reintegration.
384. Prison Reform - Efforts to improve conditions and practices within prisons.
385. Prison Rehabilitation Programs - Programs aimed at reducing reoffending
through education, job training, and therapy.
386. Private Prosecutor - Attorney hired or retained by a private individual or entity to
assist in prosecuting criminal charges against an accused person.
387. Probable Cause - Standard of evidence
388. Probation - Alternative to imprisonment where a convicted offender is placed
under supervision in the community, subject to certain conditions.
389. Probation Law - Philippine law allowing convicted offenders to serve their
sentences in the community under supervision, subject to certain conditions.
390. Procedural Due Process - Guarantee that individuals involved in legal
proceedings are treated fairly and accorded procedural rights, including notice and
opportunity to be heard.
391. Procedural Justice - The idea of fairness in the processes that resolve disputes
and allocate resources.
392. Prosecution - Legal process initiated by the state or complainant against the
accused for the commission of a criminal offense, aiming to prove guilt and secure
conviction.
393. Prosecutor - Government lawyer responsible for presenting the case against the
 accused in criminal proceedings, representing the interests of the state or complainant.
394. Prosecutorial Discretion: The authority of a prosecutor to decide whether to
charge someone with a crime and what charges to bring.
395. Protective Custody - Detention to protect an individual from harm.
396. Provincial Prisoners - Individuals detained or serving sentences in provincial
jails, typically managed by provincial governments.
397. Public Attorney's Office (PAO) - Provides free legal assistance to indigent
clients, including representation in criminal cases.
398. Public Defender - Lawyer appointed by the court to provide legal representation
to defendants who cannot afford to hire their own attorney.
399. Public Interest Law - Legal practices undertaken to help the public or effect
social change.
400. Public Intoxication: Being visibly drunk or under the influence of drugs in a
public place.
401. Public Nuisance: An act that interferes with the public's right to use and enjoy
public spaces.
402. Public Order - Refers to the peace and stability within society, maintained
through laws and regulations enforced by law enforcement agencies.
403. Public Prosecutor - Government attorney responsible for representing the state
in criminal cases, pursuing charges against individuals accused of committing offenses.
404. Racketeering - Engaging in illegal business activities, often organized and
controlled by criminal syndicates.
405. Rape - Forced sexual intercourse or other sexual acts against a person's will.
406. Reasonable Suspicion - The standard used to justify brief stops and detentions,
but not full searches.
407. Recidivism - The tendency of a convicted criminal to reoffend.
408. Reclusion Perpetua - A form of imprisonment in the Philippines lasting for at
least 30 years.
409. Reclusion Temporal - Imprisonment for a fixed period ranging from 12 years
and 1 day to 20 years.
410. Redirect Examination: Follow-up questioning by the party who called the
witness after cross-examination.
411. Reentry Planning - The process of preparing inmates for release back into
society.
412. Reentry Programs - Programs designed to help offenders reenter society after
incarceration.
413. Reformation or Rehabilitation - Goal of correctional efforts to change offenders'
behavior, attitudes, and skills to facilitate their successful reintegration into society.
414. Regional Trial Courts (RTC) - Courts with jurisdiction over serious criminal
offenses and other cases within their respective regions.
415. Rehabilitation - Process of helping convicted offenders change their behavior,
attitudes, and habits to reintegrate into society and reduce recidivism.
416. Reprieve and Suspension of Sentence - Temporary postponement or
mitigation of a convicted person's sentence by executive authority.
417. Resisting Arrest - Physically preventing or attempting to prevent a lawful arrest.
418. Res Judicata - Latin term meaning "a matter judged," principle that a final
judgment or decision by a court is conclusive and cannot be re-litigated.
419. Respondent: A party against whom a petition is filed, especially one on appeal.
420. Restitution: The restoration of something lost or stolen to its proper owner.
421. Restitution Order - A court order requiring an offender to compensate the
 victim.
422. Restorative Justice - Approach to justice that emphasizes repairing harm
caused by crime through dialogue, reconciliation, and restitution between offenders,
victims, and communities.
423. Restorative Justice - A system of criminal justice that focuses on the
rehabilitation of offenders through reconciliation with victims.
424. Retribution - Principle of criminal justice emphasizing punishment as
proportional to the seriousness of the offense, seeking to balance justice and societal
values.
425. Revised Penal Code - The primary legal code outlining crimes and their
penalties.
426. Robbery - The act of taking property unlawfully from a person or place by force
or threat of force.
427. Rule of Law - Principle that all individuals, institutions, and entities are subject to
and accountable to laws that are fairly applied and enforced.
428. Sampaguita Camp - Historic Philippine detention facility, known for its cultural
and historical significance.
429. Sandiganbayan - Special anti-graft court with jurisdiction over cases involving
public officials accused of corruption and related offenses.
430. School Resource Officer (SRO) - A law enforcement officer assigned to work in
schools.
431. Search and Seizure - Legal procedure allowing law enforcement to search a
person, property, or premises and seize evidence related to criminal activity.
432. Search - Examination of persons, property, or premises by law enforcement
officers to discover evidence of criminal activity, conducted under specific legal authority.
433. Search Incidental to Lawful Arrest - Legal authority allowing law enforcement
officers to conduct warrantless searches of the person and immediate surroundings of
an arrested individual.
434. Search Warrant - Court order authorizing law enforcement to search a specific
location and seize evidence related to a criminal investigation.
435. Seizure - Legal act of confiscating property or assets by law enforcement
authorities as evidence or as part of criminal forfeiture proceedings.
436. Self-Defense: The legal justification for using force to protect oneself from
imminent harm.
437. Self-Incrimination - Exposing oneself to prosecution by being forced to respond
to questions.
438. Sentences Prisoners - Individuals serving sentences in designated correctional
facilities following conviction for criminal offenses.
439. Sentence - The punishment assigned to a defendant found guilty by a court.
440. Sentencing - Determining the punishment or penalty imposed on an individual
convicted of a crime.
441. Sentencing Disparity - Differences in sentencing outcomes for similar offenses
or offenders.
442. Sex Offender Registry - A database of individuals convicted of sex crimes.
443. Sexual Assault: Unwanted sexual contact or behavior, often involving force or
coercion.
444. Sexual Harassment - Unwanted sexual advances or remarks.
445. Solitary Confinement - The isolation of a prisoner in a separate cell as a
punishment.
446. Sovereignty - The authority of a state to govern itself and its territory.
447. Special Prosecutor - Lawyer appointed or designated to handle specific criminal
 cases or investigations, often involving high-profile or sensitive matters.
448. Stalking - Repeated and unwanted attention or harassment toward another
person.
449. Statute of Limitations - Legal time limit within which criminal charges must be
filed after the commission of a crime, prescribed by Philippine law.
450. Statutory Law - Body of laws enacted by legislative bodies, setting forth rules,
regulations, and penalties for criminal offenses.
451. Sting Operation - A deceptive operation designed to catch a person committing
a crime.
452. Stop and Frisk - A brief, non-intrusive police stop and pat-down for weapons.
453. Subpoena - Court order requiring an individual to appear in court or produce
documents or evidence for a legal proceeding.
454. Substance Abuse Programs - Programs designed to treat and rehabilitate
offenders with substance abuse issues.
455. Substantive Due Process - Principle ensuring that laws and regulations are fair,
reasonable, and not arbitrary in their application to individuals' rights and liberties.
456. Summons - Legal notice issued by a court notifying an individual to appear
before it at a specified time and place, typically in relation to a criminal case.
457. Suppress - Legal motion to exclude evidence from trial due to improper
collection, handling, or presentation, violating the accused's rights.
458. Supreme Court - The highest judicial court in a country or state.
459. System - Comprehensive framework of laws, institutions, and processes
governing the administration of justice and criminal proceedings.
460. Terrorism - Use of violence, intimidation, or coercion for political, ideological, or
religious purposes, classified as a criminal offense under Philippine law.
461. Testimony - Oral statements or declarations made by witnesses under oath in
court, offering evidence or factual information relevant to a criminal case.
462. Theft - The unlawful taking of someone else's property with the intent to
permanently deprive them of it.
463. Three Strikes Law - Laws that impose severe penalties on repeat offenders.
464. Torture - Infliction of severe pain or suffering, often to extract information or as
punishment.
465. Transparency - Openness in the actions and decisions of law enforcement
agencies.
466. Treason - Betrayal of one's country, typically through acts such as aiding its
enemies in wartime.
467. Trial - Formal judicial proceeding where evidence is presented, witnesses testify,
and legal arguments are made to determine the guilt or innocence of the accused.
468. Undercover Operations - Investigations where law enforcement officials
disguise their identities.
469. Vandalism - The deliberate destruction or damage of property.
470. Venue - Geographic location where a trial or legal proceeding is conducted,
determined by the jurisdictional boundaries and rules of Philippine courts.
471. Verdict - A decision on a disputed issue in a civil or criminal case.
472. Verdict Form: A written document where the jury records its decision in a trial.
473. Veterans Court - A court designed to address the needs of veterans involved in
the criminal justice system.
474. Victim/Complainant - Person who has suffered harm, injury, or loss as a result
of a criminal offense, initiating legal action against the accused.
475. Victim Advocacy - Services designed to support victims of crime.
476. Victim Compensation - Payment or reparations to victims of crime.
477. Victim Impact Statement - Written or oral statement by a victim describing the
emotional, physical, and financial impact of a crime on their lives, presented during
sentencing.
478. Victim-Offender Mediation - A process where victims and offenders meet to
resolve issues.
479. Victimology - Study of victims of crimes, including their characteristics,
experiences, and impact of victimization on individuals and society.
480. Victim - Person who suffers harm, injury, or loss as a result of a criminal offense.
481. Victim Services - Services provided to support and assist crime victims.
482. Vigilantism - Law enforcement undertaken without legal authority by a self-
appointed group of people.
483. War Crimes - Violations of the laws and customs of war, including crimes
against humanity, committed during armed conflicts, subject to prosecution under
international law.
484. Warrant of Arrest - Court-issued document authorizing law enforcement to
arrest and detain an individual suspected of committing a crime.
485. White-Collar Crime - Non-violent crimes committed for financial gain by
business professionals or government officials.
486. Witness - Individual who provides testimony or evidence in court based on their
observations or knowledge of events related to a criminal case.
487. Witness Protection Law - Philippine law providing security, relocation, and
support to witnesses and their families to ensure their safety and cooperation in criminal
proceedings.
488. Witness Protection Program - Government program providing security,
relocation, and other assistance to witnesses and their families to ensure their safety.
489. Witness Stand - Place in a courtroom where witnesses testify under oath,
providing evidence and answering questions during trial proceedings.
490. Workhouses, Jail Farms or Camp - Correctional facilities providing structured
work programs and vocational training to inmates as part of their rehabilitation.
491. Work Programs - Employment opportunities provided to inmates or
probationers.
492. Work Release Program - Programs allowing inmates to work outside the prison
while serving their sentence.
493. Writ - Legal document issued by a court commanding or authorizing a specific
action, such as a warrant, injunction, or habeas corpus.
494. Youth Crime - Criminal offenses committed by individuals under the age of
majority.
495. Youth Detention Center - Facilities where juvenile offenders are held while
awaiting court hearings or serving sentences.
496. Youth Justice System - Policies, procedures, and institutions designed to
address juvenile delinquency and youth crime.
497. Youth Offender - A young person who has committed a crime, often subject to
different legal procedures and penalties than adults.
498. Zealous Advocacy -
499. Zero Tolerance - A policy that imposes strict consequences for any infraction of
the law, regardless of its severity or mitigating circumstances.
500. Zone of Privacy - Areas or aspects of personal life protected from government
interference or surveillance under the law.