BITS F110 ENGINEERING GRAPHICS

PROJECTION OF SOLIDS

Soumyajit Roy
Assistant Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department
BITS-Pilani, Pilani Campus
Definition of a solid

A solid is a three-dimensional object having length,

width and thickness. It is completely bounded by a
surface or surfaces which may be curved or plane.

-The shape of the solid is generally described by drawing its

two orthographic views, usually on the two principal planes
i.e. H.P. & V.P.

-For some complicated solids, in addition to the above

principal views, side view is also required.
 Classification of solids
⮚ Polyhedra: Solids bounded by planes. They have polygonal faces, straight
edges and sharp corners.
▪ Regular polyhedra – Solids bounded by equal faces
⮚ Tetrahedron, Hexahedron, Octahedron, etc.
▪ Irregular polyhedra – Solids bounded by unequal faces
⮚ Prism, Pyramid, etc.

⮚ Solids of revolution: Solids formed by revolution of a plane figure about its

own edge. They have curved surfaces.
▪ Cylinder, cone, sphere, etc.
Regular Polyhedra

A Regular Polyhedra is defined as a solid bounded by regular polygons (faces)

which meet in straight lines called edges.

Tetrahedron Hexahedron Octahedron

Irregular Polyhedra: Prism

⮚ Prisms are polyhedra having two equal and similar faces called its ends or
bases, parallel to each other and joined by other faces which are rectangles

⮚ The imaginary line joining the centers of the bases is called Axis of Prism

Triangular Pentagonal Hexagonal

Prism Prism Prism
 Irregular Polyhedra: Pyramid

⮚ Pyramids are polyhedra having plane surface as a base and a number of

triangular slant faces meeting at a point called the Apex.

⮚ The imaginary line joining the Apex with the Center of the base is called Axis of
pyramid.

Triangular Square Pentagonal Hexagonal

Prism Prism Prism Prism
Solids of Revolution

A right cylinder is a solid generated by the A right circular cone is a solid

revolution of a rectangle about its vertical generated by the revolution of a
side which remains fixed right-angle triangle about its vertical
side which remains fixed
Important terms with examples
(1) Edge or generator: Apex
For Pyramids & Prisms, edges are the
lines separating the triangular faces or Edges
rectangular faces from each other.
For Cylinder, generators are the PYRAMID
straight lines joining different points
on the circumference of the bases Apex
with each other

(2) Apex of solids: Generators

For Cone and Pyramids, Apex is the
point where all the generators or
the edges meet. CONE
Important terms with examples
(3) Axis of Solid:
For Cone and Pyramids, Axis Axis
is an imaginary line joining
centre of the base to the
Apex.

For Cylinder and Prism, Axis

is an imaginary line joining
centres of ends or bases.
Axis
Base

Base
Important terms with examples

(4) Right Solid: (5) Oblique Solid:

A solid is said to be a Right A solid is said to be an Oblique
Solid if its axis is Solid if its axis is inclined at an
perpendicular to its base angle other than 90° to its base

Axis

Axis
Base Base
Important terms with examples
(6) Regular Solid:
CUTTING PLANE
A solid is said to be a Regular Solid if all
PARALLEL TO BASE
the edges of the base are equal in length,
i.e., when the base is a regular polygon.

(7) Frustum of Solid:

When a Pyramid or a Cone is cut by a Plane parallel to
its base, thus removing the top portion, the remaining
lower portion is called its frustum.

FRUSTUM OF A
PYRAMID
Important terms with examples
(8) Truncated Pyramid/Cone
When a Pyramid or a Cone is cut by a plane inclined to its base, thus
removing the top portion, the remaining lower portion is said to be truncated.

[Link] [Link]
a-Truncated-Cone onnotes/[Link]
Axis perpendicular to H. P. and hence parallel to both V.P. & P.P.

o’
Axis

a’,b’ c’,d’
X Y

a d

o
b c
Axis perpendicular to V.P. and hence parallel to both H.P. & P.P.

f’,6’ e’,5’
a’,1’ d’,4’

b’,2’ c’,3’
X 1 2,6 3,5 4 Y

H
a b,f c,e d
Axis perpendicular to P.P. and hence parallel to both H.P. & V.P.

L
c’ 3’ c”3”

a’,b’ 1’2’ a”1” b”2”

X Y
a 1
c 3
b 2
Ground Plane

A ground plane is a plane parallel to the HP and located below HP.

 Resting on ground: 3rd

angle method of projection

 Resting on HP: 1st angle HP

method of projection
 Projection of Solids: Guidelines about axis

Type I - Axis inclined to one principal plane and parallel to other

⮚ If a solid has its axis inclined to one reference plane and parallel to the other, its
projections are drawn in two stages.

⮚ In the initial stage, the solid is assumed to be in a simple position, i.e., its axis is
perpendicular to one of the reference planes (HP or VP).

• If the axis is inclined to the ground (or the HP), it is assumed to be perpendicular
to the ground (or HP) in Stage 1. In Stage 1, the true shape of the base of the
solid is drawn in the TV.

• if the axis is to be inclined to the VP, it is assumed to be perpendicular to the VP

in Stage 1. In Stage 1, the true shape of the base of the solid is drawn in the FV.
Projection of Solids: Guidelines about orientation of base

While drawing the true shape (TS) of the base, the following conventions are
considered regarding its orientation. If it is resting on:
⮚ Base-edge: Draw that base-edge perpendicular to the xy line.
⮚ Base-corner: Draw a line joining that base-corner and the center of the base
parallel to the xy line.
⮚ Slant face: Draw a base-edge of that slant face perpendicular to the xy line.
⮚ Slant/vertical edge: Draw a line joining the base-corner of that slant/vertical edge
and center of the base parallel to the xy line.
Example 1: (Type I - Axis inclined to HP and parallel to VP)

A hexagonal prism having base edge 100 mm and height 150 mm is resting on one of its base edges on the
ground in such a way that the axis is inclined 70° to the ground and parallel to VP. Draw projections of the
solid.

True shape (TS) of base in FV or TV in Orientation of TS of base in Stage 1?

Stage 1? If it is resting on:

 If the axis is inclined to the ground or HP, it is  Base-edge: Draw that base-edge perpendicular to the
assumed to be perpendicular to the HP in Stage 1. xy line.
In Stage 1, the true shape of the base of the
solid is drawn in the TV.  Base-corner: Draw a line joining that base-corner and
the center of the base parallel to the xy line.
 If the axis is to be inclined to the VP, it is assumed
to be perpendicular to the VP in Stage 1. In Stage  Slant face: Draw a base-edge of that slant face
1, the true shape of the base of the solid is drawn perpendicular to the xy line.
in the FV.
 Slant/vertical edge: Draw a line joining the base-corner
of that slant/vertical edge and center of the base
parallel to the xy line.
19
 Example 1
A hexagonal prism having base edge 100 mm and height 150 mm is resting on one of its base edges
on the ground in such a way that the axis is inclined 70° to the ground and parallel to VP. Draw
projections of the solid. Resting on Ground Surface – 3rd Angle

⮚ If the axis is inclined to the ground (2)

(1) f,6 f1 61
or HP, it is assumed to be
e,5
perpendicular to the HP in Stage 1 TV
a,1 a1 11 51
e1
(simple position). In Stage 1, the
true shape of the base of the solid is b1
21 d1 41
b,2 d,4
drawn in the TV.
c,3 c1 31
⮚ Resting on base-edge: Draw that X Y
base-edge perpendicular to the xy
b’,a’ c’,f’ d’,e’
line in Stage 1.

FV
G 2’,1’ 4’,5’
L
3’,6’
Thank You!
 Acknowledgement

We acknowledge Dr. Sayantan Chakraborty (CE), Dr. Mukund Lahoti (CE)

and Dr. Gaurav Watts (ME) for providing us with necessary materials for the
preparation of lecture slides
References
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