Development Studies

Module 5-8
Notes and revision questions

Masunga Senior Secondary School

Development Studies Department

MODULE: 5-8
 MODULE 5: WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT

TOPIC GENERAL OBJECTIVES SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

Learners should be able to: Learners should be able to:
Women in Development Develop an understanding and -discuss the role of women in
appreciation of the role of women traditional societies with reference
in development. to labour, food production, arable
farming, animal husbandry and
family welfare;

-discuss the impact of traditional

values, customs and practices,
taboos and myth on women‟s
position in society;

-assess the impact of colonialism

on the position of women in
society in relation to education,
land entitlement, wages, labour,
migratory labour and commercial
farming;

-discuss issues relating to emerging

roles of women such as equal
access to jobs, new policies,
women oriented schemes and
female headed households;

-assess the role played by women

in the politics of Southern Africa
with specific reference to pre-
independence and post-
independence eras;

-account for the emergence and

development of the lobbyist,
educational, legal and welfarist
women‟s organisations;

-examine the role of women‟s

organisations in the prevention of
HIV/AIDS and other
communicable diseases;

-select one of the women‟s

organisations in Botswana and
evaluate its role and effectiveness;

-explain the role of women in the

formal and informal sectors of the
economy;

-account for the disparity in the

wealth distribution between women
and men in Botswana;

-discuss women‟s problems in

Botswana and suggest possible
solutions.

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 WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT

EXPLANATION OF CONCEPTS

Women-female adult person

Man –male adult person

Sex –the state of being female or male

Gender –being feminine or masculine

Gender Equality-giving females the same treatment as males in the society.

Gender Discrimination-unfair treatment of someone based on sex.

THE ROLE OF WOMEN IN TRADITIONAL SOCIETIES

 Childbearing, this was among the main role that a woman played.

 Family welfare, she cared for the children, the elderly and the sick.

 Domestic work, women had to fetch water and firewood, cook and feed the family members. They
were also expected to sweep the compound, wash clothes for every member of the family.

 Community work, they were involved in community projects such as ceremonies like funerals and
weddings and religious activities.

 Agricultural production, women were involved in weeding, harvesting and storing crops. They also
raised small livestock like chickens.

THE IMPACT OF TRADITIONAL BELIEFS ON WOMEN’S POSITION IN THE SOCIETY

Fig.1

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Leadership, women are thought to be less intelligent than men, therefore, leadership positions were reserved for
men only.

Consequently, most laws oppressed women, for example, no women could own property, unless through their
husbands or the sons.

ASSIGNMENTS: Discuss at least three traditional practices, values, taboos and myths that have reduced
the status of women to that of servitude in the society.

THE IMPACT OF COLONIALISM ON WOMEN

 Education, Europeans believed that women‟s place was in the kitchen, and that they had weak brains,
therefore educating them was not a priority.

Consequently, they remained ignorant about family planning and reproductive health. Girls were only
given specific training for domestic work, especially in the homes of the colonizers.

 Land Entitlement, land was a communal property in pre-colonial societies. The introduction of the
right to individual ownership of land by the colonizers was not extended to women.

This impoverished many as they could not carry out any activity on the land without permission from
their male counterparts.
 Migratory labour, when men went to work outside in the mines and farms in South Africa, their wives
were not allowed to join them.

Women thus remained at home and assumed the roles previously done by men. In most cases,
decisions and thus had to wait for their husbands. Marriages also broke up.

 Commercial farming, generally there was low agricultural productivity since the able bodied men
were absent.

However, women needed cash to purchase what they needed, and sometimes pay for school fees. This
forced some women to sell the surplus from their fields for cash. Shortage of food resulted in
malnutrition and people were prone to diseases.

THE ROLE PLAYED BY WOMEN IN POLITICS IN SOUTHERN AFRICA

During the struggles and negotiations for independence and liberation women participated as leaders of
women‟s wing of their organisations.

 In South Africa, women like Winnie Madigizela Mandela and Mrs. R. Sobukwa led other women
opposing apartheid laws. They instigated other women to stage demonstrations.

 In Zimbabwe, women formed 25% of the cadres of the Zimbabwe African National Liberation
Army (ZANLA)
 Women also cooked, fed and provided medication to the male freedom fighters. They also repair
cars and ammunition.

After independence, women participated fully in the development of their new nations since they now had
voting rights.

Today women are decision makers in parliament, cabinet, government institutions and Non-governmental
Organisations (NGOs).

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 THE EMERGING ROLES OF WOMEN

Women‟s status has improved. Laws have been passed to ensure that women are not oppressed or discriminated
against.

 Female-headed households
 Equal access to jobs
 Training
 Entrepreneur activities
 Agriculture

ASSIGNMENTS: Discuss freedoms enjoyed by today’s women under the following: women oriented
schemes, access to jobs, new policies and female headed households.

THE ROLE OF WOMEN IN THE FORMAL AND INFORMAL SECTORS

The formal and informal sector today form pillars of the Botswana economy.

Women in Botswana have greatly contributed to the development of the country‟s economy through the formal
and informal sectors.

THE FORMAL SECTOR OF THE ECONOMY

In the formal sector women work or do modern activities such as accounting, teaching, nursing and other
professions both in the private and government departments.

Most of the women are, however, found in low paying jobs.

In instances where both the men and the women do the same job they get the same pay.

The only problem arising in most cases is that not many women occupy senior positions.

The formal sector is the part of the county‟s economy that is organised by the government and large firms.

It consists of modern activities such industries, business and commercial activities and government agencies.

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 THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FORMAL SECTOR THE ECONOMY

-The workplace is up-to-date and in most cases permanent.

-T he private companies pay tax to the government and run according to the state laws.

-Workers get regular wages and are protected by the country‟s laws.

-Workers have written contracts with their employees.

-Employees are free to belong to trade unions.

-The jobs often require skill and training.

-Production is usually done on a large scale basis.

-Employees receive regular wages or salaries.

-Complex technology is often used.

ASSIGNMENT: Discuss the advantages and the disadvantages of the formal sector.

THE INFORMAL SECTOR OF THE ECONOMY

The majority of women are found in the informal sector of the economy.

Here they operate tuck-shops, brew and sell beer, mend clothes, design clothes and do other things.

The jobs the women do here do not need any complicated skills, and as such even those with no or very little
education can do them.

The problem with the informal sector is that profits may take long to be achieved, and therefore, requires
somebody who has the patience to wait.

This sector of the economy is not organised by individuals, and not the government nor registered companies.

It consists of small, locally owned workshops and home factories, fruits, vegetable, clothes and jewellery
markets, selling of firewood etc.

CHARACTERISTICS

 The people are usually self-employed or provide service on small basis for others.

 The wages are not guaranteed.

 The jobs and workers do not belong to trade unions.

ASSIGNMENT: Discuss the advantages and the disadvantages of the informal sector.

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 THE POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS OF THE INFORMAL SECTOR

-The registration of some jobs.

-They encourage skill acquisition training for all economic activities.

-They encourage the use of appropriate technology and the local resources.

-They provide environmental education in order to reduce pollution of the environment.

THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN INFORMAL AND FORMAL SECTORS OF THE ECONOMY

- Informal sector is unregistered whilst the formal sector is registered or documented or the owners hold
licence to do it.

- Informal sector is unprotected by the law whilst the formal sector is protected by the law.

- Informal sector has flexible working hours whilst the formal sector has fixed working hours.

- Informal sector uses simple technology whilst formal sector uses complex technology

- Informal sector is done on small scale whilst the formal sector is done on a large scale

- Informal sector is done in temporary shelters or in the open whilst formal sector has permanent
buildings

- In informal sector, workers use natural talents while in the formal sector people are trained for the
work

- In the informal sector, taxes to the government are unpaid or ignored but in the formal sector tax is paid

- In the informal sector, there is lack of trade unions but in the formal sector trade union exist

- Wages in the informal sector are unguaranteed or irregular but in the formal sector wages are regular/
guaranteed.

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 THE PROBLEMS FACED BY THE INFORMAL SECTOR

- Lack of capital/small gain/profit

- Lack of entrepreneurship skills

- Lack of proper shelter for operation so production is disturbed by harsh weather

- Little market/competition for the formal sector/ competition among themselves

- Lack of security so cases of theft are common

- Goods of poor quality due to poor technology

- Harassment by law officers

- Lack of credit worthiness

- Lack of recognition by the government.

WOMEN CONTRIBUTION TO ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN THE INFORMAL SECTOR IN

BOTSWANA

- Dominate specific important enterprises like catering, dressmaking, child care/ provide services

- They utilise their natural skills like cleaning, cooking, weaving/ traditional skills/ use less business
skills

- They create jobs for other people/self employment

- They provide a market for producers of specific materials like cotton, wool, reeds for weaving/
increases market

- They can develop into cottage industry, for example, making cakes at home for supermarkets

- They train themselves/ others/impart knowledge and skills to others

- They form self help groups

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 THE REASONS FOR THE RAPID GROWTH OF INFORMAL SECTOR IN DEVELOPING
COUNTRIES

- The informal sector requires little capital to start

- They utilises natural skills/traditional skills/uses less business skills

- There is less requirements for registration and licensing/ less paper work

- There is high unemployment/ little expansion in the formal sector/creation of employment for the
unskilled

- The goods are attractive for their traditional value, for example, arts and crafts.

- Their operations can be done anywhere.

- The goods are mostly affordable.

- They Use simple and intermediate technology

THE REASONS FOR ECONOMIC DISPARITY BETWEEN WOMEN AND MEN IN BOTSWANA

Men in Botswana are wealthier than their women counterparts and occupy most high posts. This is because of
many reasons which include the following;

 Men have had technical skills for a long time. When colonialists introduced education, only boys were
sent to school.

 With training and education, men learnt about ways of accumulating money which they later invested
in other areas.
 The men have always owned property, for example, land and cattle which they have inherited.

 Many years of leadership have made men to be better decision-makers and has helped them use their
money wisely.

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 THE PROBLEMS FACED BY WOMEN IN BOTSWANA

Although there are efforts to economically empower women and to remove all forms of discrimination against
them and the girl-child, women and the girl-child still face multiple problems.

These include the following:

 Violence against Women: Some men beat their partners as they wish. Sometimes women are prevented
from phoning or visiting relatives and friends by their partners.

 Rape is on the increase. Studies by Women Against Rape (WAR) show that at least five females are
forced into sexual intercourse every day.

 In rural areas, where the level of women literacy rate is low, men or husbands deny their women or
wives rights to acquire land, immovable property and even to advance their career opportunities in the
commercial sector.

 Women‟s social status is still relatively low because there are still some cultural and traditional values
which see women only as child-bearers.
 High teenage pregnancy causes great concern. In most cases these pregnancies are unplanned and cause
children to drop out of school. Dropping out of school acts as a barrier to educational and career
advancement of women.

 Women‟s health and survival is threatened by the spread of HIV/AIDS.

 Female enrolment in vocational and technical institution lags far behind that of men.

 There are still gender gaps in employment opportunities that still contribute to the disparity in income
between men and women.

 There is unequal access by gender to production resources. Access to land may not be easy for some
women even today.

 Female-headed families are on the increase. Women are sole breadwinners, so they have to engage in
income generating activities for child survival and development. As a result there is little time to spend
with children at home. Where women did not receive enough education and training their chances for
employment are limited and may suffer from poverty.
 The number of women in the upper echelons of power is very limited.

 Women‟s involvement in business is limited to small scale activities in the informal sector mainly due
to financial constraints.

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 THE POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS FACED BY WOMEN

 There should be workshops to educate people on the importance of a life free gender violence. Those
who sexually abuse women should spend their lives in prisons.

 They should be Standing Sub-Committees that review laws and assess their gender implications. Laws
that discriminate against women should be done away with.

 The Private Sector, Government and Parastatal organisations should all make deliberate efforts to
appoint women to decision making positions.

 Policies that support women‟s participation in domestic and external trade should be developed and
enforced.

 Women‟s reproductive health and rights should be promoted. Pregnant women should be taken care of.
Government should collaborate with NGOs to promote safe delivery by setting up good ante and post-
natal care services free of charge.
 Education and skills development should be intensified. The education system should be designed to
create gender awareness from primary level.

 Research activities that will sensitise women on women on issues that affect their status in society must
be promoted.

 Formulate policies that protect women workers employed in rural and urban informal sectors. Then
there should be monitoring procedures to ensure that such policies are followed.

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 THE ROLE OF WOMEN’S ORGANISATIONS

Women‟s organisations are Non-governmental Organisations (NGOs) which were established by

women to help liberate them.

Fig.2

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 LOBBYIST ORGANISATIONS

EMANG BASADI

Emang Basadi is an organisation which was formed in 1986 and has its headquarters in Gaborone.

It is a lobbyist organisation because it is advocating for the rights of women in Botswana.

Lobbyist simply means to try to persuade the government or someone with political power that a law or a
situation should be changed or amended.

This organisation is, therefore, persuading the government of Botswana to change its laws or constitution to suit
or favour both sexes especially women.

THE ACHIEVEMENTS OF EMANG BASADI

Some of the major achievements of Emang Basadi include the following:

 Identifying women‟s most urgent problems, increasing public awareness of women‟s issues and
removing all barriers that hinder the advancement of women.

That is, it identifies and removing laws that discriminate against women.

 In 1994 Emang Basadi launched a Polite Education Project. This was contained in the women
manifesto. Among other things the women‟s manifesto aims at;

i. Increasing the number of women in parliament and local government to 25%.

ii. Reinsuring that political party platforms include women‟s commitments, issues and concerns.
iii. Educating women on the connection between voting and improving their living conditions.

iv. Promoting awareness of women‟s political stand under representation in politics as well as
informing them on the neglect of their needs.

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 THE EFFECTIVENESS OF EMANG BASADI

This organisation has proved its worth and effectiveness in a number of ways, some of which are discussed
below;

 Emang Basadi has managed to hold Voter Education Seminars to bring the issues outlined in the
Manifesto to community level.

 Before the 1994 elections, workshops were held to assist women candidates from all political parties.
Women candidates were trained on handling campaigns especially on public speaking, fundraising and
identifying key national and local issues.

 Women‟s issues have been included in the political manifesto of Botswana‟s political parties.

 Representation of women in parliament has gone up.

 We now have women cabinet ministers.

 The number of women councillors has increased.

 The number of women chiefs at House of Chiefs has increased.

 Women are increasingly assuming leadership positions in government and private sector.

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 LEGAL ORGANISATION

METLHAETSILE WOMEN’S INFORMATION CENTRE

The Metlhaetsile Women‟s Information Centre was founded in 1991 by small group of Mochudi women.

THE OBJECTIVES OF METLHAETSILE WOMEN’S INFORMATION CENTRE

 To provide women with education and training about their rights and status under Botswana law.

 To provide legal assistance to less privileged women.

 To provide education and training to women about family planning, HIV/AIDS prevention, sexual
abuse and violence issues.

 To help women deal with the aftermath of rape, sexual abuse and other forms of violence.

 To develop a constituency of women at village level who will work with the centre to lobby for the
necessary legal reforms to improve the status of women in Botswana.

 To link up with other women‟s group, both nationally and internationally, that are committed to
improving the status of women for the purposes of sharing experiences and strategies, and providing
support and information.

 To promote a greater understanding of human rights, culture of human rights, which features women‟s
rights prominently?

THE EFFECTIVENESS OR ACHIEVEMENTS OF METLHAETSILE WOMEN’S INFORMATION

CENTRE

Metlhaetsile had outstanding achievements in the past.

It made a breakthrough in issues of failed marriages that had ultimately led to divorce as well as helping those
women who were denied custody of their children during divorce hearings as children were traditionally seen as
belonging to the man and his family.

Women who had cases and could not afford attorneys were provided with the assistance they needed-hence
justice was done as both parties were presented whenever there was a need.

Today, Metlhaetsile is faced with a mammoth task of providing legal representation to women who are in need
of legal aid-yet cannot afford to pay legal fees.

This can be in matters relating to divorce or child maintenance as mentioned earlier on.

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 WELFARIST ORGANISATION

BOTSWANA COUNCIL OF WOMEN (BCW)

The Botswana Council of Women is a national non-governmental organisation that was formed in 1965.

THE OBJECTIVES OF BCW

The objectives of BCW include to:

 Provide affordable nursery school services to enable parents to freely go to work or be self employed.
 Provide women and youth with development skills, training for income generating activities and self-
sufficiency for the alleviation of poverty.
 Encourage responsible citizenship, power sharing and equal economic opportunities.
 Provide education on HIV/AIDS in order to empower women with the ability to negotiate with their
partners for safer sex.
 Encourage women to participate in self-help-projects.
 Facilitate the establishment of skills development centres in the villages.
 Advocate and lobby for the eradication of all forms of discrimination against women and the girl child.

THE EFFECTIVENESS OR ACHIEVEMENT OF BCW

BCW has a number of outstanding achievements, among them are the following:

 The Botswana Council of Women has established over 33 nursery schools all over Botswana. These
schools provide Day Care and food for children while their mothers are at work.

 It successfully established a Goat Rearing Project in Ditlharapeng. This generates some income for
women especially those in rural areas.

 They offer six months courses on Dressmaking and fashion design. At least 20 people trained every
year in their headquarters in Gaborone.

 At least 20 people are trained on linen making (curtains, comforters, and cushion making) in one-
month courses.

 BCW has trained people on hair dressing, for example, the correct use of chemicals, plaiting and
styling over the years.

 They have been the organisers of Miss Botswana contests over the years.

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 BOTSWANA FAMILY WELFARE ASSOCIATION (BOFWA)

BOFWA is a welfarist organisation affiliated with the International Planned Parenthood Federation (IPPF), the
second largest non-governmental organisation in the world which provides support to family planning
associations worldwide.

THE ROLES OF BOFWA

BOFWA creates awareness and provides education in family planning for a better understanding of population
importance.

Initially BOFWA‟s focus was to help the youth.

This approach appears necessary based on current statistics of teenage pregnancies in our country.
Intensive family life education can only help uplift our teenage mothers to be productive, healthy adults.

Its role, however now endeavours to educate not only women but both sexes about the use of contraceptives
especially in these days of HIV/AIDS where having a child can lead to high risks of being infected by the
disease.

BOFWA believes that knowledge about Family Planning and access to such services are fundamental human
rights.

It believes that the balance between the population of the world, its natural resources and productivity is
necessary condition of human happiness, prosperity and peace.

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 THE ROLE OF WOMEN’S ORGANISATIONS IN THE PREVENTION OF HIV/AIDS AND OTHER
COMMUNICABLE DISEASES

Botswana is being crippled by the HIV/AIDS epidemic. If the war against HIV/AIDS is to be won, women
should be involved all the way.

Gone are the days when women were viewed as just „transmitters‟ of the HIV/AIDS message.

The entire nation must come together to fight against HIV/AIDS.

Women, through a number of organisations, try to teach people about this scourge. They also support those
infected, stigmatised and abused.

1. The Botswana Council of Women trains women trainers through workshops to become peer
educators on HIV/AIDS awareness and prevention.

2. The Young Vulnerable Women seeks to mitigate the spread of HIV/AIDS and prevent teenage
pregnancies.

It engages in basic training on skill development and on the publication of Youth Magazines that
contains information on HIV/AIDS.

3. The Kagisano Society Women’s Shelter Project is voluntary non-profit making organisation that
believes in the equality of mankind. It strives for a violent free society.

It aims to assist women and children who are survivors of domestic violence by providing temporary
accommodation.

It pioneers community responses to gender crisis, sexual violence and HIV/AIDS.

4. The Botshabelo Rehabilitation Centre embarks on community mobilization education and

information on HIV/AIDS and sexual violence.

It helps victims or survivors of sexual violence with user friendly clinical intervention to reduce
trauma.

It also empowers men to be fully involved in the fight against HIV/AIDS.

The target groups are children, youth and women.

5. Coping Centre for People with Aids (COCEPWA) has been founded by a Motswana woman who
has been living positively with HIV/AIDS for a number of years.
It has been established mainly to support all those infected and affected by AIDS and to offer one
another the much needed support.
The membership is open to all, irrespective of gender.
Members of COCEPWA hold workshops and seminars to talk openly about living positively with
HIV/AIDS, and best to avoid the infection if not part of the statistics already.

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 Check Your Progress

1. What is a female-headed household?

2. Describe three causes of female-headed households

3. Describe three problems faced by female-headed families

4. What is the meaning of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome?

5. Describe three negative effects of HIV/AIDS on Botswana‟s economic development

6. Describe three positive effects of HIV/AIDS on Botswana‟s economic development

7. What is a Women’s Organization?

8. Describe three problems / challenges that women‟s organizations face in Botswana

9. State three roles played by women‟s organizations in the fight against HIV/AIDS in Botswana

10. Name one women‟s organization in Botswana

11. Describe three activities that it performs to empower women

12. What is a myth?

13. Discuss three negative effects of traditional values, customs and practices, taboos and myths on
women‟s position in society today

14. What is gender equality?

What is meant by equal rights for women?

15. Suggest three ways by which gender equality can be achieved

Suggest three ways by which equal rights for women can be achieved

16. What is development for women?

17. Why are some development programmes directed especially towards women?

18. Define colonialism.

19. Describe three positive effects of colonialism on women.

20. Define gender equality.

21. Describe three roles played by women in the pre-independence politics of Southern Africa.

22. State three reasons why educating women in important for the economic development of the
country.

[Link] three ways by which governments of African countries can increase school enrolment in
girls.

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24. Study Fig.1, which shows selected types of women‟s Non-Governmental Organisations in Botswana.

Fig.1

(a)(i) State one example of each type of women‟s Non-Governmental organisations shown in Fig.1 and describe
its activities.

Ideas such as

- Welfarist Women’s Organisations- YWCA, BCW, WASBO, Kagisano Women‟s Shelter

YWCA: provision of day care centres to allow women to go to work/ school/
Kagisano Women‟s Shelter- Provides counselling and shelter for abused women
BCW: training of women on practical skills/gives information to women/conducts beauty contents/runs
day care centres
WASBO promotes participation of women in sports
- Lobbyist Women’s Organisation-Emang Basadi
It focuses on influencing the government to remove or change policies or laws that are oppressive to
women/ Advocates for women‟s rights
- Legal Women’s Organisation- Women Against Rape
It focuses on teaching women about the laws that protect themselves/how to defend themselves/ensure
that perpetrators/rapists are charged.

[1mark for example; 1 mark for description of activities of the example]

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(ii) Suggest challenges that women’s organisations such as the ones shown in Fig.1 face as they work to
help women in Botswana.

Ideas such as:

- Shortage of funds

-Ignorance of women about their rights

-Shortage of skilled people/ dependence on volunteers/ lack of volunteers, for example, bookkeepers

-Lack of support from the public

-lack of buildings for operations

-lack of public awareness about the NGO/confusion about their objectives/stereotyping

-Selective locations (make them inaccessible)

-Division among leaders/members/pull her down syndrome due political affiliation

-Lack of continuity (when the leader dies all programmes stop)

(b)(i) Describe problems that women in modern Botswana face.

Ideas such as:

- Rape /sexual harassment

- Domestic violence, for example, emotional abuse and financial abuse
- Lowly paid jobs
- Lack of capital for investment
- HIV and AIDS infection
- Low level of education/illiteracy
- Cultural stereotypes
- Single parenting/female headed households
- Pull her down syndrome
- Teenage pregnancy

(ii) Suggest solutions to each problem that women in modern Botswana face.

Ideas such as:

- Rape /sexual harassment

Law against victimising or blaming raped or sexually harassed women/make laws that protect women
Harsh sentences for rapists/sexual offenders
Educate women to avoid situations where they can be raped/sexually harassed
Educate women or girls to report incidents
Educating men
Counselling rape victims

- Domestic violence, for example, emotional abuse and financial abuse

Adjust Botswana laws to punish men who beat women
Educating men
Counselling rape victims and perpetrators
Provide safe houses/shelters for physically abused women
Empower or train women to fight back, for example, teach women defensive strategies

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 - Lowly paid jobs
Train/educate women (so that they get qualifications for better jobs)
Affirmative actions
Provide role models (of women in high posts) for girls)

- HIV and AIDS infection

Teach women to insist on the use of condoms during sexual encounters
Educate/encourage women to use female condoms
Educate women to insist on HIV and AIDS testing before sexual encounters/marriages

- Low level of education/illiteracy

Adult literacy programmes/distance education

- Cultural stereotypes
Gender awareness workshops/ infusion of gender education in the curriculum

- Single parenting/female headed households

Women oriented schemes [allow examples]

- Pull her down syndrome

Encourage change of mindset

- Teenage pregnancy
Avail contraceptives

[Rule: Allow two examples of education]

[Solution should be linked to the problem]

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25. Fig.2 shows some ministries in the cabinet of Botswana and the genders of ministers and assistant ministers,
between 2009 and 2014.

(a)(i) How many female ministers and assistant ministers were there in Botswana in the period 2009-2014.

(ii) Calculate the percentage of male ministers and assistant ministers in Botswana in the same period.

(b) Give two reasons why there are few women in politics in Botswana.

(c) Give three examples of traditional practices which disadvantaged women in the past.

(d) Suggest three problems faced by women in the formal sector in Botswana.

Development Studies Notes Module 5-8 Page 23

[Link] Fig.3, which shows some traditional beliefs about women.

Fig.3

(a)(i) Describe the roles of women in a traditional society.

Ideas such as:

-Domestic chores

-Gathering wild fruits

-Bearing/raising children

-labour at community activities

-Caring for the old/sick/family welfare

-Food production/arable agriculture/crop farming

-Taking care of small livestock

-Construct walls of mud hut/house

-Custodians of culture

NB; write full sentences and giving examples were possible.

(ii) Suggest the positive effects of colonialism on women in developing countries.

Ideas such as:

-Modern health care/family planning

-Paid employment

-Women became literate

-Improved technology

-Commercial farming/cash crops

Development Studies Notes Module 5-8 Page 24

-Reduction of abusive traditional practices (due to Christianity)

-Property ownership, for example, land in urban areas.

(b)(i) Suggest how each traditional belief shown on Fig.3 may negatively affect the position of women in
Botswana.

Ideas such as:

-Eve was made out of Adam makes women inferior to men/ woman to be follower of man

-Women having smaller heads-women denied a chance to go to school/ girls in school put into easy subjects/
women trained for low paying jobs.

-Women too busy being mothers- women denied high positions/women outside decision making or leadership/
few women in the formal sector/ women tied to the home/ women dependent on men/women‟s health at stake.

-Women lose energy in bearing children- women discouraged from attaining high education/ few role models
for the girl child.

(ii) Describe other problems faced by women in modern Botswana.

Ideas such as:

-Rape/sexual harassment

-Domestic violence

-Women highly exposed to HIV and AIDS

-High poverty rate/ Lack of funds/capital

-The burden of single parenting/female headed households

-Discrimination in the society/unequal job opportunities

-Gender biased inheritance practices

-Low literacy rate/lack of skills/unemployment

-Heavy work load in the home especially after working outside the home

-Major decisions taken by men.

Development Studies Notes Module 5-8 Page 25

27. Study Fig. 4 which shows employment by industry and gender in Botswana, 2005-2006.

Fig.4

(a)(i) Describe the jobs that women do in the community, social and personal services.

Community services

- Counselling- where women advise people on how to cope with problems of life (allow one example)
- Cleaning –where women pick litter or clean public areas or places, for example, bus rank toilets
- Pasturing – where women attend to the spiritual needs of communities
- Home based care- where women care for terminally ill patients

Social services

- Lawyers – where women give legal advice/represent people in court

- Teaching –where women facilitate learning of students in schools/study circles
- Doctor –where women treat/ operate patients in hospitals
- Nursing- where women care/treat the sick people/patients in hospitals ,clinics and homes.
- Lab technicians- where women test specimen form patients in hospitals
- Pharmacist-where women dispense medication in hospitals
- Social worker- care for the welfare of the disadvantaged

Personal services

- Trainer-where women train people for fitness

- Beautician- where women do facials, manicure and pedicure
- Hairstylist/dresser- where women plait, shave or style people‟s hair
- Domestic worker- where women help or employed in home by cleaning, cooking and taking care of
children

[RULE: allow only 1 job per service. Allow 1mark for the job and 1mark for description]

Development Studies Notes Module 5-8 Page 26

(ii) Suggest reasons why the percentage of women workers in the construction industry is low.

Ideas such as:

- Women lack skills for construction/lack of training/lack of education

- Women shun it because it traditionally considered a male job/it has always been viewed as man‟s job
- There are very few role models for women in this industry
- Most women shun it because they cannot cope with the physical demand of construction
- The owners of the construction industry shun employing women

(b)(i)Describe the activities of welfarist Non-Government Organisation in Botswana.

Ideas such as:

- They provide health education

- They promote environmental conservation
- They train people on practical skills for self employment
- They provide child care
- They provide shelter for the poor/victims of abuse
- They provide food for the poor
- They support back to school for the girl child
- They run non-formal schools

(ii) Suggest ways by which any three challenges met by Non-Governmental Organisations can be addressed.

Ideas such as:

Challenges Solutions

 Misuse of funds – Books of accounts should be audited by an independent auditor/accountant

 Duplication of activities- A coordinating body should be established to vary activities
 Shortage of funds- Contribution/donation from government/massive fundraising
 Corruption- monitoring by the coordinating body

[RULE: Award 1mark for challenge and another 1mark for solution]

Development Studies Notes Module 5-8 Page 27

 MODULE 6: POPULATION, HEALTH AND EDUCATION

TOPIC GENERAL SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

OBJECTIVES
Learners should be able Learners should be able to:
to:
Population Develop an understanding -explain the concept of population;
and appreciation of the
effects of population on -explain the stages of the Demographic Transition Model;
development.
-account for the different population structures presented by different
population pyramids;

-describe and interpret population pyramids for developing and developed

countries;

-discuss the main factors which influence population distribution and

population density in the world;

-discuss prospects and challenges presented by rapid population growth in

Botswana and suggest possible solutions;

-explain the impact of the population growth on Botswana‟s development;

-demonstrate the ability to collect, analyse and present population statistics;

-discuss the impact of HIV/AIDS on the population structure of Botswana;

-explain the effects of overpopulation on the environment.

Health Explain the role of health -explain the concept of health;

in development.
-discuss factors that influence good health such as the provision of clean
water, sanitation, nutrition, entertainment, education, availability of
personnel, stress and poverty;

-discuss preventative and curative primary and secondary health care,

traditional and modern health systems;

-discuss the impact of the health on Botswana‟s development;

-discuss the impact of HIV/AIDS on Botswana‟s economic development;

-discuss how the health system is addressing the HIV/AIDS scourge in

Botswana;

-demonstrate the ability to analyse and interpret health statistics.

Education Appreciate the role of -explain the concept of education;
education in development
in Botswana -discuss modern and traditional formal, non-formal and informal education;

-describe the structure of the formal and non-formal education in Botswana;

-discuss alternative approaches to the provision of education in Botswana

including vocational education and job shadowing;

-discuss the impact of information technology education on the development

of Botswana;

-discuss the role of environmental education on development of Botswana;

-explain the role of education in addressing the problems of HIV/AIDS.

Development Studies Notes Module 5-8 Page 28

 POPULATION

 Population refers to a group of people in an area at a given time.

 Population Growth Rate is the percentage increase in the number of people in a country.

 Population explosion is the rapid increase in the number of people.

 Depopulation is the decrease in the number of people.

 Demography is the study of population.

 Dependency Ratio is the proportion of the unproductive aged people (0-14 and 65+) to people of
economically active ages (15-64)

 Old/Ageing population is a group of people with relatively high proportion of aged people. This kind
of a population has low growth potential.

 Young population is a group of people with relatively high proportion of children, adolescents and
young adults. This kind of a population has high growth potential.

 Sex Ratio is the number of males per 100 females in a population.

 Population Policy is the explicit or implicit measure institute by a government to influence the size,
growth, distribution and composition of a group of people.

 Population Density is the number of people per unit of land.

 Population distribution is how people are spread or settled over an area.

 Doubling Time is the number of years required for a population of an area to increase two folds its
present size, given the current rate of population growth.

 Overpopulation is the state of available resources being inadequate to support the number with a
reasonable standard of living.

 Demographic Transition Model is a diagram which shows how population changes over time.

 Population Pyramid is the structure which shows the age-sex composition of a group of people.

 Rapid Population Growth is the fast increase of the size of a group of people.

 Under Population is when people are too few in an area, or when the available resources exceed the
demand of a group of people.

 Optimum Population is when available resources give rise to maximum output per head.

THE SOURCES OF POPULATION DATA

CENSUS is an enumeration of people. It usually details such characteristics as age, occupation, sex etc.

TYPES OF CENSUS

 De-factor Census, which is the actual enumeration of people in a given territory on the census day.

 De-jure Census, which is the enumeration of people who belong to a given area, whether or not they
are present during the census day.

Development Studies Notes Module 5-8 Page 29

 THE FEATURES/CHARACTERISTICS OF A CENSUS

 Each individual is enumerated separately, and the characteristics of each person separately recorded.

 The census covers a clearly defined area, and every person within the area.

 The population is enumerated with respect to a well-defined point of time.

 Census is carried out at regular intervals.

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF CENSUS

 It helps in development planning, for fair distribution of resources.

 It enables government to prioritise, for example, if a large portion of the population is below 15years of
age, government‟s priority might be to build schools.

SAMPLE SURVEY is a method of data collection through using selected groups of the population. The
information will then be used to inter-trend for larger segment or the entire population.

THE REGISTRATION OF VITAL EVENTS

Vital events such as births, marriages, divorce and deaths are usually registered at the Ministry of Labour and
Home Affairs, as they occur.

Poor quality data, which is available mostly in developing countries, may be due to non-reporting, lack of
trained staff, lack of money to carry out the exercise, incomplete coverage, cultural and linguistic barriers,
among other factors.

POPULATION DISTRIBUTION AND DENSITY

The patterns of distribution and density are influenced by:

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

 Physical or Relief
 Climate
 Vegetation
 Soil Fertility
 Disease and Pests
 Availability or lack of natural resources such as water, minerals, sources of energy, etc.

SOCIO-POLITICAL FACTORS
 Slave Trade
 Colonialism
 Wars and conflicts
 Political instability
 Cultural or linguistic segregation
 Racial Discrimination
 Peace and stability, etc

ECONOMIC FACTORS
 Good infrastructure
 Job opportunities

Development Studies Notes Module 5-8 Page 30

 THE PROSPECTS OF RAPID POPULATION GROWTH

These are the benefits of rapid population growth:

 Increased market base.

 Increased provision of labour.

 Advanced technology.

 Increased military or security superiority

 Increased understanding of man‟s behaviour and a positive development of humanism as human

ideology.

THE CHALLENGES OF RAPID POPULATION GROWTH

These are the problems associated with rapid population growth:

 Depletion of natural resources.

 Food shortage and malnutrition or starvation.

 Shortage of houses and high rentals, high prices for land and building materials.

 Shortage of water.

 Increased in illiteracy rate due to shortage of schools and lowered educational standards.

 Shortage of medical facilities.

 Pollution, for example, due to dysfunctional sewage systems.

 Rapid spread of communicable diseases.

 Increased unemployment rate or poverty or underemployment.

 Shrinking energy reserves.

 Increased crime rate.

 Scarcity-induced inflation.

THE POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS TO THE PROBLEMS OF RAPID POPULATION GROWTH

 Improving agricultural production.

 Creating new settlements, for example, towns, villages, cities.

 Establishing agencies and schemes to help decrease the cost of building houses, for example, BHC and
SHHA.
 Providing serviced land, for example, in urban areas through such programs as Accelerated Land
Servicing Program.
 Establishing rainwater and runoff harvesting measures such as building more dams.
 Improving schemes aimed at reducing poverty, especially in rural areas, such as the Drought Relief
Programme.
 Train more doctors and nurses who might improve medical technology.
 Train more teachers and lecturers to improve local educational technology.
 Establishing more industries to create more job opportunities.
 Implementing population policies to control population growth.

Development Studies Notes Module 5-8 Page 31

 POPULATION POLICY

The Advantages include:

 Reduction in poverty since it allows development to keep pace with population growth.

 It can lessen inflation.

The Disadvantages include:

 It restricts people‟s freedom of choice [in regards to the family size]

 Women may be forced to have abortion, which might endanger their health.

 Strict policies can result in an unbalanced population in terms of the sex composition.

THE IMPACT OF HIV AND AIDS ON THE POPULATION STRUCTURE OF BOTSWANA

 Fewer children or reduced birth rates or narrow base.

 Reduced working-age group.

 Reduced life expectancy.

 High infant mortality rate.

 Increased orphan-hood.

 High dependency ratio.

 Increased death rates.

 Reduced population growth rate or population decrease.

Development Studies Notes Module 5-8 Page 32

 THE DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION MODEL [DTM]

Fig.1

INTERPRETATION

STAGE 1: High fluctuating-Birth rate and death rate high and fluctuating, resulting in a low population
growth.

STAGE 2: Early expanding -Birth rate remains high while death rate rapidly declines, leading rapid
population growth.

STAGE 3: Late expanding -Birth rate rapidly decline, but is still higher than death rate, which continues to
decrease, further accelerating population growth.

STAGE 4: Low fluctuating- Both birth and death rates are low and fluctuating, resulting in a steady population
growth [the population increases at a comparatively slow pace]

STAGE 5-Birth rate remains low, while death rate steadily increases, leading to a decline in population growth.

THE REASONS FOR HIGH BIRTH RATE MAY INCLUDE:

 Lack of knowledge and improper use of contraceptives and poor family planning methods.

 A lot of children were needed for old age security, to provide labour, as a sign of prestige, to replace
those who are dying, to continue the family name, for religious purpose, etc.

 Early marriages also led to high birth rates.

 Low levels of literacy also led to high birth rates.

THE REASONS FOR HIGH DEATH RATE MAY INCLUDE:

 Lack of clean water or flood.

 Poor nutrition
 Poor hygiene and sanitation
 Poverty
 Wars
 Overcrowding

Development Studies Notes Module 5-8 Page 33

 THE REASONS FOR DECLINING BIRTH RATE MAY INCLUDE:

 The couples preferring smaller families

 Improved knowledge and proper use of contraceptives and family planning methods.

 Low infant mortality rate –no need to replace the dying children.

 Introduction of government schemes such as old-age pension fund, secures old-age life, hence needless
to have a lot of children as old-age security.

THE REASONS FOR DECLINING DEATH RATE MAY INCLUDE:

 The provision of clean water to reduce water borne diseases such as cholera.

 The provision of good nutrition, for example, supplementary feeding for babies in clinics such as
Tsabana, cooking oil and beans.

 The provision of improved hygiene and sanitation prevent the spread of diseases.

 The provision of better health care, for example, training of more doctors and nurses.

 The improved literacy levels, for example, building of more schools and training of teachers.

POPULATION PYRAMIDS

Assignment 1: Draw a population pyramid for Peru.

Fig.2

This is a population pyramid for a typical developing country. It can also be called an Early Expanding
Population Pyramid.

INTERPRETATION: It has a broad base, steep or contracting column or middle, and a thin or narrow apex or
top.

ANALYSIS: The population has a high birth rate, shown by a large number of children; the death rate is also
high, indicated by smaller number of those in the middle and old ages.

Life expectancy is also low, shown by an even smaller number of the elderly.

This kind of a population is a dependent one, for example, the dependency ratio is high

Development Studies Notes Module 5-8 Page 34

 Assignments 2: Draw a population Pyramid for the UK

Fig.3

This is a population pyramid for typical developed country. It can also be referred to as a Mature population.

INTERPRETATION-It has a narrow base, expanding column or middle, a thick or broad apex or top.

ANALYSIS-Low birth rate is indicated by a smaller number of children, the middle aged group has a large
number of people, indicating low death rate.

The elderly are also many, indicating high life expectancy.

The dependency ratio is low, hence the population is referred to as a productive one.

Assignment 3-Draw a population pyramid for Singapore

Fig.4

This is a population pyramid for a typical New Industrialised Country. It can also be referred to as Late
Expanding.

INTERPRETATION- It has a narrow base, expanding column, and a thin or narrow apex or top.

ANALYSIS- Low birth rate is shown by a small number of children, a large number of people in the middle
ages indicate low death rate, and a smaller number of the elderly shows low life expectancy.

The pyramid is that of a productive population since the dependency ratio is low.

Development Studies Notes Module 5-8 Page 35

 Check Your Progress

1 (a).Define population density.

(b) State three problems for the natural environment that may result from overpopulation.

2(a) What is meant by „population distribution’?

(b) Describe three factors which influence population distribution.

3. Study Fig. 2 which shows a population pyramid for a country and use it to answer Question 3(a) below.

Fig.1

(a)(i) Describe the shape of the pyramid.

(b) Suggest reasons for the shape of the pyramid you have described above.

4. Study Fig. 2 which shows a demographic transition model and use it to answer the questions that follow.

Fig.2

Development Studies Notes Module 5-8 Page 36

(a)What is a demographic transition model?

(b)Which stage has the lowest birth rate?

(c) Suggest reasons for the falling death rate at stage 2.

(d) Describe three benefits for a country of having a large population.

(e) Suggest three ways by which governments can achieve low population growth rates.

[Link] Fig.3, and use it to answer questions (a)(i) and (ii).

Fig.3

(a)(i) Give reasons for high birth rates in stage 1.

Ideas such as:

 Lack of contraceptives
 IMR is high so there is need to have more babies
 Provision of labour/children used as source of labour in agriculture
 Religious beliefs, for example, Children are a gift from God
 Low levels of literacy
 Traditional beliefs and customs/ children as a form of prestige
 Old age security
 Early marriages
 Chasing for a boy/girl
 Poverty so children expected to work for their families/parents expecting bride price

(ii) Describe the problems faced by a country in stage 2.

Ideas such as:

 Unemployment/underemployment/poverty
 Pressure on social services such as school , water and hospitals/clinics
 Depletion of resources
 Overcrowding/shortage of land
 Crime increases
 Spread of diseases/ high morbidity
 Starvation/hunger

Development Studies Notes Module 5-8 Page 37

(b)(i) How have HIV and AIDS affected the population of Botswana?

Ideas such as:

 Fewer children/narrow base(0-5 years)/fewer children born/reduced birth rate
 Fewer 15-49 age bracket because they are the most affected/reduced working age group/ loss of
breadwinners
 Reduction in life expectancy
 Fewer women in the population composition especially in the middle because they are the most
affected
 High infant mortality rate
 Increased orphanhood
 High dependency ratio
 Reduction in population/increased death rate
(ii) Describe attempts made by the government of Botswana to reduce the effects of HIV and AIDS in
society.

Ideas such as:

 Education programmes, for example, Talk back
 Commemoration of World AIDS Day/ Month of youth against Aids
 Free Antiretroviral drugs
 Food rations given
 Prevention of Mother to child transmission (PMTCT) programme/ Provision of free milk for babies
 BOTUSA(Botswana United States of America)
 Research towards National Aids Co-ordination Agency (NACA)
 Infusion of HIV and AIDS in the curriculum
 Guidance and counselling in schools/ hospitals
 Free distribution of condoms
 Routine testing for HIV

[Link] Fig.4 which shows the Demographic Transition Model.

Fig.4

(a)(i) Describe the relationship between the death rate and the birth rate from Stage 1 to Stage 4.

Ideas such as:

-In stage 1 they are both high.

-In stage 2 the death rate drops while the birth rate remains high.
-In stage 3 the birth rate begins to drop while the death rate is low.
-In stage 4 they are both low.

Development Studies Notes Module 5-8 Page 38

(ii) Suggest reasons for the high death rate in Stage 1 of the Demographic Transition Model.

Ideas such as:

-Outbreak of killer diseases such as polio.

-Poor diets/famine/low calorie intake
-Poor medical technology/ lack of health facilities/ poor health/ lack of immunisation programme.
-Lack of safe water supplies
-Low levels of formal education.
-Wars
-Poor sanitation/ hygiene (Allocation of marks: 5/5 6/4 4/6)

(b)(i) Describe actions that hospitals and clinics take to fight HIV and AIDS.

Ideas such as:

-Health talks on HIV and AIDS at hospitals and clinics/ public education
-Display of HIV and AIDS posters in hospitals and clinics/ surrounding areas.
-Counselling of HIV and AIDS victims and the affected family members.
-Testing people for HIV and AIDS
-Proper disposal of used hospital equipment e.g. needles
-Provision of Anti Retro Viral Drugs (ARVs) to HIV and AIDS patients
-Running the Prevention of Mother To Child Transmission (PMTCT) programme to protect unborn children
-Distribution of free condoms
-Encourage/ conduct male circumcision

(ii) Explain the negative effects of HIV and AIDS on economic development in Botswana.

Ideas such as:

- Death of skilled manpower.

-Loss of production time as people spend time in funerals and caring for the sick.
-High government expenditure on health which means that funds are diverted from development projects to
support health care
-Less tourists visit the country for fear of HIV and AIDS.
-Low productivity at work because people are sick or stressed by HIV and AIDS
-High expenditure by families on funerals

6. (a) (i)Describe the factors which contribute to rapid population growth.

Ideas such as:

 Lack of birth control/family planning method/lack of contraceptives
 Need for children as labour in agriculture
 Religious beliefs
 Balancing boys and girls/ desire for either boys or girls
 Polygamy
 Early marriages/teenage pregnancy
 Children viewed as security for the aged/ bride price
 High infant mortality rate/ parents replacing dead children
 Immigration
 Lack of education/illiteracy
 Traditional beliefs/prestige

Development Studies Notes Module 5-8 Page 39

(ii) Explain the measures which can be adopted by a country to slow down population growth.

Ideas such as:

 One child per couple policy
 Legalizing abortion
 Offering contraceptives freely/ family planning/ birth control/ sterilization
 Formal education/ Educating the society
 Giving incentives to smaller families/ fining larger families
 Maternity leave policy which discourages having many children
 Making children items expensive
 Laws against chid labour
 Encourage adoption
 Health education
 Empowering women

(b)(i) What are the problems faced by countries in controlling high population growth?
Ideas such as:
 Low education levels in rural areas
 Unavailability of contraceptives in some areas
 Apathy/negative attitude towards family planning programmes
 Conservative culture/religions which encourage large families/ cultural rigidity
 Abuse of drugs/ alcohol
 Child labour
 Lack of funds to implement family planning programmes

(ii) Discuss the impacts of HIV and AIDS on the population of Botswana.
Ideas such as:
Negative effects:
 Reduced life expectancy
 High infant mortality rate
 Loss of skilled manpower/ breadwinners/working class
 High death rate
 Reduced population
 More women die than men
 Low birth rates
 Increase in orphans/ high dependency ratio
Positive effects:
 Population growth rate is controlled
 Fewer people for the resources available/ fewer mouths to feed

Development Studies Notes Module 5-8 Page 40

[Link] Fig. 3, which shows a population pyramid for Botswana in 2001.

Fig.5

(a)(i) Describe the population characteristics shown by the pyramid.

Ideas such as:

-High birth rate

-Birth rate is beginning to reduce
-High death rate
-Low life expectancy/ few old people
-Life expectancy for females is higher than that of males/ more old females than males
-High dependency ratio.
-More females than males

(ii) The 0-4 age group is similar than the 5-9 and 10-14 age groups. Suggest reasons for this reduction.

Ideas such as:

-Increased use of contraceptives/family planning/provision of free contraceptives.

-More women are educated so they are empowered/ are aware of their reproductive health.
-More career women so they lack time to care for babies.
-People are afraid of pregnancy because of HIV and AIDS
-High infant mortality rate due to HIV and AIDS/ Other diseases
-High cost of living discouraging birth rate/Highly ambitious people control birth rate to maintain high living
standards.
-Laws against child labour/ improved technology
-Change of traditional mindsets on the size of the family.
-Reduced infant mortality rate/ improved health facilities
-Government pension reduces the need for a large family

(Rule: Award once for issues on high Infant Mortality Rate. Marks allocation 5/5 6/4 4/6)

Development Studies Notes Module 5-8 Page 41

(b)(i) Describe the problems that Botswana is experiencing as a result of its population structure.

Ideas such as:

-High taxation of workforce to cater for many youth/ too many dependants/ government burdened on welfare
programmes.
-Overload of social services e.g. schools and hospitals.
-Unemployment due to expanding population.
-Deforestation due to high demand for trees (from expanded population)/ depletion of natural resources.
-Poor sanitation/ littering/pollution.
-Starvation/ hunger/ poverty
-Shortage of farm land /grazing land/ land

(ii) Suggest actions that the government of Botswana could take to solve problems resulting from its
population structure.

Ideas such as:

-Introduce family planning/ birth control/ contraceptives/ few children/ one child policy.
-Law restricting number of children.
-Promote formal education to change the traditional mind set on large family.
-Improve health service to reduce death rate or increase life expectancy.
-Improve agricultural methods to ensure high yields from small fields/ agricultural extension service.
-Encourage reforestation/ afforestation
-Introduce environmental laws
-Train people for self-employment/employment creation/financial assistance
-Recognition of the informal sector by the government.
-Provide more social services to reduce overload(on social services)
-Land redistribution/resettlement programmes.
-Welfare programmes/food baskets for the destitute/ government help the poor with basic needs.
-Women empowerment/ skilled manpower

(Allocation of marks: 5/5 6/4 4/6)

[Link] Fig. 6, which shows population characteristics in Botswana in 1981, 1991 and 2001.

Population Characteristcs Census 1981 Census 1991 Census 2001

Dependency Ratio (per 1000) 110 93 71.5
Crude Birth Rate (per 1000) 47.7 39.3 28.9
Crude Death Rate (per 1000) 13.9 11.5 12.4
Infant Mortality Rate (per 1000) 71 48 56
Life expectancy (in years) 56.5 65.3 55.6
General Fertility Rate (per woman 6.5 4.2 3.27
Aged 15-49)
Urban % 9 45.7 54.2

Source: National Development Plan 9

Fig.6

(a)(i) Describe the changes in population characteristics between 1991 and 2001.

(ii) Suggest reasons for the increase in life expectancy from 1981 to 1991.

(b)(i) Describe the factors that could have caused the high general fertility rate in 1981.

(ii) Suggest actions that the government of Botswana can take to reduce the dependency ratio.

Development Studies Notes Module 5-8 Page 42

10. Fig. 7 Shows the Demographic Transition Model.

Fig.7

(a)(i) Name Stage 3 of the Demographic Transition Model.

(ii) At what stage does the total population start to rise?

(b) Give two reasons for the high death rate in Stage 1.

(c) Give three reasons for the high birth rates in developing countries.

(d) Suggest three measures that developing countries can use to reduce their birth rates.

11. Study Fig. 1, which is an extract on population characteristics of Botswana in 2012.

The World Economic Forum (2012) reports that in 2012, Botswana‟s life expectancy was 53.1 years and that the
country was at position number 132 out of 144 countries. Infant mortality rate was 36.1 per 1000 live births,
putting Botswana at position number 104 out of 144 countries.

Fig.8

(a)(i) Describe the actions that the government of Botswana is taking to address the problem of high infant
mortality rate.

Ideas such as:

- Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission (PMTCT) programme to stop or curb mother to child HIV
infection/ provision of milk formula/ART/HAART
- Monitoring of under 5 years growth, for example, provision of supplementary feeding such as Tsabana,
vaccination of babies against killer diseases such as polio and measles, weighing
- Medical care for pregnant mothers/ antenatal care
- Education of mothers/parents/guardians on baby care

Development Studies Notes Module 5-8 Page 43

 - Public education, for example clean environment, delivering at health facilities, boiling water before
giving to child
- Training/employing specialists/health personnel such as nurses and doctors
- Provision of health facilities

(ii) Apart from HIV and AIDS, suggest other reasons why Botswana had a low life expectancy in 2012.

Ideas such as:

- High incidents of alcohol consumption/smoking/drug abuse/life threatening habits

- Poor nutrition/people eating unbalanced diets/underfeeding/starvation
- People drinking contaminated water
- People living passive lives/lack of exercise
- People stressed by challenges of life
- Shortage of health facilities/medication
- Ignorance or lack of cooperation resulting in missing medical check ups
- Poor sanitation/hygiene
- Back-breaking jobs
- High rate road accidents.

(b)(i) Describe how HIV and AIDS might affect the population structure of Botswana.

Ideas such as:

- Reduced Birth Rate as people fear unprotected sex/ fewer babies/reduced youth
- Increased Death Rate/reduced population
- Few old people/ low life expectancy
- Reduced workforce/bread winners/death of active members as they are at the highest risk
- Few women in the workforce group
- More orphans

(ii) Suggest challenges faced by hospital and clinics in the fight against HIV and AIDS.

Ideas such as:

- Lack of funds/high expenses of purchasing Anti Retroviral (ARVs)
- Stigmatisation of HIV/AIDS
- Traditional practices that promotes HIV and AIDS such as a brother inheriting a dead brother‟s wife
regardless of HIV status and polygamy
- Overcrowding in health facilities, for example, shortage of beds
- Shortage of the health personnel or overworked health personnel
- Ignorance/illiteracy, for example, people ignore the PMTCT programme or refuse to use condoms
- Culture/Religion which counter HIV/AIDS fight, for example, which discourages open talk about sex
especially children
- Poor disposal of clinical waste/health personnel at risk.

Development Studies Notes Module 5-8 Page 44

 HEALTH
EXPLANATION OF CONCEPTS

Good health is the absence of diseases, poverty, and stress.

Poor health is the presence of diseases, poverty, and stress

.
Pandemic is a disease that spreads throughout the world.

Endemic is a disease that is always present in a country.

Malnutrition is a medical condition that results from lack of the right type of food.

Balanced diet is a meal containing all the nutrients needed by the body in the right amount.

Transfusion is when a patient is short of blood receives blood from another person.

Transplant is replacing a sick part of the body, for example, heart and kidney.

THE FACTORS INFLUENCING HEALTH

Fig.1
NB: Availability of these influence good health, and lack of these influence poor health.
 Nutrition or diet
 Living conditions
 Stress
 Resources
 Health personnel
 Entertainment
 Education
 Poverty
 Sanitation
 Clean and safe water

TRADITIONAL HEALTH/MEDICINE

It is also referred to as traditional medicine.

Traditional medicine is a traditional or cultural approach to prevention, diagnosis and treatment of diseases.

The bones of dead animals are mostly used during diagnosis, and plants, roots and leaves are usually used in
their raw form to treat ailments.

To prevent diseases and even accidents, traditional medicine relies on taboos and prohibitions, for example, „Fa
o tsamaya ka sa morago, mmago o tla wela mo nkgwaneng‟ this is meant to discourage children from engaging
in dangerous activities like walking backwards, since accidents can easily happen.

Development Studies Notes Module 5-8 Page 45

 THE CHARACTERISTICS OF TRADITIONAL HEALTH

 Traditional health mostly operates at the healer‟s home.

 In traditional health treatment is based on belief, hence unscientific, and conservative.

 Simple technology is used.

 The healing materials is acquired from the environment, and mostly used in their raw form.

 It is usually hereditary, and within family or relatives, hence it is surrounded by mystery.

 The information is memorised.

MODERN MEDICINE/HEALTH

This is scientific approach to prevention, diagnosis and treatment of diseases.

THE CHARACTERISTICS OF MODERN MEDICINE

 The diagnosis has set procedures.

 The drugs are used to kill germs to treat diseases.

 It usually operates in hospitals and clinics.

 The modern health personnel receives extensive training.

 The data is documented.

 The treatment is based on experiments and trials.

PRIMARY HEALTH CARE

Primary health care is the measure that helps to prevent diseases, and provide basic assistance to the sick.

The programmes or elements of primary health care include:

Fig.2

Development Studies Notes Module 5-8 Page 46

 (a) HEALTH EDUCATION which involves the dissemination or passing of information concerning
sanitary measures needed for the preservation of good health. People are taught about:

 Family planning and contraceptives

 Food and nutrition

 Child care and development

 Hygiene and environmental sanitation.

(b) SUPPLEMENTARY FEEDING- The following groups are provided with supplementary foods to
improve their diet, in a bid to eliminate malnutrition and help strengthens immune systems:

 Primary school children

 Drought stricken people

 Malnutrition and underweight children

 Medically vulnerable people like the HIV/AIDS patients.

 Orphaned and needy children.

(c) PROVISION OF CLEAN AND SAFE WATER

Clean and safe water is provided to eradicate and prevent waterborne diseases. This is done through:

 Sinking of boreholes deemed unsafe

 Construction of protected wells and springs

 Construction of dams

 Purifying water and providing piped water.

(d) ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND SANITATION

A clean environment can be achieved through:

 Construction of public toilets

 Enforcing health bye laws.

 Standardised housing.

 Digging rubbish pits to bury degradable waste.

(e) IMMUNISATION

Babies and children of up to five or six years of age are vaccinated against preventable diseases.

Universal child immunisation programme are designed to eradicate all the child killer diseases and reduce infant
mortality rates.

Development Studies Notes Module 5-8 Page 47

 SECONDARY HEALTH CARE

This is more specialised approach to treatment of diseases. Modern medical equipment and medicine are used to
bring patients back to good health. Health personnel are specialised.

THE EFFECTS OF POOR HEALTH

 It produces a state of insecurity and hopelessness among people.

 It lowers productivity.

 It burdens the national budget.

 It leads to loss of skilled manpower.

 It may lead to loss of employment.

THE EFFECT OF HIV/AIDS

(a) NEGATIVE

 It reduces productivity.

 It leads to loss of skilled manpower.

 It increases expenditure on health.

 It burdens welfare departments.

 It increases death rates.

 It reduces the market base.

 It reduces foreign investment.

(b) POSITIVE

 It encourages the development of research.

 It may lead to infrastructure development such as clinics and hospitals.

 It leads to creation of employment, for example, lay counsellors.

 It reduces the mouths to feed in the family.

 It leads to change of perceptions.

 It encourages foreign aid.

 It enhances training of personnel such as nurses and doctors.

Development Studies Notes Module 5-8 Page 48

 THE WAYS OF ADDRESSING THE HIV/AIDS SCOURGE IN BOTSWANA

 Providing students with information on HIV/AIDS issues.

 The establishment of agencies aimed at addressing the scourge, for example , National AIDS
Coordinating Agency (NACA)

 The establishment of Tebelopele Voluntary Counselling and Testing Centres.

 The introduction of Home Based Care Programme.

 The provision of free condoms.

 The provision of free food rations to the HIV/AIDS patients.

 The Provision of free food ration to the orphans.

THE ROLE PLAYED BY EDUCATION IN ADDRESSING HIV/AIDS

 HIV/AIDS is included in the school curriculum.

 Essay competition with HIV/AIDS themes.

 Students from clubs dealing with HIV/AIDS issues.

 Guidance and Counselling department in schools educate students on HIV/AIDS.

 Establishment of HIV/AIDS Television or computer programmes, for example, Talk Back.

 Media is also used to provide information on issues of HIV/AIDS

Development Studies Notes Module 5-8 Page 49

 Check Your Progress

[Link] Fig. 1 which shows factors that influence good health.

Fig1

(a)(i) Explain how each factor in Fig. 1 helps people to have good health.

Ideas such as:

 Clean water
Prevents waterborne diseases such as cholera
Helps to facilitate proper functioning of body system, for example, digestive system
Prevents skin diseases

 Sanitation
Controls breeding of germs in the environment
Prevents diseases

 Entertainment
Lowers stress/ lowers blood pressure as people are happy

 Balanced diet
Repairs ageing tissues
Protects the body from diseases
Provide energy

 Fitness programmes
Improves the immune system
Lowers stress
Increases heart rate to optimum level

 Hospitals and clinics

Treat people when ill or injured
Counsel people to reduce stress
Helps to control spread of infections, for example, distribution of condoms to reduce HIV infections

Development Studies Notes Module 5-8 Page 50

(ii) Suggest ways by which people in Botswana could be encouraged to eat balanced diets.

Ideas such as:

- Supplementary feeding is provided in schools and clinics

- Posters to teach people the importance of eating balanced diet
- Media nutrition programmes, for example, television, radio and print media
- Agriculture extension workers help people to grow various types of food
- Community Based Organisations could teach or encourage people to grow vegetables or raise chickens
- Destitute/orphans given food baskets

(b)(i) Describe how any three development indicators are used to measure health.

Ideas such as:

- Morbidity – The higher the morbidity the lower the health

- Doctor-patient ration- The higher the ratio the lower the health
- Population per hospital bed- The higher the population per hospital the lower the health
- Infant Mortality Rate- The higher the IMR the lower the health
- Calorie intake- The higher the calorie intake the higher the health
- Life expectancy-The higher the life expectancy the higher the health
- Maternal death- The higher the maternal death the lower the health

(ii) Explain challenges encountered in setting up and running hospitals and clinics in developing
countries.

Ideas such as:

- Shortage of trained personnel, for example, doctors and nurses

- Very high population so facilities are overloaded
- Health personnel are overworked
- Dealing with high number of incurable diseases
- Very expensive to build hospitals and clinics
- The training of personnel is lengthy and expensive
- Communicable diseases, for example, TB/put health personnel/ other patient at risk
- Traditions/some religions stop people from receiving medical treatment
- Very expensive to run

2.(a) Define the term primary health care system.

(b) Describe any three features of Botswana‟s primary health care system.

3(a) Define modern health care.

(b) State three reasons why investing in modern health care is difficult for Botswana.

Development Studies Notes Module 5-8 Page 51

4.(a) Fig. 2 shows the Primary Health Care Umbrella. Use it to answer question 3 (a)

Fig.2

(i)Using your own words, describe three different elements of a primary health care system

Ideas such as:

-Water and sanitation- provision of safe water eliminates or reduces waterborne diseases whilst hygiene
removes breeding places for pests.

-Health education- informing people about diseases and their prevention maintains good health.

-Nutrition promotion- encourages people to eat balanced diets improves their health.

-Basic education- provision of literacy- literate people learn simple ways of avoiding diseases.

-Food security- ensuring that people have enough food to eat helps them to be healthy.

-Immunisation- provision of vaccines prevents diseases such as polio.

(RULE: Any three from the umbrella at 2 marks each- 1mark for mentioning and another 1 mark for
description)

(ii)Describe the differences between a traditional and a modern health system.

Ideas such as:

-In traditional medicine, healing/diagnosis is based on the beliefs of the patient/people whilst in modern
medicine it is based on scientific causes of the diseases.

-In traditional medicine, healers are people who have acquired skills handed down by their forefathers
whilst in modern medicine healers are nurses and doctors trained in colleges and universitits.

-In traditional medicine, herbs/roots/ other natural products are used for treatment whilst in modern
medicine drugs/ other medicines are used.

-Traditional medicine is conducted in the homes/forestry/ any suitable place whilst modern medicine is
conducted in clinics and hospitals.

-Traditional medicine healing/consultation is oral whilst in modern medicine there is documentation/

records kept.
-Traditional medicine uses simple skills/ technology to heal whilst modern uses advanced skill/technology
to heal.

Development Studies Notes Module 5-8 Page 52

(b)(i) Explain how HIV and AIDS negatively affect development in Botswana.

Ideas such as:

-Loss of foreign direct investment (FDI)

-Reduce productivity
-Over expenditure on health, for example, money used on for Anti Retro Viral drugs (ARVs)/ orphanage/
food baskets/ research
-Reduced workforce
-Diversion of development funds into the health sector stall other vital developments
-Traumatised society due to AIDS deaths affecting money aspects of development
-Reduced domestic market due to loss of active people with purchasing power
-Underutilisation of resources/ facilities due to decrease in population size.
-High dependency ratio/increased poverty rate due to loss of breadwinners.
-Reduced earnings from tourism.

(ii) Describe ways in which health care services and women‟s organisations are helping in the prevention of
HIV and AIDS in Botswana.

Ideas such as:

-Dissemination or passing of information/teaching people about HIV and AIDS.

-Preventing transmission from mother to child/ provision of milk formula.
-Home based care activities promoting safe handling of patients.
-Counselling for prevention
-Care for orphans to free them from abuse and infection.
-Researches, for example, TDF 2 programme, Botswana and Harvard collaboration.
-Provide routine testing
-Distribution of free condoms
-Promotion of female condoms
-Workshops on changing male perceptions/ attitudes towards women.
-Women empowerment on resisting decisions imposed on them.
-Lobbying for harsh punishment on rapists.
-Commemoration of World Aids Day
-Safe male circumcision

Rule: Emphasis should be on prevention .

Marks allocation 4/6 6/4 5/5

[Link] Fig.3, which is an extract from Botswana‟s 2015 budget speech .

The budget is intended to address key priority areas of human capital, the fight against HIV and AIDS
including elimination of mother to child transmission, poverty eradication, provision of water and power
supply, employment creation as well as maintenance of existing infrastructure.

Fig.3

(a)(i) Describe each key area mentioned in Fig.3

Ideas such as:

- Human capital is when the government will train workers or people to work in various production
activities
- Fight against HIV and AIDS – the government will control or prevent the spread of the HIV and
AIDS diseases, for example, by providing free condoms and PMTCT
- Poverty eradication is when the government improve people‟s standards of living or provision of
people‟s basic needs.

Development Studies Notes Module 5-8 Page 53

 - Provision of water and power supplies which the government carry out through connection of water
pipes and electric lines/ drilling boreholes
- Employment creation which will be done by the government through the establishment of activities
that will provide jobs for people
- Maintenance of existing infrastructure in which the government will repair roads and bridges that
are already there or existing infrastructure

(ii) Suggest ways by which provision of water promotes development.

Ideas such as:

- Water use for irrigation in agriculture

- Control waterborne diseases, for example, diarrhoea and cholera
- Water used as raw material in industries/cleaning (for beverages)
- Water used for cooling purposes in thermal power production/ air conditioning
- Water used for steaming the thermal power production
- Water used for domestic purposes/promotes good health
- Water used for swimming pools/ in tourists industry/hotels/holiday resorts/water sports

(b)(i) Describe how good health promotes the development of Botswana.

Ideas such as:

- Healthy/fit workers are more productive

- Healthy students do well at school
- A healthy nation cuts expenditure on health services(so more money for development projects)
- Good health attracts tourists who bring foreign exchange
- Healthy people are happy people so they cooperate with the government ( they spend less time
complaining/relate well with others)
- Healthy environment attracts investors

(ii) Suggest challenges that developing countries might meet as they work to provide primary health
care.

Ideas such as:

- Shortage of volunteers to work on primary health care programmes/health personnel

- Lack of funds to run primary health care programmes/people lack of funds to support primary health
care programmes
- Illiteracy/ignorance of the people causing lack of support for primary care programmes, for example,
some parents refusing to take children for vaccinations/ people refusing to use condoms
- Strong beliefs in secondary health care/hospitals/injections and pills
- Traditional medicine sometime works against primary health care, for example, traditional doctors may
advise people to stop bathing as a procedure
- Large population making programmes difficult to manage
- Political instability

Development Studies Notes Module 5-8 Page 54

 EDUCATION

Education means imparting and acquiring knowledge.

THE PURPOSE OF EDUCATION

 It keeps people informed.

 It enhances political association.

 It encourages technical advancement.

 It provides economic training.

 It transmits culture.

 It improves people‟s self- esteem.

 It helps people to be more adaptable to change.

 It improve literacy rate.

 It produces productive workers.

 It helps in the comprehension of the importance of conserving nature.

 It increases people‟s awareness of health issues.

EDUCATION CAN BE MEASURED BY:

 Levels of literacy which shows the percentage of the population that can read and write.

 School enrolment which shows the number of learners attending school compared to those who could
be in school.
The number attending tertiary indicates the amount of tertiary education provided in the country.

TYPES OF EDUCATION

TRADITIONAL EDUCATION

Traditional education is teaching and learning that is done mainly through speech and demonstrating.

The society‟s belief and customs are handed down from one generation to another.

i. Formal traditional education is the organised instruction which takes place through initiation
schooling for boys and girls.

Teenagers spend time away from their homes learning life skills.

They are thereafter treated as adults.

ii. Informal traditional education is generally family, and gender-based.

Teaching is through storytelling, poetry, singing, dancing, ceremonies and rituals.

Development Studies Notes Module 5-8 Page 55

 THE ADVANTAGES OF TRADITIONAL EDUCATION

 Traditional education helps preserve cultural heritage of the society.

 It is cheap to run.

 Traditional education helps the learner to have a sense of belonging in the community.

 It helps the learners to associate with the local environment, and hence conserve it.

 Traditional education enables learners to acquire survival skills since it is more practical.

THE DISADVANTAGES OF TRADITIONAL EDUCATION

 Traditional education is conservative, it fails to accommodate innovative ideas.

 Instruction in initiation schools sometimes involves harsh treatment which leads to injury or even
death.

 Knowledge can be distorted or even lost since it is imparted orally.

MODERN EDUCATION

Modern education is the contemporary learning and teaching which heavily relies on written word.

1. Formal education system takes place in an institution of learning, for example, a school and college.

It has a set structure with specific curriculum and a syllabus, and clearly defined period of learning.

It involves qualified teachers and certification.

2. Academic Education prepares learners mostly for clerical or white collar jobs.

It is divided into three stages: primary, secondary and tertiary.

3. Vocational Education and Job Shadowing (apprenticeship) equips learners with skills that will help
them perform specialised tasks.

Job shadowing is a work based learning where learners visit the workplace to observe and copy workers as they
perform their tasks

THE IMPORTANCE OF JOB SHADOWING

 It prepares learners for employment

 It provides a link between school learning and the world of work.

 It stimulates career selection process.

 It generates skilled workforce.

In Botswana, secondary school students have an opportunity to learn practical and business subjects such as
commerce, accounts, art, home management, design and technology.

Vocational training is also available after completion of secondary schooling (either at junior or senior level) at
brigades and technical colleges.

Graduates automatically get employed or assisted to start their own companies.

Development Studies Notes Module 5-8 Page 56

 4. Informal Education is gained through life experience. Learning takes place within the surrounding.

For example, one can get information from public sources such as the media and by imitation.

5. Non-formal Education takes place outside the school set up. It is less structured than the formal one.

It takes place at any convenient place such as the workplace or someone‟s home through
correspondence and with the help of literacy assistants.

For example, include literacy classes, agricultural education, health education and learning circles.

THE ADVANTAGES OF MODERN EDUCATION

 It is innovative.

 It widens the scope of thinking of an individual.

 It enhances productivity at work.

 It equips learners with skills for their careers.

THE DISADVANTAGES OF MODERN EDUCATION

 It leads to inequalities since it creates a lot of competition.

 Most of its curricula are Eurocentric, hence upholds that culture at the expense of others.

 It is expensive to run.

 It emphasizes acquisition of certificates at the expense of acquisition of practical skills.

 Lack of basic resources may lower educational achievements in the country.

THE IMPORTANCE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN BOTSWANA

Information technology is the computerized production, storage and dissemination of data.

 It equips learners with skills to use computers.

 It enhances fast dissemination of data.

 It accords the country an opportunity to compete on global technological innovations.

 It produces technically skilled graduates to boost economic growth.

 It enhances the country‟s competitive participation in international trade.

ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION

Environmental education helps in raising awareness on issues related to the natural surroundings.

THE WAYS OF PROVIDING ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION IN BOTSWANA

 Through kgotla meetings.

 Through litter picking campaigns.
 Through drama performance.
 In pamphlets.

Assignment : Evaluate educational systems of two countries in SADC region.

Development Studies Notes Module 5-8 Page 57

 Check Your Progress

[Link] Fig. 2, which is about traditional education in South Africa, and answer questions (a)(i) and (ii).[2008]

Fig.1

(a)(i) Describe the main features of traditional education.

Ideas such as:

-The main feature of traditional education is that it takes place in initiation schools, for example, bogwera and
bojale.

-The main feature of traditional education is that it is oral, for example it uses stories, dance and songs.

-In traditional education teachers are all elderly people who are experienced.

-The main feature of traditional education is that it prepares boys and girls for adulthood.

-The traditional education is based on culture.

-The main feature of traditional society is that learning is by hands on or practical.

-The main feature of traditional society is that learning is continuous.

(ii) What are the disadvantages of traditional education?

Ideas such as:

-The disadvantage of traditional education is that it focus on the past or lacks dynamism or promote rigidity.

-The traditional education is restrictive due to its being gender based or discriminating.

-The disadvantage of traditional education is that information gets distorted due to its being oral or lack of
record keeping.

-The traditional education discourages industrial initiative or creativity and innovation.

-The disadvantages of traditional education is that emphasises on skills out of touch with the modern world or
low literacy rate.

-The traditional educational uses unethical teaching methods .

Allocation of marks: 6/4, 5/5

Development Studies Notes Module 5-8 Page 58

(b)(i) What challenges do governments of developing countries face in their efforts to provide formal
education?

Ideas such as:

-The challenge government of developing countries face in their efforts to provide formal education is that of
lack of funds/ it is expensive.

-The governments of developing countries face the problem of increased numbers of enrolment in their efforts
to provide formal education.

-In developing countries the governments are faced with the challenge of resistance from some religious and
tribal groups in their efforts to provide formal education.

- The challenge government of developing countries face in their efforts to provide formal education is that of
high drop-out rate, for example, teenage pregnancy.

-The governments of developing countries are faced with the challenge of lack of qualified teachers in their
efforts to provide formal education.

-The challenge faced by developing countries in their effort to provide formal education is that of lack of
educational resources, for example, teaching equipment.

-Developing countries governments face the challenge of lack of infrastructure such as buildings in their effort
to provide formal education.

(ii) Explain how schools can raise awareness of HIV/AIDS.

Ideas such as:

-The schools can raise awareness of HIV/AIDS through infusion in the syllabus.

-In school HIV/AIDS awareness can be raised by clubs such as PACT.

-The schools can raise awareness of HIV/AIDS through provision of counselling.

- In schools HIV/AIDS awareness can be raised by having essay competition on HIV/AIDS themes.

-Schools can raise HIV/AIDS awareness by encouraging voluntary testing.

-The schools can raise awareness of HIV/AIDS through posters, billboards and pamphlet development.

-The schools can raise awareness of HIV/AIDS through drama, songs, dance and beauty contests.

-In schools HIV/AIDS awareness can be raised by commemorating World Aids Day, Month of Youth Against
AIDS, and prayers for HIV and AIDS.

Development Studies Notes Module 5-8 Page 59

2..Study Fig.4, which is an extract on education and answer question 1 (a). [2010]

Fig.2

(a)(i) Describe any three kinds of formal education provided in the Botswana system of education.

Ideas such as:

-The kind of formal education provided in the Botswana system of education is that of education with
production where learners carry out productive work as part of their lessons.

-The formal education provided in the Botswana system of education is that of vocational training where
learners are taught practical skills so they can get jobs, for example, plumbing and brick laying.

-The technical training is where learners are given technical knowledge to work as technicians, for example, in
agriculture, industry and telecommunications.

-The kind of formal education provided by Botswana education system is that of job shadowing or
apprenticeship where learners works with experienced workers in order to learn from them hands on.

(ii) What are the characteristics of non-formal education?

Ideas such as:

-The characteristic of non-formal education is that learners progress at their own pace.

-In non-formal education there is self-learning.

-The characteristic of non-formal education is that learners of all ages are accepted.

-The non-formal education takes place at any convenient place or anywhere.

-The characteristic of non-formal education is that certification is optional or examinations are optional.

-The non-formal education can take place through distance learning or there is distance learning in non-formal
education.

-The characteristic of non-formal education is that sometimes there is emphasis on teaching practical skills for
improving people‟s standard of living.

-The characteristic of non-formal education is that learners are taught or tutored by experienced workers with
some educational training.

Marks allocation: 6/4, 4/6, 5/5

Development Studies Notes Module 5-8 Page 60

(b)(i) Describe the importance of environmental education to the development of Botswana.

Ideas such as:

-The importance of environmental education to the development of Botswana is that it encourages use of
appropriate technology.

-In Botswana environmental education improves health through prevention of diseases or primary health care.

-The importance of environmental education to the development of Botswana is that it will promote the
conservation of natural resources.

-The environmental education in Botswana will encourage tourism which generates income for the government.

-The importance of environmental education in Botswana will promote awareness of global environmental
agreements.

-The environmental education in Botswana will empower locals or leadership.

-The importance of environmental education to the development of Botswana is that it enables community based
organisations (CBO‟s) to generate income for locals.

(ii) Suggest ways in which environmental education can be promoted in Botswana.

-The way in which environmental education can be promoted in Botswana is by including it in school
curriculum.

-In Botswana environmental education can be promoted through billboards and posters.

-The way in which environmental education can be promoted in Botswana is by publishing books on
environment.

-In Botswana environmental education can be promoted through television and radio programmes, newspapers
and magazines.

-The way in which environmental education can be promoted in Botswana is through clean up campaigns.

-In Botswana environmental education can be promoted through workshops, for example, kgotla meetings.

-The way in which environmental education can be promoted is by having school environmental clubs and
through community based organisations (CBO‟s).

-In Botswana environmental education can be promoted by celebration of environmental days, for example, tree
planting day.

Marks allocation: 6/4, 4/6, 5/5

Development Studies Notes Module 5-8 Page 61

3(a) What is meant by vocational education?

(b) Describe three ways by which a country can benefit from vocational education.

Development Studies Notes Module 5-8 Page 62

 MODULE 7: POLITICS AND DEVELOPMENT

TOPIC GENERAL OBJECTIVES SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

Learners should be able to: Learners should be able to:
Government and Explain different forms of -explain the concept of politics, state and government;
Development governments and their -discuss and evaluate types of governments;
influence on development. -discuss ways in which social, economic and political aspects interact to
change society;
-identify and explain decision making processes with specific reference to
Botswana;
-discuss the role of government in the economy with specific reference to
Botswana‟s role in the provision of social services and the mobilisation of
resources;
-discuss the social structures such as class, ethnicity, status, and
profession/trade;
-discuss challenges of nation building on the basis of tension, conflict
resolution and consensus;
-evaluate any one of the following Acts: Chieftainship Act, Citizenship
Act, Marriage and Property Act and Tribal Land Act.

Non-Governmental Understand the dynamics of -explain Non-Governmental Organisations;

Organisations in Non-Governmental -account for the existence of Non-Governmental Organisations in
Development Organisations and their Botswana;
-discuss the work of lobbyist, welfarists, conservationists and
impact on development in
developmental Non-Governmental Organisations;
Botswana and in Southern -examine and evaluate government and Non-Governmental Organisation
Africa. strategies for development in Botswana.

Community Based Understand the nature of -identify and describe types of Community Based Organisations;
Organisations Community Based -account for the existence of Community Based Organisations;
Organisations and their -select and describe the work of one Community Based Organisation;
-discuss the impact of Community Based Organisations in the
impact on development in
development of Botswana.
Botswana and in Southern
Africa.
The Private Sector Understand the nature and -identify types of private sector;
impact of the private sector -account for the existence of the private sector in Botswana;
on development in Botswana -discuss and assess the role and impact of the private sector on the
development of Botswana and other countries in the SADC region;
and the Southern African
-compare government and private sector strategies for development in
Development Community Botswana.
(SADC)

Development Studies Notes Module 5-8 Page 63

 GOVERNMENT AND DEVELOPMENT

EXPLANATION OF CONCEPTS

 Politics: It involves decision making and distributing resources, it is about dealing with conflict and
disagreements.

 State: An organised political community controlled by one government.

It is an entity whereby an individual is intended to realise the highest good through good governance.

 Government: A system of controlling a country.

TYPES OR SYSTEMS OF GOVERNMENT

MONARCH(Y)

Monarch is a system in which the country is ruled by a King, Queen or Emperor.

The example of monarchies are Swaziland, Britain, Lesotho, Morocco, Kuwait and Saudi Arabia.

THE CHARACTERISTICS OF A MONARCHY

The following are some of the prominent or common features of a constitutional monarchy;

i. The monarch is a ceremonial figure.

ii. The positions of monarch is hereditary as it passes from King to the eldest son or eldest daughter.

iii. In a constitutional monarchy, there is a Prime Minister who is the head of the government.

THE ADVANTAGES OF A MONARCHY

i. It maintains tradition-that is, in a monarchy culture is maintained, kept and followed.

ii. It creates an unchanging and stabilising influence.

iii. It is not as easily corrupted as political Heads of States.

THE DISADVANTAGES OF A MONARCHY

i. The people are not consulted on the choice of the monarch, therefore, the system is said to be
undemocratic.

ii. Monarchies are hereditary, so there is no guarantee that the successor to the throne will be competent to
rule.

iii. The monarch may become corrupt and accumulate great wealth at the expense of the people.

Development Studies Notes Module 5-8 Page 64

 THE REPUBICAN/MULTI PARTY/REPRESENTATIVE/PARLIAMENTARY DEMOCRACY

The term democracy is derived from the Greek word “demos”, which means the people and “kratos” which
means authority or rule. Democracy, therefore, means “rule by the people”.

Parliamentary democracy is a system of government in which political authority lies with people.

THE CHARACTERISTICS OF PARLIAMENTARY DEMOCRACY

i. People are free to form different political parties and identify candidates of their choice for office.

ii. There is freedom of speech and freedom to discuss political choices.

iii. There is freedom of the press.

iv. There is freedom to campaign for different political parties.

v. All citizens who are 18 years or older have a right to vote. This is called universal adult suffrage.

vi. There is a system of one person one vote. This means that everyone has a right to vote once during the
election time.

vii. Elections are held at regular intervals. For instance in Botswana elections are held every 5 years.

viii. There is a secret ballot voting system so that no one is afraid that other people will find out who they
voted for.

ix. There are independent bodies set up to oversee the smooth running of elections, for instance, to avoid
rigging of elections or intimidation during election time.

x. There is free, fair and controlled election.

THE ADVANTAGES OF A PARLIAMENTARY DEMOCRACY

i. There is joint decision making as everyone has a say in making decisions.

ii. People elect representatives to represent them in parliament.

iii. There is transparency regarding decision making because everyone is involved or consulted.

iv. Generally there is peace and stability which can lead to economic prosperity.

v. People can elect a different government into power if they are not satisfied with the current one.

vi. People are free to form different political parties.

vii. There is usually social justice and equity as everyone is treated equally.

Development Studies Notes Module 5-8 Page 65

 THE DISADVATAGES OF PARLIAMENTARY DEMOCRACY

i. There might be a problem of bureaucracy.

ii. It is very expensive to implement, that is, they are time consuming and financially waste.

iii. There can be tribal or religious conflicts as political parties may be formed along tribal or religious
lines.

iv. Some government officials are corrupt, they accept bribes to make decisions that favours certain
people.

v. Sometimes government officials run unfair elections, and pretend they have won many votes when they
actually lost the elections and this may lead to political turmoil or crisis.

vi. Some people may abuse freedom of speech into character assassination and mud slugging.

vii. Consultation of people at grassroots level is a delay and a financial waste.

viii. Development projects become election baits than genuine people wants.

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 ONE-PARTY STATE

In some countries there is only one political party. This is usually the ruling party.

Other parties are not allowed to stand for elections.

These countries are called one party states as they have only one political party to run the affairs of the state.

A number of African countries become one party state soon after gaining their independence.

It was argued that if there were a large number of parties the country would split into different conflicting
groups.

Such countries are Zambia, Uganda and Malawi.

THE CHARACTERISTICS OF A ONE-PARTY STATE

 There is only one political party.

 Elections are held at regular intervals and people vote for representatives from the ruling party.

 The leaders of one party state normally turn out to be dictators such as Malawi‟s Kamuzu Banda and
Uganda‟s Idi Amin.

THE ADVANTAGES OF ONE-PARTY STATE

 There is less argument in the country.

 There is usually a resemblance of unity in the country

 There is prevention of social class formation because parties are believed to divide people into social
classes.

 This prevents tribal conflict because in countries where there are many different tribes parties are
formed along tribal lines.

 It is cheap as costly elections are avoided.

 There is continuity as the ruling party can plan for longer period for it is guaranteed a continuous reign
or rule.

THE DISADVANTAGES OF ONE-PARTY STATE

 The ruling party may begin to abuse its power and rejects criticism, thus turning into dictatorship.

 People may be denied their rights to basic freedom.

 There is little transparency and accountability.

 There is less participation in decision making because all decision comes from above.

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 DICTATORSHIPS

One other form of government which is even less democratic is dictatorship.

A dictatorship comes about when one person or small group of people control the government.

Leaders that follow this political ideology have absolute power and authority.

Such leaders include Hastings Kamuzu Banda of Malawi who dictated even what clothes people should wear.

Others include Sani Abacha of Nigeria, Idi Amin of Uganda and others.

Dictatorships are often set up by military leaders who seize control of the government by force or through what
is called coup d’etats, which means to overthrow or take over power by force and rule by an “iron fist”.

THE CHARACTERISTICS OF A DICTATORSHIP

 Dictatorships are normally set up by military leaders through a coup d’etats.

 Power is in the hands of a few individuals.

 Political parties are not allowed.

 Dictators make their own laws called decrees and have them carried out as they wish.

 Dictators control courts of laws.

 Murders , asylums, exiles and mysterious disappearances are common in such countries especially to
people who pose as threats or who are seen a „enemies of the state‟.

 Opposition is ruthlessly or brutally suppressed or forbidden.

 Elections are never held.

 Leaders can be imprisoned without trial.

THE DISADVANTAGES OF A DICTATORSHIP

 People have no power over the government.

 The government simply dictates to people, telling them what to do and when to do it.

 There is no freedom of neither speech nor press.

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 DECISION MAKING OR PLANNING PROCESSES

Fig.1

In a political system, whether it is democracy or dictatorship, the way that decisions are made is very important.

1. CENTRALISED/ TOP DOWN DECISION MAKING is whereby the national government or

central government makes all the decisions, here decisions are made at the top and passed down to the
people who are expected to carry them out.

THE ADAVANTAGES OF TOP-DOWN DECISION-MAKING PROCESS

1) Decisions can be made in the best interest of the whole country.

2) Governments have access to large sums of money and to Multi-national companies, hence can finance
the decisions.

3) Developments are directed along the lines of the nationally agreed policies.

THE DISADVANTAGES OF TOP-DOWN DECISION-MAKING PROCESS

1) The majority of citizens may not play a part.

2) It may be controlled in the interests of politicians and large companies.

3) It may be contrary to local interests as the people in most cases are not involved in decision making
processes that directly affect them.

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2. DECENTRALISATION OR BOTTOM-UP DECISION MAKING PROCESS means planning which
involves sharing and transfer of decision making power from the top to the middle and lowest levels. The
middle and lowest levels refers to the local authorities and communities respectively.

THE ADVANTAGES OF BOTTOM-UP DECISION MAKING PROCESS

 Most people participate in the decision making process.

 It encourages self-reliance and commitment as everybody is involved.

 The development of the country is usually supported by the communities.

 It targets all people including the poor and disadvantaged.

THE DISADVANTAGES OF BOTTOM-UP DECISION-MAKING PROCESS

 The local people‟s plans are not always welcomed by government officials.

 The representation of people‟s views at the parliament may be ineffective.

 Projects may encounter shortage of money.

In Botswana people participate effectively in decision making at the local level through the kgotla and Village
Development committees.

Both men and women meet at the kgotla to draw up development plans which are later included in the district
development plans and finally in the national development plans.

Councillors and members of parliament take such decisions up.

Development Studies Notes Module 5-8 Page 70

 THE ROLE OF THE GOVERNMENT IN THE ECONOMY

 Stimulate economic growth: The government can develop infrastructure such as roads, railways and
telecommunications, to give producers access to markets and raw materials or industries. The
government can also invest directly in industry, for example, building and running state corporations.

 Provide social welfare services: Government can give people access to health and education, building
health centres such as hospitals, clinics, building schools, paying doctors, nurses, and teachers and
providing the necessary equipment. Some government go to the extent of offering such services to
citizens for free.

 Keeping peace in the country: The government must avoid the use of force, it can only be used to act
against those who break the law. The army must be used to defend the country or to help in
emergencies.

 Planning development: Government must try to draw up national development plans, usually for a
period of 5 years.

 Nation Building: Government must try to create a feeling of national unity and belonging among all
citizens

 Representing people abroad: The government makes agreements with other nations on behalf of the
people. Government decide on how to relate with other countries and to international organisations, for
example, ambassadors, joining United Nations and SADC.

 Caring for the environment through conservation.

 Social justice- magistrate courts and high court.

The role of government as seen above is to enhance social, economic and political development.

The interaction of social, ecological and political development can either facilitate or speed up the realisation of
the above or frustrate development thus leading to the following negative aspect of development:
 Having ambitious projects.

 Corruption

 Excessive government spending

 Expanded government bureaucracy

 Over development of state.

 Rent seeking

 Non financial accountability and transparency.

Development Studies Notes Module 5-8 Page 71

 MOBILISATION OF RESOURCES

The government of Botswana raise money or generate revenue through different ways and means.
The money is then used to provide social services and fund economic activities, among others. The income
raised is known as government revenue.
There are different ways that the government uses to mobilise resources or to collect income, and these ways
include the following:

(a)Taxes

There are a number of taxes that the government uses to raise the revenue that it needs. These taxes include:

(i) Import duty- This is in the form of percentage charged on all goods entering the country from
foreign countries.

(ii) Value Added Tax (VAT) – This is a new kind of tax which has been introduced recently in
Botswana. It is collected from consumers by all companies and individual enterprises who make
annual profit P250 000.00 and above. The tax is the periodically reimbursed to government by
those businesses.

(iii) Income tax-Employees pay a certain percentage of their salary to the government. The amount of
money paid depends on the salary a person earns. This, therefore, means that people who earn
higher salaries pay more than those who earn less.

(iv) Sales tax- A certain amount of money is added to the prices of all goods that are sold, and this is
sent to the government.

(v) Vehicle tax-Vehicles owners pay a certain amount of money to the department of transport. This is
also part of government revenue.

(b)Licensing
Another way of raising capital or income by the government is through licensing. Different kinds of licences are
paid for and after a certain period of time. For example, business, hunting licences.

(c)Penalties
Wrong doers are often charged and their money put in the government revenue. Offenders here include careless
drivers, those who fail to pay for licences in time and many others.

(d)Borrowing money
The government borrows money from other countries both locally and overseas. The international banks include
the World Banks. This money is then used as part of the government revenue.

(e)Parastatals companies/ establishments

The government also raises money through state owned companies such as the railways, electricity and water
supply networks.

(f) Partnership
The Botswana government also gets a lot of income from jointly owned companies such as De Beers and others.

(g)Foreign reserves
The Botswana government keeps part of its money overseas as foreign reserves which generate a lot of interest.
This income is used in times of emergencies such as famine, drought and other incidents.

Development Studies Notes Module 5-8 Page 72

 EVALUATION OF SOME OF THE EXISTING ACTS IN BOTSWANA

An act is seen as a legal document usually written by the government and approved by the House of Parliament.
An act is meant to give guidance on certain subjects.

THE MARRIAGE ACT

The Marriage Act is applicable to all marriages conducted in Botswana including those done under customary
law or any religious rite. The act gives guidance on how civil, customary and religious marriage should be
conducted in order for them to be considered legal in Botswana.

The marriage to be valid the Marriage Act emphasises that marriage should be conducted by marriage officers
who can either be Administration or District Officers, any Minister of Religion or a person holding responsible
position in any religious denomination

It is important to note that in Botswana people choose who to marry. However, marriage between people who
are closely related is not allowed. For instance, marriage between parent and child, parent and grandchild and so
forth is forbidden.

As mentioned earlier on, Marriage Act also gives guidance on marriage done according to Setswana custom or
any other traditional way. After the marriage has been conducted it should be registered within two months with
the Registrar of Marriages. It is evident, however, that Batswana do not register their marriages. This is not safe
as one spouse can easily marry the second partner as their marriage to the other spouse would be missing from
the marriage register at the Ministry of Home Affairs.

The Marriage Act empowers the Registrar of Marriages to reject or accept the marriage depending on the
prevailing situation. If the marriage has been accepted, Registrar of Marriages shall issue to the spouse a
certificate of registration bearing the prescribed particulars. There are different types of marriages that exist in
Botswana and below are some of them:

(a)Civil Marriages

One type of marriage we have in Botswana are civil marriages. These marriages done according to common or
modern law. These marriages are usually conducted by the Administration or District Officer who makes sure
that all the necessary steps are correctly followed. One of the first steps is to announce or publicise the marriage
notice in a public place like Church or at the District Administration Offices for three successive weeks before
the marriage day.

(b)Customary Marriages

One of the most widely practised form of marriage in Botswana is the Customary Marriage. This form of
marriage involves the giving of bride price, or bogadi/lobola, usually in form of livestock given to the bride‟s
family. It is important however, to note that there are some people amongst some groups such as Bangwato who
do not demand lobala especially when the two families are from the same area.

(c)Religious Marriages

We have many different religions in the world in which different people believe.

Development Studies Notes Module 5-8 Page 73

 THE CHIEFTAINSHIP ACT

Chieftainship Act, explains what a Chief or Dikgosi are and their general functions. The act describes a kgosi as
an individual who has been designated or appointed as one in accordance with customary law by his Merafe
assembled in the kgotla and has been recognised as a Kgosi by the Minister of Home Affairs.

The act also explains the duties of the kgosi which include the following:

 To promote the welfare of the members of his morafe.

 To carry out any instruction given by the Minister of Home Affairs.

 To ensure that the morafe is informed of any development projects in the area which affect them.

 To call kgotla meetings to solicit advice on how to execute his functions.

 The kgosi is also responsible for ensuring that his morafe is safe and secure from any harm and danger.

Development Studies Notes Module 5-8 Page 74

 NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS (NGOs)

Non-Governmental Organisations are independent and non-profit making institutions that help improve the
living standard of the people.

BRIEF HISTORY

They came into being because government had failed to alleviate poverty and the poor continue to suffer. It was
believed NGOs could compliment governments and reach rural areas where the majority of the poor were found.
It was also believed treats some development activities were environmentally unfriendly, some NGOs came to
promote sustainable use of the environment. Natural disasters were frequent in Third World countries and
government was less prepared for them, so NGOs came in to helping government deal with such emergencies,
for example, floods and drought.

THE REASONS WHY NGOs EXIST IN BOTSWANA

1. They deal with social problems such as drought relief and HIV/AIDS.

2. They promote conservation of the environment, for example, Kalahari Conservation Society and
Somerelang Tikologo.

3. They promote disposal of obsolete pesticides and used oil, for example, Somarelang Tikologo.

4. They help market local products, for example, Thusano Lefatshe helps market Devil‟s Claws granules.

5. Thye promote development by funding developmental projects such as construction of dams, roads and
stadiums.

6. They improve the status of women by:

 Alleviating poverty and economically empowering them.

 Equality in power sharing and decision making.

 Protecting women‟s rights and discouraging violence against them. (Metlhaetsile, WAR)

 Engaging in women‟s education and training (BCW)

7. It help improve the living standards of the marginalized people, for example, The First People of
Botswana (Basarwa).

Development Studies Notes Module 5-8 Page 75

 THE CHARACTERISTICS OF NGOs

 Privately set-up, structured and sufficiently autonomous.

 Non –profit making organisations.

 Support development.

THE ROLES OF NGO’s

 Providing for the unprovided or serving the poor.

 Shaping national policies.

 Advocate for just development.

 Popular participation.

 Empowerment

 Poverty alleviation

THE ADVANTAGES/STRENGTHS OF NGOs

 NGOs are effective in identification of community needs.

 The enjoy legitimacy from the communities there are found.

 NGOs are effective in serving the poor because of their physical base.

 They have a popular participation.

 They are innovative.

 NGOs operate in small scale.

 There is commitment of staff.

THE DISADVANTAGES/WEAKNESSES OF NGOs

(a)Leadership problems
 NGOs staff resent and impedes strong leadership.

 Irreplaceability of charismatic guru-like leaders, which leads to a decay and death of NGO because of
no replication.

Development Studies Notes Module 5-8 Page 76

(b)Legitimacy: Criticism of one another rather than collaboration and this foster isolation.

(c)Staff problems

 Recruitment is one of staff who can follow orders and report to the leader.

 Inter staff rivalry between local and foreign staff.

(d)Project design

 Projects do not benefit the poor

 Local elite domination of decision making

 No innovativeness, but extension of tried and tested services.

 Limited replicability.

 Limited technical ability from staff.

 Learning disability.

 Irregular documentation of experience and subjective if any.

 Problems of accountability

 No challenge on the effectiveness of the project, but concentration on wrong aspects

 Inadequate planning, organisation and management.

 Inadequate staff training

 Small scale might mean insignificance, powerlessness and disconnectedness.

Development Studies Notes Module 5-8 Page 77

 THE NGOs- GOVERNMENT RELATIONS

According to Thomas (1992), the relations come in threefold:

(a)Complimenting the state is when NGOs participate in providing services which the state would otherwise
not be able to produce.

 When NGOs requires only the freedom to get on with their chosen tasks.

 Its actions are not hampered by those of the government.

 Their actions does not influence areas of development planning and delivery.

 Government feels neither threatened nor challenged.

 NGOs actions are not incompatible with government.

(b)Opposing the state- The opposition can be direct or through various pressure groups.

 NGOs theory differs with that of the government.

 Common in military dictatorship, for example, Philippines under Marcos and Chile under Pinochet.

(c)Reforming the state-NGOs can represent interest groups and negotiate with the government to improve
policies.
TYPES OF NGOs

i. Relief and welfare agencies (RWFs) –These are non-governmental organisations that provide the
needy with a service or a need, for example, missionary society, the Red Cross, and those that deals
with orphans, and people with disabilities.

ii. Technical Innovation Organisations ([Link])- Those NGOs that operate their own projects to pioneer
new improved approaches to solving problems and which tend to remain specializing in their chosen
field, for example, Child Line, Women Against Rape and Ditshwanelo.

iii. Public Service Contractors (PSCs) - Northern funded non-governmental organisations that work
closely with Southern governments and Aid agencies such as Foundation of Education with
Production.

iv. Grassroots Development Organisation (GDOs)-Locally based southern organisations whose

members are poor and oppressed and which attempt to develop them, for example, Thari Ya Banana of
Molepolole.

v. Popular Development Agencies (PDOs) - They concentrate on self-help, social development, and
grassroots development, for example, YWCA.

vi. Advocacy Groups and Networks ([Link]) - These NGOs campaign for changes in laws, for
example, Emang Basadi.

Development Studies Notes Module 5-8 Page 78

 SOME OF THE EXAMPLES OF NGOS

 Lobbyists- Emang Basadi refer to Women in Development- Module 5

 Welfarist-YWCA, Red Cross

 Conservationist- Somerelang Tikologo, Kalahari Conservation Society (KCS)

 Developmentalist –Habitat for Humanity

AN EXAMPLE OF A CONSERVATIONIST NGO- SOMARELANG TIKOLOGO

Its work:

 It encourages environmental impact assessment before a project is started.

 It encourages wise use of energy, for example, 15 houses in phase two have been retro fitted with
energy saving bulbs. Results shows that there has been tremendous reduction in monthly electricity
bills.

 It has come up with waste Management Act that promotes proper disposal of plastic bags by retailers
and customers.

 It ensures that there is proper disposal of obsolete pesticides, which are normally left over‟s from
international donations.

 It promotes proper disposal of used oil. Botswana faces a problem of illegal dumping of oil.

 It promotes conservation by engaging in community activities such as tree planting, litter picking and
use of environmental dramas.

Development Studies Notes Module 5-8 Page 79

 COMMUNITY BASED ORGANISATIONS (CBOs)

Community Based Organisations is all grassroots based organisations involved in development.

Community Based Organisations are rural oriented institutions that are engaged in income generating activities,
aimed at poverty alleviation and sustainable rural livelihoods.

They aim at bringing self reliant development.

They are real grassroots institutions that reach the poorest of the poor, for example, burial societies.

FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNITY-BASED ORGANISATIONS/ WHY DO THEY EXIST

The following are some of the many functions of CBOs:

 They act as a way of achieving community participation.

 They provide technical skills such as weaving, knitting, farming and so on to members.

 They provide administrative skills such as proper record keeping, conducting meetings, and time
management to members.

 They provide members with skills of solving conflicts and problems together.

 The members participate in different tasks as may be needed in the society.

COMMUNITY-BASED ORGANISATIONS IN BOTSWANA

 Gabane Home Based Care (GHBC): The organisation was formed to assist people infected with
HIV/AIDS and other terminally ill patients. It provides the HIV/AIDS and terminally ill patient with
home care.

 Save Our Souls (SOS): SOS is an organisation that cares for orphans and abandoned children by
providing them with shelter, education and other social amenities until they reach 18 years.

 Total Community Mobilisation (TCM): TCM is an organisation that is funded by the Ministry of
Health whose members move around Botswana from village to village to raise awareness on issues
relating to the spread and prevention of HIV/AIDS.

 Environmental Conservation Community Based Organisation (ECCBO): ECCBO refers to a

number of organisations found in different areas around Botswana teaching people on issues related to
conservation of environment.

Development Studies Notes Module 5-8 Page 80

 THE IMPACT OF COMMUNITY BASED ORGANISATION ON THE DEVELOMENT OF
BOTSWANA

1) It promotes bottom-up decision making. People come up with sustainable projects.

2) Promotes wise use of natural resources.

3) It creates employment opportunities mainly for the disadvantaged such as women and tribal people.

4) It improves country‟s Gross National Products.

5) It diversifies rural economies.

6) It improves country infrastructure.

Development Studies Notes Module 5-8 Page 81

 THE PRIVATE SECTOR

Private sector refers to businesses that are privately owned by individuals or by a group of individuals.

TYPES OF PRIVATE SECTOR IN BOTSWANA

Fig.2

The main forms of business ownership in the Private Sector are:

a) The Sole Proprietor

b) Partnerships
c) Co-operatives
d) Multi-national

THE SOLE PROPRIETOR

As the name implies ownership of such a business is in the hands of just one person.

Features of the Sole Proprietor

 It is a business owned by only one person who provides all the capital needed to set it up and run it, and
takes all profit as his or her reward.
 It is the simplest and most common type of enterprise.
 The owner uses his or her labour, assisted perhaps by one or two workers or the family members.
 The business tends to be small in size although this is not always the case.
 This type of enterprise is not confined to the retail trade.

The Advantages of the Sole Proprietor

 It is easy to set up, control and manage.

 It requires a small amount of capital to set up.
 The owner makes independent and quick decisions on how the business is to be run.
 The owner has personal contacts with his or her workers and customers.
 This enables him or her to try and provide them with personal services, which is lacking in larger
shops.
 Satisfaction and interest is gained by being self-employed.

Development Studies Notes Module 5-8 Page 82

 The Disadvantages of the Sole Proprietor

 The owner‟s personal assets are at risk because the business has unlimited liability. This means that if
the sole trader borrows money from any institution, he or she must pay back the whole of it, whether
the business succeeds or fails.
 The business cannot do without the owner, in fact it might end or stop functioning when the owner
dies.
 Shortage of capital prevents the sole trader to modernise and provide services such as credit, delivery
and other amenities to his or her customers.

PARTNERSHIP

A partnership is a relationship that exist between two or more people who have come together to do a common
business with the view to making profit.

The Features of a Partnership

 It can be formed by between two and twenty people.

 The capital of a Partnership is raised by the contribution of each partner. This contribution does not
necessarily have to be equal for each partner.
 In a Partnership ownership and control is not separated. It is owned and controlled by Partners
themselves.
 Partnership has no separate legal entity. This means that the liabilities of the partners, just like for the
sole proprietors or traders, are unlimited.
 Each and every partners is entitled to be involved in the running of the business.

The Advantages of Partnership

 It is easy to set up or establish. It does not involve long, costly and time consuming procedures.
 More people are involved in the business so more capital can be raised than in the case of the sole
trader who is alone.
 Division of labour is possible as there are many people involved.
 Expenses and management of the business are shared.
 Decision making is consultative. As a result the quality of decisions tend to be better than that of a sole
trader.
 A partnership is not required to publish its account annually, so there is privacy in the business.

The Disadvantages of Partnership

 Decisions may be delayed by disagreement among partners.

 The partners have unlimited liability and are, therefore, personally liable for the debts of the business.
This puts their personal assets at risk.
 Lack of capital may limit expansion.
 If one partner leaves or dies a new partnership agreement is required.
 It is usually not easy to find a suitable partner.

Development Studies Notes Module 5-8 Page 83

 CO-OPERATIVES

Co-operatives came as a result of people putting their resources together to cut the high costs of production per
person. Profits from this enterprise are either re-invested or shared out between the members of the co-
operatives.

The Advantages of co-operatives

 It has more buying power than individuals because it is a large organisation.

 A co-operative can give its members access to cheaper raw materials because it buy in large quantities.
 Members sell their products through the co-operatives, thus saving on the costs of marketing.
 Because larger amounts are sold, the co-operative can often negotiate and get better prices for its
members.
 Members can bring in expert advice to help them.

TRANS-NATIONAL COMPANIES OR MULTI-NATIONAL CORPORATIONS (TNCs/MNCs)

A Multi-national Company or Corporation is an enterprise that has subsidiaries or branches in more than one
country.

It is usually a public limited company. For example, Toyota, Coca Cola, Phillips and Colgate.

The Advantages of multi-national companies

 Paying taxes which boost the host government‟s income.

 Providing jobs around the world.
 Bringing business knowledge, skills and technology with them to other countries.
 Bringing foreign exchange by selling their goods abroad
 Providing vital goods and services to private households as well as to other countries.
 In addition they usually have world-wide contacts which the host country can use to boost its export
sales.
The Disadvantages of multi-national companies

 They tend to exploit under-developed economies through monopolistic practices.

 They usually bring their own experts instead of training the locals to participate in important decision
making in MNCs that operate in their own countries.
 They can prevent the transfer of technology to the host country by ensuring that research facilities
remain based in their home or parent country.
 They are able to pay high salaries and offer better conditions. As a result, they usually attracted most of
skilled locals at the expense of local industries.
 These companies take back with them all profits made in the host countries. This drains away the host
country‟s foreign exchange reserves.

Development Studies Notes Module 5-8 Page 84

 THE REASONS FOR THE EXISTENCE OF PRIVATE SECTOR IN BOTSWANA

Some of the reasons for the existence of the Private Sectors in Botswana are as follows:

 It reduces prices and increases quality of goods and services.

 It improves efficiency because of competition and the profit motive.

 It removes political interference in business operations.

 It helps empower citizens where such sales are restricted to citizens.

 It leads to creation of more jobs because many companies will be built.

 It leads to self-sufficiency.

 It leads to diversification of the economy and mass production.

 It gives the community a chance to contribute to the development of the country, thus leading to
economic development.

THE IMPACT OF THE PRIVATE SECTOR IN BOTSWANA AND OTHER SADC COUNTRIES

There are both positive and negative impacts as regards the Private Sector.

Positive impacts include the following;

i. It provides jobs, income and livelihood to many people in Botswana.

ii. The tax paid by the company is a source of revenue for the country.

iii. Export of goods made by companies earns the country foreign exchange.

iv. Quality goods and services are provided to the people.

v. Developments are made in rural areas and this contributes to rural development especially by sole
proprietor.

Development Studies Notes Module 5-8 Page 85

 Negative impacts include the following;

i. Poor working conditions for the people, for example, low wages and very long working hours.

ii. Damage to the environment, for example, air pollution, water pollution and land pollution.

iii. Depletion of land.

iv. Corruption, for instance in Botswana there are schemes that are meant to assist Batswana to start their
own businesses, in some cases corruption is involved as undeserving people may end up using such
schemes.

v. In some cases leads to massive job losses, because of use of automation and high technology.

vi. Profits go to private individuals and not to the whole nation.

vii. It leads to rich individuals getting richer and the poor getting poorer.

Development Studies Notes Module 5-8 Page 86

 Check Your Progress

1(a) What is „representative democracy‟?

(b) Give three characteristics of a democracy.

2(a) What is a Non-Governmental Organisation.

- A Non-Governmental Organisation is a non-profit making/ charity independent institution OR

- An independent/private, group of people/ body/ institution helping in development without the aim of making profit.

(b) Give three benefits of non-governmental organisation to Botswana.

Ideas such as:

- they create employment

- help in the management and utilization of country‟s resources

- finance development/ supplement/ complement government (Allow specific examples such as projects development)

- identify themselves with the disadvantaged/ local communities

- emphasis efficiency and proficiency/ development of skills

3(a)(i) What is the importance of Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in the development of Botswana?

Ideas such as:

 Deal with social problems such as drought relief, HIV and AIDS /poverty etc

 Promote environmental conservation, for example, Kalahari Conservation Society

 Promote proper disposal of obsolete pesticides/ used oils, for example, Somarelang Tikologo

 Help market local products, for example, Thusano Lefatsheng market devil‟s claw

 Fund development projects, for example, construction of dams/ infrastructural development

 Promote good governance

 Encourage the use of appropriate technology

 Improve the status of women by economically empowering them

 Protecting women‟s rights and discouraging violence against them/ equality in power sharing and decision making,
for example, Emang Basadi

 Engaging women in education and training , for example, Botswana Council of Women

 Help improve living standards of marginalised people, for example, The First People of Kalahari and disabled
people

 Capacity building in communities/ leadership development

 Provide employment

Development Studies Notes Module 5-8 Page 87

(ii) Describe the problems faced by NGOs in Botswana.

Ideas such as:

 Leadership problems whereby NGO staff usually resent strong leadership

 Irreplaceability of charismatic guru-like leaders which leads to NGO collapse/ personalized

 NGOs often criticize each other which foster isolationism/ lack of coordination

 Sometimes there is inter staff rivalry between local and foreigners

 Sometimes projects benefit the easiest to reach rather than the most deserving people

 Usually the local elite dominate decision making

 Limited innovativeness/ resistant to change or new ideas

 Limited funds to cover activities

 Duplication of activities

 High staff turnover leading to poor continuity/ retaining workers very difficult

 Negative attitude from the government, for example, Survival International

(Marks allocation: 4/6 6/4 5/5)

(b) (i) Describe the activities carried out by Community Based Organisations (CBOs) within the community.

Ideas such as:

 Encourage local communities to come up with their needs and wants (Bottom-up)/ identification of community
needs

 Locals given chance to plan and monitor their development projects/capacity building

 Engage in income generating activities to alleviate poverty, for example, Growing of vegetables, keeping poultry,
oil processing to ensure food security

 Carry out activities to enhance awareness in HIV/Aids/health issues

 Information dissemination/ announcements

 Open up market centers for local produce

 Crime prevention/ neighbourhood watch

 Infrastructure development

 Utilization of local resources

 Skills development

 Creation of employment

Development Studies Notes Module 5-8 Page 88

(ii) Suggest ways by which the challenges faced by CBOs can be addressed.

Ideas such as:

 Limited funds to cover all projects/needs/ financial support from government and other others/ private sector

 People lack of interest on community mobilization- community to be mobilized through training, workshops and
kgotla meetings

 Lack of training- skills development should be carried out on COBs staff by stakeholders

 Lack of co-ordination of CBOs- CBOs should have a mother body and work together etc

 Dominance by the elderly should be discouraged by quota systems which creates room for youth

 Alignment to political parties should be discouraged by the government or stakeholders. For example, through
workshops.

(Marks allocation: 6/4 4/6 5/5) RULE: opening statement must be there/ full statement must be there. Accept solution
even if the challenge is not given

4(a) (i) What is a coup d‟etat?

(ii) Give three characteristics of a dictatorship.

5(a) What is meant by a Community Based Organisation?

(b) Describe three functions of Community Based Organisations.

6(a) Define government.

(b) Give three reasons why it is important to involve all the people in governing a country.

[Link] Fig. 1, which shows levels of government and ways of decision-making in a democratic country.

Fig.1

Development Studies Notes Module 5-8 Page 89

(a)(i) Describe two functions of each of the three levels of government shown in Fig.1.

National government

- Plan/ implement development of the country/budgeting for the country

- Formulate government policies
- Make decisions in the national interest/make priorities to benefit the country/nation building
- Makes laws
- Promote social justice/ reduces inequalities between people
- Provide social welfare services
- Develop the infrastructure.

Provincial/Regional government

- Implement government policies

- Carry out tasks allocated to them by the national government, for example, run schools and hospitals
- Makes regional development plans
- Pass suggestions from local government to national government
- Develop and maintain infrastructure in the region/ public works

Local government

- Implement government policies

- Planning of local services
- Provision of local/social services
- Collect local taxes/rates
- Carry out tasks allocated to them by the national/regional government
- Support community-based organisations/projects
- Consult the people/Needs assessment
- Pass suggestions of the community to regional/national government
- Develop and maintain infrastructure

[RULE: 2 functions for each level at 1 mark each]

(ii) Describe the ways by which the national government of Botswana generates revenue.

Ideas such as:

- Taxation, for example, income tax paid by workers and value added tax paid by consumers

-Licensing, for example, business and drivers licenses.

-Fine, for example, traffic offenders such as over speeding and driving without licence.

-Production and sale of goods and services/ parastatals/ export of goods and services/ joint venture

-Tourism/fees, for example, when entering a game reserve and parks.

-Auctions, for example, selling of government property and goods no longer in use.

-Advertising charges in state media, for example, Daily News and Botswana Television

-Privatisation of parastatals/ sale of shares in parastatal organisations

-Foreign investment

Development Studies Notes Module 5-8 Page 90

(b)(i) Describe the main features of the following forms of government:

Dictatorship

- Decisions are made by one person/the ruler/a small group of people

- Elections are ignored/ elections are irregular
- The leader is above the law
- Force is used to silence opposition

Democracy

- Elections are regular

- Many political parties exist
- There is the rule of law/ the law applies to everyone
- People are consulted before decisions are made/ there is consultation

Monarchy

- The king/Queen is the ruler

- The position of King/Queen is hereditary
- The King/Queen is above the law/ rulers thought have divine powers
- The rulers are for life.

[RULE: 2 characteristics for each form of government at 1 mark each]

(ii) Describe the disadvantages of a monarchy form of government.

- It is undemocratic/the King/Queen takes the throne without being chosen

-Possibility of getting an incompetent successor since it is hereditary

-There is very little consultation/ poor decisions are made

-King‟s/Queen‟s household becomes a financial burden to the nation

-The King/Queen may become corrupt/ abuses of power

-Fights for succession within the royal family/ succession disputes

Development Studies Notes Module 5-8 Page 91

8. Study Fig. 2, which shows a kgotla meeting in Botswana, and use it to answer questions (a)(i) and (ii)

Fig.2

(a)(i) What are the characteristics of representative democracy?

Ideas such as:

 People can choose their leaders

 Universal adult suffrage

 Basic freedom, for example, freedom of speech

 Equality before the law

 More than a single political party exist

 Regular elections held

 Party with the majority forms government

 Consultation before decisions are made

 Leaders are accountable to the people

(ii) Describe the disadvantages of representative democracy.

Ideas such as:

 Elections are costly

 Development projects become election baits/use of natural resources to canvass for support

 Parties formed along tribal, ethnic, religious, racial and other divisive tendencies

 Consultation of the people at grassroots is time consuming/ little consultation at grassroots

Development Studies Notes Module 5-8 Page 92

  Abuse of freedom of speech into character assassination

 Majority can be wrong/irresponsible leaders can be chosen looking at their riches

 Changing governments disrupts development plans

 Possibility of dominance by one party/ give unfair advantage to the ruling party

(b)(i) What are the benefits of the private sector in Botswana?

Ideas such as:

 Employment creation

 Acquisition of skills

 Technological development

 Infrastructural development

 Empowerment of local entrepreneur

 Forex/ Foreign direct investment (FDI)

 Government revenue from taxes

 Ensuring quality production

 Sponsorship of community activities, for example, sport / social responsibility

 Relieves government burdens of running the economy

 Fast decision making

(ii) Why would the government take over some businesses?

Ideas such as:

 For strategic reasons/ to provide essential services, for example, water and power.

 To sustain non-profit making businesses

 Provision of affordable goods and services/ price control

 For political reasons, for example, improvement of distribution of activities for balanced development

 To generate income

 To increase job security

 To increase employment/job creation/create employment

 To protect the environment/ depletion of resources

Development Studies Notes Module 5-8 Page 93

[Link] Fig.3, and answer question 8(a)

In a dictatorship, the people have no power over the government. The government simply tells the people what to do.
Hastings Banda in Malawi was a dictator who even dictated what clothes people should wear.

Adapted from: Development Studies 1 by Mweti and Van Wyk

Fig. 3

(a)(i) Describe the characteristics of a dictatorship.

Ideas such as:

 Use of armed forces/secret police

 Irregular elections/ elections prohibited/illegal/ never held

 Leaders make laws alone/consultation is minimal/lack of consultation

 Leaders are above the law/ leaders lack accountability

 People can be imprisoned without trial

 Opposition is prohibited/ group of few people/ individual rules

(ii) Describe the disadvantages of a dictatorship form of government.

Ideas such as:

 Power is in the hands of one person/few people/people are powerless

 Government rules without the mandate/ consent of the people

 Abuse of power is rife/rampant/ it is oppressive in nature/ there is no regard for the rule of law

 Leaders claim monopoly of wisdom

 Irrelevant development to the people/wrong decision making since there is lack of collective /consultative decision
making.

 Corruption is widespread due to lack of accountability and transparency/ leaders are self- seeking and generally
greedy/ nepotism

 The word of the leader is supreme/ opposition is silenced.

 Rulers can stay in office indefinitely- no room for change of government

 Dictatorship are usually sustained at the expense of human life

 People are deprived of freedom/ the right to express their opinion/ freedom is curtailed, for example, freedom of
worship , freedom of speech and freedom of association

 Political instability/ wars are common

 Bad international relations/ bad publicity/ sanctions/ low scores under human rights ratings

(Marks allocation: 4/6 6/4 5/5)

Development Studies Notes Module 5-8 Page 94

 (b)(i) Describe three types of community based organisations.

Ideas such as:

 Developmental community based organisations are those that focus on improving the infrastructure of the
community/ promote the use of appropriate technology.

 Conservationist/Environmental are those that focus on caring for the environment, for example, clean up
campaigns or protecting nature resources.

 Welfarist/charities are those that focus on improving living conditions of people such as giving food, shelter
etc to the destitute/ orphans/ disaster victims

 Economic are those that focus on income generating activities for profit making.

 Educational are those that focus on disseminating information on various societal issues.

RULE ( Award 1 mark for type and 1 mark for description: award a mark even when type is given without
description or vice-versa: NB marks should be given for type of CBOs not their names)

(ii) Describe common weaknesses of community based organisations in Botswana.

 The common weakness of community based organisations in Botswana is shortage of funds

 Lack of support from people

 Lack of skills

 Sometimes CBOs are politicised

 CBOs are usually personalised by leaders or founders

 Misuse of funds by leadership

 Lack of shelter for operation

 Labour provided by volunteers who may quit anytime

 Poor technology/lack of tool/ equipment

 Compete against each other than rather than working together.

(Allocation of marks: 4/6 6/4 5/5)

Development Studies Notes Module 5-8 Page 95

9. Study Fig. 4, which shows types of enterprises in the private sector.

Fig.4

(a)(i) State the differences between a sole trader and a private limited company.

Ideas such as:

 Sole trader is owned by one person whilst a private limited company is owned by many individuals/ shareholders

 In a sole trader funding is provided by one person(owner) whilst in a private limited company funding is provided
by shareholders

 A sole trader operates on a small scale whilst a private limited company operates on large scale

 In a sole trader the owner manages the business whereas in a private limited company shareholders choose a board
of governors to manage the business

 In a sole trader, all profit belongs to the owner whereas in a private limited business, profit is shared by
shareholders.

 The sole trader has limited liability whist private limited company has unlimited liability

(ii) Describe the importance of the private sector in the development of Botswana.

Ideas such as:

 Employment creation

 Skills development

 Technological advancement

 Infrastructural development

 Ensuring quality production

 Sponsorship of community activities, for example, sports and social responsibility

 Relieves government of burdens of running the economy

 Fast decision making

 Empowerment of the local entrepreneur

 Boosts foreign exchange/ foreign direct investment

 Pay tax/ improve government revenue

 Quick response to the demands of the market

Development Studies Notes Module 5-8 Page 96

  Availability of goods and services

 Diversification of the economy

(b)(i) Describe the sources of government revenue in Botswana.

Ideas such as:

 Taxation

 Fines, for example, traffic fines such as for over speeding and drunken and drive

 Licensing, for example, vehicle licences , hunting licences and business licences

 Parastatals/government businesses, for example, Water Utilities and Botswana Power Corporation

 Fees, for example, hospital fees, school fees and tourism resort fees

 Loans and grants or foreign aid

 Selling of bonds to individuals/ sale of share

 Privatisation (explain how)

(ii) Suggest problems that the government of Botswana might faces as it tries to unite people in the country and build
the nation.

Ideas such as:

 High population/ increasing population

 Many different tribes involved/ diversity/ multiplicity of languages

 Past conflicts between tribes

 Exploitation of ethnic differences, for example, formation of cultural groups

 Unbalanced development between regions in the country/ people in the areas that are neglected feel betrayed by
the government/ may be un cooperative

 The HIV and AIDS scourge depleting funds which are required to carry out nation building activities, for example,
national celebrations (5/5 6/4 4/6)

Development Studies Notes Module 5-8 Page 97

10. Study Fig.5 which shows social divisions among people in Botswana.

Fig.5

(a)(i) Describe each social division shown in Fig.5.

Ideas such as:

- Ethnicity is the situation where people of the same tribe or customs or traditions are grouped together.

- Profession /Trade is the situation where people of the qualification or training separate themselves, for
example, lawyers, teachers, accountants and engineers.

- Social status is the respect that people demand or are given based on their possessions /wealth, for
example, people are divided into high status and low status.

- Social class is the grouping that society allocates people based on their income or wealth.

(ii) Suggest how each of the following aspects of a person‟s life may be related to his or her social class.

 School attended
Children of people in high class attend expensive private schools whilst people in low class can only
afford cheap public schools.

 Residential area
People in high class stay in high residential areas or suburbs whereas people in low class stay in low
cost residential areas/ high density areas/ shanty towns.

 Hospital attended
High class people go to expensive private hospitals whilst low class people go to government or public
hospitals when ill.

Development Studies Notes Module 5-8 Page 98

  Holiday
High class people go on expensive holidays, for example, Sun City, Durban but low class people rarely
go on holiday because they cannot afford/ they just visit the village or cattle post.

 Food consumption
High class people eat more food because they have money to buy but low class people eat less food
because they produce less/are many/they lack money to buy food.

 Means of transport
High class people own private cars but low class people use public transport/ walk very long distances

(b)(i) Describe the steps involved in each of the following processes in nation building:

 Conflict resolution

There is tension between high class and low class/ the high class promotes its interests creating
unhappiness for the low class, for example, religion and tribal

The low class rebels against the high class through strikes/ other social upheavals

A resolution takes place to bring some equality among the people.

The society is united

 Consensus

Society develop a set of shared values.

In a traditional/primitive society, the group is more important than the individual so the common set of
values is respected.

In a complex society, division of labour promotes interdependence.

The society is united.

Or

The ruling class imposes its rules on the rest of the society.
The low class and their children accept their position and the rules.
The society is united.
(ii) Suggest ways by which the government helps to promote nation building in Botswana.

Ideas such as:

- The adoption of Setswana as an official or national language.

- Introduction of the topic of Nation Building in the school‟s curriculum
- The promotion of the national flag, national colours and symbols.
- The celebration of various cultures for understanding or cultural festivals such as Domboshaba.
- The Nationa Anthem is sung at important occasions
- The use of one currency

Development Studies Notes Module 5-8 Page 99

11. Study Fig. 6 which is an extra on politics.

Politics is about making decisions and distributing resources. It is also about dealing with conflict. We usually
think that politics is the concern of only the government and the political parties. In fact, small scale political
processes happen around us all the time in families, school, churches, clubs and associations.

Source: Development in Context Book 2

Fig.6

(a)(i) Describe resources that the government of Botswana distributes among the people in the country.

Ideas such as:

- Land for settlement or production

- Health services/medication/ARVs/Clinics
- Education service/schools books/schools
- Service workers, for example, teachers, nurses, doctors, engineers
- Animal control disease control medication
- Old age pensions
- Transport infrastructure, for example, tarred roads
- Communication, for example, television, radio and internet
- Water
- Electricity
- Scholarships/bursaries among students
- Paid jobs in the government/civil service
- Security services

(ii) Suggest two political activities that are done by members of the following institutions:

The family

- Decision/debate on how family income should be used/ allocation to members

- Decision on how family assets, for example, cars, houses should be used
- Decision on where to go for holidays
- Decisions on which school children should attend

The school

- Settling quarrels/disputes between parents, teachers, children/students etc

- Prefect selection/selection of class monitors/Student Representative Council
- Choice of various committees
- Decision of school menu
- Decision of school curriculum/subjects offered
- Decision of number of students per class

The church

- Decision on how money/offerings/tithes are used

- Election of church officers
- Decision on times for meetings
- Decision on how church assets, for example, cars, buildings and other equipment are used
- Settling disputes between church members.

Development Studies Notes Module 5-8 Page 100

(b)(i) Describe actions that the government takes to promote economic development in Botswana.

Ideas such as:

- Keep peace and security

- Provision of infrastructure, for example, electricity and serviced land
- Skills development or imparting of entrepreneurial skills
- Provision of financial assistance, for example, CEDA loans, youth grants, young farmer‟s grant
- Marketing of locally made goods
- Invitation of foreign investors
- Policies to relax registration/licensing of businesses
- Relaxed foreign exchanged regulations for easy import of raw materials

(ii) Suggest ways by which income generating projects can help people to achieve social development

- People use income gained to buy food or increased calorie intake

- People can use income gained to pay for health services/ increase life expectancy through better health
- Money used for better baby care/reduced infant mortality rate
- Increased self reliance/ reduced dependency ratio
- Income can be used to get safer water supply and improve health/reduced Death Rate
- Money gained can be used to pay for school/lessons to increase literacy rate/education

Development Studies Notes Module 5-8 Page 101

 MODULE 8: REGIONAL CO-OPERATION, INTERNATIONAL TRADE & FOREIG AID

TOPIC GENERAL OBJECTIVES SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

Learners should be able to: Learners should be able to:

Regional Co-operation Develop an understanding of the -explain regional co-

nature of regional co-operation and operation/integration;
its impact on the development of -identify and classify regional co-
Botswana and other Southern operation as political, social and
Africa. economic;
-discuss and assess the role played
by regional co-operation or
communities in the development of
the Southern African region;
-evaluate the successes and
challenges faced by such regional
communities as Southern African
Customs Union (SACU), Southern
African Development Community
(SADC).
-Suggest ways of strengthening
regional co-operation in the
Southern African region.

International Trade Develop an understanding and -explain international trade;

appreciation of the dynamics of -account for international trade;
international trade. - describe global trade patterns (a)
developed countries, (b)
developing countries and (c)
between developed and developing
countries ;
-discuss free trade and
protectionism.
-discuss the challenges of
international trade.

Foreign Aid Understand the concept of foreign -explain the concept of foreign aid;
aid and its impact on development. -describe the types and forms of
foreign aid;
-account for foreign aid;
-evaluate the implications of
foreign aid on developing
countries.
-discuss the roles of the specialised
agencies of the United Nations

Development Studies Notes Module 5-8 Page 102

 REGIONAL COOPERATION/ INTEGRATION

Regional cooperation is the coming together of countries with main aim of addressing common needs.

Regional co-operation is when countries in the same region come together for several reasons such as, to
promote prosperity, to maximise economic growth, to establish financial stability in the region and expand
regional trade and development.

ECONOMIC, POLITICAL AND SOCIAL DIMENSIONS OF REGIONAL CO-OPERATION

(a)ECONOMIC: The general aim of regional co-operation is to promote more trade between its members, to
generate a great amount and share of external trade and raise the standards of living of the population of the
member state.

Some of the forms of economic integration are:

1. Free trade area: No tariffs or quotas between member states,. Each member countries unilaterally
impose tariffs on non-member states.

2. Customs Union: There should be free trade between member states, but all members must operate a
common external tariff on imports from non-member states. Sometime money accumulated is shared
among member states

3. Common market: In addition to free trade in goods and services, free movement of factors of
production (labour and capital) between member states is allowed.

4. Economic union: This organisation includes all features of a common market, and also requires
members to adopt common economic policies in such matters as agricultural, transport and taxation.

(b)POLITICAL: Regional co-operation also serves as a mutual political forum to articulate the voice of the
regional grouping.

It has been common for regional groupings to promote such explicitly political stance such as peace,
democracy, good governance and other pertinent issues as they arise.

(c)SOCIAL: Regional co-operation is also social in the sense that the interaction of the people within a regional
grouping takes place at social level.

It is imperative to harmonise the economic pursuits and ideals with social ramifications within a region.

Thus the issue of cultural similarities and differences, language, and other factors have to be taken on board and
complement the economic goals.

The main motive for regional co-operation is economic, political support and security.

Finding themselves in economic and military weak positions and also politically insecure state, nations of the
world have moved closer together by forming collective bodies throughout the rest of the world.

Development Studies Notes Module 5-8 Page 103

Examples of such bodies or regional organisations are:
 The African Union (AU)
 Southern African Development Community (SADC)
 Southern African Customs Union (SACU)

Regional co-operation can thus be defined as coming together or grouping of countries in the same
geographical location to work unanimously to promote economic development, give each other political support
and ensure security
THE ADVANTAGES OF REGIONAL CO-OPERATION

1. Countries often speak with one voice in international affairs.

2. Greater efficiency is ensured in administering or planning for larger rather than small units.

3. There is easy movement of people and goods from member countries across borders.

4. Countries establish a common market therefore benefit from specialisation. Each country produces
according to its comparative advantage, for example, producing what they can do best.

5. Several small countries come together to form a common market so as to enable large industries to
operate without any losses.

6. They are able to attract new investors such as larger multi-national companies therefore prices could be
brought down through competition.

7. Regional co-operation enables countries to run common services together, for example, railways, same
central bank and currency such as EURO.

8. Countries are also able to solve conflicts or wars together and offer assistance to member states which
are impoverished by wars.

FORMS OF REGIONAL CO-OPERATION

EXAMPLES OF REGIONAL CO-OPERATION

1. SOUTHERN AFRICAN CUSTOMS UNION (SACU)

SACU was found in 1910. Its member countries are Botswana, Swaziland, Lesotho and South Africa.

It was formed to encourage free trade between member states.

Free trade means that little customs duty is charged on products imported into member countries.

Goods imported from outside these countries are charged custom duties and the revenue is shared among the
member countries.

South Africa dominates SACU as it has control over the economy of other members, and it seems to prevent
manufacturing industries from being able to develop in the other three members.

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SACU’s STRENGTHS INCLUDE:

1. Free flow of goods.

2. Cheaper goods due to reduced tariffs or custom duties.

3. Easy movements of people, for example, skilled people move between the countries
.
4. Expanded or large market area.

5. Easy flow of capital or money for investment in member countries.

2. SOUTHERN AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT COMMUNITY (SADC)

It was established in April 1980 as Southern African Development Co-ordination Conference (SADCC).

In August 1992 it was transformed for SADCC to SADC (Southern African Development Community).

SADC has fourteen member states which are : Angola, Botswana, DRC, Lesotho, Malawi, Mauritius,
Madagascar, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe.

Seychelles has been member of SADC until 2004 when she failed to pay her annual subscription and was thus
dropped.

Some African countries like Rwanda who are outside the Southern African region are interested in joining
SADC. Rwanda has since submitted her application for membership.

The objectives of SADC are to:

1. Achieve regional development and economic growth.

2. Alleviate poverty and enhance the standard and quality of life of people of Southern Africa.

3. Promote and defend peace and security.

4. Allow the exchange of trained workers and technology.

5. Build infrastructure together across borders.

6. Get foreign Aid to pay for development.

7. Encourage trade among member countries.

8. Achieve sustainable utilization of natural resources and effective protection of the environment.

9. Evolve common political values, systems and institutions.

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 THE ACHIEVEMENTS OF SADC

A lot has been achieved in SADC since its inception in April 1980 in Lusaka, Zambia. Some of the
achievements are:

 It has demonstrated that regional cooperation is possible.

 It has inculcated a sense of regional belonging as well as a tradition of consultation among the people
and governments of Southern Africa.

 A number of infrastructural projects have been undertaken such as rehabilitating roads, railway lines
and harbours.

 A variety of seeds have been discovered through research to carter for various climatic conditions of
the SADC region.

 A number of civil wars within the SADC have been ceased through SADC.

 Collective bargaining.

 Membership security.

 Improved energy supplies.

 It aims at achieving at least 30% target of women in political and decision making structures and
countries are thriving to achieve this in their political circles.

 SADC capital cities and major towns are linked by tarred roads.

 Since the region is prone to drought, member countries have agreed to share water course systems.

 The member states share information on low cost energy technologies.

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 THE PROBLEMS /CHALLENGES FACED BY SADC COUNTRIES

1. Lack of common currency.

2. Lack of a common development strategy

.
3. Diverse political paths.

4. Republic of South Africa dominance.

5. Political instability.

6. Completion and overlap of production of goods and services, for example, Beef produced by Botswana
and Namibia, Diamonds produced by Botswana and DRC.

7. HIV/AIDS- SADC members have the highest infection percentage world-wide. This is impacting
negatively on the market and skilled labour force within the region.

8. Debts: SADC members have large debts especially external debts, some members are repaying
International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank loans and are unable to settle such debts.

9. Insufficient funds to carry out some projects.

10. An attempt to protect home industries has slowed down regional trade.

11. Persistent drought or recurrence of drought. This has threatened food security and heightened the
poverty level of some countries.

12. Rapidly growing population thus making it difficult to provide for or even solve problems of
unemployment or poverty.

13. Falling terms of trade.

14. Loss of human resources: SADC countries are faced with the movement of skills and brain drain that
leaves member states vulnerable in essential sectors such as engineering and health.

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 INTERNATIONAL TRADE

International trade is the exchange of goods and services between countries.

It involves the physical movement of goods and services from one country to another.

THE ASPECTS OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Fig.1

 Imports are goods or services a country buys from other countries

 Exports are goods or services a country sells to other countries

 Inflows are sums of money or money that comes into the country, for example, payments of exports
and foreign aid.

 Outflows are sums of money or money that leaves the country, for example, payments of imports and
tourists expenditure out of the country.

 Invisible trade is the buying or selling of services which are intangible and unseen, for example,
tourism and education

 Visible is the buying or selling of tangible goods or goods that can be seen/touched.

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 THE IMPORTANCE OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE (REASONS FOR TRADE OR EXCHANGE)

1. A country can get goods and services that it is unable to produce. This means that a country gets access
to goods and services it has limitations of acquiring by its own human and physical resources.

2. This creates good international relationship between countries.

3. It helps developing countries to gain access to international markets for their primary products like
cocoa, rubber, coffee, cotton, diamonds, gold, oil etc.

4. It creates employment in industries where goods are produced, since more people will be employed in
order to produce more.

5. It generates income for countries involved in trade.

6. It is a source of foreign exchange which is used by countries to import goods from other countries and
to finance development projects like the building of roads, schools, hospitals within the countries.

7. There is international specialisation which speeds up production thus leading to mass production which
is bound to lead to lower prices.

Countries concentrate their efforts in the production of particular commodities therefore countries and
individuals can develop expertise in specific areas, train workers and find new methods of production.

8. It provides countries with a wider variety of goods from which to choose to meet their basic needs and
wants.

9. It enables goods to be obtained at different seasons, as various parts of the world experience different
climatic conditions at different times of the year.

10. It helps some countries to get rid of surplus by exporting it, for example, if a country produces more
than it can consume it then export.

11. A country may acquire technology and skills through international trade.

12. It enables developing countries to get technical assistance and knowledge from developed countries.

Development Studies Notes Module 5-8 Page 109

 THE DISADVANTAGES/ LIMITATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE

1. It benefits the richer countries than the poor.

2. It often makes it difficult for poorer countries to change their pattern of trade, for example, they are
constant consumers of cheap raw materials and buyers of expensive finished goods.

3. It may also lead to over production of goods which might lead to economic depression.

4. It leads to interdependence therefore in times of war, when supply sources of essential goods halt or
stop, the standard of living will be low.

5. It brings competition, international jealousy and mistrust.

THE PATTERNS OF GLOBAL/ INTERNATIONAL TRADE

International trade takes place at different levels and various patterns have emerged.

(a)Trade between developed countries

The generally these countries trade products that both of them manufacture but which one of the countries
produces at a lower price or higher quality.

(b)Trade between developing countries

The main trade between developing countries is food.

The amount of trade between developing countries is generally much lower than trade between developing and
developed countries.

There is less trade because developing countries usually produce the same kind of raw materials as one another.

Since they do not export many manufactured goods they have very little to trade with one another.

(c)Trade between developed and developing nations

The developed world largely exports manufactured products whereas the developing world largely exports raw
materials, resulting in the dominance of the world trade by developed nations.

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 TRADE POLICIES

(a) FREE TRADE

Free trade is the principle or practice of exchange of goods and services between countries in which controls or
restrictions to trade have been removed.

Free trade is a system whereby firms and people may trade anywhere worldwide without being charged custom
duties.

THE CHARACTERISTICS OF FREE TRADE

 Prices are determined by supply and demand.

 Trade may occur anywhere in the world without restrictions.

 The economy has to be privatized.

 There is free competition.

THE ADVANTAGES OF FREE TRADE

 World production is increased because countries are enabled to use their resources in the best possible
way.

 Each country can enjoy a wider variety of goods and services leading to higher standards of living.

 It promotes international competition which helps in keeping prices down.

 Nations allow exports and imports free of custom duties (tax).

 The world is like one big market with prices determined by supply and demand.

 Investment in resources can take place anywhere unrestricted.

 People buy where they find the best deal.

THE DISADVANTAGES OF FREE TRADE

 Free trade may increase world production but this often helps some countries than others, that is those
with a lot of resources will benefit more.

 Easy access to resources will lead to exploitation of more resources.

 Greater mobility of labour from area to area will leave other countries with few skilled human
resources.

Development Studies Notes Module 5-8 Page 111

 (b) TRADE PROTECTIONISM

Trade protectionism is also known as restricted trade

It is a principle or practice of taking care of a country‟s own industry by subsidizing them or imposing barriers
against imports.

Protectionism is a system whereby trade policies are imposed to safeguard local industries from foreign
competition by raising import duties or tariffs. This is the opposite of free trade.

The policies also restrict the free flow of goods and services across international borders.

Fig.2

TYPES OF PROTECTION

 TARRIFS (Import duty)

These are taxes put on imports to increase their prices so that imports are more expensive to buy.

This is done to discourage buyers from buying foreign goods and at the same time protect local
industries by promoting their products.

 QUOTAS

This is a measure that limits the quantity of imports that can be brought into a country by importers‟
every year.

This would limit the consumers‟ choice of goods hence forcing them to buy locally produced goods
and services.

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  EXCHANGE CONTROLS

International trade involves foreign currency exchange as exports are paid in the local currency.

This means there is a certain foreign currency in the country that flows due to payments of exports.

The government therefore limits the amount needed to pay for exports.

In the process free-flow of goods and services is reduced.

 ECONOMIC NATIONALISM/ QUARANTINE SYSTEM

The government can decide to use health and safety regulations to limit the type and quantity of
imports.

For example, the government refuse to allow cattle from Zimbabwe into Botswana because of the Foot
and Mouth disease that is prevalent there.

This leads to discrimination in favour of home products.

 POLITICAL BOUNDARIES
The boundaries generally regulate the easy flow of goods and services into a country. Traders cross at
certain points in order to declare their goods at the border
THE ADVANTAGES OF TRADE PROTECTIONISM

1. It protects infant industries or new industries from competition.

2. Local industries are protected from competing with foreign goods or industries.

3. It boosts the number of exports.

4. Countries charge tariffs or quotas to limit imports and at the same time raise revenue.

5. Government encourage exports by giving subsidies, Export-Oriented Strategy.

6. Investment in other countries may be restricted or banned.

7. It keeps incomes and employment high. The more goods and services a country produces the higher the
incomes and employment level.

8. It makes a country to be self-reliant; enables a country to provide for its basic needs.

9. It prevents dumping of foreign goods which are usually of low quality but at the same time their prices
are below the local goods.

10. It corrects an unfavourable balance of payment as strict exchange controls and high tariffs reduce
imports.
11. It also helps reduce imported inflation. That if there is rise of goods in a country and another country
buy such goods they have imported that inflation or increase of prices.

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 THE DISADVANTAGES OF TRADE PROTECTIONISM

1. Lack of competition may lead to expensive products in the home market.

2. Sometimes local industries develop slowly because there is no foreign competition.

This leads to waste of economic resources because money has been invested into these industries in
order to achieve economic development.

3. Protectionism narrows the market since trade with other countries becomes difficult due to restrictions
imposed as trade is only with those countries with few restrictions.
BALANCE OF TRADE

The balance of trade refers to the difference between the amount of money leaving a country to pay for imports
and the amount of money coming into the country from other countries to pay for exports in a year.

It is calculated by subtracting imports from exports to see if there is a trade surplus ( a positive balance) or a
trade deficit ( a negative balance).

(a)Positive or Favourable balance of trade is when a country exports more goods than importing them in money
terms.
For example:
Exports -P5 billion
Imports-P4 billion

The surplus is P 1 billion

Positive balance of trade is also called trade surplus.

It is favourable because it means that the country is building up a surplus of foreign currency that it can use in
the future.

(b)Negative Balance of trade is when the country is spending more on its imports than it earns for its exports.

Negative balance of trade is also known as trade deficit.

Government try to avoid going into a negative balance of trade by restricting imports and encouraging exports.

Fig.3

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 SOLUTIONS TO NEGATIVE BALANCE OF TRADE

How can the government solve the problem of deficit?

1. Try by every possible means to increase exports through:

 Building more factories.
 Encouraging farmers to grow export crops.
 Search for new sources of minerals.
 Limit imports.

2. The government may also devalue the currency, for example, reduce the value of the local currency so that
exports become cheaper for other countries to buy. This will also make imports more expensive and people will
reduce buying from outside so much.

3. The government can also adopt the Export Oriented and Import Substitution Industrialisation strategies.

4. The other solution is to borrow money from international organisation and from private banks, for example,
World Bank, IMF etc. but this solution should be treated as a temporary measure as it simply postpones the
problem.

*Devaluation of currency is the most common solution especially in developing countries as this helps a
country to sell more exports and buy fewer imports.
Devaluation is often the hardest on the poorest people in the country who suddenly find their wages can no
longer buy very much for them.

If a country spends more on buying imports than it earns form selling exports then it has a negative balance of
trade and this can lead a country into debts with serious consequences.

Most developing countries experience a negative balance of trade and therefore have to borrow money from the
World Bank to pay for imports.

TERMS OF TRADE

Terms of trade refers to the rate at which exports buy imports.

If the terms of trade decline or fall the terms of trade is unfavourable but if they rise they are favourable.

In developing countries the terms of trade have declined simply because they export primary products which are
less profitable than manufactured goods.

BALANCE OF PAYMENT

Balance of trade is an account or financial records of all transactions of a country and the rest of the world per
annum.

Balance of payment is made up of the following:

(a)Balance of payment on current account – The current account shows the present income and expenditure
of a country with the rest of the world.

(b)Balance of payment on capital account- Capital movements that may be made by private individuals or
firms or government agencies also effect the balance of payment.

Development Studies Notes Module 5-8 Page 115

There are four reasons for capital movement from one country to another:
 For investment abroad
 As loans
 For safety
 As a gift from one country to another.

(c)Balance of payment on the monetary movement account: This part of balance of payments tells us how
the balance on both current account and capital account taken together is settled.

A deficit on combined currency and capital account can be paid in several ways:
 By selling foreign investment
 By exporting minerals
 By receiving a gift from another country.

Deflationary policy – This can involve the following:

 Reducing bank lending
 Raising interest rates
 Increasing taxes
 Cutting government expenditure.

The aim of this method is to cut down domestic demand and reduce imports. When demand is low, prices tend
to go down and exports are more attractive to foreign buyers.
THE CHALLENGES OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE

1. Economic conditions in developing countries

2. Access to world trade- Although world trade has increased dramatically, the share of poor countries
remains 5% in global trade.

The majority of people in developing countries are poor and developing countries have the majority of
people in the world.

3. The legacy of neo-colonialism- Whereas some countries have freed or liberated themselves from neo-
economic bondage through industrialisation, the rest of the developing countries is still dependent on
the developed countries.

4. Globalisation

5. Political instability

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 FOREIGN AID

Foreign aid is the assistance or help given to some countries from other countries and other donor agencies.

EXPLANATION OF TERMS

 Recipient country- a state which receives aid.

 Donor country- a state which gives out aid.

 Donor agency- an organisation which gives out aid.

 Tied aid- is the help or assistance that comes with “strings attached”. This means that the aid is given
with certain instructions about how it may be used.

TYPES OF AID

Basically there are two main types of aid:

a) Official Aid is paid by taxpayers in donor countries and administered by governments in those
countries.

b) Voluntary Aid is the money or assistance raised by independent organisations and private donations,
for example, Oxfam and Red Cross.

Types of Official Aid

i. Bilateral aid is the assistance given directly from one country to another.

Generally it is the government to government and this is often tied, that is there are strings attached.

For example, the USA might donate money directly to the Botswana government help with
development.

ii. Multi-lateral aid is the assistance given to a country by international organisation.

For example, the United Nations, European Union, International Monetary Fund , World Bank and
other individual richer countries give money and other resources to those organisations with the
understanding that it will be given out to deserving countries when the need arises.

Emergency aid is basically food, medical supplies or other materials that are given in times of natural disasters
such as droughts and earth quakes.

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 FORMS OF FOREIGN AID

1. Financial assistance: Foreign aid in the form of financial assistance can be divided in two forms:

a) Soft loans are money to developing countries by developed countries to help in development.

This money is given on condition that developing countries should pay back within a given period of
time. The time is usually very reasonable, that is why money is called soft loan.

b) Grants are the money given to developing countries by developed countries to help in development.

Unlike soft loans, the money is given free of charge and is not refunded.

2. Technical assistance or specialist services refers to the services offered to developing countries by
experts, skilled staff from other countries or developed countries and international organisations like
IMF, World Bank and United Nations.

This form of assistance is commonly known as technical and advisory services.

Usually the salaries of the foreign specialist are paid by the developed countries or international
organisation that sent them.

3. Education and training is a form of foreign aid whereby developed countries and donor agencies
offer scholarships and sponsorship to students of developing countries to attend universities abroad.

They also avail their teachers and instructors to come and teach in developing countries , for example,
the Peace Corps from the USA.

4. Gift of consumer goods is the form of foreign aid in which food and other consumer goods are given
as free gifts to developing countries by developed countries and other donor agencies.

For example, Botswana gets food resources from USA during emergencies.

Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO) offers food resources to developing countries which are
faced with drought and poverty.

5. Foreign direct investment refers to the establishment of factories, hotels and industries in some
countries especially developing countries by firms and corporations that originate from developed
countries.

In some cases foreign direct investment takes the form of a joint venture with the government of the
developing country and the donor country.

For example, in Botswana diamond mining industry is a joint venture between the government of
Botswana and De Beers Company hence Debswana.

Development Studies Notes Module 5-8 Page 118

 MOTIVATION FOR AID

This has been categorized into two broad areas:

 Donor oriented

 Development oriented

THE REASONS FOR GIVING FOREIGN AID

 Humanitarian reasons

 For development of skills and technology

 Trade links

 Economic gains

 Creation of political satellites or strategic reasons

 Creation of employment

 For infrastructure development

 For peace keeping

THE ADVANTAGES/ ARGUMENTS FOR AID

a) The aid can help developing countries in need or emergency assistance and help for long term
development.

b) Foreign aid helps governments in developing countries to provide needed infrastructure, for example,
roads, schools, water and bridges.

c) Where finance is lacking aid can assist in removing delays to development.

d) Foreign aid is a means of expressing care and concern for the fellow humans especially from the rich to
the poor and can improve human rights.

e) Foreign aid plays the role of redistributing resources which are unevenly distributed throughout the
world.

f) Foreign aid helps establish links between countries and consequently enhance international
understanding and world peace and students may be given grants to study overseas.

g) Foreign aid encourages and facilitates mobility of labour to where it is needed most and it also
enhances technology transfer.

Development Studies Notes Module 5-8 Page 119

 h) It promotes the concept of interdependence by allowing the rich to help the poor.

i) It encourages trade between countries by strengthening the relationship between them.

j) Developed countries gain support from developing countries, they give aid against other countries.

k) It helps developed countries to protect their investments in developing countries.

THE DISADVANTAGES/ ARGUMENT AGAINST FOREIGN AID

i. The aid does create dependency syndrome making weaker countries depend more on stronger ones.

ii. The aid on bilateral basis is often used by richer and powerful countries to consolidate their mighty or
strength.

iii. The aid often makes countries to divert their attention from trade to aid.

iv. Foreign aid reinforces master-servant relations in international affairs and promotes superiority-
inferiority attitudes.

v. Foreign aid strengthens world inequalities and endorses or supports the economic, political and social
mighty of richer countries over poor ones.

vi. Sometimes aid is project aid that is given on condition that the country receiving the aid should use it
for a project chosen by the donor.

Then the problem sometimes is that the project chosen by the donor may not be important to the
developing country receiving the aid.

vii. Sometimes a developed country gives aid to a developing country on condition that the developing
country should buy certain materials from them.

viii. Foreign aid encourages waste especially grants. Recipient countries are wasteful if they are given
money without having to pay back.

Development Studies Notes Module 5-8 Page 120

 THE IMPLICATIONS OF FOREIGN AID ON DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

 Tied aid ensures developed countries ready market for their products.

 Foreign aid is used to put political and economic pressure on poorer countries.

 Foreign aid increases the recipient country‟s external debts as loans are repaid with interest.

 In most cases foreign aid only goes to the rich and urban dwellers in recipient countries rather than the
real poor people.

 In some cases foreign aid encourages corruption amongst officials in donor and recipient countries.
 Foreign aid also distorts local markets in developing countries.

 Foreign countries do not encourage self-reliance of recipient countries so it promotes neo-colonialism.

 Developing countries are often not given appropriate relevant technology.

Development Studies Notes Module 5-8 Page 121

 THE SPECIALISED AGENCIES AND PROGRAMMES OF THE UNITED NATIONS

Fig.1

THE ROLE OF SPECIALISED AGENCIES AND PROGRAMMES OF THE UNITED NATIONS

1. Food and Agricultural Organisation

This is a UN specialised agency formed in 1945.

It aims at promoting rural development by improving agricultural production and increased food
security.
It provides support to states preparing for emergency food crisis, sometimes provides food relief in
conjunction with World Food Programme and is often involved in effort to re-establish production
following floods, livestock disease outbreaks and other disasters.

This agency works to increase the output of farmlands, forests, and fisheries as well as nutrition levels
by collecting and passing information concerning nutrition, food and agriculture.

It helps countries that need technical advice on how to increase food production, to fight pests and
animal diseases and how to conserve the soil.

2. World Food Programme(WFP)

It was formed in 1963.

It specialised in providing food aid to the population caught up in the natural and man-made disasters
and wars.
Most of the resources are used for emergency relief.

Most of the food that it distributes is pledged in kind by donor countries.

3. World Health Organisation (WHO)

It was formed in 1948 to provide worldwide guidance in the field of health.

It cooperates with government in planning and management and evaluation of natural health
programmes and promotes the development and transfer of appropriate health technology, information
and standards.

Development Studies Notes Module 5-8 Page 122

 The governing body of WHO is the world health assembly that is composed of all member states and
meets every year.

It plays a key role for example in monitoring disease control research.

The organisation strives to prevent the spread of diseases internationally by giving guidance to
countries on health problems and control of diseases.

It fights an endless war against malaria, leprosy, typhus, polio, HIV/AIDS, SARS, Ebola etc.

4. UNITED NATIONS EDUCATION, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANISATION

(UNESCO)

This organisation seeks to achieve universal literacy through programmes of cultural and intellectual
cooperation.

It encourages international cooperation in natural sciences, education and social sciences.

It aims at extending educational opportunities for children and at rising education levels among adults.

5. United Nations International Children Emergency Fund (UNICEF)

It was formed in 1946, as a programme to meet the emergency needs of children.

It helps in the relief of children. It specializes in the supply of medicine, food and equipment for the
children‟s welfare service.

It expanded rapidly during the 1980s attracting considerable funds with its high profile selective
primary health care programme in impoverished countries.

6. United Nations High Commissioner For Refugees (UNHCR)

Its function is to provide protection and assistance to refugees but this has been extended to include
some groups of returned refugees and internally displaced people.

7. International Labour Organisation (ILO)

It investigates working conditions, wages, trade union rights and social security of workers in all parts
of the world.

It advices on international labour questions.

Development Studies Notes Module 5-8 Page 123

 Check Your Progress

[Link] 5 shows the United Nations Specialised Agencies. Use it to answer question 1(a) [BGCSE 2009]

Fig.1

(a)(i) Explain the function of any three of the specialised agencies on the diagram.

Idea such as:

 FAO: Collects and disseminates information on food and nutrition -to improve nutrition
Advises members states on food production- to fight hunger/ improve nutrition.
Provides food for victims of droughts/ civil wars- to fight hunger
Encourages soil conservation- to improve food production

 WHO: Fights diseases

Encourages research in medicine
Sends medical supplies to victims of malnutrition/ civil wars-(all these to promote good health)

 UNICEF: Supports children welfare/ cares for children during national disasters- to improve living conditions of
children/ improve children‟s education

 ILO: investigates working conditions and security of workers- to improve workers welfare.

 World Bank: Gives financial assistance/ technical advice to countries/ compile population and development
records- for reconstruction and development purposes.

 UNCHR: Looks after refugees/ comes up with the criteria to identify refugees- to improve refugees welfare.

RULE: (Award 1mark for description of what the agency does and another 1 mark for the reason)

(ii) Describe possible problems that foreign aid can cause to countries receiving it.

Ideas such as:

 Encourages resource wastage

 Recipients fall into debt crisis
 Encourages corruption among government officials
 Encourages inappropriate technology/ irrelevant projects

Development Studies Notes Module 5-8 Page 124

  Recipients become dependent/ expect handouts/ laziness
 Increases inequality within the country when it benefits only selected groups.
 Donors may interfere in recipients politics
 Tied aid
 Promotes dumping of discarded resources from donor countries

(Marks allocation: 4/6 6/4 5/5)

(b)(i) Describe the advantages of international trade.

Ideas such as:

 Income generation/ earns foreign exchange

 Encourages production/ production efficiency/ increases GDP/GNP/GNP per Capita
 Countries acquire goods and services they are unable to produce
 Globalisation/ friendship between countries
 Increased variety of goods and services
 Employment creation
 Transfer of skills and technology
 Stimulates production of quality goods and services
 Increases access to bigger markets
 Ensures continuous supply of seasonal goods
 Improves infrastructure, for example, Trans Kalahari highway/ road for Republic of South Africa to Maputo/
Proposed railway from Namibia to Botswana

(ii) Describe the challenges faced by developing countries in international trade.

Ideas such as:

 Poor infrastructure
 Developed countries put trade barriers/ protectionism
 Declining terms of trade
 Less control in international trade/ only 20% access to international trade
 Weak currencies/ low purchasing power/ lack of capita
 MDCs produce synthetic products/ changes in fashion/tastes
 Stiff competition from the MDCs/ small markets
 Produce substandard goods/ poor quality goods/ less preferred by MDCs/ poor technology/skills
 Prices for raw materials are low/ fluctuating
 Gives room for dumping of goods from MDCs to developing countries, for example, second hand vehicles

(Marks allocation: 4/6 6/4 5/5)

2(a)(i) Why do countries of the North give aid to the countries of the South?

Ideas such as:

 Humanitarian reasons, for example, during emergencies such as floods and drought/ sympathy
 To encourage more trade between donor and recipient countries
 Protect donor investments in countries of the South/ interests
 Gain support of recipient countries against other countries/ political reasons
 Prestige/publicity/friendship
 Donors may wish to exercise control over recipient countries
 Donors creating employment for their own people
 To satisfy international requirements/redistribution of world‟s wealth
 To support their own industries/ open up markets for their own industries.

Development Studies Notes Module 5-8 Page 125

(ii)Describe effects of foreign aid on developing countries.

Ideas such as:

Arguments against:

 Corruption/money misused by leaders/ politicians

 Reinforces master servant relations/ foster superiority-inferiority ideology
 Aid is often conditioned/ tied and benefiting MDCs mostly/ Neo colonialism
 A developing country may get used to hand outs instead of self-reliance/ dependency syndrome
 Some aid brings in inappropriate technology
 Developing countries are usually turned into marketing area for donors products
 Encourage wastefulness
 Developing countries used as dumping grounds
 Debt crisis for developing countries

Arguments for:

 Aid relieves in terms of hardship/help in emergencies such as floods and drought.

 Infrastructural development for developing countries such as roads and schools
 International relations, for example, friendship
 Developing countries gets technology/ skilled labour for development/ technological transfer
 Brings in foreign currency/ creates balance of payments

NB: effects of foreign aid on LDC should be both positive and negative. Should be balanced, the candidate only scores
half the marks, for example, 3 to 2 for giving one side only.

(b)(i) What are the achievements of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) since its establishment? [

Ideas such as:

 Defence and security policy is able to mediate and resolve inter- state conflicts/ SADC army/ fighting crime
 SADC capital cities and major towns are linked by tarred roads/ infrastructural development
 Regional trade has increased considerably as a result of trading policies
 SADC has over 380 development projects valued at US$8.1 billion/ SADC development project within the region
 Finance and investment sector has attracted more foreign investment
 Energy protocol aid members to share information on low cost energy technologies
 Protocol has been signed for shared water course systems etc
 Speak with one voice when negotiating with developed countries
 Expanded markets
 Election monitoring
 Sharing information/ research and development endorsed
 Sharing of natural benefits, for example, Trans frontier Park, sea ports, labour
 Response to emergencies in member states
 Gender quota policy endorsed

(ii) Describe the challenges faced by the SADC in its attempt to develop the region.

Ideas such as:

 Lack of sufficient funds to carry out some projects

 Protectionism has slowed down SADC regional trade
 Persistent drought
 Rapidly growing population than resources
 Heavy external debts; as some are still servicing loans
 Political problems still exist/ civil wars
 Falling terms of trade
 HIV and AIDS

Development Studies Notes Module 5-8 Page 126

  SADC failed to discipline some of its members
 Poverty
 Dominance by rich member states, for example, South Africa
 Choice of location of projects
 High unemployment rate
 Diverse cultures
 Difference in quality education among member states/ low literacy rate/ lack of skills
 Corruption/crime
 Sovereignty of countries

[Link] Fig. 2 which shows specialised agencies of the United Nations Organisation. [BGCSE 2015]

Fig.2

(a)(i) Describe ways by which each of the specialised agencies shown in Fig. 2 helps countries to develop.

Ideas such as:

World Health Organisation (WHO)

- Controls diseases
- Promotes people‟s health

World Food Programme (WFP)

- Distributes food to starving people or those suffering from disasters

- Advice on nutrition

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)

- Restores dignity to refugees/ helps to provide basic needs/safety for refugees

- Provides shelter

World Bank

- Provides loans to countries for development or reconstruction

- Provide economic advice to countries

United Nations Education Scientific Organisation (UNESCO)

- Fund research in education

Development Studies Notes Module 5-8 Page 127

(ii) Suggest challenges that the World Food Programme faces in developing countries.

Ideas such as:

- misuse of donated food/ people sell donated food for personal gain
- Cultural barriers where people reject food from other cultures
- Large population to feed
- Wars/conflicts disturbing food distribution
- Uncooperative leaders/ dictators wanting to control the duties of WFP
- Leaders wanting to use WFP food aid for political gains

(b)(i) Describe ways by which regional communities such as Southern Africa Development Community (SADC) and
Southern African Customs Union (SACU) can be strengthened.

Ideas such as:

- Fair or equal sharing of customs duty

- Poverty alleviation
- Improved infrastructures such as roads and telecommunications networks
- Establishment of a common currency
- Adoption of one common official language
- Maintenance of peace and security
- Speedy sharing of custom duties for SACU
- Control of HIV and AIDS scourge
- Imposing sanctions on uncooperative member countries
- Establishment of a common passport
- Removing all trade barriers

(ii) Suggest ways by which membership of a regional community may help a country to develop economically.

Ideas such as:

- expanded markets/ access to the sea by landlocked countries

- Revenue from import duty/ from outside the region
- Infrastructural development such as tarred roads link capital cities of member states and improved
telecommunication networks
- Large scale economic ventures, for example, trans-fontier national park between Botswana and the Republic of
South Africa/ large industries
- Increased production due to specialisation
- Technology transfer between member states
- Labour movement helping countries with less skilled labour
- Employment creation
- Availability of goods and services
- Aid from other members, for example, loans/ financial assistance.

3.(a)(i) Describe the aims of SADC.

(ii) What successes have been achieved by SADC?

(b)(i) How does the private sector lead to development in the SADC region?

(ii) Describe the problems caused by the private sector in the SADC region.

4(a) What is meant by a positive balance of trade?

(b) Give three different ways by which money can come into a country.

5.(a) Define the term tied aid.

(b) State three reasons for giving foreign aid.

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6 Study Fig. 3, which shows a trade situation for country X and answer question 6(a)

Fig.3

(a)(i) Suggest ways by which country X could correct its negative balance of trade.

Ideas such as:

 Protectionism
 Import substitution industrialisation
 Export oriented industrialisation
 Foreign investment
 Invitation of Multi-National Companies
 Beneficiation/ value addition to raw material, for example, cutting and polishing of diamonds
 Foreign aid
 Devalue the currency

(ii) What are the benefits of international trade to a developing country?

Ideas such as:

 Access to internationally produced goods and services

 Exchange of vital or important resources/skills/technology
 Promotes good relationship between countries
 Brings foreign exchange
 Promotes investment
 Leads to infrastructural development such as tarred roads
 Creates employment
 Promotes research for new products
 Increase productivity among locals
 Opportunities for wider markets

(b)(i) Describe the ways in which the Southern African Development Community can improve trade between its
members.

 Improve transport networks

 Removal of trade barriers between member states
 Common currency
 Ensure peace and stability
 Promote lingua franca for SADC/ common language
 Specialisation on products
 SADC trade fairs

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(ii) Describe the challenges faced by the Southern African Development Community in its effort to unite its members.

Ideas such as:

 Uncooperative leaders
 Political instability/ civil strifes
 Poor transport networks/ poor communication networks
 Different political ideologies
 Language barriers
 Trade barriers
 Diversity of cultures
 Large populations
 Differences in wealth/ difference in levels of development/ debts within members/ poverty in some
countries(Marks allocation: 6/4 4/6 5/5)

[Link] Fig. 4, which is an extract on regional cooperation.

Fig.4

(a)(i) Suggest ways in which regional trade associations such as SADC help in the development of their member
countries.

Ideas such as:

 They attract foreign investment to the region

 Expanded market
 Funding development projects
 Election monitoring
 Sharing of information, for example, low cost technologies
 Infrastructural development, for example, road network to link capital cities
 Research and development, for example, in health and agriculture
 Quick response to member county‟s emergencies
 Sharing natural benefits, for example Trans-frontier National Park
 Relaxed regulation on labour
 Efforts to increase trade between member countries
 Improved defence/security/ resolve inter- state conflicts

(ii) Decribe factors that makes it difficult for the Southern African Community to achieve its aims.

Ideas such as:

 Lack of funds to carry out some projects

 Protectionism that slowed down SADC regional trade
 Persistent droughts
 Rapidly growing populations than resources
 Heavy external debts
 Civil wars, for example, Democratic Republic of Congo
 HIV and AIDS depleting both human and financial resources

Development Studies Notes Module 5-8 Page 130

  Failure to discipline some members by SADC
 Dominance by rich members , for example, Republic of South Africa
 Difficulty in choosing location of SADC projects
 Poverty
 Sovereignty of countries, for example, SADC policy vs members countries policy/ different development
strategies
 Diverse cultures/ language barrier
 High unemployment rate
 Corruption/ crime

(Marks allocation: 5/5 6/4 4/6)

(b)(i) Describe the forms of foreign aid received by Less Developed Countries.

Ideas such as:

 Technical assistance, for example, experts sent to work in a developing country

 Financial help, for example, interest free loans and grants/ monetary
 Gift of consumer goods, for example, food aid/ humanitarian
 Military aid, for example, soldiers sent to keep law and order in a country
 Emergency aid, for example, help given during floods and drought

(ii) Suggest problems that a Less Developed Country, which receives foreign aid, can experience.

Ideas such as:

 Corruption, for example, money misused by leaders

 Reinforcement of master-servant relations/ foster superiority-inferiority ideology
 Aid is often tied/ conditional/ benefiting the developed countries/ neo-colonialism
 Creates dependency syndrome/ loss of self-reliance
 Some aid encourages inappropriate technology
 Less Developed Countries end up in debt crisis
 Encourages wastefulness
 Less Developed Countries become dumping grounds for developed countries
 Less Developed Countries turned into marketing area for donor products/ creates competition with local products

(Marks allocations: 5/5 6/4 4/6)

Development Studies Notes Module 5-8 Page 131

[Link] Fig. 5, which is a cartoon about trade between developing countries and developed countries.

Fig.5

(a)(i) Describe the ways through which rich countries protect their industry from cheap imports.

Ideas such as:

 They limit quantity of goods from poor countries through quota system
 They charge high tariffs on goods from poor countries to discourage entrance
 They subsidise their own goods to make them cheaper than imported goods to discourage imported goods
 They demand high technological requirements so that poor countries fail to attain the high standard
 They put exchange control measures to limit foreign exchange (forex) for import
 They impose high health standards on foreign goods and services
 They form cartels which restrict imports from outside the cartel
 They demand import licences/ permits/ legal agreements

(ii) Suggest actions which poor countries could take, so they benefit more from international trade.

Ideas such as:

 Less Developed Countries(LDCs) should turn raw materials into finished products/ add value to raw materials
 LDCs should form regional co-operations to create a market for themselves
 LDCs should improve their technology to ensure high quality goods/ invite Multi- National Companies to improve
technology/ quality goods and services
 LDCs should form producer cartels to control prices and avoid low fluctuating prices
 LDCs should appeal to World Trade Organisation to make developed countries to relax trade barriers
 LDCs should promote research on their products
 LDCs should devalue their currencies to attract customers
 LDCs should diversify their economies/ should avoid dependence on few commodities

(Marks allocation: 5/5 6/4 4/6)

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(b)(i) Describe the problems faced by poor countries as a result of receiving aid from rich countries.

Ideas such as:

 Aid encourages corruption among government officials

 Aid encourages laziness among locals/ dependency syndrome
 Aid encourages wastage of resources
 Aid cause debt crisis
 Aid increases inequality within the country when it benefits selected groups
 Aid promotes dumping of discarded resources form donors/ inappropriate technology/ environmental unfriendly
 Donors may interfere in recipients‟ politics
 Aid may be tied/ strings attached
 Reinforces master-servant relationship.

(ii) Suggest ways in which rich countries may help poor countries to speed up development.

Ideas such as:

 Developed countries (DCs) should send exports to help development in Less Developed Countries (LDCs)
 DCs can sponsor LDCs‟ students to gain skills/ scholarships/ skills development
 Technology transfer to LDCs
 Send Multi-National Companies to LDCs/ Foreign Direct Investment
 Provide financial assistance for development projects, for example, schools and roads construction/ monetary aid
 Provide emergency/ reconstruction aid when crises occur, for example, the Haiti example and Doctors without
borders
 Developed countries should relax trade barriers so that poor countries can participate in international trade/ provide
reliable market
 Developed countries should facilitate research for development in Less Developed countries
 Developed countries can send peace keepers to war torn countries to stabilise political environment
 The rich countries can reduce interest rates/ debt cancellation of poor countries
(Marks allocation: 5/5 6/4 4/6)

[Link] Fig. 6 which shows an example of international trade.

Fig.6

Development Studies Notes Module 5-8 Page 133

(a)(i) Describe each aspect of international trade shown in Fig.5.

 Imports are goods or services a country buys from other countries

 Exports are goods or services a country sells to other countries

 Inflows are sums of money or money that comes into the country, for example, payments of exports
and foreign aid.

 Outflows are sums of money or money that leaves the country, for example, payments of imports and
tourists expenditure out of the country.

 Invisible trade is the buying or selling of services which are intangible and unseen, for example,
tourism and education

 Visible is the buying or selling of tangible goods or goods that can be seen/touched.

(ii) Suggest benefits that people in Botswana may enjoy from international trade.

Ideas such as:

- The get goods and services made in other countries, for example, cell phones or electronic goods
- They earn income or foreign exchange from selling their products outside the country, for example,
beef
- The local producers will have expanded market
- Local producer are likely to be trained to improve the quality of their goods to meet global standards
- People will enjoy increased variety of goods and services(so that people have more freedom of choice)
- People have access to seasonal goods throughout the year, for example, fruits
- People enjoy improved infrastructure, for example, better road networks and telecommunication in
areas of production
- Technology transfer
- Job creation

(b)(i) Describe the economic, social and political activities of Southern African Development Community
(SADC).

Ideas such as:

Economic activities

- Creation of a free trade area/ expansion of markets for member states

- Establishment of new large scale manufacturing industries
- Joint planning for industries/joint funding of projects
- Collection of customs duty on goods entering the region from non-member states
- Infrastructural development, for example, tarred roads
- Free movement of labour/employment creation

Political activities

- Speak with one voice on international issues

- Peace keeping when a member state suffers political turmoil or instability, for example, Lesotho
- Provision of guideline on the conduct of elections/ SADC observers during elections
- Increase of women participation in politics

Development Studies Notes Module 5-8 Page 134

Social activities

- Promotion of culture
- Creation of oneness among the people in the region/ emphasis on common goals/ fight against common
challenges
- Improvement of education and training/ exchange of students
- Improvement of people‟s standard of living/ emphasis on food security
- Fight against HIV and AIDS

(ii)Suggest challenges that countries such as Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland may face as members of
the Southern African Customs Union (SACU).

Ideas such as:

- South African goods pose stiff competition to local goods in Botswana

- They benefit less because of less exports whilst Republic of South Africa is more industrised/ one
benefit more by exporting more goods and services/ unfavourable balance of trade
- They have immediate needs but to wait for 2years before sharing custom duty revenue
- They are excluded from sharing interest accrued on the customs revenue (in South African banks over
2 year period)/ custom duty collected is only kept in South African banks and yet interest on the money
remains in South Africa at the time of sharing
- Decision are dominated by Republic of South Africa since she is the richest members state
- Use of different currencies
- Language barrier

Development Studies Notes Module 5-8 Page 135