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Multilevel Image Segmentation Using Modified Particle Swarm Optimization

Chapter · July 2016

DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-0498-6.ch004

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Chapter 4
Multilevel Image Segmentation
Using Modified Particle
Swarm Optimization
Sourav De
The University of Burdwan, India

Firoj Haque
University of Kalyani, India

ABSTRACT
Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is a well-known swarm optimization technique. PSO is very efficient
to optimize the image segmentation problem. PSO algorithm have some drawbacks as the possible so-
lutions may follow the global best solution at one stage. As a result, the probable solutions may bound
within that locally optimized solutions. The proposed chapter tries to get over the drawback of the PSO
algorithm and proposes a Modified Particle Swarm Optimization (MfPSO) algorithm to segment the
multilevel images. The proposed method is compared with the original PSO algorithm and the renowned
k-means algorithm. Comparison of the above mentioned existing methods with the proposed method
are applied on three real life multilevel gray scale images. For this purpose, three standard objective
functions are applied to evaluate the quality of the segmented images. The comparison shows that the
proposed MfPSO algorithm is done better than the PSO algorithm and the k-means algorithm to segment
the real life multilevel gray scale images.

INTRODUCTION

The process of segregating a digital image into more than one meaningful regions or segments is known
as image segmentation. The characteristics of the pixels in a single segment of an image have the same
attributes though the attributes of the pixels in different segments are characteristically different to each
other. The basic attributes of an image are color, shape, texture, position and similarity/dissimilarity be-
tween the regions. The objective of the image segmentation is to represent a digital image into meaningful
and easy to understand components, so that any user can able to analyze that image. Image segmentation
DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-0498-6.ch004

Copyright © 2017, IGI Global. Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of IGI Global is prohibited.

Multilevel Image Segmentation Using Modified Particle Swarm Optimization

is considered as a preliminary step in different types of image processing, moving and non-moving video
related applications. The application areas of image segmentation are very much wider, like satellite
image processing, machine vision, remote sensing, medical imaging, biometric measurement, feature
extraction, object recognition, etc. to detect, recognize or track an object. The multiplicity of objects in
a digital image and huge variation between them are the major challenges in the segmentation process.
Different types of classical and non-classical image processing application are employed to handle the
image segmentation problem.
Edge detection and region growing, thresholding, normalized cut, etc. are different types of classical
image segmentation techniques to segment the multilevel gray scale images. The segmentation of the
images by the detection of the object boundaries in that image is the main characteristics of the edge
detection image segmentation algorithms. But an incorrect segmentation may be caused by this edge
detection algorithms as these processes are not helpful for segmenting the blur images or any complicated
images. Region growing techniques are not efficiently employed for multilevel image segmentation as
the different regions of an image is not well segregated. The histogram of an image plays a vital role in
image segmentation by thresholding techniques. The segmentation of an image that have the distinctive
objects and the background is very much helpful using the thresholding techniques. This process may
fail when the distribution of the pixels in the image are very much complex.
It has been observed that most of the real world problems can be devised as an optimization problem.
Traditional heuristic algorithms are designed to solve differentiable functions. As most real world optimi-
zation problems are non-differentiable, it is too difficult to find a heuristic algorithm which will properly
work on non-differentiable optimization functions. Many meta-heuristic approaches have been developed
to solve non-differentiable optimization functions. Recently, meta-heuristic algorithms are becoming
more attractive and useful tools to the researchers. Evolutionary algorithms (EAs) are the metaheuristic
type of algorithms and they are effective enough to solve the problem of clustering. Genetic algorithms,
differential evolution, particle swarm optimization, etc. are the example of evolutionary algorithms. The
functional characteristics of these type of algorithms are inspired by the principle of natural genetics.
Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), developed by Eberhart and Kennedy in 1995, is one of the
population based meta-heuristic optimization technique imitating social behavior of bird flocking or
fish schooling (Kennedy, 1995). The PSO algorithm is very much popular as this algorithm converges
very quickly and easy to implement. The PSO algorithm is also known as an important evolutionary
algorithm. Like any other evolutionary algorithms, PSO algorithm stores the fitter solutions with respect
to a particular problem and the performance of a problem improves by upgrading the entire populations
instead of the individual solution.
Basically, the PSO algorithm is applied to find out the best possible solution of a problem and the best
solution is noted as the gbest solution. This best solution in each iteration of the PSO algorithm guides to
get the ultimate solution of the problem. It is usually happened that the probable solutions in different
iterations may follow the global solution. It may be possible that a solution in other region may give
better result. Ultimately, the diversity of the probable solutions are lost as the solution may follow the
global best solution. This problem can be solved if the diversity of the probable solutions are maintained.
This chapter proposes a modified version of particle swarm optimization (MfPSO) algorithm to segment
multilevel gray scale images into different segments. The proposed MfPSO algorithm tries to overcome
the said problem of the PSO algorithm. For that reason, the proposed algorithm tries to modify the veloc-
ity updation formula of the particles in the original PSO algorithm. The proposed method is compared
with the basic PSO method as well as with the well-known k-means algorithm to establish its efficiency.

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