MOVEMENT
Prof. Dr. Güldal SÜYEN
BY THE END OF THIS LECTURE, YOU SHOULD
BE ABLE TO;
Describe the movement mechanisms
Count the types of eye movements
• Defining feature of life
• Activity of about 640 skeletal muscles
• Controlled by CNS
• Classified according to function (posture-locomotion-breathing etc.)
• Muscle groups may overlap
• Same groups of muscles can be controlled voluntarily, rhythmically
or reflexively
• Conscious processes are not necessary for moment to moment
control of movement
How does sensory information generate
a movement to a desired location???
Functional hierarchy
IDEA (what is my goal?) Cortical motor
areas
PLAN (how do I achieve it?)
PROGRAM (which muscles Brainstem
contract? How much?)
EXECUTION (send out motor Spinal cord
commands)
MOVEMENT Muscles
6
Motor equivalence
How does sensory information generate a movement to a desired location?
Feedforward and feedback control of movement
Feedforward:
1) Position hand under
where ball is anticipated
to fall
2) Partially stiffen joints in
anticipation of ball’s
impact on hand
Feedback:
Somatosensory and
proprioceptive inputs provide
feedback control used to
grasp ball.
EYE MOVEMENTS
Types of eye movements
Saccades
Smooth pursuit movements
Vergence movements
Vestibuloocular movements
Optokinetic movements
SACCADIC EYE MOVEMENTS
(SUCCESSIVE FIXATION POINTS)
Reading....
Controlled by superior colliculus
May be voluntary or unconsciously
SACCADIC EYE MOVEMENTS
(SUCCESSIVE FIXATION POINTS)
Rapid ballistic movements
Aim to bring a specific image to fall on the retina
We see the world by means of a series of saccadic jumps interspersed
with fixations
REM during sleep are saccades
The time course of a saccadic eye movement
FIXATION ON MOVING OBJECTS
(PURSUIT MOVEMENT)
smoothly track slowly moving objects in the
visual field.
Keeping moving stimulus on the fovea
Vertical pursuit Horizontal pursuit
OPTOKINETIC NYSTAGMUS
smooth pursuit movement + a saccade
A normal reflexive response
Fixate on alternating passing objects
OPTOKINETIC NYSTAGMUS
Vergence movements
Disconjugate movement
Eg. to focus on a near or distant object
SUPERIOR COLLICULI
Called as visual reflex center
Receives somatosensory and auditory signals
well as visual information
Helps to orient the head and eyes to all types of
sensory stimuli
Output nuclei of B.G.: INTERNAL GLOBUS PALLIDUS
S. NIGRA PARS RETICULATA
Putamen N. Caudatus
GP int. SN pars reticulata
Thalamus Superior colliculus
Cortex
