Biostatistics Exercises
Practical-5: Graphical Presentation of Data II
Mr. Gurudatt D Potdar
M.Sc. (Statistics)
Biostatistician,
D e p a r t m e n t of C o m m u n i t y M e d i c i n e ,
B h a r a t i Vi d y a p e e t h M e d i c a l College, P u n e .
M-9579305552
1
Qualitative or discrete or enumeration data is presented
by the following graphs.
1) Simple Bar diagram
2) Multiple Bar Diagram
3) Proportional Bar Diagram
4) Pie diagram
5) Pictogram
6) Spot map
2
Simple Bar Diagram
• Length of the bars, drawn vertical or horizontal, indicates
the frequency of a character. Bar may be drawn in
ascending or descending order of magnitude. Spacing
between any two bars should be nearly equal to half of the
width of the bar.
• Here bars can be arranged vertically or horizontally. A
suitable scale must be used to present the length of the
bars.
Exercise 1. Infant mortality rate
Year 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Infant Mortality
114 110 105 105 108 97
Rate
3
Bar Plot- Infant Mortality Rate
120
114
115
110
110 108
105 105
105
IMR
100 97
95
90
85
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Year
4
Multiple Bar Diagram
Here two or more bars are grouped together.
Exercise 3. Following table shows IMR of Rural & Urban
parts of various states in India in 2018. Present the
distribution by bar diagram.
IMR
Name of State
Rural Urban
Assam 103 72
Gujrat 120 89
Haryana 100 62
Kerala 32 24
5
Maharashtra 77 55
IMR- State's Rural and Urban Wise
140
120
120
103 100
100 89
77
80 72
IMR
62
55
60
40 32
24
20
0
Assam Gujrat Haryana Kerala Maharashtra
States
Rural Urban
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Proportional bar diagram:
The bars may be divided into two or more parts. Each
part is proportional to the magnitude ofthat particular item.
Exercise 2. Number of admissions according to major
disciplines in a hospital in two years.
Year Number of Admissions Total
Medical Surgical Gynecology
2017 220 30 50 300
2018 300 70 80 450
7
Proportional Bar Diagram- No. of Admission
with different dipartment
500
400 80
70
Patients
300
50
30
200
300
100 220
0
2017 2018
Year's
Medical Surgical Gynecology
8
Year Number of Admissions Total
Medical Surgical Gynecology
2017 73.33% 10.00% 16.67% 100%
2018 66.67% 15.56% 17.78% 100%
Proportional Bar Diagram- No. of Admission as per the dipartment
100.00%
16.67% 17.78%
80.00% 10.00% 15.56%
Patients
60.00%
40.00% 73.33% 66.67%
20.00%
0.00%
2017 2018
Year's
Medical Surgical Gynecology 9
Pie-Diagram
The frequencies of the groups are shown in a circle. Degrees of angle
denote the frequency and areaof the sector.
Size of each angle is calculated by the formula as:
Class frequency
Angle (Degrees) = x 360˚
Total observations
Exercise 4.
Distribution of blood groups in a community is
as shown below.
Blood group Number of individuals
A 765
B 1050
O 960 10
AB 225
Blood group Number of individuals Angle
A 765 91.8%
B 1050 126%
O 960 115.2%
AB 225 27.0%
Total 3000
Pie Chart- Blood Group of
AB, 225
A, 765 A
B
O, 960
AB
11
B, 1050
Pictogram :
It is a popular method of presenting data to the layman. Here
each picture indicates a unit of characteristic. These charts can
be used for illiterate persons. Because of its attractive
presentation itcan be utilized for the man on the street.
Ex.5 Health check-ups of 100 school children during 2005 showing 10
students visual defects, 35 studentsdefective teeth and 15 students defects
in hearing. Present the data graphically.
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Spot-Map
These maps are prepared to show geographical distribution of
frequencies of characteristic.
Ex.6 In an epidemic of Infective Hepatitis in 2019, following are the
sector number from where patients came. Draw the spot map.
39,13,39,29,42,39,42,42,13,13,29,25,25,42,28,21,14,41,21,25,12,15,29,28,
16,22,23,27,30,28.
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Which Sector have maximum Hepatitis cases?
Advantages and limitations of graphs and diagrams.
Advantages:
•Information is presented in condensed form.
•Facts are presented in more effective and impressive manner as compared to
tables.
•Easy to understand for a layman.
•Create effect which lasts for longer time.
•Facilitate the comparison.
•Help in revealing patterns.
Limitations:
•Using graphs and diagrams we find the value approximately, while table give
exact values.
•Graphs and diagrams give only a general idea about the phenomenon which
is not sufficient forfurther statistical analysis. 14
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