Suez Canal University
Faculty of Engineering
Electrical power Engineering
Design of Distribution System
of Mall
A Graduation Project Report Submitted In fulfillment of the
Requirements for the Bachelor’s Degree in Electrical Power
Engineering
Under the Supervision of
Dr. Eyad Oda
Eng/ Zyad Taher
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July 2024
Team Members
1. Abdallah Elsayed Mohamed
2. Hassan Elsayed Hassan
3. Mohamed Osama Esmat
4. Ahmed Zenhom Hamed
5. Amr Mohamed Refat
6. Eslam Reda Anwar
7. Mohamed Adel Mohamed
8. Ahmed Abdelrahman Deban
Acknowledgement
First and foremost, all praises and thanks be to ALLAH, the Lord of the world, the
most beneficent, for helping us accomplish this work.
We would like to express our special thanks to our professors, Dr. Eyad Oda, as well
as all the department members who provided us with assistance, either directly or
indirectly, as well as providing us with their sincere and valuable guidance and
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encouragement throughout our learning process and teaching us that the pursuit of
seeking knowledge is never-ending.
Finally, we are immensely grateful to our parents. To our parents: No words can
describe your contribution and efforts in every day and every part of our lives. For
providing us with the right atmosphere to pursue our goals and limitless love and
moral supports.
Abstract
The knowledge of consumer electricity consumption is essential for the development
of smart grid integration strategies such as integration of electrical vehicles and distributed
generation. Modeling the electricity consumption of the residential, commercial and
industrial sectors are not recent research topic, so the purposes of our project are:
• How to design an electrical power distribution system according to Egyptian code.
• How to use a catalogue for the design.
• To know a good idea about using computer programs such as AutoCAD, Excel,
Dialux EVO, and Etab programs for electrical engineers.
And we got the following results:
• Load estimation for lighting and power loads of the whole building.
• Calculating the lighting calculations for the whole building.
• Calculating Circuit breakers capacities and Cables size.
• Calculating the Voltage drop and Short circuit calculations for all panels.
• Selecting the Distribution Transformers.
• Selecting the Generators, ATS, that are needed for the building.
• Designing of the Earthing system for the building.
• Designing of the Lightning protection system for the building.
• Designing of the Capacitor banks that are used to improve the system power
factor.
• Designing of the Low Current systems such as Fire alarm, Data, CCTV, etc.
• Preparing and writing the complete table of the required electrical component
quantities such as sockets, switches, cables, etc.
• Drawing the complete design of the electrical distribution system.
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Electrical power can be transmitted
and distributed using one of two methods:
1 Over Head Transmission Lines (O.H.T.L).
2 Underground Cables (U.G.C).
But we have to fulfill some requirements for designing a good System either using
the Overhead Transmission Lines or using the Underground Cables. We can summarize these
requirements into the following main points:
The voltage at the consumer’s premises must be maintained within 5% of declared
voltage, the actual value depending on the type of load
The maximum current passing through the conductor should be limited to rated value to
don't cause overheat the conductor and its insulation.
The insulation resistance of the whole system should be very high so that there is no undue
leakage or danger to human life.
The loss of power in the system itself should be a small percentage (less than 10%) of the
power transmitted.
Table of content:
Chapter 1 Introduction………………………………………………………………..9
1.1 Brief about the project………………………………………………………….10
1.2 Goals of the project…………………………………………………………….10
1.3 We studied and finished the next steps………………………………………...10
1.4 Final calculations……………………………………………………………….11
Chapter 2 Load
Estimation………………………………………………...................12
2.1 Load Calculations………………………………………………………………13
2.2 How to calculate the maximum demand required for a building with the
knowledge of the area and estimates the level of
housing…………………………...13
2.3 Distribution boards……………………………………………………………..16
2.4 SMDB - Sub Main Distribution Boards………………………………………..16
2.5 DB - Final Distribution Boards………………………………………………...17
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Chapter 3 Bulk Equipment……………………………………………..…………….18
3.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………….19
3.2 What is a transformer?........................................................................................19
3.3 Types of transformers according to operation…………………………………20
3.4 Various parts of transformer…………………………………………………...21
3.5 Number of phases……………………………………………………………...23
3.6 The regulation of a transformer………………………………………………..23
3.7 The efficiency of a transformer………………………………………………...23
3.8 Parallel operation of the transformers………………………………………….24
3.9 Classification of Distribution Transformers……………………………………24
3.10 Types of transformers…………………………………………………………24
3.11 Transformers used in the building…………………………………………….26
3.12 Diesel Generator………………………………………………………………27
3.13 Automatic transfer switch (ATS)……………………………………………..27
3.14 Uninterruptable power supply (UPS)…………………………………………29
Chapter 4 Power Factor
Correction…………………………………………………..32
4.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………….33
4.2 Causes of low Power factor…………………………………………………….33
4.3 Disadvantage of low power factor……………………………………………...34
4.4 Why Improve Low Power Factor?......................................................................34
4.5 Benefits of Power Factor Correction…………………………………………...34
4.6 Power Factor Correction……………………………………………………….34
4.7 Employ improvement the power factor in the project………………………….35
Chapter 5 Indoor Installations………………………………………………………..37
5.1 Lighting………………………………………………………………………...38
5.2 Switching circuits………………………………………………………………48
5.3 Power…………………………………………………………………………...50
Chapter 6 Protection System…………………………………………………………61
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6.1 What is system protection?.................................................................................62
6.2 Purpose of system protection…………………………………………………..62
6.3 Working Principle of Circuit Breaker………………………………………….62
6.4 The function of Protection relay………………………………………………..63
6.5 Circuit breakers………………………………………………………………...65
6.6 Ring main unit………………………………………………………………….75
Chapter 7 Power Cables……………………………………………………………...76
7.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………….77
7.2 Factors affecting cable selection……………………………………………….77
7.3 Construction of Cable………………………………………………………….77
7.4 Current Rating of Cable………………………………………………………..79
7.5 Types of cables…………………………………………………………………82
7.6 The methods of cables installations…………………………………………….84
7.7 Cable classifications……………………………………………………………86
7.8 Cables formula…………………………………………………………………88
7.9 The derating factors…………………………………………………………….88
7.10 How to choose the right cable type?.................................................................89
7.11 Voltage drops calculations……………………………………………………90
7.12 S.C Calculations………………………………………………………………91
Chapter 8 Street Lighting…………………………………………………………….93
8.1 Brief historical overview……………………………………………………….94
8.2 The Purpose of Outdoor Lighting……………………………………………...94
8.3 lighting of streets……………………………………………………………….95
Chapter 9 Single Line Diagram (SLD)
……………………………………………...102
9.1 Single line diagram……………………………………………………………
103
Chapter 10 Earthing & Lightning Protection System………………………………109
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10.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………….110
10.2 Effect of current on human…………………………………………………..110
10.3 Difference between neutral and ground……………………………………..110
10.4 Earthing types……………………………………………………………….111
10.5 earthing system components………………………………………………...117
10.6 Methods of Measuring the Earth Resistance………………………………...119
10.7 Earthing System Calculation………………………………………………...120
10.8 Approximately earthing resistance calculation……………………………...123
10.9 Earthing calculation of the administrative building…………………………124
10.10 Lightning Protection System……………………………………………….125
Chapter 11 Low Current…………………………………………………………….133
11.1 What is Network Data?...................................................................................134
11.2 The elements of passive networks…………………………………………...137
11.3 Fire Alarm System…………………………………………………………..148
11.4 Sound System……………………………………………………………….156
11.5 IP Telephone System………………………………………………………..161
11.6 CCTV SYSTEM…………………………………………………………….164
References…………………………………………………………………………..178
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1 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
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Ch (1) Introduction
1.1 Brief about the project:
Before we go through any technical information about this project, we felt
that we have to mention some brief notes about the whole project from a
different aspect away from the technicality in order to show the great size and
value this place possesses and to show how much hard work we put into this
project.
Our project is aiming to distribute electrical energy to mall we aim to reach
the most optimum and satisfactory distribution with minimum cost and
maintain continuity and safety of operation also taking care of power factor,
voltage drop to save electrical energy.
The mall consists of:
1. Basement for fridges and goods
2. Ground floor for shopping
3. First floor for shopping
4. Second floor for shops
5. Third floor for kitchen and restaurant
6. Roof
1.2 Goals of the project:
➢ How to design an electrical power distribution system according to Egyptian code.
➢ How to use a catalogue for design.
➢ To know a good idea about using computer programs such as AutoCAD, Excel,
Dialux EVO, and Etab programs for electrical engineers.
1.3 We studied and finished the next steps:
➢ Make a load estimation for lighting and power loads of the whole building (we
designed an excel sheet for calculations).
➢ Conceptual design (Selecting the distribution transformers and standby generators
for the building).
➢ Designing of the interior lighting for all Facilities in the building.
➢ Designing of the electrical outlets (Sockets).
➢ Calculating the loads of HVAC system.
➢ Calculating Circuit breakers capacity and cables size.
➢ Calculating the load schedule for all loads.
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➢ Designing of the final single line diagram (FSLD).
➢ Calculating the Power factor correction.
➢ Designing of the low current systems such as:
• Fire alarm system
• Data system
• Telephone system
• Sound system
• CCTV system
➢ Calculating the Short circuit and voltage drop calculations using Etap.
➢ Designing of the outdoor lighting for the streets.
➢ Designing of the earthing grid for electrical loads which achieved resistance value
less than 5 ohm.
➢ Designing the Lightning protection system for the building.
➢ Designing the bill of quantity (BOQ) for above systems.
1.3 Scope of work:
1.5 Final calculations:
➢ We have learned and got a good idea and experience about the electrical
distribution system.
➢ We have exerted a great effort and by the help of our god, we have finished our
project and we hope you enjoy it.
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