[ SM. ST.

PETER TELIPOK ] [ ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS , 3472 ~ PROVE AND DERIVE FORMULAE ] [ LEE CHIONG TEE]

1 Prove : log a x n = n log a x [3 marks]

Answer :

log a x = y

x = ay
xn = (ay)n

log a x n = ny

log a x n = n log a x ~ proven

log c b
= y
log c a
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2 Prove : log a ( xy ) = log a x + log a y [3 marks]

Answer :

log a x = p log a y = q

x = ap y = aq

xy = a p a q
xy = a p + q

log a ( xy ) = p + q
log a ( xy ) = log a x + log a y ~ proven

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x
3 Prove : log a   = log a x − log a y [3 marks]
 y

Answer :

log a x = p log a y = q
p
x=a y = aq

x ap
= q
y a
x
= ap −q
y
x
log a   = p − q
 y
x
log a   = log a x − log a y ~ proven
 y

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[ SM. ST. PETER TELIPOK ] [ ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS , 3472 ~ PROVE AND DERIVE FORMULAE ] [ LEE CHIONG TEE]

log c b
4 Prove : log a b = [3 marks]
log c a

Answer :

log a b = y

b = ay

log c b = log c a y log c b

log a b = ~ proven
log c b = y log c a log c a

log c b
= y
log c a

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5 The diagram shows a straight line AB.

A (p, q)

B (x, y)

It is given that point B divides the line segment AC in the ratio m : n such that C (r, s).
Derive the formula of point dividing the line segment. [2 marks]

Answer :

A (p, q)
m
q−y
B (x, y)

x−p n
y−s
C (r, s)

r−x

x− p m q− y m
= =
r−x n y−s n
nx − np = mr − mx nq − ny = my − ms
nx + mx = mr + np nq + ms = my + ny
x (n + m) = mr + np nq + ms = y (m + n)
mr + np ms + nq
x= = y
m+n m+n

 mr + np ms + nq 
(x, y) =  , 
 m+n m+n 

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[ SM. ST. PETER TELIPOK ] [ ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS , 3472 ~ PROVE AND DERIVE FORMULAE ] [ LEE CHIONG TEE]

6 The diagram shows two triangles, ABC drawn on a Cartesian plane.

y
A (x1, y1)

C (x3, y3)

B (x2, y2)
x
O

Derive the formula :

1
area of ABC = | x1 y2 + x2 y3 + x3 y1 − y1 x2 − y2 x3 − y3 x1 |
2
[3 marks]
Answer :

y1 − y2 C
y3 − y2

D E
x2 − x1 B x3 − x2

x3 − x 1

area of ABC
= area of trapezium ADBC − area of ADB − area of CBE
1 1 1
= [ (y1 − y2 ) + (y3 − y2 ) ] (x3 − x1 ) − (y1 − y2 ) (x2 − x1 ) − (y3 − y2 ) (x3 − x2 ) ]
2 2 2
1
= [ (y1 − y2 ) (x3 − x1 ) + (y3 − y2 ) (x3 − x1 ) − (y1 − y2 ) (x2 − x1 ) − (y3 − y2 ) (x3 − x2 ) ]
2
1
= [ y1 x3 − y1 x1 − y2 x3 + y2 x1 + y3 x3 − y3 x1 − y2 x3 + y2 x1
2
− y1 x2 + y1 x1 + y2 x2 − y2 x1 − y3 x3 + y3 x2 + y2 x3 − y2 x2 ]
1
= [ x1 y2 + x2 y3 + x3 y1 − y1 x2 − y2 x3 − y3 x1 ]
2
1
= | x1 y2 + x2 y3 + x3 y1 − y1 x2 − y2 x3 − y3 x1  → value of area always positive
2

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[ SM. ST. PETER TELIPOK ] [ ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS , 3472 ~ PROVE AND DERIVE FORMULAE ] [ LEE CHIONG TEE]

7 The diagram shows two straight lines, L1 and L2 on a Cartesian plane.

y
L1

2
1
x
O
L2

Given L1 is perpendicular to L2, show that m1  m2 = −1, where m1 is the gradient of L1 and m2 is
the gradient of L2. [3 marks]

Answer :

q 2
p
1 

q p tan  = − tan 2
tan 1 = tan  =
p q
1
tan  = 1
= − tan 2
tan θ1 tan θ1

1 = − tan 1 tan 2
tan 1 tan 2 = − 1
m1  m2 = −1 ~ shown

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8 Given that Sn = a + (a + d) + (a + 2d) + . . . + Tn , where d  0.

n
Show that Sn = (a + Tn ) . [2 marks]
2

Answer :

Sn = a + (a + d) + (a + 2d) + . . . + ( Tn − d) + Tn
+ ) Sn = Tn + ( Tn − d) + ( Tn − 2d) + . . . + (a + d) + a

2Sn = (a + Tn ) + (a + Tn ) + (a + Tn ) + . . . + (a + Tn ) + (a + Tn )

n times
2Sn = n (a + Tn )
n
Sn = (a + Tn ) ~ shown
2

4
[ SM. ST. PETER TELIPOK ] [ ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS , 3472 ~ PROVE AND DERIVE FORMULAE ] [ LEE CHIONG TEE]

9 Given that Sn = a + (a + d) + (a + 2d) + . . . + [ a + (n −1) d ], where d  0.

n
Show that Sn = (2a + (n − 1)d ) . [2 marks]
2

Answer :

Sn = a + (a + d) + (a + 2d) + . . . + [ a + (n − 1)d ]
+ ) Sn = [ a + (n − 1)d ] + [ a + (n − 1)d − d] + [ a + (n − 1)d − 2d ] + . . . + a

2Sn = [ 2a + (n − 1)d ] + [ 2a + (n − 1)d ] + [ 2a + (n − 1)d ] + . . . + [ 2a + (n − 1)d ]

n times
2Sn = n [ 2a + (n − 1)d ]
n
Sn = [ 2a + (n − 1)d ] ~ shown
2

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10 Prove that the sum of the first n terms of a series a + ar + ar2 + . . . + arn − 1, a  0, r  1
a (r n − 1)
is . [2 marks]
r −1

Answer :

Sn = a + ar + ar2 + . . . + arn − 1 . . . (1)

2 n−1 n
rSn = ar + ar + . . . + ar + ar . . . (2)
~ (2) − (1)
rSn − Sn = arn − a
Sn ( r − 1) = a ( rn − 1)
a (r n − 1)
Sn = ~ proven
r −1

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a(1 − r n )
11 Given that Sn = a + ar + ar2 + … + arn − 1, a  0. Show that Sn = . Give the condition on r
1− r
such that lim S n exists, and express this limit in terms of a and r.
n →
[5 marks]
Answer :

Sn = a + ar + ar2 + . . . + arn − 1 . . . (1)

2 n−1 n
rSn = ar + ar + . . . + ar + ar . . . (2)
~ (1) − (2)
Sn − rSn = a − arn
Sn (1 − r) = a (1 − rn )
a (1 − r n )
Sn = ~ proven
1− r

lim S n exists → | r | < 1 @ −1 < r < 1

n →

a
if | r | < 1, when n → , rn  0, then S =
1− r
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[ SM. ST. PETER TELIPOK ] [ ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS , 3472 ~ PROVE AND DERIVE FORMULAE ] [ LEE CHIONG TEE]

12 Prove that : sin2 + cos2 = 1.

[2 marks]
Answer :

c a
sin θ =
a c
 b
cos θ =
b c

a2 + b2 = c2

a2 b2 c2
+ =
c2 c2 c2
2 2
a b
  +   = 1
c c
sin2 + cos2 = 1 ~ proven

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13 The diagram shows a unit circle with centre, O and point P.

P (cos , sin )

 x
O

Prove that : 1 + tan2 = sec2.

[3 marks]
Answer :

1
sin θ

cos θ

sin2 + cos2 = 12

sin 2 θ cos 2 θ 1
2
+ 2
=
cos θ cos θ cos2 θ
2 2
 sin θ   1 
  + 1 =  
 cos θ   cos θ 
tan2 + 1 = sec2
1 + tan2 = sec2 ~ proven

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[ SM. ST. PETER TELIPOK ] [ ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS , 3472 ~ PROVE AND DERIVE FORMULAE ] [ LEE CHIONG TEE]

14 Prove that : sin 2 A = 2sin A cos A .

[2 marks]
Answer :

sin( A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B

~ if B = A
sin( A + A) = sin A cos A + cos A sin A
sin 2 A = 2sin A cos A ~ proven

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A A
15 Prove that : sin A = 2sin cos .
2 2
[2 marks]
Answer :

sin 2 A = 2sin A cos A .

A
~ if A =
2
  A  A A
sin  2    = 2sin cos
  2  2 2
A A
sin A = 2sin cos ~ proven
2 2

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16 Prove that : cos 2 A = 2 cos 2 A − 1 .

[3 marks]
Answer :

cos ( A + B) = cos A cos B − sin A sin B .

~ if B = A
sin2A + cos2A = 1
cos ( A + A) = cos A cos A − sin A sin A
→ sin2A = 1 − cos2A
cos 2 A = cos 2 A − sin 2 A
→ cos2A = 1 − sin2A
cos 2 A = cos 2 A − (1 − cos 2 A)

cos 2 A = 2 cos 2 A − 1 ~ proven

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17 Prove that : cos 2 A = 1 − 2sin 2 A . Hence, express cos 6A in the similar form.
[4 marks]
Answer :

cos ( A + B) = cos A cos B − sin A sin B .

~ if B = A
cos ( A + A) = cos A cos A − sin A sin A

cos 2 A = cos 2 A − sin 2 A ~ if A = 3A

cos 2 A = 1 − sin 2 A − sin 2 A cos  2 ( 3 A)  = 1 − 2sin 2 3 A

cos 2 A = 1 − 2sin 2 A ~ proven cos 6 A = 1 − 2sin 2 3 A ~ proven

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[ SM. ST. PETER TELIPOK ] [ ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS , 3472 ~ PROVE AND DERIVE FORMULAE ] [ LEE CHIONG TEE]

2 tan A
18 Prove that : tan 2 A = .
1 − tan 2 A
[2 marks]
Answer :
tan A + tan B
tan ( A + B) = .
1 − tan A tan B

~ if B = A
tan A + tan A
tan ( A + A) =
1 − tan A tan A
2 tan A
tan (2 A) = ~ proven
1 − tan 2
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2 tan A
19 By using formulae sin 2 A and cos 2A , prove that tan 2 A = .
1 − tan 2 A
[3 marks]
Answer :

sin 2 A
tan 2 A =
cos 2 A
2sin A cos A
tan 2 A =
cos 2 A − sin 2 A
2sin A cos A
tan 2 A = cos 2 A
cos 2 A − sin 2 A
cos 2 A
2 tan A
tan 2 A = ~ proven
1 − tan 2 A
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20 The diagram show a triangle ABC.

b a

A B
c

a b
Show that = .
sin A sin B
[2 marks]
Answer :

h h
C sin A = sin B =
b a
b a b sin A = h a sin B = h
h

A B a sin B = b sin A
a b
c = ~ shown
sin A sin B

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[ SM. ST. PETER TELIPOK ] [ ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS , 3472 ~ PROVE AND DERIVE FORMULAE ] [ LEE CHIONG TEE]

21 The diagram show a triangle ABC.

a
c

A b C

sin A sin C
Show that = .
a c
[2 marks]
Answer :

h h
sin A = sin C =
B c a
c sin A = h a sin C = h
a
h c
c sin A = a sin C
b sin A sin C
A C = ~ shown
a c

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22 The diagram show a triangle ABC.

b a

A B
c

Show that a 2 = b 2 + c 2 − 2bc cos A .

[3 marks]
Answer :

b a
h

A B
x c−x

h 2 = b 2 − x2 h2 = a2 − (c − x)2 x
cos A =
b
b2 − x2 = a2 − (c2 − 2cx + x2)
b cos A = x
b2 − x2 = a2 − c2 + 2cx − x2
b2 + c2 − 2cx = a2

a2 = b2 + c2 − 2cx
a2 = b2 + c2 − 2bc cosA ~ shown

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[ SM. ST. PETER TELIPOK ] [ ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS , 3472 ~ PROVE AND DERIVE FORMULAE ] [ LEE CHIONG TEE]

23 The diagram show a triangle ABC.

c
b

C a B

a 2 + b2 − c 2
Show that cos C = .
2ab
[3 marks]
Answer :

h 2 = b 2 − x2 h2 = c2 − (a + x)2 cos C = −
x
b
B b2 − x2 = c2 − (a2 + 2ax + x2)
−b cos C = x
c b2 − x2 = c2 − a2 − 2ax − x2
h b a2 + b2 − c2 = − 2ax

x C a B
a2 + b2 − c2 = 2ab cos C

a 2 + b2 − c 2
cos C = ~ shown
2ab

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24 The diagram show a triangle ABC.

c a

A C
b

1
Show that the area of triangle ABC = bc sin A .
2
[2 marks]
Answer :

c a
h

A C
b

h 1
sin C = area of ABC = bh
a 2
a sin C = h

1
area of ABC = ab sin C ~ shown
2

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[ SM. ST. PETER TELIPOK ] [ ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS , 3472 ~ PROVE AND DERIVE FORMULAE ] [ LEE CHIONG TEE]

25 The diagram show a triangle ABC.

b
a

A c B

1
Show that the area of triangle ABC = ac sin B .
2
[2 marks]
Answer :

b
a h

A c B x

h 1
sin B = area of ABC = ch
a 2
a sin B = h

1
area of ABC = ac sin B ~ shown
2

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