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Notes of Physics

Class: 10th Chap: 11

SOUND

Prepared by: Engr. Ahmed Ali

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Topic: 11. 1 Sound Waves

Q1: What is necessary condition for the production of sound.

Ans: Production of sound
Sound is produced by vibrating bodies. Due to vibration of bodies air around them also vibrates
and air vibration cause sensation of sound in our ear.
Example: In guitar sound is produced by vibration of its strings
Q2: What is stethoscope.
Ans: Stethoscope
Stethoscope is a medical instrument used by doctor for listening to the actions of someone heart
or breathing.
Q3: What is a tuning fork.
Ans: tuning fork
In school laboratories, an instrument called tunning fork is used to produce particular sound. If
we strike the tuning fork against rubber hammer tuning fork will begin to vibrate.
Q4: Is any medium require for propagation of sound waves.
Ans: Yes, Sound requires material medium for its propagation.
Q5: How can you prove the mechanical nature of sound waves? Or prove that sound
require material medium for its propagation. (Detailed Question)
Ans: Mechanical Nature of sound waves
Sound requires material medium for its propagation, this can be proved by a bell jar apparatus.
The bell jar is placed on a platform of vacuum pump. The bell is suspended in the jar with help
of two connecting wires connected by a power supply. By setting on the power supply, electric
bell will begin to ring. We can hear the sound of bell. Now start pumping out the air form the jar
with the help of vacuum pump. You will feel that sound of bell becoming more and more feeble
and eventually dies out. Although bellis ringing but you can’t hear sound. Now put the air back
into jar. We can hear the sound.

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Result: From this activity we concluded that sound requires air (material medium) for its
propagation so, Sound waves are mechanical waves

Q6: Describe longitudinal nature of sound waves. ((Detailed Question))

Ans: Longitudinal Nature of Sound Waves
Sound waves have longitudinal nature, it can be proved by tuning fork experiment.
Before the tuning fork vibrates, the density of air molecules on right side
is uniform as shown in figure. When right prong is moved from O to B, it
exert some pressure on the adjacent layers. This pressure will produce a
compression. This compressed layer in turn compresses the layer next to it.
After a moment prong return from point B to A pressure in the air layer
decreases and rarefaction is produced. This rarefaction will transfer from
layer to layer. In this way sound travel in the form of consecutive
compression and rarefaction.
Conclusion: From figure we concluded that soundwaves propagate along
the direction of oscillating air molecule. So sound waves are longitudinal
waves

Important Objectives
1) Which form of energy is sound?
a. electrical (b) mechanical
(c) thermal (d) chemical

2) How does sound travel from its source to your ear?

a. by changes in air pressure (b) by vibrations in wires or strings
(c) by electromagnetic wave (d) by infrared waves

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3) Which is an example of a longitudinal wave?
a) sound wave (b) light wave
c) radio waves (d) water wave

4) Study of sound is called

a) Acoustics b) Optics c) Electrostatics d) None
5) Sound is produced by:
a) Propagation b) Vibration c) Both d) All
6) Sound can travel in presence of:
a) Medium b) Vacuum c) Air d) Both a,c

7) Sound is_______ wave:

a) Electromagnetic b) Transverse c) Longitudinal d) None

Topic: 11. 2 Characteristics of Sound

Q1: What is difference between loudness and intensity of sound. Derive relationship
between loudness and intensity.
Ans:
Loudness: It is the Characteristics of sound by which we can distinguish between loud and faint
sound.
Intensity: Sound energy passing per second through unite area held perpendicular to direction of
propagation of sound waves is called intensity of sound.
Unit: 𝑊𝑚−2
Quantity: It is a physical (vector) quantity.
Relationship between loudness and intensity: Loudness is directly proportional to logarithm
intensity of sound.
𝐿 ∝ 𝐿𝑜𝑔 𝐼
𝐿 = 𝐾𝐿𝑜𝑔𝐼 (K=constant of proportionality)
Q2: On what factors does loudness depends upon?
Ans: Factors on loudness:
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Loudness depends upon three factors:
o Amplitude of vibrating body
o Area of vibrating body
o Distance from vibrating body
Q3: Difference between frequency and pitch.
Ans:
Frequency Pitch
Number of waves passing through a point in Characteristic of a sound by which we can
unit time is called frequency. distinguish between shrill and grave sound is
called pitch.

Q4: How amplitude of a vibrating body effect its loudness.

Ans: Effect of amplitude:
loudness of a vibrating body increases with increase of amplitude
Example: If we pluck the wire of sitar more violently it will produce more loudness due to
increase of amplitude.
Q5 How area of a vibrating body effect its loudness.
Ans: Effect of area of vibrating body:
The loudness of sound also depends upon the area of the vibrating body. Greater the area higher
will be the loudness.
Example: sound produced by a large drum is louder than that by small one because of its large vibrating
area.

Q6: How distance from a vibrating body effect its loudness?

Ans: Effect of distance from vibrating body:
Loudness of soundalso depends upon the distance of the vibrating body from the listener. It is caused
by the decrease in amplitude due to increase in distance.
Q7: Two people are listing to same music at same distance. They disagree on its loudness.
Explain how could this happen.
Ans: Loudness also depends upon the physical condition ofthe ears of the listener. A sound appears
louder to aperson with sensitive ears than to a person with defective ears.

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Q8: How frequency and pitch are related?

Ans: Relationship between pitch and frequency:
Pitch depends upon frequency. Frequency is directly proportional to pitch.
Q9: Draw a graph that show a relationship between pitch and frequency?
Ans: Graph:

Q10: Why voice of children and women is shrill?

Ans: It depends upon the frequency. A higher pitch means a higher frequency and vice versa. The
frequency of the voice of ladies and children is higher than that of men. Therefore, the voice of ladies
and children is shrill and of high pitch.
Q11: If pitch of sound is increased, what are the changes in following
a) The frequency b) The wavelength c) The wave velocity d) The amplitude of wave
Ans:
a) If pitch of sound increases, frequency also increases.
b) If pitch increase, wavelength will decrease.
c) Speed remains same
d) No effect on amplitude.
Q12: Define Quality of sound.
Ans: Quality: The characteristic of sound by which we can distinguish between two sounds of
same loudness and pitch is called quality.
Example: While standing outside a room, we can distinguish between the notes of a piano and a
flute being played inside the room.This is due to the difference in the quality of these notes.
Q13: We can recognize persons speaking with same loudness. How is this possible?

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Ans: We recognize the persons because of quality of their sound. Every person has unique quality
of sound.
Q14: A student say that speed of sound and frequency of sound refer to same things. What is your
response?
Ans: No, speed of sound and frequency of sound are two different things. Speed of sound means
distance travelled by wave per unit time while frequency is defined as number of waves passing
through a point per unit time.

Q15: Define intensity and write its SI unit?

Ans: Intensity:
Sound energy passing per second through a unit area held perpendicular to the direction of
propagation of sound waves is called intensity of sound.
-2
Unit: The unit of intensity of sound is watt per square metre (W m ).
Q16: Does Intensity depends upon physical condition of ear?
Ans: No, Intensity does not depend upon physical condition of ear.
Q17: Define Loudness. Explain its different factors. (Detailed Question)
Ans:

Loudness: It is the Characteristics of sound by which we can distinguish between loud and faint
sound.
Factors on loudness:
Loudness depends upon three factors:
o Amplitude of vibrating body
o Area of vibrating body
o Distance from vibrating body
o Physical condition of ear
Effect of amplitude:
loudness of a vibrating body increases with increase of amplitude
Example: If we pluck the wire of sitar more violently it will produce more loudness due to
increase of amplitude.
Effect of area of vibrating body:

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The loudness of sound also depends upon the area of the vibrating body. Greater the area higher
will be the loudness.
Example: sound produced by a large drum is louder than that by small one because of its large vibrating
area.

Effect of distance from vibrating body:

Loudness of soundalso depends upon the distance of the vibrating body from the listener. It is caused
by the decrease in amplitude due to increase in distance.

Effect of physical condition of ear:

Loudness also depends upon the physical condition of the ears of the listener. A sound appears
louder to a person with sensitive ears than to a person with defective ears.
Q18: What is sound level or sound intensity level?
Ans: Sound Intensity level:
The difference between loudness of unknown sound and loudness of faintest sound (L- Lo) is
called sound intensity level.
Formula:
𝐼
𝑆𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙 = 𝑘𝑙𝑜𝑔
𝐼𝑜
Q19: Name the unit of intensity level of sound and define it?
Ans:
Unit: Unit of intensity level is Bell
Definition: If intensity I of any unknown sound is 10 times greater than the intensity Io of the
faintest audible sound i.e., I =10Io and the intensity level of such a sound is taken as unit, called
bel.
bel is a very large unit of intensity level of a sound. Generally,a smaller unit called decibel is used.
1𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑙 = 10𝑑𝑏
Q20: Will two separate 50db sound together to make 100db sound? Explain

Ans: No, decibel scale is a logarithmic scale not a linear scale, therefore they can not be added
simply. Hence 2 sounds of 50db together can not constitute 100db sound.

Q21: What is intensity of sound. How can you relate intensity of sound by loudness of
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sound? (Detailed Question)

Ans:
Intensity: Sound energy passing per second through unite area held perpendicular to direction of
propagation of sound waves is called intensity of sound.
Unit: 𝑊𝑚−2
Quantity: It is a physical (vector) quantity.

Comparison of intensity of sound and loudness:

Intensity of sound is a physical quantity which does not effected by physical condition of human
ear. While loudness of sound is effected by physical condition of ear.
Intensity of faintest sound and intensity of loudest sound:
The intensity of faintest sound is 10−6 𝑊𝑚−2 while intensity of loudest sound, which can be
heard without any pain is 1𝑊𝑚2
Weber Fechner Law:
According to this law “Loudness (L) is directly proportional to Logarithm intensity of sound.”

Mathematical Representation:

𝐿 ∝ 𝐿𝑜𝑔 𝐼
𝐿 = 𝐾𝐿𝑜𝑔𝐼…………….(1)
where K is a constant of proportionality.
Let Lo be the loudness of the faintest audible sound of intensity Io and L be the loudness of an
unknown sound of intensity I, then by Eq. (11.1), we can write
Lo = K log Io ……………… (2)

Intensity level or sound level:

The difference between loudness of unknown sound and loudness of faintest sound (L- Lo) is
called sound intensity level.
Subtracting equation 2 from 1
Sound level= L- Lo = 𝐾𝐿𝑜𝑔𝐼 − K log Io

Sound level= L- Lo = K(𝐿𝑜𝑔𝐼 − log Io)

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𝐼
Sound level= L- Lo = K log𝐼
𝑜

o
The value of K depends not on ly on the units of I and I but also on the unit of intensity level.
Unit for Intensity level:

Unit of intensity level is Bell

Definition: If intensity I of any unknown sound is 10 times greater than the intensity Io of the
faintest audible sound i.e., I =10Io and the intensity level of such a sound is taken as unit, called
bel.
bel is a very large unit of intensity level of a sound. Generally,a smaller unit called decibel is used.
1𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑙 = 10𝑑𝐵

𝐼
Sound level= L- Lo = K log𝐼 (bell)
𝑜

If we measured in dB
𝐼
Sound level= L- Lo = K log𝐼 (dB)
𝑜

Important Objectives
1) Pitch of sound depends upon:
a) Amplitude b) frequency c) Displacement d) None
2) Loudness of sound depends upon:
a) Amplitude b) area c) Distance from body d) All
3) Frequency of silent whistle lies between:
a) 2000Hz- 25000Hz b) 20Hz-20000Hz c) 20000hz-35000Hz d) 15KHz-40kHz
4) Intensity of sound depends on:
a) Time period b) Frequency c) Amplitude d) All
5) Intensity of faintest sound is
a) 1012 𝑊𝑚−2 b) 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟐 𝑾𝒎−𝟐 c) 10−8 𝑊𝑚−2 d) 109 𝑊𝑚−2
6) Intensity of loudest sound is
a) 1012 𝑊𝑚−2 b) 𝟏𝑾𝒎−𝟐 c) 10−8 𝑊𝑚−2 d) None
7) Intensity of whispering is:
a) 10−5 𝑊𝑚−2 b) 10−8 𝑊𝑚−2 c) 𝟏𝟎−𝟗 𝑾𝒎−𝟐 d) 10−12 𝑊𝑚−2
8) Voice of child is:
a) Shrill b) grave c) Faint d) Loud
9) 1 bell is equal to:
a) 20dB b) 10dB c) 50dB d) 100dB
10) The amplitude of 100dB is equal to:
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a) 1000 b)10000 c)100000 d) 1001000
11) By using _______ we can see sound waves:
a) Electroscope b) Stethoscope c) Gastroscope d) Oscilloscope

Topic: 11.3: REFLECTION (ECHO) OF SOUND

Q22: What is echo of sound.
Ans: Echo:
When sound incident on a medium, it bounces back to the same medium. This phenomenon is
called echo or reflection of sound.
Q23: Is there any difference between echo and reflection of sound.
Ans: No, there is no difference between echo and reflection of sound. When sound incident on a
medium, it bounces back to the same medium. This phenomenon is called echo or reflection of
sound.
Q24: Why must the volume of a stereo in a room with wall-to-wall carpet be tuned higher
than in a room with a wooden floor.
Ans: Reflection of sound in a room with wooden floor is maximum so sound will be higher, On
the other hand reflection of sound by a room with wall-to-wall carpet is minimum so sound will
be low.
Q24: You can listen to your friend round a corner, but you cannot watch him/her. Why?
Ans: Diffraction of sound wave is more prominent that light because light waves have shorter
wavelength sound waves. So, You can not see her/him but you can hear her.
Q25: Sound is form of wave. Enlist any three reasons to support this idea.
Ans: Sound is a form of wave as:
o Sound shows reflection phenomenon as waves
o Sound shows diffraction phenomenon as waves
o Sound shows refraction phenomenon as waves

Q26: If we clap or speak in front of a building while standing at a particular distance, we

rehear our sound after sometime. Can you explain how does this happen?
Ans: This is due to reflection or echo of sound. When sound incident on a medium, it bounces
back to the same medium. This phenomenon is called echo or reflection of sound.

Important Objectives
1) Echo of sound is called:
a) Reflection b) refraction c) Diffraction d) Interference
2) The sensation of sound persist in our brain about:

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a) 1s b) 0.1 s c) 0.01 s d) 2 s
3) For hearing echo minimum distance between observer and source should be:
a) 34 m b) 17 m c) 38 m d) 16 m

Topic: 11.4 SPEED OF SOUND

Q27: What is the effect of the medium on the speed of sound? In which medium sound travels
more faster: air, solid or liquid? Justify your answer
Ans: Every medium has its own distinct density. Speed of sound increase with increase of
density. So, speed of sound is maximum in solids due to their higher densities than liquids and
gases. Similarly speed of sound is higher in liquids than gases because of higher density of
liquids than gases.
Q28: Why two tin cans with a string stretched between them could be better way to
communicate than merely shouting through the air?
Ans: It is due to following reasons
o It is due to fact that speed of sound is 15 times greater in solids than air(gases). So, it
is ease to communicate through tin can.
o Other reasons is that, it avoids spreading of sound waves in air.
Q29: Calculate the frequency of a sound wave of speed 340 m s-1 and wavelength 0.5 m.

Solution:

Data:
𝑣 = 340𝑚𝑠 −1
𝜆 = 0.5𝑚
Required:
𝑓 =?
Formula:
𝑣=𝑓𝜆
Solution:
𝑣
𝑓=
𝜆
340
𝑓=
0.5
𝑓 = 680𝐻𝑧

Important Objectives
1) Astronauts in space need to communicate with each other by radio links because
a) sound waves travel very slowly in space
b) sound waves travel very fast in space
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c) sound waves cannot travel in space
d) sound waves have low frequency in space

2) Speed of sound is solid is almost_______ times higher than gases:

a) 5 b) 10 c) 15 d) 20
3) The speed of sound in air at 2 atm pressure and room temperature is:
a) 320 m/s b)343 m/s c) 360m/s d) none
4) The speed of sound varies with:
a) Temperature b) Humidity c) both a,b d) none
5) The speed of sound in solids is________ than gases and liquids
a) Equal b) Higher c) lower d) None

TOPIC # 11.5 NOISE POLLUTION

Q30: Difference between noise and musical sounds.
Ans:
Noise Musical sound
Definition: Sounds which has jarring and Definition: Sounds which has pleasant effect
unpleasant effect on our airs are called noise. on our ears are called musical sounds.
Example: Horns of vehicles, Heavy Examples: Sound of guitar, sound of flute
machinery noise etc. etc.

Q31: What are sources of noise pollution?

Ans: Sources of noise pollution:
o Transportation of equipment
o Noise of heavy machinery
o Loud vehicle horns, hooters and alarms
Q32: What are bad effects of noise pollution?
Ans: Bad effects of noise pollution

Noise has negative effects on human health as it can cause conditions such as hearing loss, sleep
disturbances, aggression, hypertension, high stress levels.

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Q33: On what factors safe level of sound depends upon.
Ans: Safe level of sound depends on two factors.
o The level (volume) of the noise
o The period of exposure to the noise
Q34: Explain that noise is a nuisance.
Ans:
Definition: Sounds which has jarring and unpleasant effect on our airs are called noise.
Example: Horns of vehicles, Heavy machinery noise etc.
Noise is a nuisance: Noise has negative effects on human health as it can cause conditions such as
hearing loss, sleep disturbances, aggression, hypertension, high stress levels.
Q35: How noise pollution can be reduced?
Ans: Noise pollution can be reduced to acceptable level by replacing the noisy machinery with
environment reducing barriers, or using hearing protection devices. friendly machinery and
equipment.

Important Object
1) Safe level of sound recommended in most countries is:
a) 70-80Db b) 85-90 dB c) 95-100dB d)100-115dB

Topic # 11.6 IMPORTANCE OF ACOUSTICS

Q36: Define acoustic protection.

Ans: Definition
The technique or method used to absorb undesirable sounds by soft and porous surfaces is called
acoustic protection.
Q37: Write two disadvantages of acoustic protection.
Ans: Advantages of acoustic protection:
o Soft and porous materials, such as draperies and rugs absorb large amount of sound energy
and thus quiet echoes and softening noise.
o Reflection of sound is more prominent if the surface is rigid and smooth, and less if the
surface is soft and irregular
Q38: Define reverberation.

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Ans: Definition
Sometimes, when sound reflects from the walls, ceiling, and floor of a room, the reflecting surfaces
are too reflective and the sound becomes garbled. This is due to multiple reflections called
reverberations.
Q39: Why celling of conference halls and lectures hall made curved?

Ans: Generally, the ceilings of lecture halls, conference halls and theatre halls are curved so that
sound after reflection may reach all the corners of the hall.

Topic#11. 7 AUDIBLE FREQUENCY RANGE

Q40: Define audible frequency range? Does this range decrease with increase of age?
Ans: Definition:

The range of the frequencies which a human ear can hear is audible frequency range.
Yes, this range decrease with increase of age.

Example: Audible frequency range of old people is 15000Hz.

Q41: Enlist the normal audible frequency range, audible frequency range of old people,
children, cats, dogs, bats and mice.

AUDIBLE FREQUENCE RANGE

NORMAL RANGE 20Hz-2000Hz
Old people 15000Hz
Children 20000Hz
Bats 120,000 Hz

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Cats 35,000 Hz
Mice 100,000 Hz
Q42: What is Ultrasound. Writes its uses?

Ans:

Definition: Sounds of frequency higher than 20000Hz, which are inaudible to human ear are called
ultrasounds or ultrasonics.
Uses of Ultrasounds:
• Detection of small objects: Ultrasonic waves carry more energy and higher frequency
than audible sound waves. Therefore, according to the wave equation v = f λ,the
wavelength of ultrasonic waves is very small and is very useful for detecting very small
objects.
• Use in medical Field: Ultrasonics are utilized in medical and technical fields.
• Diagnosing and treatment of ailments: In medical field, ultrasonic waves are used to
diagnose and treat different ailments
• Removing Blood clots: Powerful ultrasound is now being used to remove blood clots
formed in the arteries
• Diagnosing of goiter: Ultrasound can also be used to get the pictures of thyroid gland for
diagnosis purposes
• Finding Location of an object underwater: Ultrasound is used to locate underwater
depths or is used for locating objects lying deep on the ocean floor, etc.The technique
is called SONAR, (sound navigation and ranging).
Q43: What is SONAR. Write its uses
SONAR: SONAR stand for sound navigation and ranging. It is technique a used to find location of and
object under depth of water. The sound waves are sent from a transmitter, and a receiver collects the
reflected sound.
USES OF SONAR:

• Use to find location of an object under water depth.

• Use to see size and shape of object.

Important Objectives
1) For a normal person, audible frequency range for sound wave lies between
a) 10 Hz and 10 kHz b) 20 Hz and 20 kHz
c) 25 Hz and 25 kHz d) 30 Hz and 30 kHz

2) Wavelength of ultrasonic waves is:

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a) Very small b) very big c) both a,b d) none
3) Ultrasonic waves use to remove clots from:
a) Capallaries b) Veins c) arteries d) all

Important Formulae
𝐼
• Intensity Level of sound = L- Lo = 10 log (dB)
𝐼𝑜
𝑛
• 𝑓=
𝑡
1
• 𝑓=
𝑇
𝑑
• 𝑣=
𝑡
• 𝑣 = 𝑓𝜆
• 𝑠 = 𝑣𝑡

Important Values and units

Quantity Units
Intensity (I) 𝑊𝑚−2
Sound Level Bell, dB
Wavelength Meter (m)
Frequency Hertz (Hz)
Intensity of faintest sound 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟐 𝑾𝒎−𝟐
Intensity of Loudest sound 𝟏𝑾𝒎−𝟐

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